Coronal Heating as Determined by the Solar Flare Frequency Distribution Obtained by Aggregating Case Studies

Mason, James Paul; Werth, Alexandra; West, Colin G.; Youngblood, Allison; Woodraska, Donald L.; Peck, Courtney L.; Aradhya, Arvind J.; Cai, Yijian; Chaparro, David; Erikson, James W.; Ganesan, Koushik; Geerdts, T. R.; Hoang, Thi D; Horning, Thomas M.; Jin, Yan; Liu, Haixin; Lordi, Noah; Luo, Zheng; Menon, Thanmay S.; Meyer, Josephine C.; Nelson, Emma E; Oliver, Kristin A.; Ramirez Ortiz, Jorge L; Osborne, Andrew; Patterson, Alyx; Pellatz, Nick; Pitten, John; Shitara, Nanako; Steckhahn, Daniel; Visal, Aseem; Wang, Hongda; Wang, Chaoran; Wickenden, Evan; Wilson, John; Wu, Mengyu; Yegovtsev, Nikolay; Zimmermann, Ingrid H; Aaron, James Holland; Abdullah, Jumana T.; Abrams, Jonathan M.; Abrashoff, Riley; Acevedo, Andres B.; Acha, Iker; Meza Acosta, Daniela M.; Adam, Megan M.; Adams, Dante Q.; Adams, Kalvyn N; Adams, Elena R; Akbar, Zainab A.; Akruwala, Ushmi H.; Al-Ghazwi, Adel; Alabbas, Batool H.; Alawadhi, Areej A.; Alharbi, Yazeed A.; Alahmed, Mohammed S.; Albakr, Mohammed A.; Albalushi, Yusef J.; Albaum, Jonathan; Aldhamen, Ahmed; Ales, Nolan; Alesmail, Mohammad; Alhabeeb, Abdulelah; Alhamli, Dania; Alhuseini, Isehaq; Alkaabi, Suhail; Alkhezzi, Tameem; Alkubaisi, Mohamed; Allanqawi, Nasser; Allsbrook, Martin; Almohsen, Yousef A.; Almquist, Justin Thomas; Alnaji, Teeb; Alnasrallah, Yousef A; Alonzi, Nicholas; Alosaimi, Meshal; Alqabani, Emeen; Alrubaie, Mohammad; Alsinan, Reema A.; Altenbern, Ava L.; Altokhais, Abdullah; Alyami, Saleh A.; Ameijenda, Federico; Amer, Hamzi; Amos, Meggan; Anderson, Hunter J.; Andrew, Carter; Andringa, Jesse C; Angwin, Abigail; Van Anne, Gabreece; Aramians, Andrew; Arango, Camila Villamil; Archibald, Jack. W.; Arias-Robles, Brian A.; Aryan, Maryam; Ash, Kevin; Astalos, Justin; Atchley-Rivers, N. S.; Augenstein, Dakota N.; Austin, Bryce W.; Avula, Abhinav; Aycock, Matthew C.; Baflah, Abdulrahman A.; Balaji, Sahana; Balajonda, Brian; Balcer, Leo M; Baldwin, James O.; Banda, David J; Bard, Titus; Barmore, Abby; Barnes, Grant M.; Barnhart, Logan D. W.; Barone, Kevin M.; Bartman, Jessica L.; Bassel, Claire; Bastias, Catalina S; Bat-Ulzii, Batchimeg; Batra, Jasleen; Battist, Lexi; Bay, Joshua; Beach, Simone; Beard, Sara; Beato, Quinn I; Beattie, Ryan; Beatty, Thomas; De La Beaujardiere, Tristan; Beauprez, Jacob N.; Beck, M. G.; Beck, Lily; Becker, Simone E.; Behr, Braden; Behrer, Timothy A.; Beijer, Joshua; Belei, Brennan J.; Belknap, Annelene L.; Bell, Aislyn; Bence, Caden; Benke, Evan; Berhanu, Naomi; Berriman-Rozen, Zachary D.; Bertuccio, Chrisanna; Berv, Owen A.; Biediger, Blaine B.; Biehle, Samuel J; Billig, Brennen; Billingsley, Jacob; Billman, Jayce A.; Biron, Connor J.; Bisacca, Gabrielle E.; Blake, Cassidy A.; Blandon, Guillermo; Blevins, Olivia; Blouin, Ethan; Bodzianowski, Michal; Boeyink, Taylor A.; Bondar, Matthew; Bone, Lauren; De Los Monteros Bonilla, Alberto Espinosa; Borelli, William T; Borgerding, Luke R.; Bowen, Troy; Boyer, Christine; Boyer, Aidan; Boyle, Aidan P.; Boyne, Tom; Branch, Donovan; Brecl, Ariana E.; Brennan, David J.; Brimhall, Alexander J; Brockman, Jennifer L.; Brookins, Sarah; Brown, Gabriel T.; Brown, Cameron L.; Brown, Ryan; Brownlow, Jordi; Brumage-Heller, Grant; Brumley, Preston J.; Bryan, Samuel; Brzostowicz, A.; Buhamad, Maryam; Bullard-Connor, Gigi; Bunsow, J. R. Ramirez; Burns, Annemarie C.; Burritt, John J.; Burton, Nicholas David; Burton, Taylor; Busch, Celeste; Butler, Dylan R.; Buxton, B. W.; C. Toups, Malena; Cabbage, Carter C.; Cage, Breonna; Cahn, Jackson R.; Campbell, Andrew J; Canales, Braden P.; Cancio, Alejandro R.; Carey, Luke; Carillion, Emma L.; Carpender, Michael Andrew; Carpenter, Emily; Chadda, Shivank; Chambers, Paige; Chanders, Jasey; Chandler, Olivia M.; Chang, Ethan C.; Chapman, Mitchell G.; Chapman, Logan T.; Chavali, S.; Chavez, Luis; Chen, Kevin; Chen, Lily; Chen, Sam; Chen, Judy; Chhetri, Jenisha; Chiles, Bradyn; Chizmar, Kayla M.; Christiansen, Katherine E; Cisne, Nicholas A.; Cisneros, Alexis; Clark, David B.; Clarke, Evelyn; Clarkson, Peter C; Clausi, Alexis R.; Cochran, Brooke; Coe, Ryan W.; Coleman-Plante, Aislinn; Colleran, Jake R.; Colleran, Zachary; Collier, Curran; Collins, Nathaniel A.; Collins, Sarah; Collins, Jack C.; Colozzi, Michael; Colter, Aurora; Cone, Rebecca A.; Conroy, Thomas C.; Conti, Reese; Contizano, Charles J.; Cool, Destiny J.; Cooper, Nicholas M.; Corbitt, Jessica S; Courtney, Jonas; Courtney, Olivia; Cox, Corben L.; Craig, Wilmsen B.; Creany, Joshua B.; Crews, Anastasia; Crocker, K. A.; Croteau, A. J.; Crow, Christian J.; Cruse, Zoe; Cruz, Avril; Curnow, Tyler L.; Current, Hayden; Curry, Riley T.; Cutler, Libby; Cyr, Aidan St.; Dabberdt, Frederick M.; Daboub, Johnston; Damgaard, Olivia; Das, Swagatam; Davis, Emma A. B.; Debarros, Elyse; Deel, Sean; Delasantos, Megan E.; Deng, Tianyue; Derwin, Zachary; Desai, Om; Dewey, Kai; Dias, John S.; Dice, Kenzie A.; Dick, R.; Dicken, Cyrus A.; Dietrick, Henry; Dinser, Alexis M.; Dixon, Alyssa M.; Dixon, Thomas J.; Do, Helen C.; Doan, Chris H; Doane, Connor; Dodrill, Joshua; Doermer, Timothy; Dominguez, Lizbeth Montoya; Dominguez, J.; Domke, Emerson N.; Doran, Caroline R.; Dorr, Jackson A.; Dorricott, Philip; Dresdner, Danielle C.; Driscoll, Michael; Driscoll, Kailer H.; Duncan, Sheridan J.; Dunlap, Christian; Dunn, Gabrielle M.; Duong, Tien Q.; Dupeyron, Tomi Oshima; Dvorak, Peter; East, Andrew; East, Andrew N.; Edwards, Bree; Ehrlich, Lauren; Elbashir, Sara