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High-resolution direct simulation of deep water breaking waves: transition to turbulence, bubbles and droplets production
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2022
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Source: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 942, A27
[PDF-3.24 MB]
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Journal Title:Journal of Fluid Mechanics
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Description:We present high-resolution three-dimensional (3-D) direct numerical simulations of breaking waves solving for the two-phase Navier–Stokes equations. We investigate the role of the Reynolds number (Re, wave inertia relative to viscous effects) and Bond number (Bo, wave scale over the capillary length) on the energy, bubble and droplet statistics of strong plunging breakers. We explore the asymptotic regimes at high Re and Bo, and compare with laboratory breaking waves. Energetically, the breaking wave transitions from laminar to 3-D turbulent flow on a time scale that depends on the turbulent Re up to a limiting value Reλ∼100, consistent with the mixing transition in other canonical turbulent flows. We characterize the role of capillary effects on the impacting jet and ingested main cavity shape and subsequent fragmentation process, and extend the buoyant-energetic scaling from Deike et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 801, 2016, pp. 91–129) to account for the cavity shape and its scale separation from the Hinze scale, rH. We confirm two regimes in the bubble size distribution, N(r/rH)∝(r/rH)−10/3 for r>rH, and ∝(r/rH)−3/2 for r
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Source:Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 942, A27
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Rights Information:CC BY
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