The rapid intensification of Hurricane Michael (2018): Storm structure and the relationship to environmental and air-sea interactions

Wadler, Joshua B.; Zhang, Jun A.; Rogers, Robert F.; Jaimes, Benjamin; Shay, Lynn K.

doi:10.1175/MWR-D-20-0145.1

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The rapid intensification of Hurricane Michael (2018): Storm structure and the relationship to environmental and air-sea interactions

2021
By Wadler, Joshua B. ; Zhang, Jun A. ; Rogers, Robert F. ; ...
Source: Monthly Weather Review 149(1) 1-23

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Journal Title:

Monthly Weather Review
Personal Author:

Wadler, Joshua B. ; Zhang, Jun A. ; Rogers, Robert F. ; Jaimes, Benjamin ; Shay, Lynn K.

Wadler, Joshua B. ; Zhang, Jun A. ; Rogers, Robert F. ; Jaimes, Benjamin ; Shay, Lynn K. Less -
NOAA Program & Office:

OAR (Oceanic and Atmospheric Research) ; AOML (Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory) ; CIMAS (Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies)

OAR (Oceanic and Atmospheric Research) ; AOML (Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory) ; CIMAS (Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies) Less -
Description:

The spatial and temporal variation in multiscale structures during the rapid intensification of Hurricane Michael (2018) are explored using a coupled atmospheric–oceanic dataset obtained from NOAA WP-3D and G-IV aircraft missions. During Michael’s early life cycle, the importance of ocean structure is studied to explore how the storm intensified despite experiencing moderate vertical shear. Michael maintained a fairly symmetric precipitation distribution and resisted lateral mixing of dry environmental air into the circulation upshear. The storm also interacted with an oceanic eddy field leading to cross-storm sea surface temperature (SST) gradients of ~2.5°C. This led to the highest enthalpy fluxes occurring left of shear, favoring the sustainment of updrafts into the upshear quadrants and a quick recovery from low-entropy downdraft air. Later in the life cycle, Michael interacted with more uniform and higher SSTs that were greater than 28°C, while vertical shear imposed asymmetries in Michael’s secondary circulation and distribution of entropy. Midlevel (~4–8 km) outflow downshear, a feature characteristic of hurricanes in shear, transported high-entropy air from the eyewall region outward. This outflow created a cap that reduced entrainment across the boundary layer top, protecting it from dry midtropospheric air out to large radii (i.e., >100 km), and allowing for rapid energy increases from air–sea enthalpy fluxes. Upshear, low-level (~0.5–2 km) outflow transported high-entropy air outward, which aided boundary layer recovery from low-entropy downdraft air. This study underscores the importance of simultaneously measuring atmospheric and oceanographic parameters to understand tropical cyclone structure during rapid intensification.
Keywords:

[+]

Cyclones Hurricane Michael, 2018 Ocean-atmosphere Interaction Tropics Dynamics; Storm environments; Tropical cyclones; Air-sea interaction; Hurricanes/typhoons; Thermodynamics
Source:

Monthly Weather Review 149(1) 1-23
DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-20-0145.1
Document Type:

Journal Article
Funding:

Grant no. NA19OAR4590239
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Submitted
Main Document Checksum:

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urn:sha256:bf0327a49c98c124afbe24f51eea46239b5c5b546532723c0cfeda95a77baa1f
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https://staging-noaa.cdc.gov/view/noaa/28454/noaa_28454_DS1.pdf
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The rapid intensification of Hurricane Michael (2018): Storm structure and the relationship to environmental and air-sea interactions

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