{"Bibliographic":{"Title":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Oceans and Human Health Initiative Principal Investigators Meeting: project summary book 2009","Authors":"","Publication date":"2009","Publisher":""},"Administrative":{"Date created":"08-17-2023","Language":"English","Rights":"CC 0","Size":"0000282792"},"Pages":["NOAA'S Oceans and Human Health Initiative\nOCEANS & HUMAN\nGC\nHEALTH INITIATIVE\n1001\n.N38\nA Healthy Ocean for\n2009\nHealthy People\nPrincipal Investigators Meeting\nSeattle, Washington\n5-8 October 2009\nProject Summaries","ATMOSPHERIC\nNOAA\nOF\nOCEANS & HUMAN\nATMOSPHERIC\nAND\nHEALTH INITIATIVE\nNOAA\nOF\nThis report was prepared by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research under award NA06OAR43\n10119 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U.S. Department of Commerce. The statements,\nfindings, conclusion, and recommendations are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration or the Department of Commerce.","Project Summaries Table of Contents\nLIBRARY\nOHHI Vision, Mission, Goals\nPages 5 - 7\nOCT 3 1 2013\nPages 8 - 9\nOHHI Projects Map\nNational Oceanic &\nAtmospheric Administration\nU.S.\nDont of Commerce\nPages 10 - 72\nCenters of Excellence\nCenter of Excellence for Great Lakes and Human Health\nPrincipal\nInvestigator\nProject Title\nGoals & Topics\nPage\nEvaluation of the Hazard of Microcystis\nEWS - Seafood Safety\n11\nDyble, J.\nBlooms for Human Health Through Fish\nConsumption\nDrinking Water as a Route of Human\nEWS - Beach Management\n14\nDyble, J.,\nExposure to Microcystins in Small Great\n& Drinking Water Safety\nFahnenstiel, G.\nLakes Communities\nFahnenstiel, G.\nDevelopment of an Experimental HAB\nEWS - Beach Management\n16\n& Drinking Water Safety\nBulletin for Lake Erie\nCenter of Excellence for Great Lakes and\nEWS - Beach Management\n19\nJoseph, S.\nHuman Health Outreach Coordination and\n& Drinking Water Safety\nCommunication Strategies\nBeach Water Quality Forecasting\nEWS - Beach Management\n22\nRockwell, D.\n& Drinking Water Safety\nCoordination\nImproved Understanding and Forecasting of\nEWS - Beach Management\n25\nRose, J.B.,\n& Drinking Water Safety\nPhanikumar, M.S.\nViral and Bacterial Sources and Transport in\nthe Great Lakes\nHydrodynamic Modeling in Support of\nEWS - Beach Management\n27\nSchwab, D.\n& Drinking Water Safety\nBeach Closure Forecasting\nForecasting Beach Closings and Conditions\nEWS - Beach Management\n30\nSellinger, C.,\nin the Great Lakes and the West Coast\n& Drinking Water Safety\nBrandt, S.\nGC\n1001\nN38\n1\n2009","West Coast Center for Oceans and Human Health\nPrincipal\nInvestigator\nProject Title\nGoals & Topics\nPage\nHuppert, D.\nThe Regional Economic Impact of Razor\nEWS - Beach Management,\n35\nClam Beach Closures\nSeafood Safety\nMoore, S.\nClimate Impacts on Harmful Algal Blooms\nEWS - Seafood Safety\n37\nin the Pacific Northwest\nStrom, M.S.\nEcology and Population Structure Analyses\nEWS - Seafood Safety\n43\nof Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the U. S.\nBenefits - Biomedical Models\nPacific Northwest\nTrainer, V.\nForecasting Harmful Algal Blooms in the\nEWS - Seafood Safety\n51\nPacific Northwest\nCenter of Excellence for Oceans and Human Health at the\nCenter for Human Health Risk\nPrincipal\nInvestigator\nProject Title\nGoals & Topics\nPage\nBurnett, K.G.\nMarine Organisms as Disease Vectors:\nEWS - Sentinel\n57\nMulti-Stressor Effects\nSpecies/Habitats\n61\nStewart, J., Moore,\nPathogen Source Tracking Program\nEWS - Beach Management\n& Drinking Water Safety\nJ.G.\nSanger, D.\nSentinel Habitats Monitoring and\nEWS - Sentinel\n65\nSpecies/Habitat\nAssessment\n70\nSchwacke, L.\nEcosystems, Dolphins and Human Health\nEWS - Sentinel\nLinkages on the Georgia Coast\nSpecies/Habitat\n2","Pages 73 - 108\nExternal Grants Program\nPrincipal\nGoals & Topics\nPage\nInvestigator\nProject Title\nOHHI 2005: Pseudo-nitzschia: Emerging\nEWS - Seafood Safety,\n74\nAnderson, D.\nHAB threat in the Gulf of Maine\nSentinel Species/Habitats\nHuman Pathogens in Shellfish Harvesting\nEWS - Sentinel\n79\nLipp, E.K.\nWaters: Relating Climate, Water Quality and\nSpecies/Habitats\nDisease Outcomes\nOHHI: Predicting Pathogen Fate in the Great\nEWS - Beach Management\n82\nMcLellan, S.\n& Drinking Water Safety\nLakes Coastal Environment\n88\nBird and Marine Mammal Emerging\nEWS - Sentinel\nMoore, M.