Summer sea surface temperatures (SST) in the Arctic Ocean are driven mainly by the amount of incoming solar radiation absorbed by the sea surface. Solar warming of the Arctic surface ocean is influenced by the distribution of sea ice (with greater warming occurring in ice-free regions), cloud cover, ocean optical properties, and upper-ocean stratification. Discharge of warm Arctic river waters can provide an additional source of heat to the surface marginal seas. In the Barents and Chukchi Seas, there is also a contribution to ocean heat by the advection of warm water from the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans, respectively. Arctic SSTs are an essential indicator of the role of the ice-albedo feedback mechanism in any given summer melt season. As the area of sea ice cover decreases (see essay Sea Ice), more incoming solar radiation is absorbed by the ocean and, in turn, the warmer ocean melts more sea ice. In addition, warmer SSTs are associated with delayed autumn freeze-up and increased ocean heat storage throughout the year. Marine ecosystems are influenced by SST, which affects the timing and development of primary and secondary production cycles, as well as available habitat for upper trophic and temperature-sensitive species. Finally, with respect to carbon cycling, warmer SSTs increase the surface-ocean partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), which reduces the air-ocean pCO2 gradient and therefore the ocean uptake of CO2 from the atmosphere. A study published this year indicates that increased SSTs in recent years may have reduced air-ocean exchange of CO2 by as much as 50% (DeGrandpre et al. 2020).
Frost, G. V.; Bhatt, U. S.; Epstein, H. E.; Myers-Smith, I.; Phoenix, G. K.; Berner, L. T.; Bjerke, J. W.; Forbes, B. C.; Goetz, S. J.; Kerby, J. T.; Macander, M. J.; Park, T.; Raynolds, M. K.; Tømmervik, H.; Walker, D. A.;
Corporate Authors:
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Alaska Biological Research (Firm). University of Alaska Fairbanks. Geophysical Institute. University of Virginia. Department of Environmental Sciences. University of Edinburgh. School of GeoSciences. University of Sheffield. Northern Arizona University. Norsk institutt for naturforskning / Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. Arktinen keskus (Rovaniemi, Finland) / Arctic Centre. Lapin korkeakoulu / University of Lapland. Aarhus universitet / Aarhus University. Ames Research Center. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Institute of Arctic Biology.
Published Date:
2020
Series:
Arctic Report Card
Description:
The Arctic tundra biome occupies Earth's northernmost landmasses and forms a "wreath" of treeless vegetation that encircles the Arctic Ocean. Arctic tundra ecosystems are strongly influenced by warming air temperatures (Bjorkman et al. 2020), and thu...
Jones, B. M.; Irrgang, A. M.; Farquharson, L. M.; Lantuit, H.; Whalen, D.; Ogorodov, S.; Grigoriev, M.; Tweedie, C.; Gibbs, A. E.; Strzelecki, M. C.; Baranskaya, A.; Belova, N.; Sinitsyn, A.; Kroon, A.; Maslakov, A.; Vieira, G.; Grosse, G.; Overduin, P.; Nitze, I.; Maio, C.; Overbeck, J.; Bendixen, M.; Zagórski, P.; Romanovsky, V. E.;
Corporate Authors:
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Institute of Northern Engineering. Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung / Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research. University of Alaska (College). Geophysical Institute. Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic). Moskovskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet im. M.V. Lomonosova / Lomonosov Moscow State University. Institut zemnoĭ kory (Rossiĭskai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ nauk) / Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. University of Texas at El Paso. Geological Survey (U.S.). Uniwersytet Wrocławski / University of Wroclaw. SINTEF-gruppen (Norway). Københavns universitet / University of Copenhagen. Universidade de Lisboa. Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território / Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Lisbon. Universität Potsdam. Institut für Geographie und Geoökologie / Institute of Geosciences University of Potsdam. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Geophysical Institute. Alaska. Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys. University of Colorado (Boulder campus). Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research. Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej / Marie Curie Skłodowska University.
Published Date:
2020
Series:
Arctic Report Card
Description:
Permafrost coasts in the Arctic make up more than 30% of Earth's coastlines (Fig. 1; Lantuit et al. 2012) and they are sensitive to Arctic Ocean/permafrost-influenced land linkages (Nielsen et al. 2020). The changes currently taking place along these...
