The FV3GFS is the current operational Global Forecast System (GFS) at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), which combines a finite-volume cubed sphere dynamical core (FV3) and GFS physics. In this study, FV3GFS is used to gain understanding of rapid intensification (RI) of tropical cyclones (TCs) in shear. The analysis demonstrates the importance of TC structure in a complex system like Hurricane Michael, which intensified to a category 5 hurricane over the Gulf of Mexico despite over 20 kt (10 m s−1) of vertical wind shear. Michael’s RI is examined using a global-nest FV3GFS ensemble with the nest at 3-km resolution. The ensemble shows a range of peak intensities from 77 to 159 kt (40–82 m s−1). Precipitation symmetry, vortex tilt, moisture, and other aspects of Michael’s evolution are compared through composites of stronger and weaker members. The 850–200-hPa vertical shear is 22 kt (11 m s−1) in the mean of both strong and weak members during the early stage. Tilt and moisture are two distinguishing factors between strong and weak members. The relationship between vortex tilt and humidification is complex, and other studies have shown both are important for sheared intensification. Here, it is shown that tilt reduction leads to upshear humidification and is thus a driving factor for intensification. A stronger initial vortex and early evolution of the vortex also appear to be the key to members that are able to resist the sheared environment.
Underwater imaging has long been used in the field of marine ecology but decreasing costs of high-resolution cameras and data storage have made the approach more practical than in the past. Image-based surveys allow for initial samples to be revisite...
There is a public perception that relatively low doses of mercury found in seafood are harmful to the fetal brain but little consistent evidence to support this. In earlier publications we have shown no adverse associations between maternal total blo...
The global-mean surface temperature has experienced a rapid warming from the 1980s to early-2000s but a muted warming since, referred to as the global warming hiatus in the literature. Decadal changes in deep ocean heat uptake are thought to primaril...
West, Jordan M.; Courtney, Catherine A.; Hamilton, Anna T.; Parker, Britt A.; Gibbs, David A.; Bradley, Patricia; Julius, Susan H.;
Published Date:
2018
Source:
Environ Manage. 2018; 62(4): 644–664.
Description:
Scientists and managers of natural resources have recognized an urgent need for improved methods and tools to enable effective adaptation of management measures in the face of climate change. This paper presents an Adaptation Design Tool that uses a ...
The phylogeny of Cnidaria has been a source of debate for decades, during which nearly all-possible relationships among the major lineages have been proposed. The ecological success of Cnidaria is predicated on several fascinating organismal innovati...
Ames, Cheryl L.; Klompen, Anna M. L.; Badhiwala, Krishna; Muffett, Kade; Reft, Abigail J.; Kumar, Mehr; Janssen, Jennie D.; Schultzhaus, Janna N.; Field, Lauren D.; Muroski, Megan E.; Bezio, Nick; Robinson, Jacob T.; Leary, Dagmar H.; Cartwright, Paulyn; Collins, Allen G.; Vora, Gary J.;
Published Date:
2020
Source:
Commun Biol. 2020 Feb 13;3(1):67.
Description:
Snorkelers in mangrove forest waters inhabited by the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana report discomfort due to a sensation known as stinging water, the cause of which is unknown. Using a combination of histology, microscopy, microfluidics, ...
Reid, Kerry; Garza, John Carlos; Gephard, Steven R.; Caccone, Adalgisa; Post, David M.; Palkovacs, Eric P.;
Published Date:
2020
Source:
Evol Appl. 2020 Apr; 13(4): 652–664.
Description:
Secondary contact may have important implications for ecological and evolutionary processes; however, few studies have tracked the outcomes of secondary contact from its onset in natural ecosystems. We evaluated an anadromous alewife (Alosa pseudohar...
Spies, Ingrid; Gruenthal, Kristen M.; Drinan, Daniel P.; Hollowed, Anne B.; Stevenson, Duane E.; Tarpey, Carolyn M.; Hauser, Lorenz;
Published Date:
2019
Source:
Evol Appl. 2020 Feb; 13(2): 362–375.
Description:
Poleward species range shifts have been predicted to result from climate change, and many observations have confirmed such movement. Poleward shifts may represent a homogeneous shift in distribution, seasonal northward movement of specific population...
Robinson, Stacie J.; Barbieri, Michelle M.; Murphy, Samantha; Baker, Jason D.; Harting, Albert L.; Craft, Meggan E.; Littnan, Charles L.;
Published Date:
2018
Source:
Proc Biol Sci. 2018 Jan 10;285(1870):20171899.
