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Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
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2020
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Source: Lancet 2020; 396: 1135–59
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Journal Title:The Lancet
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Personal Author:Murray, Christopher J L ; Aravkin, Aleksandr Y ; Zheng, Peng ; Abbafati, Cristiana ; Abbas, Kaja M ; ... More +Murray, Christopher J L ; Aravkin, Aleksandr Y ; Zheng, Peng ; Abbafati, Cristiana ; Abbas, Kaja M ; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen ; Abd-Allah, Foad ; Abdelalim, Ahmed ; Abdollahi, Mohammad ; Abdollahpour, Ibrahim ; Abegaz, Kedir Hussein ; Abolhassani, Hassan ; Aboyans, Victor ; Abreu, Lucas Guimarães ; Abrigo, Michael R M ; Abualhasan, Ahmed ; Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal ; Abushouk, Abdelrahman I ; Adabi, Maryam ; Adekanmbi, Victor ; Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood ; Adetokunboh, Olatunji O ; Adham, Davoud ; Advani, Shailesh M ; Agarwal, Gina ; Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem ; Agrawal, Anurag ; Ahmad, Tauseef ; Ahmadi, Keivan ; Ahmadi, Mehdi ; Ahmadieh, Hamid ; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir ; Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie ; Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola ; Akinyemiju, Tomi ; Akombi, Blessing ; Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet ; Alahdab, Fares ; Al-Aly, Ziyad ; Alam, Khurshid ; Alam, Samiah ; Alam, Tahiya ; Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour ; Alanzi, Turki M ; Alemu, Biresaw wassihun ; Alhabib, Khalid F ; Ali, Muhammad ; Ali, Saqib ; Alicandro, Gianfranco ; Alinia, Cyrus ; Alipour, Vahid ; Alizade, Hesam ; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed ; Alla, François ; Allebeck, Peter ; Almasi-Hashiani, Amir ; Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M ; Alonso, Jordi ; Altirkawi, Khalid A ; Amini-Rarani, Mostafa ; Amiri, Fatemeh ; Amugsi, Dickson A ; Ancuceanu, Robert ; Anderlini, Deanna ; Anderson, Jason A ; Andrei, Catalina Liliana ; Andrei, Tudorel ; Angus, Colin ; Anjomshoa, Mina ; Ansari, Fereshteh ; Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza ; Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo ; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T ; Antony, Catherine M ; Antriyandarti, Ernoiz ; Anvari, Davood ; Anwer, Razique ; Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw ; Arabloo, Jalal ; Arab-Zozani, Morteza ; Ariani, Filippo ; Armoon, Bahram ; Ärnlöv, Johan ; Arzani, Afsaneh ; Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran ; Asadi-Pooya, Ali A ; Ashbaugh, Charlie ; Assmus, Michael ; Atafar, Zahra ; Atnafu, Desta Debalkie ; Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi ; Ausloos, Floriane ; Ausloos, Marcel ; Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina ; Ayano, Getinet ; Ayanore, Martin Amogre ; Azari, Samad ; Azarian, Ghasem ; Azene, Zelalem Nigussie ; Badawi, Alaa ; Badiye, Ashish D ; Bahrami, Mohammad Amin ; Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein ; Bakhtiari, Ahad ; Bakkannavar, Shankar M ; Baldasseroni, Alberto ; Ball, Kylie ; Ballew, Shoshana H ; Balzi, Daniela ; Banach, Maciej ; Banerjee, Srikanta K ; Bante, Agegnehu Bante ; Baraki, Adhanom Gebreegziabher ; Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn ; Bärnighausen, Till Winfried ; Barrero, Lope H ; Barthelemy, Celine M ; Barua, Lingkan ; Basu, Sanjay ; Baune, Bernhard T ; Bayati, Mohsen ; Becker, Jacob S ; Bedi, Neeraj ; Beghi, Ettore ; Béjot, Yannick ; Bell, Michellr L ; Bennitt, Fiona B ; Bensenor, Isabela M ; Berhe, Kidanemaryam ; Berman, Adam E ; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth ; Bhageerathy, Reshmi ; Bhala, Neeraj ; Bhandari, Dinesh ; Bhattacharyya, Krittika ; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A ; Bijani, Ali ; Bikbov, Boris ; Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat ; Biondi, Antonio ; Birihane, Binyam Minuye ; Bisignano, Catherine ; Biswas, Raaj Kishore ; Bitew, Helen ; Bohlouli, Somayeh ; Bohluli, Mehdi ; Boon-Dooley, Alexandra S ; Borges, Guilherme ; Borzì, Antonio Maria ; Borzouei, Shiva ; Bosetti, Cristina ; Boufous, Soufiane ; Braithwaite, Dejana ; Breitborde, Nicholas J K ; Breitner, Susanne ; Brenner, Hermann ; Briant, Paul Svitil ; Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich ; Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich ; Britton, Gabrielle B ; Bryazka, Dana ; Bumgarner, Blair R ; Burkart, Katrin ; Burnett, Richard Thomas ; Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath ; Butt, Zahid A ; Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano ; Cahill, Leah E ; Cámera, Luis LA Alberto ; Campos-Nonato, Ismael R ; Cárdenas, Rosario ; Carreras, Giulia ; Carrero, Juan J ; Carvalho, Felix ; Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio ; Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A ; Castelpietra, Giulio ; Castro, Franz ; Causey, Kate ; Cederroth, Christopher R ; Cercy, Kelly M ; Cerin, Ester ; Chandan, Joht Singh ; Chang, Kai-Lan ; Charlson, Fiona J ; Chattu, Vijay Kumar ; Chaturvedi, Sarika ; Cherbuin, Nicolas ; Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel ; Cho, Daniel Youngwhan ; Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine ; Christensen, Hanne ; Chu, Dinh-Toi ; Chung, Michael T ; Chung, Sheng-Chia ; Cicuttini, Flavia M ; Ciobanu, Liliana G ; Cirillo, Massimo ; Classen, Thomas Khaled Dwayne ; Cohen, Aaron J ; Compton, Kelly ; Cooper, Owen R ; Costa, Vera Marisa ; Cousin, Ewerton ; Cowden, Richard G ; Cross, Di H ; Cruz, Jessica A ; Dahlawi, Saad M A ; Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura ; Damiani, Giovanni ; Dandona, Lalit ; Dandona, Rakhi ; Dangel, William James ; Danielsson, Anna-Karin ; Dargan, Paul I ; Darwesh, Aso Mohammad ; Daryani, Ahmad ; Das, Jai K ; Das Gupta, Rajat ; das Neves, José ; Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto ; Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil ; De Leo, Diego ; Degenhardt, Louisa ; DeLang, Marissa ; Dellavalle, Robert Paul ; Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen ; Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam ; Demsie, Desalegn Getnet ; Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar ; Dervenis, Nikolaos ; Dhungana, Govinda Prasad ; Dianatinasab, Mostafa ; Dias da Silva, Diana ; Diaz, Daniel ; Dibaji Forooshani, Zahra Sadat ; Djalalinia, Shirin ; Do, Hoa Thi ; Dokova, Klara ; Dorostkar, Fariba ; Doshmangir, Leila ; Driscoll, Tim Robert ; Duncan, Bruce B ; Duraes, Andre Rodrigues ; Eagan, Arielle Wilder ; Edvardsson, David ; El Nahas, Nevine ; El Sayed, Iman ; El Tantawi, Maha ; Elbarazi, Iffat ; Elgendy, Islam Y ; El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I ; Elyazar, Iqbal RF ; Emmons-Bell, Sophia ; Erskine, Holly E ; Eskandarieh, Sharareh ; Esmaeilnejad, Saman ; Esteghamati, Alireza ; Estep, Kara ; Etemadi, Arash ; Etisso, Atkilt Esaiyas ; Fanzo, Jessica ; Farahmand, Mohammad ; Fareed, Mohammad ; Faridnia, Roghiyeh ; Farioli, Andrea ; Faro, Andre ; Faruque, Mithila ; Farzadfar, Farshad ; Fattahi, Nazir ; Fazlzadeh, Mehdi ; Feigin, Valery L ; Feldman, Rachel ; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad ; Fernandes, Eduarda ; Ferrara, Giannina ; Ferrari, Alize J ; Ferreira, Manuela L ; Filip, Irina ; Fischer, Florian ; Fisher, James L ; Flor, Luisa Sorio ; Foigt, Nataliya A ; Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin ; Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich ; Force, Lisa M ; Foroutan, Masoud ; Franklin, Richard Charles ; Freitas, Marisa ; Fu, Weijia ; Fukumoto, Takeshi ; Furtado, João M ; Gad, Mohamed M ; Gakidou, Emmanuela ; Gallus, Silvano ; Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L ; Gardner, William M ; Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle ; Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew ; Geremew, Abraham ; Gershberg Hayoon, Anna ; Gething, Peter W ; Ghadimi, Maryam ; Ghadiri, Keyghobad ; Ghaffarifar, Fatemeh ; Ghafourifard, Mansour ; Ghamari, Farhad ; Ghashghaee, Ahmad ; Ghiasvand, Hesam ; Ghith, Nermin ; Gholamian, Asadollah ; Ghosh, Rakesh ; Gill, Paramjit Singh ; Ginindza, Themba G G ; Giussani, Giorgia ; Gnedovskaya, Elena V ; Goharinezhad, Salime ; Gopalani, Sameer Vali ; Gorini, Giuseppe ; Goudarzi, Houman ; Goulart, Alessandra C ; Greaves, Felix ; Grivna, Michal ; Grosso, Giuseppe ; Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen ; Gugnani, Harish Chander ; Guimarães, Rafael Alves ; Guled, Rashid Abdi ; Guo, Gaorui ; Guo, Yuming ; Gupta, Rajeev ; Gupta, Tarun ; Haddock, Beatrix ; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima ; Hafiz, Abdul ; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin ; Haj-Mirzaian, Arya ; Hall, Brian J ; Halvaei, Iman ; Hamadeh, Randah R ; Hamidi, Samer ; Hammer, Melanie S ; Hankey, Graeme J ; Haririan, Hamidreza ; Haro, Josep Maria ; Hasaballah, Ahmed I ; Hasan, Md Mehedi ; Hasanpoor, Edris ; Hashi, Abdiwahab ; Hassanipour, Soheil ; Hassankhani, Hadi ; Havmoeller, Rasmus J ; Hay, Simon I ; Hayat, Khezar ; Heidari, Golnaz ; Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza ; Henrikson, Hannah J ; Herbert, Molly E ; Herteliu, Claudiu ; Heydarpour, Fatemeh ; Hird, Thomas R ; Hoek, Hans W ; Holla, Ramesh ; Hoogar, Praveen ; Hosgood, H Dean ; Hossain, Naznin ; Hosseini, Mostafa ; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi ; Hostiuc, Mihaela ; Hostiuc, Sorin ; Househ, Mowafa ; Hsairi, Mohamed ; Hsieh, Vivian Chia-rong ; Hu, Guoqing ; Hu, Kejia ; Huda, Tanvir M ; Humayun, Ayesha ; Huynh, Chantal K ; Hwang, Bing-Fang ; Iannucci, Vincent C ; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel ; Ikeda, Nayu ; Ikuta, Kevin S ; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen ; Ilic, Irena M ; Ilic, Milena D ; Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja ; Ippolito, Helen ; Iqbal, Usman ; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi ; Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter ; Islam, M Mofizul ; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful ; Iso, Hiroyasu ; Ivers, Rebecca Q ; Iwu, Chidozie C D ; Iwu, Chinwe Juliana ; Iyamu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi ; Jaafari, Jalil ; Jacobsen, Kathryn H ; Jafari, Hussain ; Jafarinia, Morteza ; Jahani, Mohammad Ali ; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo ; Jalilian, Farzad ; James, Spencer L ; Janjani, Hosna ; Javaheri, Tahereh ; Javidnia, Javad ; Jeemon, Panniyammakal ; Jenabi, Ensiyeh ; Jha, Ravi Prakash ; Jha, Vivekanand ; Ji, John S ; Johansson, Lars ; John, Oommen ; John-Akinola, Yetunde O ; Johnson, Catherine Owens ; Jonas, Jost B ; Joukar, Farahnaz ; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy ; Jürisson, Mikk ; Kabir, Ali ; Kabir, Zubair ; Kalani, Hamed ; Kalani, Rizwan ; Kalankesh, Leila R ; Kalhor, Rohollah ; Kanchan, Tanuj ; Kapoor, Neeti ; Karami Matin, Behzad ; Karch, André ; Karim, Mohd Anisul ; Kassa, Getachew Mullu ; Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal ; Kayode, Gbenga A ; Kazemi Karyani, Ali ; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga ; Keller, Cathleen ; Kemmer, Laura ; Kendrick, Parkes J ; Khalid, Nauman ; Khammarnia, Mohammad ; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad ; Khan, Maseer ; Khatab, Khaled ; Khater, Mona M ; Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli ; Khayamzadeh, Maryam ; Khazaei, Salman ; Kieling, Christian ; Kim, Yun Jin ; Kimokoti, Ruth W ; Kisa, Adnan ; Kisa, Sezer ; Kivimäki, Mika ; Knibbs, Luke D ; Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo ; Kocarnik, Jonathan M ; Kochhar, Sonali ; Kopec, Jacek A ; Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich ; Koul, Parvaiz A ; Koyanagi, Ai ; Kraemer, Moritz U G ; Krishan, Kewal ; Krohn, Kris J ; Kromhout, Hans ; Kuate Defo, Barthelemy ; Kumar, G Anil ; Kumar, Vivek ; Kurmi, Om P ; Kusuma, Dian ; La Vecchia, Carlo ; Lacey, Ben ; Lal, Dharmesh Kumar ; Lalloo, Ratilal ; Lallukka, Tea ; Lami, Faris Hasan ; Landires, Iván ; Lang, Justin J ; Langan, Sinéad M ; Larsson, Anders O ; Lasrado, Savita ; Lauriola, Paolo ; Lazarus, Jeffrey V ; Lee, Paul H ; Lee, Shaun Wen Huey ; LeGrand, Kate E ; Leigh, James ; Leonardi, Matilde ; Lescinsky, Haley ; Leung, Janni ; Levi, Miriam ; Li, Shanshan ; Lim, Lee-Ling ; Linn, Shai ; Liu, Shiwei ; Liu, Simin ; Liu, Yang ; Lo, Justin ; Lopez, Alan D ; Lopez, Jaifred Christian F ; Lopukhov, Platon D ; Lorkowski, Stefan ; Lotufo, Paulo A ; Lu, Alton ; Lugo, Alessandra ; Maddison, Emilie R ; Mahasha, Phetole Walter ; Mahdavi, Mokhtar Mahdavi ; Mahmoudi, Morteza ; Majeed, Azeem ; Maleki, Afshin ; Maleki, Shokofeh ; Malekzadeh, Reza ; Malta, Deborah Carvalho ; Mamun, Abdullah A ; Manda, Ana Laura ; Manguerra, Helena ; Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz ; Mansouri, Borhan ; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali ; Mantilla Herrera, Ana M ; Maravilla, Joemer C ; Marks, Ashley ; Martin, Randall V ; Martini, Santi ; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio ; Masaka, Anthony ; Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra ; Mathur, Manu Raj ; Matsushita, Kunihiro ; Maulik, Pallab K ; McAlinden, Colm ; McGrath, John J ; McKee, Martin ; Mehndiratta, Man Mohan ; Mehri, Fereshteh ; Mehta, Kala M ; Memish, Ziad A ; Mendoza, Walter ; Menezes, Ritesh G ; Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku ; Mereke, Alibek ; Mereta, Seid