\nSpecies/Habitats\nZoonoses\n91\nOverstreet, R.M.\nSafety of Seafood and Detection of\nEWS - Seafood Safety\nEmerging Parasitic Threats\nEWS - Beach Management\n95\nPascual, M.\nCholera Prediction: The Role of the Oceans\n& Drinking Water Safety\nand Nonlinear Disease Dynamics\nImproved Understanding and Forecasting of\nEWS - Beach Management\n99\nRose, J.B.\nViral and Bacterial Sources and Transport in\n& Drinking Water Safety\nthe Great Lakes\n102\nWalsh, C.J.\nEffects of Brevetoxins on Human Immune\nBenefits - Biomedical\nCells\nModels\n106\nZabriskie, M.\nBiodiscovery from Deep Sea Hydrothermal\nBenefits - Natural Products\n& Pharmaceuticals\nVent Organisms\n3","Distinguished Scholars\nPages 109 - 112\nPrincipal\nInvestigator\nProject Title\nGoals & Topics\nPage\nRoberts, P.\nDynamics and Modeling of Lake River\nEWS - Beach Management\n110\nPlumes\n& Drinking Water Safety\nTraineeships\nPages 113 - 136\nPrincipal\nInvestigator\nProject Title\nGoals & Topics\nPage\nArmbrust, E.V.\nThe Pacific Northwest Consortium for Pre-\nEWS - Seafood Safety\n114\nand Postdoctoral Traineeships in Oceans and\nHuman Health (PNW Consortium)\nLacy, E.\nHML Consortium for Research Training in\nEWS - Sentinel\n119\nOceans and Human Health\nSpecies/Habitats\nLipp, E.\nGeorgia Oceans and Health Initiative\nEWS - Sentinel\n122\n(GOHI) Graduate Training Consortium\nSpecies/Habitats\nMazet, J.\nTraining Tomorrow's Ecosystem and Public\nEWS - Sentinel\n126\nHealth Leaders using Marine Mammals as\nSpecies/Habitats\nSentinels of Oceanic Change\nInterdisciplinary Research & Training\nWard, E.J.\nEWS - Sentinel\n130\nInitiative on Coastal Ecosystems & Human\nSpecies/Habitats\nHealth (I-RICH)\n4","OHHI Vision, Mission and Goals\nVision\nA Healthy Ocean for Healthy People\nMission\nImprove understanding and management of the ocean, coasts and Great Lakes to\nenhance benefits to human health and reduce public health risks\nAs the nation's lead ocean agency, NOAA's OHHI investigates the relationship between\nenvironmental stressors, coastal condition and human health to maximize health benefits\nfrom the ocean, improve the safety of seafood and drinking waters, reduce beach\nclosures, and detect emerging health threats.\nApproach\nCatalyze innovative and interdisciplinary oceans and human health research\nFoster and facilitate strong partnerships among agencies, academia and the private sector\non oceans and human health\nDevelop and deliver useful tools, technologies and environmental information to public\nhealth and natural resource managers, decision-makers and the public\nGoals\nGoal 1: Lead the development of early warning systems to forecast\nthreats and predict long-term risks to human health throughout\nU.S. coastal and Great Lakes waters\n(EWS: Early Warning System)\nStrategic Objectives:\nDevelop methods, tools, and technologies to predict ocean-related public health\nrisks from pathogens, chemical pollutants, and toxins\nCharacterize impacts of coastal ecosystem change, in response to natural factors\nand environmental stressors such as climate change, land-use and pollution, on\necosystem goods and services related to human health\n5","Use sentinel species and habitats as integrative indicators of ocean health threats\nto humans\nDevelop and integrate data, tools and technologies applicable to human health\ninto ocean observing systems\nEngage public health and natural resource managers and decision-makers in\norder to develop and deliver useful products and services\nEvaluate prototype early warning systems and their components for readiness\nand plan for transition to operations\nEvaluate utility and value of early warning systems and their components to\nidentify, mitigate and reduce public health risks and related economic and socio-\ncultural impacts\nGoal 2: Investigate and optimize health benefits from the sea\n(Benefits: Benefits from the Sea)\nStrategic Objectives:\nAssess health benefits and risks of seafood consumption through partnerships\nwith fishery and aquaculture communities\nPartner with subsistence communities to document and evaluate the benefit and\nrisk of marine food products for health promotion and socio-cultural value\nDevelop and transfer technology to enhance the healthful characteristics\nof\nseafood and minimize ocean-related contamination of seafood\nIncrease and leverage partnerships to discover and develop pharmaceuticals,\nmolecular