Endangered Species Act Section 7(a)(2) Biological Opinion and Conference on the Continued Prosecution of Fisheries Research Conducted and Funded by the Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Including Issuance of a Letter of Authorization under the Marine Mammal Protect Act for the Incidental Take of Marine Mammals Pursuant to those Research Activities
Endangered Species Act Section 7(a)(2) Biological Opinion and Conference on the Continued Prosecution of Fisheries Research Conducted and Funded by the Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Including Issuance of a Letter of Authorization under the Marine Mammal Protect Act for the Incidental Take of Marine Mammals Pursuant to those Research Activities
Frost, G. V.; Bhatt, U. S.; Epstein, H. E.; Myers-Smith, I.; Phoenix, G. K.; Berner, L. T.; Bjerke, J. W.; Forbes, B. C.; Goetz, S. J.; Kerby, J. T.; Macander, M. J.; Park, T.; Raynolds, M. K.; Tømmervik, H.; Walker, D. A.;
Corporate Authors:
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Alaska Biological Research (Firm). University of Alaska Fairbanks. Geophysical Institute. University of Virginia. Department of Environmental Sciences. University of Edinburgh. School of GeoSciences. University of Sheffield. Northern Arizona University. Norsk institutt for naturforskning / Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. Arktinen keskus (Rovaniemi, Finland) / Arctic Centre. Lapin korkeakoulu / University of Lapland. Aarhus universitet / Aarhus University. Ames Research Center. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Institute of Arctic Biology.
Published Date:
2020
Series:
Arctic Report Card
Description:
The Arctic tundra biome occupies Earth's northernmost landmasses and forms a "wreath" of treeless vegetation that encircles the Arctic Ocean. Arctic tundra ecosystems are strongly influenced by warming air temperatures (Bjorkman et al. 2020), and thu...
Jones, B. M.; Irrgang, A. M.; Farquharson, L. M.; Lantuit, H.; Whalen, D.; Ogorodov, S.; Grigoriev, M.; Tweedie, C.; Gibbs, A. E.; Strzelecki, M. C.; Baranskaya, A.; Belova, N.; Sinitsyn, A.; Kroon, A.; Maslakov, A.; Vieira, G.; Grosse, G.; Overduin, P.; Nitze, I.; Maio, C.; Overbeck, J.; Bendixen, M.; Zagórski, P.; Romanovsky, V. E.;
Corporate Authors:
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Institute of Northern Engineering. Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung / Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research. University of Alaska (College). Geophysical Institute. Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic). Moskovskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet im. M.V. Lomonosova / Lomonosov Moscow State University. Institut zemnoĭ kory (Rossiĭskai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ nauk) / Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. University of Texas at El Paso. Geological Survey (U.S.). Uniwersytet Wrocławski / University of Wroclaw. SINTEF-gruppen (Norway). Københavns universitet / University of Copenhagen. Universidade de Lisboa. Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território / Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Lisbon. Universität Potsdam. Institut für Geographie und Geoökologie / Institute of Geosciences University of Potsdam. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Geophysical Institute. Alaska. Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys. University of Colorado (Boulder campus). Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research. Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej / Marie Curie Skłodowska University.
Published Date:
2020
Series:
Arctic Report Card
Description:
Permafrost coasts in the Arctic make up more than 30% of Earth's coastlines (Fig. 1; Lantuit et al. 2012) and they are sensitive to Arctic Ocean/permafrost-influenced land linkages (Nielsen et al. 2020). The changes currently taking place along these...
Shupe, Matthew D.; Rex, M.; Dethloff, K.; Damm, E.; Fong, A. A.; Gradinger, R.; Heuzé, C.; Loose, B.; Makarov, A.; Maslowski, W.; Nicolaus, M.; Perovich, D.; Rabe, B.; Rinke, A.; Sokolov, V.; Sommerfeld, A.;
Corporate Authors:
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Physical Sciences Laboratory (U.S.). Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (Fort Collins, Colo.). Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung / Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research. Universitetet i Tromsø / University of Tromsø. Göteborgs universitet. Geovetarcentrum / Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg. University of Rhode Island. Graduate School of Oceanography. Arkticheskiĭ i antarkticheskiĭ nauchno-issledovatelʹskiĭ institut (Saint Petersburg, Russia) / Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute. Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Department of Oceanography. Thayer School of Engineering.
Published Date:
2020
Series:
Arctic Report Card
Description:
The Arctic sea ice has a story to tell. It is a story of change and transformation on daily, seasonal, and decadal scales. It is a story of complex interactions and feedbacks, of processes that link the ice in myriad ways with the Arctic and global s...
Ballinger, T. J.; Overland, J. E.; Wang, M.; Bhatt, U. S.; Hanna, E.; Hanssen-Bauer, I.; Kim, S. -J.; Thoman, R. L.; Walsh, J. E.;
Corporate Authors:
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (U.S.). Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies. International Arctic Research Center. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Geophysical Institute. University of Lincoln. Norske meteorologiske institutt / Norwegian Meteorological Institute. Han’guk Haeyang Yŏn’guwŏn. Pusŏl Kŭkchi Yŏn’guso / Korea Polar Research Institute.