I.; Engelhardt, Rasce; Engelstad, Jacob; England, Colin; Enrich, Andrew; Erickson, Abbey; Erickson, Benjamin; Evans, Nathan; Ewing, Calvin A; Eyeson, Elizabeth A.; Faber, Ian; Fails, Avery M.; Fauntleroy, John T; Fell, Kevin; Feng, Zitian; Fenwick, Logan D.; Feoktistov, Nikita; Fife, Ryann; D. Figueirinhas, John Alfred; Fisch, Jean-Paul; Fischer, Emmalee; Fischer-White, Jules; Fitton, Aidan F.; Fix, Alexander; Flackett, Lydia; Flores, Fernando; Floyd, Aidan; Del Foco, Leonardo; Folarin, Adeduni; Forbes, Aidan E.; Fortino, Elise; Fougere, Benjamin L.; Fowler, Alexandra A.; Fox, Margaret; French, James M.; French, Katherine V.; Frick, Florian G.; Fuchs, Calvin R.; Fuhrman, Bethany E. S.; Furney, Sebastian; Gabir, Moutamen; Galarraga, Gabriela; Gale, Skylar; Gapin, Keala C.; Garscadden, A. J.; Gasser, Rachel; Gayou, Lily; Gearhart, Emily E.; Geisman, Jane; Geneser, Julianne R.; Genne, Sl; Gentile, Julia G; Gentry, Eleanor; George, Jacob D.; Georgiades, Nathaniel James; Gerhardstein, Phillip; Gersabeck, Clint; Ghaith, Bandar Abu; Ghiassi, Dorsa; Giebner, B. C.; Gilmartin, Dalton; Gilpatrick, Connor B.; Gjini, Michael; Golden, Olivia; Golding, Nathan T.; Goldsberry, C. A.; Gomez, Angel R.; Gomez, Angel A.; Gopalakrishnan, Sean; Gopalani, Mariam; Gotlib, Nicholas; Graham, Alaina S.; Gray, Michael J; Gregory, Alannah H.; Gregory, Joshua A.; Grell, Kristyn; Griego, Justus; Griffin, Nicholas F.; Griffin, Kyle J.; Guerrero, Matt; Gunderson, Nicole; Guo, Mutian; Gustavsson, E. R.; Hach, Grace K.; Haile, L. N.; Haines, Jessica; Mc Hale, Jack J.; Hales, Ryder Buchanan; Haley, Mark S.; Hall, Jacqueline L.; Hamilton, Sean R.; Han, Soonhee; Hand, Tyler; Hanley, Luke C.; Hansen, Connor M; Hansen, Joshua A.; Hansson, Jonathan; Hao, Tony Yunfei; Haratsaris, Nicholas; Hardie, Isabelle; Hardwick, Dillon F.; Hares, Cameron T.; Harris, Logan Swous; Harris, Coyle M.; Hart, Omer; Hashiro, Kyle; Hattendorf, Elsie; Haubrich, Calder; Hawat, Elijah; Hayrynen, Griffin A.; Heintz, Danielle A.; Hellweg, Tim; Hernandez, Angel; Herrera, Emanuel; Herrington, Robert N.; Herwig, Tim; Hesse, Troy M.; Hiatt, Quinn; Hibbard, Lea Pearl; Hicks, Imari R.; Hicks, Andrew J.; Highhouse, Nigel; Hildebrand, Annalise K.; Hill, Paula; Hill, Hallie; Hintsa, Evan; Hirschmann, Anna E.; Hitt, Travis; Ho, Ella; Hoff, Isabelle J.; Hoffman, Alex; Hogen, Blake A.; Horne, Linda; Houck, Timothy J; Howell, Noah H.; Hrudka, E. 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H.; Kaiser, Emily; Kallemeyn, Nicolas Ian; Kalmus, Madison H.; Kalra, Etash; Kamenetskiy, Margaret; Kanokthippayakun, Jeerakit; Kapla, Shaun D.; Karsh, Brennan J.; Keating, Caden J.; Kelley, Morgan A.; Kelley, Michael P.; Kelly, Nicholas; Kelly, James; Kelly, Teagan; Kelly, Christopher M; Kennedy, Kellen; Kennedy, Cayla J.; Kennedy, Forrest; Kennedy, Abigail; Kerr-Layton, Liana; Ketterer, Marilyn; Khan, Ibraheem A.; Khan, Usman; Khanal, Sapriya; Kiechlin, Jack L.; Killian, Dominic; Kim, Kevin; Kim, Brian T.; Kim, Matthew M.; Kim, Jake; Kimlicko, Aspen; Kipp, Isabel M; Kirkpatrick, Hunter B.; Kissner, Natalie; Kite, Emily R.; Kleinhaus, Olivia R.; Knott, Philip Whiting; Koch, Will; Koenig, Greta; Koke, Emily; Kokes, Thomas; Kothamdi, Yash S.; Krajnak, Zack; Kresek, Zoe M.; Kriegman, Dylan; Kritzberg, Jake E.; Krueger, Davis J.; Kubiak, Bartlomiej; Kuehl, Kirsten; Kuester, Chrisanne; Kuiper, Nicolas A.; Kumar, Aman Priyadarshi; Kuybus, Connor; Kwiatkowski, Daniel; Lafemina, Quintin Y.; Lacjak, Kevin; Lahmers, Kyle; Lam, Antonia; Landrey, Kalin; Lantz, Maxwell B.; Larter, Zachary; Lau, Benjamin P.; Lauzon, Megan; Lawlor, Rian; Learned, Tyler; Lee, E. C.; Lee, Junwon; Lee, Adrianna J.; Lee, Justin; Lee, Alexis Ying-Shan; Lee, Christian J; Lee, Nathaniel F.; Leiker, Linzhi; Lengerich, Dylan; Leoni, Cecilia; Lezak, Adrienne R.; Li, David Y.; Li, Isaac; Liao, Ryan Z.; Linders, Bridget; Linger, Morgan I; Linnane, Katherine B.; Lippincott, Sam; Lister, Barrett; Litton, Shelby D; Liu, Nianzi; Liu, Steven Y.; Logan, Timothy W.; Londres, Nathan; Lonergan, Mia C.; Lookhoff, Emily; Loomis, N. E.; Lopez, Christian; Loring, Justin; Lucca, Jeffrey; Lukianow, Dax; M. Cheang, Nathan; Macdonald, William; Madonna, Claire A.; Madsen, Kasey O.; Maksimuk, Tiffany E.; Mallory, Macguire; Malone, Ryan A.; Maly, Blake; Manzanares, Xander R.; Maravi, Aimee S.; Marcus, Serafima M.; Marikar, Nasreen; Marquez, Josie A.; Marquez, Mathew J.; Marsh, Lauren; Marsh, Toni; Martin, Logan S.; Martinez, Alexa M.; Martinez, Jose R.; Martinez, Hazelia K.; Martyr, Cara; Masri, Mirna; Matessi, Giorgio; Khan Mohd Reduan Mathavan, Adam Izz; Mathieson, Randi M.; Mathur, Kabir P.; Mauer, Graham; Mayer, Victoria A.; Mazzotta, Liam; Mccammon, Glen S.; Mcconvey, Rowan; Mccormick, Tyler; Mccoy, Andrew; Mcentee, Kelleen; Mcgarvey, Meaghan V.; Mcgill, Riley M.; Mcintyre, James K.; Mckemey, Finbar K.; Mcmorris, Zane; Mcmullan, Jesse J.; Mcquaid, Ella; Mcvey, Caden; Mccurry, Kyle; Medellin, Mateo M.; Medialdea, Melissa; Mehidic, Amar; Meillon, Stella; Meiselman-Ashen, Jonah B.; Mellett, Sarah; Menassa, Dominic; Mendez, Citlali; Mendoza-Anselmi, Patricia; Menke, Riley; Mesgina, Sarah; Mewhirter, William J.; Meyer, Ethan; Miften, Aya M.; Miles, Ethan J.; Miller, Andrew; Miller, Joshua B.; Millican, Emily B.; Millican, Sarah J.; Mills, Dylan P.; Minimo, Josh; Misener, Jay H.; Mitchell, Alexander J.; Mizzi, Alexander Z.; Molina-Saenz, Luis; Moll, Tyler S; Moll, Hayden; Montano, Maximus; Montoya, Michael; Monyek, Eli; Mora, Jacqueline Rodriguez; Morales, Gavin; Morales, Genaro; Morelock, Annalise