probes, bioactive compounds, and other marine natural products\nthrough innovative and ecologically sound exploration and laboratory\napproaches\nDevelop and transfer, to other researchers and the private sector, useful aquatic\nbiomedical models to enhance understanding of human disease processes and\nprovide other health benefits\nCharacterize and estimate public health related economic, socio-cultural and\nbroader health benefits (and risks) of coastal and marine resources\nEvaluate utility and value of tools, technologies and information transferred to\nmanagers, decision-makers, and other partners\n6","Goal 3: Develop a robust oceans and human health community\nworking across disciplines and institutions to improve public health\n(OHH Community Building)\nStrategic Objectives:\nProvide opportunities and institutional mechanisms to support interdisciplinary\nOHH research such as Centers of Excellence, traineeships, early career and\ndistinguished scholar awards, grants and research collaborations\nPartner with the OHH programs of the NSF and NIEHS, as well as other\ninterested agencies, to stimulate scientific interest in OHH across broad\ninstitutional and disciplinary boundaries\nIdentify key end-users and their needs in order to develop and deliver useful\nOHH tools, technologies and information\nCommunicate findings to decision-makers, managers, scientists and the public\nProvide OHHI information to ocean education programs and media outlets for\ntheir use in promoting ocean literacy and stewardship\nPartner with other agencies to enable a rapid and coordinated OHH community\nresponse to ocean and coastal public health emergencies\n7","OHHI Projects Map & Information\nJellett Lab\nU. Washington\nBigelow Lab\nU. Washington\nNOAA Center for Great\nLakes and Human Health\nU. Rhode Island\nNOAA West Coast Center\nat the Great Lakes\nWoods Hole\nfor Oceans and Human\nEnvironmental Research\nHealth at the Northwest\nLaboratory\nState U. of NY\nFisheries Science Center\nWoods Hole\nOregon St. U.\nMichigan St. U.\nU. Connecticut\nU. Wisconsin\nU. Michigan\nU. Connecticut\nUC Davis\nMilwaukee\nU. Michigan\nMystic Aquarium\nMarine Mammal Center\nU. Maryland\nHarvard U.\nStanford U.\nU. Tennessee\nStony Brook U.\nGeorgia Tech U.\nU. Georgia\nU. North Carolina-\nU. California-\nWilmington\nSan Diego\nU. Georgia\nMedical U. South Carolina\nU. Southern Mississippi\nNOAA Center for Oceans\nU. Southern Mississippi\nand Human Health at the\nHollings Marine Laboratory\nU. Southern Mississippi\nMote Marine Lab\nU. Hawaii\nU. Hawaii\nGrants\nDistinguished Scholars\nTraineeships\nNOAA OHHI Centers of Excellence\n8","Geography of External Grants\nInternational\n3\nNortheast\n7\nWestern Pacific\n2\nPacific\nGulf of Mexico\nNorthwest\n6\n2\nGreat Lakes\n3\nSoutheast\nSouthwest\n3\n2\nExternal Grants by Topic\nMarine Natural\nProducts\n14%\nSentinel\nPathogens\n41%\nSpecies\n16%\nChemical\nPollutants\n9%\nBiotoxins\n20%","OCEANS & HUMAN\nHEALTH INITIATIVE\nCenter of Excellence for Great Lakes and\nHuman Health\n10","Project Title: Evaluation of the Hazard of Microcystis Blooms for Human Health\nThrough Fish Consumption\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator(s) and Affiliation(s): Juli Dyble (GLERL),\nSteve Pothoven (GLERL), Duane Gossiaux (GLERL)\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning System - Seafood Safety\nNOAA Partnerships: This research has benefitted from connections with Dr. Alan\nWilson (Auburn University), Dr. Bob Hecky and Dr. Stephanie Guildford (University of\nMinnesota, Duluth), Dr. Greg Boyer (SUNY-Syracuse) and Dr. Rick Rediske (Grand\nValley State University). Related NOAA-GLERL projects on the ecological impacts\nand consequences of Microcystis and microcystin in the Great Lakes leverage this\nproject for support and complementary data.\nTake-Home Message: The human health risk associated with consuming recreationally-\ncaught fish out of lakes with high algal toxin concentrations was assessed using both\nfield and laboratory studies, concluding that this is not likely a significant source of\nhuman exposure if just the fish muscle tissue is consumed.\nGeographic Scope: This project is specifically focused on the Great Lakes region, but\nhas direct relevance to all regions that have recreational lakes impacted by toxic\ncyanoHAB blooms. There is increasing recognition that Microcystis blooms impact\nrecreational waters throughout the US.