Shupe, Matthew D.; Rex, M.; Dethloff, K.; Damm, E.; Fong, A. A.; Gradinger, R.; Heuzé, C.; Loose, B.; Makarov, A.; Maslowski, W.; Nicolaus, M.; Perovich, D.; Rabe, B.; Rinke, A.; Sokolov, V.; Sommerfeld, A.;
Corporate Authors:
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Physical Sciences Laboratory (U.S.). Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (Fort Collins, Colo.). Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung / Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research. Universitetet i Tromsø / University of Tromsø. Göteborgs universitet. Geovetarcentrum / Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg. University of Rhode Island. Graduate School of Oceanography. Arkticheskiĭ i antarkticheskiĭ nauchno-issledovatelʹskiĭ institut (Saint Petersburg, Russia) / Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute. Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Department of Oceanography. Thayer School of Engineering.
Published Date:
2020
Series:
Arctic Report Card
Description:
The Arctic sea ice has a story to tell. It is a story of change and transformation on daily, seasonal, and decadal scales. It is a story of complex interactions and feedbacks, of processes that link the ice in myriad ways with the Arctic and global s...
Ballinger, T. J.; Overland, J. E.; Wang, M.; Bhatt, U. S.; Hanna, E.; Hanssen-Bauer, I.; Kim, S. -J.; Thoman, R. L.; Walsh, J. E.;
Corporate Authors:
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (U.S.). Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies. International Arctic Research Center. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Geophysical Institute. University of Lincoln. Norske meteorologiske institutt / Norwegian Meteorological Institute. Han’guk Haeyang Yŏn’guwŏn. Pusŏl Kŭkchi Yŏn’guso / Korea Polar Research Institute.
Published Date:
2020
Series:
Arctic Report Card
Description:
Surface air temperatures (SAT) represent one of the strongest indicators of Arctic change over the last 50 years (Box et al. 2019). While SAT patterns across the Arctic vary on a seasonal and annual basis, there has been a strong, positive trend towa...
Richter-Menge, Jacqueline; Druckenmiller, Matthew L.; Thoman, Richard L.;
Corporate Authors:
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Institute of Northern Engineering. National Snow and Ice Data Center (U.S.). Alaska Center for Climate Assessment and Policy (U.S.). International Arctic Research Center.
Published Date:
2020
Series:
Arctic Report Card
Description:
First issued in 2006 to address the need for timelier communication of Arctic change to a broad audience, Arctic Report Card (ARC) 2020 marks the 15th anniversary of this annual, peer-reviewed publication. In recognition of this milestone, the ARC202...
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. University of Toronto. Department of Physics. Ilmatieteen laitos (Finland) / Finnish Meteorological Institute.
Published Date:
2020
Series:
Arctic Report Card
Description:
Snow covers the Arctic land surface (land areas north of 60° N) for up to 9 months each year, and influences the surface energy budget, ground thermal regime, and freshwater budget of the Arctic (Brown et al. 2017). Snow also interacts with vegetati...
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Global Monitoring Laboratory (U.S.)
Published Date:
2020
Series:
Arctic Report Card
Description:
For almost half a century, some of the most important observations of the changing Arctic climate have been captured in a temporary structure at the northernmost tip of the United States. NOAA's Barrow Atmospheric Baseline Observatory (BRW) is locate...
United States. National Marine Fisheries Service. West Coast Region
Published Date:
2020
Series:
ESA Section 7 Consultation
Description:
Consultation on Implementation of the Pacific Fishery Management Council Salmon Fishery Management Plan in 2020 for Southern Resident Killer Whales and their Current and Proposed Critical Habitat
Frey, Karen E.; Comiso, J. C.; Cooper, L. W.; Grebmeier, J. M.; Stock, L. V.;
Corporate Authors:
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Clark University (Worcester, Mass.). Graduate School of Geography. Goddard Space Flight Center. University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. Chesapeake Bay ACE INC (Project).
Published Date:
2020
Series:
Arctic Report Card
Description:
Autotrophic single-celled algae living in sea ice (ice algae) and water column (phytoplankton) are the main primary producers in the Arctic Ocean. Through photosynthesis, they transform dissolved inorganic carbon into organic material. Consequently, ...
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (U.S.). Thayer School of Engineering. National Snow and Ice Data Center (U.S.). University of Colorado (Boulder campus). Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung / Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research. Goddard Space Flight Center. Norsk polarinstitutt / Norwegian Polar Institute. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Geophysical Institute.
