The future rate of climate change in mountains has many potential human impacts, including those related to water resources, ecosystem services, and recreation. Analysis of the ensemble mean response of CMIP5 global climate models (GCMs) shows amplified warming in high elevation regions during the cold season in boreal midlatitudes. We examine how the twenty-first century elevation-dependent response in the daily minimum surface air temperature [d(Delta Tmin)/dz] varies among 27 different GCMs during winter for the RCP 8.5 emissions scenario. The focus is on regions within the northern hemisphere mid-latitude band between 27.5A degrees N and 40A degrees N, which includes both the Rocky Mountains and the Tibetan Plateau/Himalayas. We find significant variability in d(Delta Tmin)/dz among the individual models ranging from 0.16 A degrees C/km (10th percentile) to 0.97 A degrees C/km (90th percentile), although nearly all of the GCMs (24 out of 27) show a significant positive value for d(Delta Tmin)/dz. To identify some of the important drivers associated with the variability in d(Delta Tmin)/dz during winter, we evaluate the co-variance between d(Delta Tmin)/dz and the differential response of elevation-based anomalies in different climate variables as well as the GCMs' spatial resolution, their global climate sensitivity, and their elevation-dependent free air temperature response. We find that d(Delta Tmin)/dz has the strongest correlation with elevation-dependent increases in surface water vapor, followed by elevation-dependent decreases in surface albedo, and a weak positive correlation with the GCMs' free air temperature response.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2692-0