\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlight: Recreationally important fish accumulate algal\ntoxins in their liver and muscle tissues, but it is not known if this is a significant route of\nhuman exposure. In a dual part study, we measured microcystin concentrations in wild-\ncaught fish and conducted a laboratory study on the uptake and elimination of\nmicrocystin in fish. In fish caught from Muskegon Lake, MI, during a significant\nMicrocystis bloom (summer 2007), microcystin concentrations in the edible muscle\ntissue did not exceed 2 ng g-1, which is below the 9.5 ng g that is calculated to\npotentially be a threat to human health in an average sized adult that consumes a high\nproportion of fish in their diet. In the laboratory study of microcystin uptake in yellow\nperch, concentrations of microcystin peaked at 8 hrs in the liver and 12 hrs in the muscle\ntissue, but had been nearly completely eliminated by 24 hrs. This indicates that either\nthe fish is efficiently processing and eliminating the toxin from their tissues or\nconverting it to a form that is more tightly bound to the tissue. This potential for a\n'bound' fraction of microcystin is a topic of future research. Our current research\nconcludes that microcystin concentrations in the muscle tissue of recreationally caught\nfish are not likely to pose a human health risk in western MI lakes, but further studies\nare required to confirm this finding.\n11","Figure 1: Microcystin concentrations in yellow perch muscle and liver during\nlaboratory dosing experiment. Note that microcystin concentrations peak in the liver at\n8 hrs and the muscle at 12 hrs and decrease significantly by 24 hrs after exposure.\nMuscle\n150\nLiver\n125\n100\n75\n50\n25\n0\n0\n5\n10\n15\n20\n25\nTime (hrs)\nProducts and Services:\nCharacterization of microcystin concentrations in muscle and liver tissue of\nrecreationally important fish in western Michigan lakes\nToxicokinetic model describing update and elimination of microcystin from fish\ntissue\nUndergraduate, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Training:\nTotal number of students: 2 undergraduates, 1 graduate\nOutreach:\nConferences: Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC, Nov\n2008),\nSeminars: Eastern Michigan University (Sept 2008), University of Michigan (March\n2009), Wayne State University (April 2009), NOAA NWFSC (June 2009)\nSchool groups: White High School (MI) (Feb 2009), Bowling Green State University\nstudents (Dec 2008)\nPublications:\nErdner, D.L., J. Dyble, M.L. Parsons, R.C. Stevens, K.A. Hubbard, M.L. Wrabel, S.K.\nMoore, K.A. LeFebvre, D.M. Anderson, P. Bienfang, R.R. Bidigare, M.S. Parker, P.\nMoeller, L.E. Brand, V.L. Trainer. 2008. Centers for Oceans and Human Health: a\nunified approach to the challenge of Harmful Algal Blooms. Environmental Health.\n7(suppl 2): S2.\nDyble, J., Fahnenstiel, G.L., Litaker, R.W., Millie, D.F., and P.A. Tester. 2008.\nMicrocystin concentrations and genetic diversity of Microcystis in the lower Great\nLakes. Environmental Toxicology 4:507-516.\n12","Wilson, A.E., Gossiaux, D.C., Hook, T.O., Berry, J.P., Landrum, P.F., Dyble, J. and S.J.\nGuildford. 2008. Evaluation of the human health threat associated with the\nhepatotoxin microcystin, in the muscle and liver tissues of yellow perch (Perca\nflavescens). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 65:1487-1497.\nPosters: This research will be presented as a talk.\n13","Project Title: Drinking Water as a Route of Human Exposure to Microcystins in Small\nGreat Lakes Communities\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator(s) and Affiliation(s): Juli Dyble (GLERL), Gary\nFahnenstiel (GLERL)\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning System - Beach Management and Drinking\nWater Safety\nNOAA Partnerships: We are working closely with local water utility operators in\nwestern Lake Erie and are collaborating with Sonia Joseph in developing outreach to\nother stakeholders. This project has also fostered collaboration with Dr. Judy Westrick\n(Lake Superior State University).\nTake-Home Message: Drinking water is a potential source of chronic exposure to algal\ntoxins in smaller communities that use Lake Erie as a source. This project is measuring\nconcentrations of microcystins in raw and finished water for two small water utilities in\nLake Erie to identify if this is a potential human health risk.