Published Date:
2020
Series:
Arctic Report Card
Description:
Arctic sea ice is an important part of the climate system. Its higher albedo reflects much of the incoming solar radiation during the summer, keeping the region cooler than an ice-free environment. The sea ice cover acts as a physical barrier between...
Wolken, Gabriel J.; Wouters, B.; Sharp, M.; Andreassen, L. M.; Burgess, D.; Kohler, J.; Luks, B.;
Corporate Authors:
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. International Arctic Research Center. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Geophysical Institute. Universiteit Utrecht / Utrecht University. Technische Hogeschool Delft / Delft University of Technology. University of Alberta. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. Norges vassdrags- og energidirektorat / Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate. Geological Survey of Canada. Norsk polarinstitutt / Norwegian Polar Institute. Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Geografii / Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences. Alaska Science Center (U.S. : 2002- ).
Published Date:
2020
Series:
Arctic Report Card
Description:
Numerous glaciers and ice caps, in multiple climatic zones, occupy land areas in the Arctic outside Greenland. They exist where the rate of snow accumulation exceeds the rate of melt by atmospheric heat. Although their potential longer-term contribut...
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Climate Program Office. NOAA Arctic Research Program (U.S.). Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. Program for the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Institute of Northern Engineering. National Snow and Ice Data Center (U.S.). United States. Army. Corps of Engineers. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (U.S.). Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (U.S.). University of Lincoln. Norske meteorologiske institutt / Norwegian Meteorological Institute. Han’guk Haeyang Yŏn’guwŏn. Pusŏl Kŭkchi Yŏn’guso / Korea Polar Research Institute. International Arctic Research Center. University of Washington. Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Geophysical Institute. Texas State University--San Marcos. Canada. Environment Canada. Ilmatieteen laitos (Finland / Finnish Meteorological Institute. Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France). United States. National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service. Center for Satellite Applications and Research. Columbia University. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Goddard Space Flight Center. National Snow and Ice Data Center (U.S.). Universiteit Utrechtc. Danmarks og Grønlands geologiske undersøgelse / Geologic Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS). Danmarks meteorologiske institut / Danish Meteorological Institute. Université de Liège / University of Liège. University of Georgia. Department of Geography. Dartmouth College. Thayer School of Engineering. University of Colorado Boulder. Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences. University of Colorado Boulder. Department of Aerospace Engineering. University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung / Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research. Norsk polarinstitutt / Norwegian Polar Institute. Yale University. Clark University (Worcester, Mass.). Graduate School of Geography. University of Virginia. Department of Environmental Sciences. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Institute of Arctic Biology. Northern Arizona University. Universitetet i Tromsø / University of Tromsø. Lapin korkeakoulu / University of Lapland. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Environmental Sciences Division. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Department of Geography. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Department of Botany. University of Sheffield. University of Notre Dame. Canada. Environment Canada. Acadia University. Université Savoie Mont Blanc. United States. National Marine Fisheries Service. Alaska Fisheries Science Center (U.S.). Havforskningsinstituttet (Norway) / Norwegian Institute of Marine Research. Vserossiĭskiĭ nauchno-issledovatelʹskiĭ institut rybnogo khozi︠a︡ĭstva i okeanografii (Russia) / Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography. Murmanskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ tekhnicheskiĭ universitet / Murmansk State Technical University. Tomskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet / Tomsk State University.
Published Date:
2019
Series:
Arctic Report Card ; 2019
Description:
The 12 essays featured in Arctic Report Card 2019 provide comprehensive summaries of key land, ice, ocean and atmospheric observations made throughout the in the context of historical records. Taken together, the essays also serve to highlight the ma...