Published Date:
2020
Series:
Arctic Report Card
Description:
Surface air temperatures (SAT) represent one of the strongest indicators of Arctic change over the last 50 years (Box et al. 2019). While SAT patterns across the Arctic vary on a seasonal and annual basis, there has been a strong, positive trend towa...
Richter-Menge, Jacqueline; Druckenmiller, Matthew L.; Thoman, Richard L.;
Corporate Authors:
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Institute of Northern Engineering. National Snow and Ice Data Center (U.S.). Alaska Center for Climate Assessment and Policy (U.S.). International Arctic Research Center.
Published Date:
2020
Series:
Arctic Report Card
Description:
First issued in 2006 to address the need for timelier communication of Arctic change to a broad audience, Arctic Report Card (ARC) 2020 marks the 15th anniversary of this annual, peer-reviewed publication. In recognition of this milestone, the ARC202...
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. University of Toronto. Department of Physics. Ilmatieteen laitos (Finland) / Finnish Meteorological Institute.
Published Date:
2020
Series:
Arctic Report Card
Description:
Snow covers the Arctic land surface (land areas north of 60° N) for up to 9 months each year, and influences the surface energy budget, ground thermal regime, and freshwater budget of the Arctic (Brown et al. 2017). Snow also interacts with vegetati...
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Yale University. Colorado State University.
Published Date:
2020
Series:
Arctic Report Card
Description:
Summer sea surface temperatures (SST) in the Arctic Ocean are driven mainly by the amount of incoming solar radiation absorbed by the sea surface. Solar warming of the Arctic surface ocean is influenced by the distribution of sea ice (with greater wa...
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Global Monitoring Laboratory (U.S.)
Published Date:
2020
Series:
Arctic Report Card
Description:
For almost half a century, some of the most important observations of the changing Arctic climate have been captured in a temporary structure at the northernmost tip of the United States. NOAA's Barrow Atmospheric Baseline Observatory (BRW) is locate...
United States. National Marine Fisheries Service. West Coast Region
Published Date:
2020
Series:
ESA Section 7 Consultation
Description:
Consultation on Implementation of the Pacific Fishery Management Council Salmon Fishery Management Plan in 2020 for Southern Resident Killer Whales and their Current and Proposed Critical Habitat
Frey, Karen E.; Comiso, J. C.; Cooper, L. W.; Grebmeier, J. M.; Stock, L. V.;
Corporate Authors:
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Clark University (Worcester, Mass.). Graduate School of Geography. Goddard Space Flight Center. University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. Chesapeake Bay ACE INC (Project).
Published Date:
2020
Series:
Arctic Report Card
Description:
Autotrophic single-celled algae living in sea ice (ice algae) and water column (phytoplankton) are the main primary producers in the Arctic Ocean. Through photosynthesis, they transform dissolved inorganic carbon into organic material. Consequently, ...
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (U.S.). Thayer School of Engineering. National Snow and Ice Data Center (U.S.). University of Colorado (Boulder campus). Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung / Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research. Goddard Space Flight Center. Norsk polarinstitutt / Norwegian Polar Institute. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Geophysical Institute.
Published Date:
2020
Series:
Arctic Report Card
Description:
Arctic sea ice is an important part of the climate system. Its higher albedo reflects much of the incoming solar radiation during the summer, keeping the region cooler than an ice-free environment. The sea ice cover acts as a physical barrier between...
Wolken, Gabriel J.; Wouters, B.; Sharp, M.; Andreassen, L. M.; Burgess, D.; Kohler, J.; Luks, B.;
Corporate Authors:
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. International Arctic Research Center. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Geophysical Institute. Universiteit Utrecht / Utrecht University. Technische Hogeschool Delft / Delft University of Technology. University of Alberta. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. Norges vassdrags- og energidirektorat / Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate. Geological Survey of Canada. Norsk polarinstitutt / Norwegian Polar Institute. Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Geografii / Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences. Alaska Science Center (U.S. : 2002- ).
Published Date:
2020
Series:
Arctic Report Card
Description:
Numerous glaciers and ice caps, in multiple climatic zones, occupy land areas in the Arctic outside Greenland. They exist where the rate of snow accumulation exceeds the rate of melt by atmospheric heat. Although their potential longer-term contribut...
The Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA; 16 U.S.C. §1531 et seq.) establishes a national program for conserving threatened and endangered species of fish, wildlife, plants, and the habitat they depend on. Section 7(a)(2) of the ESA requi...
National Marine Fisheries Service Endangered Species Act Section 7 Biological Opinion on the 2018 Virgin Islands Water Quality Standards. The action agency for the consultation is the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region 2 who approves w...
This document is the product of a consultation pursuant to Section 7(a)(2) of the ESA and implementing regulations found at 50 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 402. This consultation considers whether the effects of these actions are likely to ...
This opinion considers the effects of offshore oil and gas exploratory drilling in the Kitchen Lights Unit of Cook Inlet, along with associated ancillary activities. These actions have the potential to affect the endangered Cook Inlet beluga whale (D...
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