Slip distribution, slip rate, and slip per event for strike‐slip faults are commonly determined by correlating offset stream channels—under the assumption that they record seismic slip—but offset channels are formed by the interplay of tectonic and geomorphic processes. To constrain offset channel development under known tectonic and geomorphic conditions, we use numerical landscape evolution simulations along a theoretical strike‐slip fault with uniform and steady uplift, erosion, and diffusion. We investigate the influence of four tectonic parameters (fault zone width, earthquake recurrence interval, variance of the recurrence interval, and total slip relative to channel spacing) on offset channel development through multiple earthquake cycles. Analysis of >3,000 automatically measured offsets from >135 simulations suggests ~30% variability in individual measurements, but modeled displacement is recovered by averaging multiple measurements. However, the average of multiple offset measurements systematically underestimates modeled slip except when the fault zone is less than ~5 m wide, total slip is less than channel spacing, and offsets are measured shortly after an earthquake. In these simulations, postearthquake landscape evolution widens the geomorphic expression of the fault zone and modifies apparent channel offsets. We distinguish this “geomorphic fault zone” from the tectonic fault zone (zone of coseismic distributed deformation). This study highlights the capability of landscape evolution models to explore a range of conditions not easily defined in natural examples and the importance of averaging multiple measurements. Our results verify that paleoseismic studies must consider how geomorphic change has modified offset markers and use caution interpreting slip histories with multiple earthquakes.
Thompson, Elizabeth J.; Moum, James N.; Fairall, Christopher W.; Rutledge, Steven A.;
Published Date:
2019
Source:
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans,;
124, 897–924;
Description:
Stratification of the upper few meters of the ocean limits the penetration depth of wind mixing and the vertical distribution of atmospheric fluxes. Significant density stratification at depths ≤ 5 m was observed in 38% of a 2‐month data set from...
We used data from 333 continuous Global Positioning System stations, including 26 stations installed in 2006–2007 as part of a collaborative EarthScope experiment, to investigate how deformation is distributed near the Rio Grande Rift. Our previous...
Observations of shallow fault creep reveal increasingly complex time‐dependent slip histories that include quasi‐steady creep and triggered as well as spontaneous accelerated slip events. Here we report a recent slow slip event on the southern Sa...
Ryu, Y. H.; Hodzic, A.; Descombes, G.; Hu, M.; Barre, J.;
Published Date:
2019
Source:
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124, 13576-13592
Description:
Accuracy of cloud predictions in numerical weather models can considerably impact ozone (O-3) forecast skill. This study assesses the benefits in surface O-3 predictions of using the Rapid Refresh (RAP) forecasting system that assimilates clouds as w...
Thompson, Anne M.; Smit, Herman G. J.; Witte, Jacquelyn C.; Stauffer, Ryan M.; Johnson, Bryan J.; Morris, Gary; von der Gathen, Peter; Van Malderen, Roeland; Davies, Jonathan; Allaart, Ankie Piters Marc; Posny, Françoise; Kivi, Rigel; Cullis, Patrick; Nguyen, Thi Hoang Anh; Corrales, Ernesto; Machinini, Tshidi; da Silva, Francisco R.; Paiman, George; Thiong’o, Kennedy; Zainal, Zamuna; Brothers, George B.; Wolff, Katherine R.; Nakano, Tatsumi; Stübi, Rene; Romanens, Gonzague; Coetzee, Gert J. R.; Diaz, Jorge A.; Mitro, Sukarni; Mohamad, Maznorizan; Ogino, Shin-Ya;
Published Date:
2019
Source:
Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. (2019) 100 (1): 155–171.
Description:
The ozonesonde is a small balloon-borne instrument that is attached to a standard radiosonde to measure profiles of ozone from the surface to 35 km with ∼100-m vertical resolution. Ozonesonde data constitute a mainstay of satellite calibration and ...
White, Allen B.; Moore, Benjamin J.; Gottas, Daniel J.; Neiman, Paul J.;
Published Date:
2019
Source:
Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. (2019) 100 (1): 55–70.
Description:
During winter 2016/17, California experienced numerous heavy precipitation events linked to land-falling atmospheric rivers (ARs) that filled reservoirs and ended a severe, multiyear drought. These events also caused floods, mudslides, and debris flo...
Yu, P. F.; Froyd, K. D.; Portmann, R. W.; Toon, O. B.; Freitas, S. R.; Bardeen, C. G.; Brock, C.; Fan, T. Y.; Gao, R. S.; Katich, J. M.; Kupc, A.; Liu, S.; Maloney, C.; Murphy, D. M.; Rosenlof, K. H.; Schill, G.; Schwarz, J. P.; Williamson, C.;
Published Date:
2019
Source:
Geophysical Research Letters, 46, 1061-1069.
Description:
Convective systems dominate the vertical transport of aerosols and trace gases. The most recent in situ aerosol measurements presented here show that the concentrations of primary aerosols including sea salt and black carbon drop by factors of 10 to ...