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Climate Program Office. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (U.S.). Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. Program for the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna. NOAA Arctic Research Program (U.S.). University of Sheffield. Department of Geography. Norske meteorologiske institutt / Norwegian Meteorological Institute. Han’guk Haeyang Yŏn’guwŏn. Pusŏl Kŭkchi Yŏn’guso / Korea Polar Research Institute. International Arctic Research Center. University of Washington. Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Geophysical Institute. Canada. Environment Canada. University of Toronto. Department of Physics. Ilmatieteen laitos (Finland) / Finnish Meteorological Institute. City University of New York. City College. National Science Foundation (U.S.). Danmarks og Grønlands geologiske undersøgelse / Geologic Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS). Université de Liège / University of Liège. University of Georgia. Department of Geography. Universiteit Utrecht. University of Colorado Boulder. Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences. ERDC/CRREL TR. Dartmouth College. Thayer School of Engineering. Norsk polarinstitutt / Norwegian Polar Institute. Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung / Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research. United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Goddard Space Flight Center. University of Colorado Boulder. Department of Aerospace Engineering. Yale University. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Clark University (Worcester, Mass.). Graduate School of Geography. Chesapeake Biological Laboratory. Universitetet i Tromsø / University of Tromsø. Hokkaidō Daigaku. Suisan Kagaku Kenkyūka / Hokkaido University. Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences. Université Laval. University of Virginia. Department of Environmental Sciences. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Institute of Arctic Biology. Zhongguo ke xue yuan / Chinese Academy of Science. Norsk polarinstitutt / Norwegian Polar Institute. Université du Québec à Rimouski. Université de Moncton / University of Moncton. Aarhus universitet / Aarhus University. University of British Columbia. Department of Zoology. National Wildlife Research Centre (Canada). Memorial University of Newfoundland. Department of Biology.
Published Date:
2014
Series:
Arctic Report Card ; 2014
Description:
The Arctic Report Card (www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard/) considers a wide range of environmental observations throughout the Arctic, and is updated annually. The 2014 update to the Report Card describes the current state of different physical and bio...
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Climate Program Office. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. Program for the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna. NOAA Arctic Research Program (U.S.). Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (U.S.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory (U.S.). New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology. Canada. Environment Canada. Forschungszentrum Jülich. Ilmatieteen laitos (Finland) / Finnish Meteorological Institute. Norsk institutt for luftforskning / Norwegian Institute for Air Research. Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung / Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research. Earth System Research Laboratory (U.S.). Global Monitoring Division. Yale University. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Arkticheskiĭ i antarkticheskiĭ nauchno-issledovatelʹskiĭ institut (Saint Petersburg, Russia) / Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia. Institute of Ocean Sciences, Patricia Bay. Havforskningsinstituttet (Norway) / Norwegian Institute of Marine Research. Kaiyō Kenkyū Kaihatsu Kikō (Japan) / Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology. Merentutkimuslaitos / Finnish Institute of Marine Research. International Arctic Research Center. Tōkyō Kaiyō Daigaku / Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology. University of Washington. Applied Physics Laboratory. University of Washington. Polar Science Center. University of Alaska Fairbanks. United States. National Marine Fisheries Service. Office of Science and Technology. Alaska Fisheries Science Center (U.S.). Canadian Wildlife Service. Clark University (Worcester, Mass.). Graduate School of Geography. Stanford University. Department of Environmental Earth System Science. University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. Zhongguo ji di yan jiu suo / Polar Research Institute of China. University of Alaska Fairbanks. School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences. Chesapeake Biological Laboratory. Université du Québec à Rimouski. Grønlands naturinstitut / Greenland Institute of Natural Resources. Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands / Icelandic Institute of Natural History. Rossiĭskai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ nauk / Russian Academy of Sciences. Institut okeanologii im. P.P. Shirshova / PP Shirshov Institute of Oceanology. University of Virginia. Department of Environmental Sciences. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Institute of Arctic Biology. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Geophysical Institute. Zhongguo ke xue yuan / Chinese Academy of Science. University of British Columbia. Department of Geography. Lapin korkeakoulu / University of Lapland. Københavns universitet / University of Copenhagen. Colgate University. University of Sheffield. University of Texas at El Paso. Michigan State University. University of Notre Dame. Marine Biological Laboratory (Woods Hole, Mass.). University of Alaska (College). Department of Biological Sciences. Universitetet i Tromsø / University of Tromsø. Aarhus universitet. Afdelingen for systematisk botanik / Aarhus University. Department of Biosciences. Université Laval. Yukon College. City University of New York. City College. University of Alberta. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. Geological Survey of Canada. Byrd Polar Research Center. Danmarks meteorologiske institut / Danish Meteorological Institute. Université de Liège / University of Liège. University of Georgia. Department of Geography. Universiteit Utrecht. University of Colorado Boulder. Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences. George Washington University.
Published Date:
2012
Series:
Arctic Report Card ; 2012
Description:
The Arctic Report Card (www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard/) considers a wide range of environmental observations throughout the Arctic, and is updated annually. A major finding of the Report Card 2012 is that numerous record-setting melting events occur...