Description:
Where disease threatens endangered wildlife populations, substantial resources are required for management actions such as vaccination. While network models provide a promising tool for identifying key spreaders and prioritizing efforts to maximize e...
Leitwein, Maeva; Garza, John Carlos; Pearse, Devon E.;
Published Date:
2016
Source:
Evol Appl. 2017 Jan; 10(1): 56–67.
Description:
The streams draining of into San Francisco Bay, California, have been impacted by habitat alteration for over 150 years, and roads, dams, water diversions, and other impediments now block the paths of many aquatic migratory species. These changes can...
Lebsock, Matthew D.; L’Ecuyer, Tristan S.; Pincus, Robert;
Published Date:
2017
Source:
Surv Geophys. 2017;38(6):1237-1254.
Description:
Data from several coincident satellite sensors are analyzed to determine the dependence of cloud and precipitation characteristics of tropical regions on the variance in the water vapor field. Increased vapor variance is associated with decreased hig...
Tyler, Robert H.; Boyer, Tim P.; Minami, Takuto; Zweng, Melissa M.; Reagan, James R.;
Published Date:
2017
Description:
The electrical conductivity of the ocean is a fundamental parameter in the electrodynamics of the Earth System. This parameter is involved in a number of applications ranging from the calibration of in situ ocean flow meters, through extensions of tr...
Mamoozadeh, Nadya R.; Graves, John E.; McDowell, Jan R.;
Published Date:
2020
Source:
Evol Appl. 2020 Apr; 13(4): 677–698.
Description:
Genomic methodologies offer unprecedented opportunities for statistically robust studies of species broadly distributed in environments conducive to high gene flow, providing valuable information for wildlife conservation and management. Here, we seq...
Rogers, R. F.; Reasor, P.D.; Zawislak, J. A.; Nguyen, L.T.;
Published Date:
2020
Source:
Monthly Weather Review, 148 (5)
Description:
The mechanisms underlying the development of a deep, aligned vortex, and the role of convection and vertical shear in this process, are explored by examining airborne Doppler radar and deep-layer dropsonde observations of the intensification of Hurri...
Schlundt, Cathleen; Mark Welch, Jessica L.; Knochel, Anna M.; Zettler, Erik R.; Amaral‐Zettler, Linda A.;
Published Date:
2020
Source:
Mol Ecol Resour. 2020 May; 20(3): 620–634.
Description:
Plastic marine debris (PMD) affects spatial scales of life from microbes to whales. However, understanding interactions between plastic and microbes in the “Plastisphere”—the thin layer of life on the surface of PMD—has been technology‐limi...
Johnson, Nathan W.; Pastor, John; Swain, Edward B.;
Published Date:
2019
Source:
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2019 Jun; 38(6): 1231–1244.
Description:
It is well established that sulfide can be toxic to rooted aquatic plants. However, a detailed description of the effects of cumulative sulfate loads on sulfide and iron (Fe) porewater geochemistry, plant exposure, and ecological response is lacking....
Kealoha, A. K.; Shamberger, K. E.; DiMarco, S. F.; Thyng, K. M.; Hetland, R. D.; Manzello, D. P.; Slowey, N. C.; Enochs, I. C.;
Published Date:
2020
Source:
Scientific Reports, 10(1)
Description:
Approximately 380,000 underway measurements of sea surface salinity, temperature, and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) were compiled from the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) to provide a comprehensive observational analysis of spatiot...
Low‐level jets (LLJs) are relatively fast‐moving streams of air that form in the lower troposphere and are a common phenomenon across the Great Plains (GP) of the United States. LLJs play an important role in moisture transport and the developmen...
Barker, Amanda M.; Adams, Douglas H.; Driggers, William B.; Frazier, Bryan S.; Portnoy, David S.;
Published Date:
2019
Source:
Biol Lett. 2019 Apr 26;15(4):20190004.
Description:
Hybridization between closely related species has been documented across a wide range of taxa but has not been well studied in elasmobranchs. Hammerhead sharks have drawn global conservation concern because they experience some of the highest mortali...
Exposure to extreme events is a major concern in coastal regions where growing human populations and stressed natural ecosystems are at significant risk to such phenomena. However, the complex sequence of processes that transform an event from notabl...
Wadler, Joshua B.; Zhang, Jun A.; Rogers, Robert F.;
Published Date:
2021
Source:
Monthly Weather Review 149(1) 1-23
Description:
The spatial and temporal variation in multiscale structures during the rapid intensification of Hurricane Michael (2018) are explored using a coupled atmospheric–oceanic dataset obtained from NOAA WP-3D and G-IV aircraft missions. During Michael’...