Understanding Hail in the Earth System

Allen, John T.; Giammanco, Ian M.; Kumjian, Matthew R.; Jurgen Punge, Heinz; Zhang, Qinghong; Groenemeijer, Pieter; Kunz, Michael; Ortega, Kiel

doi:10.1029/2019RG000665

i

Understanding Hail in the Earth System

2020
By Allen, John T. ; Giammanco, Ian M. ; Kumjian, Matthew R. ; ...

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Journal Title:

Reviews of Geophysics
Personal Author:

Allen, John T. ; Giammanco, Ian M. ; Kumjian, Matthew R. ; Jurgen Punge, Heinz ; Zhang, Qinghong ; Groenemeijer, Pieter ; Kunz, Michael ; Ortega, Kiel
NOAA Program & Office:

NOAA Cooperative Institutes ; CIMMS (Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies) ; OAR (Oceanic and Atmospheric Research) ; NSSL (National Severe Storms Laboratory)
Description:

The processes leading to the development of hail and the distribution of these events worldwide are reviewed. Microphysical and physical characteristics of hail development are described to provide context of the notable gaps in our understanding of what drives hail to grow large, or what determines how it falls to the ground. Distributional characteristics of hail are explored, utilizing both surface observations of hailstones and remotely sensed observational data sets to identify opportunities and needs for new observations. These observational deficiencies contribute to our limited capacity to both forecast hail or its expected size and reduce the effectiveness of using favorable conditions for hail development as a proxy to frequency where observations are unavailable. Given the substantive influences of both climate variability and the changing Earth system on hail, the latest understanding of their contributions to risk are addressed. Applying this understanding of the distribution and physical characteristics of hail, the damage by hail to agriculture and insured property is assessed. Much remains unknown about the processes leading to hail growth and environmental controls on hail occurrence, size, and magnitude, particularly outside of the United States and Europe. A better understanding of the global occurrence of hail is also needed to better anticipate the hazard and associated impacts.
Keywords:

Hail Meteorology
Source:

Reviews of Geophysics, 58(1), e2019RG000665, 2020.
DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000665
Document Type:

Journal Article
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Other
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urn:sha-512:71f2497908a395e56a62e71443d5e3b24b35c9d4f81cd4e18f707c7aefeb903a56eaacea5489ecf438943454533d12edb7dbff290e762d7cb317e1daec91452d
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