M.; Morency, Cora; Moreno, Angel J.; Morgan, Remy; Moss, Alexander P.; Muckenthaler, Brandon A.; Mueller, Alexander; Mulcahy, Owen T.; Mundy, Aria T.; Muniz, Alexis A.; Murphy, Maxwell J.; Murphy, Madalyn C.; Murphy, Ryan C.; Murrel, Tyler; Musgrave, Andrew J.; Myer, Michael S.; Nandu, Kshmya; Napoletano, Elena R.; Naqi, Abdulaziz; Narayan, Anoothi; Nasser, Liebe; Neeland, Brenna K; Nehring, Molly; Nelson, Maya Li; Nguyen, Lena P.; Nguyen, Lena; Nguyen, Leonardo; Nguyen, Valerie A.; Nguyen, Khoa D; Norden, Kelso; Norris, Cooper; Nuñez, Dario; Nussbaum, Rosemary O.; O’Sullivan, Cian; O’Neill, Ian; Oakes, S. H.; Odbayar, Anand; Ogle, Caleb; Oishi-Holder, Sean; Olguin, Nicholas; Olson, Nathaniel P.; Ong, Jason; Opp, Elena N.; Orbidan, Dan; Oros, Ryan; Ort, Althea E.; Osborn, Matthew; Osogwin, Austin; Otto, Grant; Oudakker, Jessica; Overchuk, Igor; Padgette, Hannah M.; Padilla, Jacqueline; Palizzi, Mallory; Palmgren, Madeleine L.; Palos, Adler; Pan, Luke J.; Parker, Nathan L.; Parker, Sasha R.; Parkinson, Evan J.; Parulekar, Anish; Pastor, Paige J.; Patel, Kajal; Patel, Akhil; Patel, Neil S.; Patti, Samuel; Patton, Catherine; Payne, Genevieve K.; Payne, Matthew P.; Pearl, Harrison M.; Beck Von Peccoz, Charles B.; Pedersen, Alexander J.; Pelster, Lily M.; Peou, Munisettha E.; Perez, J. S.; Perez, Freddy; Pesce, Anneliese; Petersen, Audrey J.; Peterson, B.; Petric, Romeo S. 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V.; Reagan, Brian D.; Recchia, John C.; Reddy, Brooklyn J.; Reed, Joseph; Reed, Charlie; Reeves, Justin; Reh, Eileen N.; Von Reich, Ferin J.; Reyna, Andrea B.; Reynolds, Alexander; Reynolds, Hope; Rippel, Matthew; Rivas, Guillermo A.; Rives, Anna Linnea; Robert, Amanda M.; Robertson, Samuel M.; Rodgers, Maeve; Rojec, Stewart; Romero, Andres C.; Rosasco, Ryan; Rossman, Beth; Rotter, Michael; Rounsefell, Tyndall; Rouse, Charlotte; Routledge, Allie C.; Roy, Marc G.; Roy, Zoe A.; Ruger, Ryan; Ruggles-Delgado, Kendall; Rule, Ian C.; Rumley, Madigan; Runyon, Brenton M.; Ruprecht, Collin; Russell, Bowman; Russell, Sloan; Ryder, Diana; Saeb, David; Salazar, J.; Salazar, Violeta; Saldi, Maxwell; Salgado, Jose A.; Salindeho, Adam D.; Sanchez, Ethan S.; Sanchez-Sanchez, Gustavo; Sarfaraz, Darian; Sarkar, Sucheta; Sato, Ginn A.; Savage, Carl; Schaller, Marcus T.; Scheck, Benjamin T.; Schlenker, Jared A. W.; Schofer, Matthew J; Schubert, Stephanie H.; Schultze, Courtney; Schumacher, Grace K; Seglem, Kasper; Serio, Lauren; Seux, Octave; Shahba, Hannan; Shannahan, Callie D.; Sharma, Shajesh; Shaver, Nathan; Shaw, Timothy; Shelby, Arlee K.; Shelby, Emma; Shelchuk, Grace; Sheldrake, Tucker; Sherry, Daniel P.; Shi, Kyle Z.; Shields, Amanda M.; Shin, Kyungeun; Shockley, Michael C.; Shoha, Dominick; Shortman, Jadon; Shuttleworth, Mitchell; Sibrell, Lisa; Sickler, Molly G.; Siles, Nathan; Silvester, H. K.; Simmons, Conor; Simone, Dylan M.; Simone, Anna; Singh, Savi; Singh, Maya A.; Sinkovic, Madeline; Sipowicz, Leo; Sjoroos, Chris; Slocum, Ryan; Slyne, Colin; Smart, Korben; Smith, Alexandra N.; Smith, Kelly; Smith, Corey; Smith, Elena K.; Smith, Samantha M.; Smith, Percy; Smith, Trevor J; Snyder, G. L.; Soby, Daniel A.; Sohail, Arman S.; Solorio, William J.; Solt, Lincoln; Soon, Caitlin; Spangler, Ava A; Spicer, Benjamin C.; Srivastava, Ashish; Stamos, Emily; Starbuck, Peter; Stark, Ethan K.; Starling, Travis; Staudenmier, Caitlyn; Steinbarth, Sheen L.; Steinsberger, Christopher H.; Stepaniak, Tyler; Steward, Ellie N.; Stewart, Trey; Stewart, T. C.; Stratmeyer, Cooper N.; Stratton, Grant L.; Stribling, Jordin L.; Sulaiman, S. A; Sullivan, Brandon J; Sundell, M. E.; Sur, Sohan N.; Suri, Rohan; Swartz, Jason R.; Sweeney, Joshua D.; Syed, Konner; Szabo, Emi; Szeremeta, Philip; Ta, Michael-Tan D.; Tanguma, Nolan C.; Taulman, Kyle; Taylor, Nicole; Taylor, Eleanor; Taylor, Liam C.; Tayman, K. E.; Tellez, Yesica; Terrile, Richard; Tesdahl, Corey D; Thielmann, Quinn N.; Thoman, Gerig; Thomas, Daniel; Thomas, Jeffrey J.; Thompson, William N.; Thornally, Noah R.; Tobin, Darien P.; Ton, Kelly; Toon, Nathaniel J.; Tran, Kevin; Tran, Bryn; Trank-Greene, Maedee; Trautwein, Emily D.; Traxler, Robert B.; Tressler, Judah; Trofino, Tyson R.; Troisi, Thomas; Trunko, Benjamin L.; Truong, Joshua K.; Tucker, Julia; Umbricht, Thomas D; Uphoff, C. H.; Upthegrove, Zachary T.; Vadayar, Shreenija; Valencia, Whitney; Vallery, Mia M.; Vanetten, Eleanor; Vann, John D.; Varela, Ilian; Vassilyev, Alexandr; Vaver, Nicholas J.; Velamala, Anjali A.; Vendetti, Evan; Venegas, Nancy Ortiz; Vepa, Aditya V.; Vess, Marcus T.; Veta, Jenna S.; Victory, Andrew; Vinson, Jessica; Vogel, Connor Maklain; Wagoner, Michaela; Wallace, Steven P.; Wallace, Logan; Waller, Caroline; Wang, Jiawei; Warble, Keenan; Ward-Chene, N. R. D.; Watson, James Adam; Weber, Robert J.; Wegner, Aidan B.; Weigand, Anthony A; Weiner, Amanda M.; West, Ayana; Wexler, Ethan Benjamin; Wheeler, Nicola H.; White, Jamison R.; White, Zachary; White, Oliver S.; Whittall, Lloyd C.; Wilcove, Isaac; Wilkinson, Blake C.; Willard, John S.; Williams, Abigail K.; Williams, Sajan; Wilson, Orion K.; Wilson, Evan M.; Wilson, Timothy R.; Wilson, Connor B.; Witkoff, Briahn; Wolfe, Aubrey M.; Wolle, Jackson R.; Wood, Travis M.; Woodard, Aiden L.; Wootten, Katelynn; Xiao, Catherine; Yang, Jianing; Yang, Zhanchao; Young, Trenton J.; Young, Isabel; Zenner, Thomas; Zhang, Jiaqi; Zhao, Tianwei; Zhao, Tiannie; Zhao, Noah Y.; Zhou, Chongrui; Ziebold, Josh J; Ziegler, Lucas J.; Zygmunt, James C.; Zhang, Jinhua; Lewandowski, H. J.