Tiku ; Meretoja, Atte ; Meretoja, Tuomo J ; Mestrovic, Tomislav ; Miazgowski, Bartosz ; Miazgowski, Tomasz ; Michalek, Irmina Maria ; Miller, Ted R ; Mills, Edward J ; Mini, GK ; Miri, Mohammad ; Mirica, Andreea ; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M ; Mirzaei, Hamed ; Mirzaei, Maryam ; Mirzaei, Roya ; Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi ; Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen ; Mithra, Prasanna ; Moazen, Babak ; Mohammad, Dara K ; Mohammad, Yousef ; Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Naser ; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah ; Mohammadifard, Noushin ; Mohammadpourhodki, Reza ; Mohammed, Ammas Siraj ; Mohammed, Hussen ; Mohammed, Jemal Abdu ; Mohammed, Shafiu ; Mokdad, Ali H ; Molokhia, Mariam ; Monasta, Lorenzo ; Mooney, Meghan D ; Moradi, Ghobad ; Moradi, Masoud ; Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar ; Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah ; Moraga, Paula ; Morawska, Lidia ; Morgado-da-Costa, Joana ; Morrison, Shane Douglas ; Mosapour, Abbas ; Mosser, Jonathan F ; Mouodi, Simin ; Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam ; Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin ; Mueller, Ulrich Otto ; Mukhopadhyay, Satinath ; Mullany, Erin C ; Musa, Kamarul Imran ; Muthupandian, Saravanan ; Nabhan, Ashraf F ; Naderi, Mehdi ; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman ; Nagel, Gabriele ; Naghavi, Mohsen ; Naghshtabrizi, Behshad ; Naimzada, Mukhammad David ; Najafi, Farid ; Nangia, Vinay ; Nansseu, Jobert Richie ; Naserbakht, Morteza ; Nayak, Vinod C ; Negoi, Ionut ; Ngunjiri, Josephine W ; Nguyen, Cuong Tat ; Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi ; Nguyen, Minh ; Nigatu, Yeshambel T ; Nikbakhsh, Rajan ; Nixon, Molly R ; Nnaji, Chukwudi A ; Nomura, Shuhei ; Norrving, Bo ; Noubiap, Jean Jacques ; Nowak, Christoph ; Nunez-Samudio, Virginia ; Oţoiu, Adrian ; Oancea, Bogdan ; Odell, Christopher M ; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene ; Oh, In-Hwan ; Okunga, Emmanuel Wandera ; Oladnabi, Morteza ; Olagunju, Andrew T ; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola ; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun ; Omer, Muktar Omer ; Ong, Kanyin L ; Onwujekwe, Obinna E ; Orpana, Heather M ; Ortiz, Alberto ; Osarenotor, Osayomwanbo ; Osei, Frank B ; Ostroff, Samuel M ; Otstavnov, Nikita ; Otstavnov, Stanislav S ; Øverland, Simon ; Owolabi, Mayowa O ; P A, Mahesh ; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao ; Palladino, Raffaele ; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra ; Pandey, Anamika ; Parry, Charles D H ; Pasovic, Maja ; Pasupula, Deepak Kumar ; Patel, Sangram Kishor ; Pathak, Mona ; Patten, Scott B ; Patton, George C ; Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza ; Peden, Amy E ; Pennini, Alyssa ; Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino ; Peprah, Emmanuel K ; Pereira, David M ; Pesudovs, Konrad ; Pham, Hai Quang ; Phillips, Michael R ; Piccinelli, Cristiano ; Pilz, Tessa M ; Piradov, Michael A ; Pirsaheb, Meghdad ; Plass, Dietrich ; Polinder, Suzanne ; Polkinghorne, Kevan R ; Pond, Constance Dimity ; Postma, Maarten J ; Pourjafar, Hadi ; Pourmalek, Farshad ; Poznańska, Anna ; Prada, Sergio I ; Prakash, V ; Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga ; Pupillo, Elisabetta ; Quazi