Global Oceans

Johnson, Gregory C.; Lumpkin, Rick; Bellas-Manley, Ashley; Carter, Brendan R.; Dong, Shenfu; Feely, Ridhard A.; Graham, Garrett; Hu, Zeng-Zhen; Huang, Boyin; Jersild, Annika; Le Hénaffm, Matthieu; Leuliette, Eric; Locarnini, Ricardo; Lyman, John M.; Nerem R. Steven; Perez, Renellys C.; Reagan, James; Smith, Ryan H.; Sweet, William; Thompson, Philip R.; Triñanes, Joaquin A; Tuchen, Franz Philip; Volkov, Denis L.; Wanninkhof, Rik; Widlansky, Matthew J.; Yin, Xungang; Zhang, Huai-Min

doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-25-0074.1

i

Global Oceans

2026
By Johnson, Gregory C. ; Lumpkin, Rick ; Bellas-Manley, Ashley
Source Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 106 (8), Si-S513

[PDF - 12.88 MB]

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Journal Title:

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
Personal Author:

Johnson, Gregory C. ; Lumpkin, Rick ; Bellas-Manley, Ashley ; Carter, Brendan R. ; Dong, Shenfu ; Feely, Ridhard A. ; Graham, Garrett ; Hu, Zeng-Zhen ; Huang, Boyin ; Jersild, Annika ; Le Hénaffm, Matthieu ; Leuliette, Eric ; Locarnini, Ricardo ; Lyman, John M. ; Nerem R. Steven ; Perez, Renellys C. ; Reagan, James ; Smith, Ryan H. ; Sweet, William ; Thompson, Philip R. ; Triñanes, Joaquin A ; Tuchen, Franz Philip ; Volkov, Denis L. ; Wanninkhof, Rik ; Widlansky, Matthew J. ; Yin, Xungang ; Zhang, Huai-Min
NOAA Program & Office:

NWS (National Weather Service) ; CPC (Climate Prediction Center) ; OAR (Oceanic and Atmospheric Research) ; AOML (Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory) ; PMEL (Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory) ; NOS (National Ocean Service) ; CO-OPS (Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services) ; NESDIS (National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service) ; NCEI (National Centers for Environmental Information) ; CICOES (Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies) ; NCICS (North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies) ; CIRES (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences) ; CISESS (Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies) ; CIMAR (Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research) ; CIMAS (Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies)
Description:

El Niño ebbed in early 2024, reaching neutral status in May and crossing the threshold into La Niña conditions in December. The global average annual sea surface temperature was 0.06°C above the previous record set in 2023. Marine heatwaves in 2024 were, as in 2023, more widespread, long-lived, and severe than in previous years. From 2023 to 2024, ocean heat content from 0 dbar to 2000 dbar increased at a rate equivalent to ∼1.5 W m−2 of heat applied over the ocean surface, and global sea level increased by 4.6 (±1.4) mm, both reaching record-high levels in 2024. Maps of air-sea flux data estimate that the oceans absorbed carbon at a rate of ∼2.7 Pg C yr−1 in 2024, which was below the 2014-23 average of ∼3.7 Pg C yr−1.
Keywords:
Source:

Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 106 (8), Si-S513
DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-25-0074.1
Format:

PDF
Document Type:

Journal Article
License:

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Rights Information:

CC BY
Compliance:

Submitted
Download URL:

https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/74386/noaa_74386_DS1.pdf
File Type:

[PDF - 12.88 MB]
Collection(s):

Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) ; NOAA Cooperative Institutes ; National Environmental Satellite and Data Information Service (NESDIS) ; National Ocean Service (NOS)
Main Document Checksum:

urn:sha-512:ad76091b03b09e3e5819496d5cec827951cb07fcd553ed4f8d276d63af13f618c13f8ed1029e576aede553a4b0fcfb9a3d7cfdf6f9c82b74b8064eaf0bf6203b

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