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/accc89

i

Coronal Heating as Determined by the Solar Flare Frequency Distribution Obtained by Aggregating Case Studies

2023
By Mason, James Paul ; Werth, Alexandra ; West, Colin G. ; ...

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The Astrophysical Journal
Personal Author:

Mason, James Paul ; Werth, Alexandra ; West, Colin G. ; Youngblood, Allison ; Woodraska, Donald L. ; Peck, Courtney L. ; Aradhya, Arvind J. ; Cai, Yijian ; Chaparro, David ; Erikson, James W. ; Ganesan, Koushik ; Geerdts, T. R. ; Hoang, Thi D ; Horning, Thomas M. ; Jin, Yan ; Liu, Haixin ; Lordi, Noah ; Luo, Zheng ; Menon, Thanmay S. ; Meyer, Josephine C. ; Nelson, Emma E ; Oliver, Kristin A. ; Ramirez Ortiz, Jorge L ; Osborne, Andrew ; Patterson, Alyx ; Pellatz, Nick ; Pitten, John ; Shitara, Nanako ; Steckhahn, Daniel ; Visal, Aseem ; Wang, Hongda ; Wang, Chaoran ; Wickenden, Evan ; Wilson, John ; Wu, Mengyu ; Yegovtsev, Nikolay ; Zimmermann, Ingrid H ; Aaron, James Holland ; Abdullah, Jumana T. ; Abrams, Jonathan M. ; Abrashoff, Riley ; Acevedo, Andres B. ; Acha, Iker ; Meza Acosta, Daniela M. ; Adam, Megan M. ; Adams, Dante Q. ; Adams, Kalvyn N ; Adams, Elena R ; Akbar, Zainab A. ; Akruwala, Ushmi H. ; Al-Ghazwi, Adel ; Alabbas, Batool H. ; Alawadhi, Areej A. ; Alharbi, Yazeed A. ; Alahmed, Mohammed S. ; Albakr, Mohammed A. ; Albalushi, Yusef J. ; Albaum, Jonathan ; Aldhamen, Ahmed ; Ales, Nolan ; Alesmail, Mohammad ; Alhabeeb, Abdulelah ; Alhamli, Dania ; Alhuseini, Isehaq ; Alkaabi, Suhail ; Alkhezzi, Tameem ; Alkubaisi, Mohamed ; Allanqawi, Nasser ; Allsbrook, Martin ; Almohsen, Yousef A. ; Almquist, Justin Thomas ; Alnaji, Teeb ; Alnasrallah, Yousef A ; Alonzi, Nicholas ; Alosaimi, Meshal ; Alqabani, Emeen ; Alrubaie, Mohammad ; Alsinan, Reema A. ; Altenbern, Ava L. ; Altokhais, Abdullah ; Alyami, Saleh A. ; Ameijenda, Federico ; Amer, Hamzi ; Amos, Meggan ; Anderson, Hunter J. ; Andrew, Carter ; Andringa, Jesse C ; Angwin, Abigail ; Van Anne, Gabreece ; Aramians, Andrew ; Arango, Camila Villamil ; Archibald, Jack. W. ; Arias-Robles, Brian A. ; Aryan, Maryam ; Ash, Kevin ; Astalos, Justin ; Atchley-Rivers, N. S. ; Augenstein, Dakota N. ; Austin, Bryce W. ; Avula, Abhinav ; Aycock, Matthew C. ; Baflah, Abdulrahman A. ; Balaji, Sahana ; Balajonda, Brian ; Balcer, Leo M ; Baldwin, James O. ; Banda, David J ; Bard, Titus ; Barmore, Abby ; Barnes, Grant M. ; Barnhart, Logan D. W. ; Barone, Kevin M. ; Bartman, Jessica L. ; Bassel, Claire ; Bastias, Catalina S ; Bat-Ulzii, Batchimeg ; Batra, Jasleen ; Battist, Lexi ; Bay, Joshua ; Beach, Simone ; Beard, Sara ; Beato, Quinn I ; Beattie, Ryan ; Beatty, Thomas ; De La Beaujardiere, Tristan ; Beauprez, Jacob N. ; Beck, M. G. ; Beck, Lily ; Becker, Simone E. ; Behr, Braden ; Behrer, Timothy A. ; Beijer, Joshua ; Belei, Brennan J. ; Belknap, Annelene L. ; Bell, Aislyn ; Bence, Caden ; Benke, Evan ; Berhanu, Naomi ; Berriman-Rozen, Zachary D. ; Bertuccio, Chrisanna ; Berv, Owen A. ; Biediger, Blaine B. ; Biehle, Samuel J ; Billig, Brennen ; Billingsley, Jacob ; Billman, Jayce A. ; Biron, Connor J. ; Bisacca, Gabrielle E. ; Blake, Cassidy A. ; Blandon, Guillermo ; Blevins, Olivia ; Blouin, Ethan ; Bodzianowski, Michal ; Boeyink, Taylor A. ; Bondar, Matthew ; Bone, Lauren ; De Los Monteros Bonilla, Alberto Espinosa ; Borelli, William T ; Borgerding, Luke R. ; Bowen, Troy ; Boyer, Christine ; Boyer, Aidan ; Boyle, Aidan P. ; Boyne, Tom ; Branch, Donovan ; Brecl, Ariana E. ; Brennan, David J. ; Brimhall, Alexander J ; Brockman, Jennifer L. ; Brookins, Sarah ; Brown, Gabriel T. ; Brown, Cameron L. ; Brown, Ryan ; Brownlow, Jordi ; Brumage-Heller, Grant ; Brumley, Preston J. ; Bryan, Samuel ; Brzostowicz, A. ; Buhamad, Maryam ; Bullard-Connor, Gigi ; Bunsow, J. R. Ramirez ; Burns, Annemarie C. ; Burritt, John J. ; Burton, Nicholas David ; Burton, Taylor ; Busch, Celeste ; Butler, Dylan R. ; Buxton, B. W. ; C. Toups, Malena ; Cabbage, Carter C. ; Cage, Breonna ; Cahn, Jackson R. ; Campbell, Andrew J ; Canales, Braden P. ; Cancio, Alejandro R. ; Carey, Luke ; Carillion, Emma L. ; Carpender, Michael Andrew ; Carpenter, Emily ; Chadda, Shivank ; Chambers, Paige ; Chanders, Jasey ; Chandler, Olivia M. ; Chang, Ethan C. ; Chapman, Mitchell G. ; Chapman, Logan T. ; Chavali, S. ; Chavez, Luis ; Chen, Kevin ; Chen, Lily ; Chen, Sam ; Chen, Judy ; Chhetri, Jenisha ; Chiles, Bradyn ; Chizmar, Kayla M. ; Christiansen, Katherine E ; Cisne, Nicholas A. ; Cisneros, Alexis ; Clark, David B. ; Clarke, Evelyn ; Clarkson, Peter C ; Clausi, Alexis R. ; Cochran, Brooke ; Coe, Ryan W. ; Coleman-Plante, Aislinn ; Colleran, Jake R. ; Colleran, Zachary ; Collier, Curran ; Collins, Nathaniel A. ; Collins, Sarah ; Collins, Jack C. ; Colozzi, Michael ; Colter, Aurora ; Cone, Rebecca A. ; Conroy, Thomas C. ; Conti, Reese ; Contizano, Charles J. ; Cool, Destiny J. ; Cooper, Nicholas M. ; Corbitt, Jessica S ; Courtney, Jonas ; Courtney, Olivia ; Cox, Corben L. ; Craig, Wilmsen B. ; Creany, Joshua B. ; Crews, Anastasia ; Crocker, K. A. ; Croteau, A. J. ; Crow, Christian J. ; Cruse, Zoe ; Cruz, Avril ; Curnow, Tyler L. ; Current, Hayden ; Curry, Riley T. ; Cutler, Libby ; Cyr, Aidan St. ; Dabberdt, Frederick M. ; Daboub, Johnston ; Damgaard, Olivia ; Das, Swagatam ; Davis, Emma A. B. ; Debarros, Elyse ; Deel, Sean ; Delasantos, Megan E. ; Deng, Tianyue ; Derwin, Zachary ; Desai, Om ; Dewey, Kai ; Dias, John S. ; Dice, Kenzie A. ; Dick, R. ; Dicken, Cyrus A. ; Dietrick, Henry ; Dinser, Alexis M. ; Dixon, Alyssa M. ; Dixon, Thomas J. ; Do, Helen C. ; Doan, Chris H ; Doane, Connor ; Dodrill, Joshua ; Doermer, Timothy ; Dominguez, Lizbeth Montoya ; Dominguez, J. ; Domke, Emerson N. ; Doran, Caroline R. ; Dorr, Jackson A. ; Dorricott, Philip ; Dresdner, Danielle C. ; Driscoll, Michael ; Driscoll, Kailer H. ; Duncan, Sheridan J. ; Dunlap, Christian ; Dunn, Gabrielle M. ; Duong, Tien Q. ; Dupeyron, Tomi Oshima ; Dvorak, Peter ; East, Andrew ; East, Andrew N. ; Edwards, Bree ; Ehrlich, Lauren ; Elbashir, Sara I. ; Engelhardt, Rasce ; Engelstad, Jacob ; England, Colin ; Enrich, Andrew ; Erickson, Abbey ; Erickson, Benjamin ; Evans, Nathan ; Ewing, Calvin A ; Eyeson, Elizabeth A. ; Faber, Ian ; Fails, Avery M. ; Fauntleroy, John T ; Fell, Kevin ; Feng, Zitian ; Fenwick, Logan D. ; Feoktistov, Nikita ; Fife, Ryann ; D. Figueirinhas, John Alfred ; Fisch, Jean-Paul ; Fischer, Emmalee ; Fischer-White, Jules ; Fitton, Aidan F. ; Fix, Alexander ; Flackett, Lydia ; Flores, Fernando ; Floyd, Aidan ; Del Foco, Leonardo ; Folarin, Adeduni ; Forbes, Aidan E. ; Fortino, Elise ; Fougere, Benjamin L. ; Fowler, Alexandra A. ; Fox, Margaret ; French, James M. ; French, Katherine V. ; Frick, Florian G. ; Fuchs, Calvin R. ; Fuhrman, Bethany E. S. ; Furney, Sebastian ; Gabir, Moutamen ; Galarraga, Gabriela ; Gale, Skylar ; Gapin, Keala C. ; Garscadden, A. J. ; Gasser, Rachel ; Gayou, Lily ; Gearhart, Emily E. ; Geisman, Jane ; Geneser, Julianne R. ; Genne, Sl ; Gentile, Julia G ; Gentry, Eleanor ; George, Jacob D. ; Georgiades, Nathaniel James ; Gerhardstein, Phillip ; Gersabeck, Clint ; Ghaith, Bandar Abu ; Ghiassi, Dorsa ; Giebner, B. C. ; Gilmartin, Dalton ; Gilpatrick, Connor B. ; Gjini, Michael ; Golden, Olivia ; Golding, Nathan T. ; Goldsberry, C. A. ; Gomez, Angel R. ; Gomez, Angel A. ; Gopalakrishnan, Sean ; Gopalani, Mariam ; Gotlib, Nicholas ; Graham, Alaina S. ; Gray, Michael J ; Gregory, Alannah H. ; Gregory, Joshua A. ; Grell, Kristyn ; Griego, Justus ; Griffin, Nicholas F. ; Griffin, Kyle J. ; Guerrero, Matt ; Gunderson, Nicole ; Guo, Mutian ; Gustavsson, E. R. ; Hach, Grace K. ; Haile, L. N. ; Haines, Jessica ; Mc Hale, Jack J. ; Hales, Ryder Buchanan ; Haley, Mark S. ; Hall, Jacqueline L. ; Hamilton, Sean R. ; Han, Soonhee ; Hand, Tyler ; Hanley, Luke C. ; Hansen, Connor M ; Hansen, Joshua A. ; Hansson, Jonathan ; Hao, Tony Yunfei ; Haratsaris, Nicholas ; Hardie, Isabelle ; Hardwick, Dillon F. ; Hares, Cameron T. ; Harris, Logan Swous ; Harris, Coyle M. ; Hart, Omer ; Hashiro, Kyle ; Hattendorf, Elsie ; Haubrich, Calder ; Hawat, Elijah ; Hayrynen, Griffin A. ; Heintz, Danielle A. ; Hellweg, Tim ; Hernandez, Angel ; Herrera, Emanuel ; Herrington, Robert N. ; Herwig, Tim ; Hesse, Troy M. ; Hiatt, Quinn ; Hibbard, Lea Pearl ; Hicks, Imari R. ; Hicks, Andrew J. ; Highhouse, Nigel ; Hildebrand, Annalise K. ; Hill, Paula ; Hill, Hallie ; Hintsa, Evan ; Hirschmann, Anna E. ; Hitt, Travis ; Ho, Ella ; Hoff, Isabelle J. ; Hoffman, Alex ; Hogen, Blake A. ; Horne, Linda ; Houck, Timothy J ; Howell, Noah H. ; Hrudka, E. M. ; Hu, J. ; Huang, Jianyang ; Huang, Chenqi ; Huang, Shancheng ; Hudson, Zachary A. ; Hudson, Nathan C. ; Huebsch, Tyler J. ; Hull, Owen ; Hunter, Samuel C ; Husted, Troy ; Hutabarat, Abigail P. ; Huynh, Leslie ; Samour Ii, Antonio E. ; Idoine, Yolande ; Ingram, Julia A. ; Iovan, Taro ; Isert, Samuel A. ; Salcido-Alcontar, Antonio ; Jacobsen, Thomas ; Jaimes, Alan A ; Jameson, Connor ; Jarriel, J. R. ; Jarvis, Sam ; Jenkins, Josh ; Jensen, Alexander V. ; Jeong, Jacob ; Jeseritz, Luke A. ; Jesse, Trevor ; Ji, Soo Yeun ; Jiang, Yufan ; Johnson, Owen ; Johnson, Matthew ; Johnson, Sawyer ; Johnston, Julia ; Johnston, Braedon Y. ; Jones, Olivia M. ; Jones, M. R. ; Jourabchi, Tara ; House, Tony A. ; Juels, Parker ; T. Kainz, Sabrina J. H. ; Kaiser, Emily ; Kallemeyn, Nicolas Ian ; Kalmus, Madison H. ; Kalra, Etash ; Kamenetskiy, Margaret ; Kanokthippayakun, Jeerakit ; Kapla, Shaun D. ; Karsh, Brennan J. ; Keating, Caden J. ; Kelley, Morgan A. ; Kelley, Michael P. ; Kelly, Nicholas ; Kelly, James ; Kelly, Teagan ; Kelly, Christopher M ; Kennedy, Kellen ; Kennedy, Cayla J. ; Kennedy, Forrest ; Kennedy, Abigail ; Kerr-Layton, Liana ; Ketterer, Marilyn ; Khan, Ibraheem A. ; Khan, Usman ; Khanal, Sapriya ; Kiechlin, Jack L. ; Killian, Dominic ; Kim, Kevin ; Kim, Brian T. ; Kim, Matthew M. ; Kim, Jake ; Kimlicko, Aspen ; Kipp, Isabel M ; Kirkpatrick, Hunter B. ; Kissner, Natalie ; Kite, Emily R. ; Kleinhaus, Olivia R. ; Knott, Philip Whiting ; Koch, Will ; Koenig, Greta ; Koke, Emily ; Kokes, Thomas ; Kothamdi, Yash S. ; Krajnak, Zack ; Kresek, Zoe M. ; Kriegman, Dylan ; Kritzberg, Jake E. ; Krueger, Davis J. ; Kubiak, Bartlomiej ; Kuehl, Kirsten ; Kuester, Chrisanne ; Kuiper, Nicolas A. ; Kumar, Aman Priyadarshi ; Kuybus, Connor ; Kwiatkowski, Daniel ; Lafemina, Quintin Y. ; Lacjak, Kevin ; Lahmers, Kyle ; Lam, Antonia ; Landrey, Kalin ; Lantz, Maxwell B. ; Larter, Zachary ; Lau, Benjamin P. ; Lauzon, Megan ; Lawlor, Rian ; Learned, Tyler ; Lee, E. C. ; Lee, Junwon ; Lee, Adrianna J. ; Lee, Justin ; Lee, Alexis Ying-Shan ; Lee, Christian J ; Lee, Nathaniel F. ; Leiker, Linzhi ; Lengerich, Dylan ; Leoni, Cecilia ; Lezak, Adrienne R. ; Li, David Y. ; Li, Isaac ; Liao, Ryan Z. ; Linders, Bridget ; Linger, Morgan I ; Linnane, Katherine B. ; Lippincott, Sam ; Lister, Barrett ; Litton, Shelby D ; Liu, Nianzi ; Liu, Steven Y. ; Logan, Timothy W. ; Londres, Nathan ; Lonergan, Mia C. ; Lookhoff, Emily ; Loomis, N. E. ; Lopez, Christian ; Loring, Justin ; Lucca, Jeffrey ; Lukianow, Dax ; M. Cheang, Nathan ; Macdonald, William ; Madonna, Claire A. ; Madsen, Kasey O. ; Maksimuk, Tiffany E. ; Mallory, Macguire ; Malone, Ryan A. ; Maly, Blake ; Manzanares, Xander R. ; Maravi, Aimee S. ; Marcus, Serafima M. ; Marikar, Nasreen ; Marquez, Josie A. ; Marquez, Mathew J. ; Marsh, Lauren ; Marsh, Toni ; Martin, Logan S. ; Martinez, Alexa M. ; Martinez, Jose R. ; Martinez, Hazelia K. ; Martyr, Cara ; Masri, Mirna ; Matessi, Giorgio ; Khan Mohd Reduan Mathavan, Adam Izz ; Mathieson, Randi M. ; Mathur, Kabir P. ; Mauer, Graham ; Mayer, Victoria A. ; Mazzotta, Liam ; Mccammon, Glen S. ; Mcconvey, Rowan ; Mccormick, Tyler ; Mccoy, Andrew ; Mcentee, Kelleen ; Mcgarvey, Meaghan V. ; Mcgill, Riley M. ; Mcintyre, James K. ; Mckemey, Finbar K. ; Mcmorris, Zane ; Mcmullan, Jesse J. ; Mcquaid, Ella ; Mcvey, Caden ; Mccurry, Kyle ; Medellin, Mateo M. ; Medialdea, Melissa ; Mehidic, Amar ; Meillon, Stella ; Meiselman-Ashen, Jonah B. ; Mellett, Sarah ; Menassa, Dominic ; Mendez, Citlali ; Mendoza-Anselmi, Patricia ; Menke, Riley ; Mesgina, Sarah ; Mewhirter, William J. ; Meyer, Ethan ; Miften, Aya M. ; Miles, Ethan J. ; Miller, Andrew ; Miller, Joshua B. ; Millican, Emily B. ; Millican, Sarah J. ; Mills, Dylan P. ; Minimo, Josh ; Misener, Jay H. ; Mitchell, Alexander J. ; Mizzi, Alexander Z. ; Molina-Saenz, Luis ; Moll, Tyler S ; Moll, Hayden ; Montano, Maximus ; Montoya, Michael ; Monyek, Eli ; Mora, Jacqueline Rodriguez ; Morales, Gavin ; Morales, Genaro ; Morelock, Annalise M. ; Morency, Cora ; Moreno, Angel J. ; Morgan, Remy ; Moss, Alexander P. ; Muckenthaler, Brandon A. ; Mueller, Alexander ; Mulcahy, Owen T. ; Mundy, Aria T. ; Muniz, Alexis A. ; Murphy, Maxwell J. ; Murphy, Madalyn C. ; Murphy, Ryan C. ; Murrel, Tyler ; Musgrave, Andrew J. ; Myer, Michael S. ; Nandu, Kshmya ; Napoletano, Elena R. ; Naqi, Abdulaziz ; Narayan, Anoothi ; Nasser, Liebe ; Neeland, Brenna K ; Nehring, Molly ; Nelson, Maya Li ; Nguyen, Lena P. ; Nguyen, Lena ; Nguyen, Leonardo ; Nguyen, Valerie A. ; Nguyen, Khoa D ; Norden, Kelso ; Norris, Cooper ; Nuñez, Dario ; Nussbaum, Rosemary O. ; O’Sullivan, Cian ; O’Neill, Ian ; Oakes, S. H. ; Odbayar, Anand ; Ogle, Caleb ; Oishi-Holder, Sean ; Olguin, Nicholas ; Olson, Nathaniel P. ; Ong, Jason ; Opp, Elena N. ; Orbidan, Dan ; Oros, Ryan ; Ort, Althea E. ; Osborn, Matthew ; Osogwin, Austin ; Otto, Grant ; Oudakker, Jessica ; Overchuk, Igor ; Padgette, Hannah M. ; Padilla, Jacqueline ; Palizzi, Mallory ; Palmgren, Madeleine L. ; Palos, Adler ; Pan, Luke J. ; Parker, Nathan L. ; Parker, Sasha R. ; Parkinson, Evan J. ; Parulekar, Anish ; Pastor, Paige J. ; Patel, Kajal ; Patel, Akhil ; Patel, Neil S. ; Patti, Samuel ; Patton, Catherine ; Payne, Genevieve K. ; Payne, Matthew P. ; Pearl, Harrison M. ; Beck Von Peccoz, Charles B. ; Pedersen, Alexander J. ; Pelster, Lily M. ; Peou, Munisettha E. ; Perez, J. S. ; Perez, Freddy ; Pesce, Anneliese ; Petersen, Audrey J. ; Peterson, B. ; Petric, Romeo S. L. ; Pettine, Joshua ; Phalen, Ethan J. ; Pham, Alexander V. ; Phan, Denise M. ; Pherigo, Callie C ; Phillips, Lance ; Phillips, Justin ; Phommatha, Krista ; Pietras, Alex ; Pine, Tawanchai P. ; Pitsuean-Meier, Sedique ; Pixley, Andrew M. ; Plantz, Will ; Plummer, William C. ; Plutt, Kaitlyn E. ; Plzak, Audrey E. ; Pohle, Kyle ; Polikoff, Hyden ; Pollard, Matthew ; Polly, Madelyn ; Porter, Trevor J. ; Price, David ; Price, Nicholas K. ; Prinster, Gale H. ; Propper, Henry Austin ; Quarderer, Josh ; Quinn, Megan S. ; Quinonez, Oliver ; Quispe, Devon ; Ragsdale, Cameron ; Rahn, Anna L. ; Rakhmonova, M. ; Ralapanawe, Anoush K ; Ramachandra, Nidhi ; Ramirez, Nathaniel ; Ramirez, Ariana C. ; Ramirez, Sacha ; Randolph, Parker ; Ranjan, Anurag ; Rankin, Frederick C ; Rapaport, Sarah Grace ; Ratajczyk, Nicholas O ; Ray, Mia G. V. ; Reagan, Brian D. ; Recchia, John C. ; Reddy, Brooklyn J. ; Reed, Joseph ; Reed, Charlie ; Reeves, Justin ; Reh, Eileen N. ; Von Reich, Ferin J. ; Reyna, Andrea B. ; Reynolds, Alexander ; Reynolds, Hope ; Rippel, Matthew ; Rivas, Guillermo A. ; Rives, Anna Linnea ; Robert, Amanda M. ; Robertson, Samuel M. ; Rodgers, Maeve ; Rojec, Stewart ; Romero, Andres C. ; Rosasco, Ryan ; Rossman, Beth ; Rotter, Michael ; Rounsefell, Tyndall ; Rouse, Charlotte ; Routledge, Allie C. ; Roy, Marc G. ; Roy, Zoe A. ; Ruger, Ryan ; Ruggles-Delgado, Kendall ; Rule, Ian C. ; Rumley, Madigan ; Runyon, Brenton M. ; Ruprecht, Collin ; Russell, Bowman ; Russell, Sloan ; Ryder, Diana ; Saeb, David ; Salazar, J. ; Salazar, Violeta ; Saldi, Maxwell ; Salgado, Jose A. ; Salindeho, Adam D. ; Sanchez, Ethan S. ; Sanchez-Sanchez, Gustavo ; Sarfaraz, Darian ; Sarkar, Sucheta ; Sato, Ginn A. ; Savage, Carl ; Schaller, Marcus T. ; Scheck, Benjamin T. ; Schlenker, Jared A. W. ; Schofer, Matthew J ; Schubert, Stephanie H. ; Schultze, Courtney ; Schumacher, Grace K ; Seglem, Kasper ; Serio, Lauren ; Seux, Octave ; Shahba, Hannan ; Shannahan, Callie D. ; Sharma, Shajesh ; Shaver, Nathan ; Shaw, Timothy ; Shelby, Arlee K. ; Shelby, Emma ; Shelchuk, Grace ; Sheldrake, Tucker ; Sherry, Daniel P. ; Shi, Kyle Z. ; Shields, Amanda M. ; Shin, Kyungeun ; Shockley, Michael C. ; Shoha, Dominick ; Shortman, Jadon ; Shuttleworth, Mitchell ; Sibrell, Lisa ; Sickler, Molly G. ; Siles, Nathan ; Silvester, H. K. ; Simmons, Conor ; Simone, Dylan M. ; Simone, Anna ; Singh, Savi ; Singh, Maya A. ; Sinkovic, Madeline ; Sipowicz, Leo ; Sjoroos, Chris ; Slocum, Ryan ; Slyne, Colin ; Smart, Korben ; Smith, Alexandra N. ; Smith, Kelly ; Smith, Corey ; Smith, Elena K. ; Smith, Samantha M. ; Smith, Percy ; Smith, Trevor J ; Snyder, G. L. ; Soby, Daniel A. ; Sohail, Arman S. ; Solorio, William J. ; Solt, Lincoln ; Soon, Caitlin ; Spangler, Ava A ; Spicer, Benjamin C. ; Srivastava, Ashish ; Stamos, Emily ; Starbuck, Peter ; Stark, Ethan K. ; Starling, Travis ; Staudenmier, Caitlyn ; Steinbarth, Sheen L. ; Steinsberger, Christopher H. ; Stepaniak, Tyler ; Steward, Ellie N. ; Stewart, Trey ; Stewart, T. C. ; Stratmeyer, Cooper N. ; Stratton, Grant L. ; Stribling, Jordin L. ; Sulaiman, S. A ; Sullivan, Brandon J ; Sundell, M. E. ; Sur, Sohan N. ; Suri, Rohan ; Swartz, Jason R. ; Sweeney, Joshua D. ; Syed, Konner ; Szabo, Emi ; Szeremeta, Philip ; Ta, Michael-Tan D. ; Tanguma, Nolan C. ; Taulman, Kyle ; Taylor, Nicole ; Taylor, Eleanor ; Taylor, Liam C. ; Tayman, K. 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NOAA Program & Office:

NESDIS (National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service) ; CIRES (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences) ; NCEI (National Centers for Environmental Information)
Description:

Flare frequency distributions represent a key approach to addressing one of the largest problems in solar and stellar physics: determining the mechanism that counterintuitively heats coronae to temperatures that are orders of magnitude hotter than the corresponding photospheres. It is widely accepted that the magnetic field is responsible for the heating, but there are two competing mechanisms that could explain it: nanoflares or Alfvén waves. To date, neither can be directly observed. Nanoflares are, by definition, extremely small, but their aggregate energy release could represent a substantial heating mechanism, presuming they are sufficiently abundant. One way to test this presumption is via the flare frequency distribution, which describes how often flares of various energies occur. If the slope of the power law fitting the flare frequency distribution is above a critical threshold, α = 2 as established in prior literature, then there should be a sufficient abundance of nanoflares to explain coronal heating. We performed >600 case studies of solar flares, made possible by an unprecedented number of data analysts via three semesters of an undergraduate physics laboratory course. This allowed us to include two crucial, but nontrivial, analysis methods: preflare baseline subtraction and computation of the flare energy, which requires determining flare start and stop times. We aggregated the results of these analyses into a statistical study to determine that α = 1.63 ± 0.03. This is below the critical threshold, suggesting that Alfvén waves are an important driver of coronal heating.
Source:

The Astrophysical Journal, 948(2), 71
DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/accc89
ISSN:

0004-637X ; 1538-4357
Format:

pdf
Publisher:

American Astronomical Society
Document Type:

Journal Article
License:

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Rights Information:

CC BY
Compliance:

Library
Main Document Checksum:

urn:sha-512:b2394c50dff06186bc342fad263b6a1fd712ea3f8c10a57c1b17071ac263fa50ca01e558ac4cdd0cdfc7494e74f2b444c89e99f1d8810df9965c7481301bb154
Download URL:

https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/69694/noaa_69694_DS1.pdf
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[PDF - 1.28 MB ]

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