An intensive coordinated airborne and ground-based measurement study was conducted in the Fayetteville Shale in northwestern Arkansas during September and October 2015 to compare and explain potential discrepancies between top-down and bottom-up esti...
Yang, H.; Waugh, D. W.; Orbe, C.; Patra, P. K.; Jockel, P.; Lamarque, J. F.; Tilmes, S.; Kinnison, D.; Elkins, J. W.; Dlugokencky, E. J.;
Published Date:
2019
Source:
Geophysical Research Letters, 46, 1113-1120.
Description:
Two recent studies using sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) observations to evaluate interhemispheric transport in two different ensembles of atmospheric chemistry models reached different conclusions on model performance. We show here that the different conc...
Stillwell, Robert A.; Neely III, Ryan R.; Thayer, Jeffrey P.; Walden, Von P.; Shupe, Matthew D.; Miller, Nathaniel B.;
Published Date:
2019
Source:
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124, 12141-12156
Description:
Ice crystals commonly adopt a horizontal orientation under certain aerodynamic and electrodynamic conditions that occur in the atmosphere. While the radiative impact of horizontally oriented ice crystals (HOIC) has been theoretically studied with res...
The yields of the six declared underground nuclear tests at the North Korean test site are estimated using high‐frequency teleseismic P wave amplitude modeling and waveform equalization of short‐period teleseismic P waves and regional Pn signals....
The cryosphere, which comprises a large portion of Earth’s surface, is rapidly changing as a consequence of global climate change. Ice, snow, and frozen ground in the polar and alpine regions of the planet are known to directly impact atmospheric c...
Mazzotti, Giulia; Currier, William Ryan; Deems, Jeffrey S.; Pflug, Justin M.; Lundquist, Jessica D.; Jonas, Tobias;
Published Date:
2019
Source:
Water Resources Research, 55(7): 6198–6216
Description:
The retrieval of detailed, co‐located snow depth and canopy cover information from airborne lidar has advanced our understanding of links between forest snow distribution and canopy structure. In this study, we present two recent high‐resolution ...
Serreze, Mark C.; Barrett, Andrew P.; Crawford, Alex D.; Woodgate, Rebecca A.;
Published Date:
2019
Source:
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 9317–9337
Description:
The Bering Strait oceanic heat transport influences seasonal sea ice retreat and advance in the Chukchi Sea. Monitored since 1990, it depends on water temperature and factors controlling the volume transport, assumed to be local winds in the strait a...
The Eastern Cordillera of Colombia, in the northern Andes, is an example of an orogen in which Mesozoic basins were compressed during the Cenozoic, forming a ~2,500‐m‐high plateau in its northern portion. Significant shortening and crustal thicke...
Yarce, J.; Sheehan, A. F.; Nakai, J. S.; Schwartz, S. Y.; Mochizuki, K.; Savage, M. K.; Wallace, L. M.; Henrys, S. A.; Webb, S. C.; Ito, Y.; Abercrombie, R. E.; Fry, B.; Shaddox, H.; Todd, E. K.;
Published Date:
2019
Source:
JGR Solid Earth (2019). 124(5): 4751-5766
Description:
In 2014–2015, the Hikurangi Ocean Bottom Investigation of Tremor and Slow Slip experiment deployed seafloor absolute pressure gauges and ocean bottom seismometers directly above a large slow slip event, allowing examination of the relationship betw...
We propose a time series modeling approach based on nonlinear dynamical systems to recover the underlying dynamics and predictability of streamflow and to produce projections with identifiable skill. First, a wavelet spectral analysis is performed on...
Morrison, A. L.; Kay, J. E.; Frey, W. R.; Chepfer, H.; Guzman, R.;
Published Date:
2019
Source:
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124, 1003-1020
Description:
Over the next century, the Arctic is projected to become seasonally sea ice‐free. Assessing feedback between clouds and sea ice as the Arctic loses sea ice cover is important because of clouds' radiative impacts on the Arctic surface. Here we inves...
Takahashi, H.; Lebsock, M. D.; Richardson, M.; Marchand, R.; Kay, J. E.;
Published Date:
2019
Source:
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124, 7270-7285
Description:
Cloud feedbacks remain the largest source of uncertainty in future climate predictions. Simulations robustly project an increase in cloud height, which is supported by some observational evidence. However, how much of this increasing trend is due to ...
Perkins, Jonathan P.; Finnegan, Noah J.; de Silva, Shanaka L.; Willis, Michael J.;
Published Date:
2019
Source:
Geophysical Research Letters, 46, 12012-12020.
Description:
Wind abrasion is important for planetary landscape evolution, and wind‐abraded bedrock landscapes contain many landforms that are difficult to interpret. Here we exploit a natural experiment in Chile where topographic shielding by an upwind lava fl...