Syed, Zahiruddin ; Rabiee, Mohammad ; Rabiee, Navid ; Radfar, Amir ; Rafiee, Ata ; Raggi, Alberto ; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz ; Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali ; Rajati, Fatemeh ; Rakovac, Ivo ; Ram, Pradhum ; Ramezanzadeh, Kiana ; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal ; Rao, Puja C ; Rao, Sowmya J ; Rashedi, Vahid ; Rathi, Priya ; Rawaf, David Laith ; Rawaf, Salman ; Rawal, Lal ; Rawassizadeh, Reza ; Rawat, Ramu ; Razo, Christian ; Redford, Sofia Boston ; Reiner, Robert C ; Reitsma, Marissa Bettay ; Remuzzi, Giuseppe ; Renjith, Vishnu ; Renzaho, Andre M N ; Resnikoff, Serge ; Rezaei, Negar ; Rezaei, Nima ; Rezapour, Aziz ; Rhinehart, Phoebe-Anne ; Riahi, Seyed Mohammad ; Ribeiro, Daniel Cury ; Ribeiro, Daniela ; Rickard, Jennifer ; Rivera, Juan A ; Roberts, Nicholas L S ; Rodríguez-Ramírez, Sonia ; Roever, Leonardo ; Ronfani, Luca ; Room, Robin ; Roshandel, Gholamreza ; Roth, Gregory A ; Rothenbacher, Dietrich ; Rubagotti, Enrico ; Rwegerera, Godfrey M ; Sabour, Siamak ; Sachdev, Perminder S ; Saddik, Basema ; Sadeghi, Ehsan ; Sadeghi, Masoumeh ; Saeedi, Reza ; Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar ; Safari, Yahya ; Safi, Sare ; Safiri, Saeid ; Sagar, Rajesh ; Sahebkar, Amirhossein ; Sajadi, S Mohammad ; Salam, Nasir ; Salamati, Payman ; Salem, Hosni ; Salem, Marwa R Rashad ; Salimzadeh, Hamideh ; Salman, Omar Mukhtar ; Salomon, Joshua A ; Samad, Zainab ; Samadi Kafil, Hossein ; Sambala, Evanson Zondani ; Samy, Abdallah M ; Sanabria, Juan ; Sánchez-Pimienta, Tania G ; Santomauro, Damian Francesco ; Santos, Itamar S ; Santos, João Vasco ; Santric-Milicevic, Milena M ; Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer ; Sarmiento-Suárez, Rodrigo ; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal ; Sartorius, Benn ; Sarveazad, Arash ; Sathian, Brijesh ; Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu ; Sattin, Davide ; Saxena, Sonia ; Schaeffer, Lauren E ; Schiavolin, Silvia ; Schlaich, Markus P ; Schmidt, Maria Inês ; Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth ; Schwebel, David C ; Schwendicke, Falk ; Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta ; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian ; Sepanlou, Sadaf G ; Serdar, Berrin ; Serre, Marc L ; Shadid, Jamileh ; Shafaat, Omid ; Shahabi, Saeed ; Shaheen, Amira A ; Shaikh, Masood Ali ; Shalash, Ali S ; Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran ; Shamsizadeh, Morteza ; 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Afshin, Ashkan ; Lim, Stephen S Less -
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NOAA Program & Office:
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Description:Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk–outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk–outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk–outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden.
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Source:Lancet 2020; 396: 1135–59
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Rights Information:CC BY
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Compliance:Submitted
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Main Document Checksum:urn:sha256:f0c3ae027f0159e6fb4dee66c9a77a04de4d37e4adb166c33601b52d561889d3
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