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Climate Program Office. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (U.S.). Earth System Research Laboratory (U.S.). Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. Program for the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna. NOAA Arctic Research Program (U.S.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory (U.S.). California Institute of Technology. New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology. Canada. Environment Canada. Forschungszentrum Jülich. Ilmatieteen laitos (Finland) / Finnish Meteorological Institute. Norsk institutt for luftforskning / Norwegian Institute for Air Research. Universitetet i Oslo. Department of Physics / University of Oslo. Yale University. Arkticheskiĭ i antarkticheskiĭ nauchno-issledovatelʹskiĭ institut (Saint Petersburg, Russia) / Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia. Qingdao hai yang da xue / Ocean University of China. Han’guk Haeyang Yŏn’guwŏn. Pusŏl Kŭkchi Yŏn’guso / Korea Polar Research Institute. Havforskningsinstituttet (Norway) / Norwegian Institute of Marine Research. Kaiyō Kenkyū Kaihatsu Kikō (Japan) / Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. International Arctic Research Center. Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung / Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research. Columbia University. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. University of Washington. Applied Physics Laboratory. Institute of Ocean Sciences, Patricia Bay. United States. National Marine Fisheries Service. Office of Science and Technology. Alaska Fisheries Science Center. University of Alaska Fairbanks. School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences. Canada. Department of Fisheries and Oceans. Universitetet i Tromsø / University of Tromsø. Murmanskiĭ morskoĭ biologicheskiĭ institut / Murmansk Marine Biological Institute. California Academy of Sciences. Saltspring Island (B.C.). Gabriola Island (B.C.). Rossiĭskai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ nauk / Russian Academy of Sciences. Zapovednik ostrov Vrangeli︠a︡ (Russia). Yukon College. City University of New York. City College. University of Alberta. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Geophysical Institute. Geological Survey of Canada. Trent University. Department of Geography. University of Bristol. School of Geographical Sciences. Danmarks og Grønlands geologiske undersøgelse / Geologic Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS). Danmarks meteorologiske institut / Danish Meteorological Institute. Université de Liège / University of Liège. University of Georgia. Department of Geography. Rutgers University. Department of Geography. University of California, Los Angeles. Department of Geography. Universiteit Utrecht. University of Colorado Boulder. Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences. University of Waterloo. Department of Geography and Environmental Management. Københavns universitet / University of Copenhagen. George Washington University. Institut kriosfery Zemli (Rossiĭskai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ nauk) / Earth Cryosphere Institute.
Published Date:
2013
Series:
Arctic Report Card ; 2013
Description:
The Arctic Report Card (www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard/) considers a wide range of environmental observations throughout the Arctic, and is updated annually. The 2013 update to the Report Card illustrates the significant effects of year-to-year and r...
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Climate Program Office. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. Program for the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna. NOAA Arctic Research Program (U.S.). Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (U.S.). International Arctic Research Center. University of Washington. Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean. ERDC/CRREL TR. United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Goddard Space Flight Center. University of Colorado Boulder. Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences. National Snow and Ice Data Center (U.S.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory (U.S.). California Institute of Technology. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. University of Washington. Polar Science Center. Arkticheskiĭ i antarkticheskiĭ nauchno-issledovatelʹskiĭ institut (Saint Petersburg, Russia) / Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia. Université Pierre et Marie Curie. Kaiyō Kenkyū Kaihatsu Kikō (Japan) / Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology. Institute of Ocean Sciences, Patricia Bay. Merentutkimuslaitos / Finnish Institute of Marine Research. Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung / Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Geophysical Institute. University of New Hampshire. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Institute of Arctic Biology. Zhongguo ke xue yuan / Chinese Academy of Science. Byrd Polar Research Center. Danmarks meteorologiske institut / Danish Meteorological Institute. University of Georgia. Department of Geography. Florida State University. Department of Meteorology. Danmarks og Grønlands geologiske undersøgelse / Geologic Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS). Canada. Environment Canada. Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen. Noordelijk Centrum / University of Groningen, Arctic Centre. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre.
Published Date:
2008
Series:
Arctic Report Card ; 2008
Description:
The Arctic Report Card is introduced as a means of presenting clear, reliable and concise information on recent observations of environmental conditions in the Arctic, relative to historical time series records. Issued annually, it provides a method ...
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