\nGeographic Scope: The region under study is the Great Lakes, but there is direct\nrelevance to other small communities that take drinking water from surface water bodies\nwith cyanoHAB blooms.\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlight: Algal toxin in drinking water is a potential\nthreat to human health, particularly in small communities that do not have the resources\nfor extensive water treatment. Low dose, chronic exposure to algal toxins has been\nrelatively unexplored, but could be a risk to human health in communities in western\nLake Erie which experience significant Microcystis blooms at their water intakes on a\nregular basis. To assess this risk, we sampled weekly at the water intakes and finished\nwater for two small Erie island communities and measured microcystin concentrations.\nWe are still in the middle of the sampling season, SO results of this study are\nforthcoming.\nFigure 1: Aerial photo of\nMicrocystis bloom around some of\nthe Erie islands, August 2009\n(photo by John Lekki, NASA)","Products and Services:\nInformation provided to local water utility managers in Lake Erie about\nmicrocystin concentrations in their source and finished water\nUndergraduate, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Training:\nStudents: 1 graduate, 1 undergraduate\nOutreach:\nConferences: International Association of Great Lakes Research (May 2009)\nSeminars: University of Michigan (March 2009), Wayne State University (April\n2009), NOAA NWFSC (June 2009)\nPublications: List all publications for the period 2007 - 2009.\nDyble, J, Bienfang, P., Dusek, E., Griffiths, W., Holland, F., Hitchcock, G., Laws, E.,\nLerczak, J., McGillicuddy, D.J., Minnett, P., Moore, S., O'Kelly, C., Solo-Gabriele,\nH., and J. Wang. 2008. Environmental controls, oceanography and population\ndynamics of pathogens and harmful algal blooms: Connecting sources to human\nexposure. Environmental Health. 7(suppl 2): S5.\nDyble, J., Fahnenstiel, G.L., Litaker, R.W., Millie, D.F., and P.A. Tester. 2008.\nMicrocystin concentrations and genetic diversity of Microcystis in the lower Great\nLakes. Environmental Toxicology 4:507-516.\nErdner, D.L., J. Dyble, M.L. Parsons, R.C. Stevens, K.A. Hubbard, M.L. Wrabel, S.K.\nMoore, K.A. LeFebvre, D.M. Anderson, P. Bienfang, R.R. Bidigare, M.S. Parker, P.\nMoeller, L.E. Brand, V.L. Trainer. 2008. Centers for Oceans and Human Health: a\nunified approach to the challenge of Harmful Algal Blooms. Environmental Health.\n7(suppl 2): S2.\nPosters: This project will be presented as a talk\n15","Project Title: Development of an Experimental HAB Bulletin for Lake Erie\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator(s) and Affiliation(s): Gary Fahnenstiel\n(GLERL), Juli Dyble (GLERL), Rick Stumpf (NOAA/CCMA), Shelly Tomlinson\n(NOAA/CCMA), Tim Wynne (NOAA/CCMA)\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning System - Beach Management and Drinking\nWater Safety\nNOAA Partnerships: Our NOAA partner in this project is Rick Stumpf and his group\n(NOAA/NOS/CCMA) and this project has been used to leverage a NASA Decision\nSupport grant with partners at CDC and Florida Department of Health. We are also\ncollaborating with Sonia Joseph in developing outreach to other stakeholders.\nTake-Home Message: An experimental HAB bulletin has been developed for\nMicrocystis blooms in western Lake Erie that uses satellite imagery in combination with\ncurrent hydrologic forecasts and meterological data to forecast the position and intensity\nof the bloom. This early warning system will help protect human health by giving\nmanagers and researchers sufficient lead-time to post warnings and increase monitoring\nin key affected areas.\nGeographic Scope: The region under study is the Great Lakes, but there is direct\nrelevance to other larger systems in which cyanoHAB blooms impact human health.\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlight: Many managers of beaches, water utilities and\nrecreational areas are charged with protecting human health, but often do not have\nenough lead time about when incidents like algal blooms will affect their region to\nadequately prepare. An early warning system would be of great use to both managers\nand researchers in regions impacted by harmful algal blooms. This goal of this project is\nto develop a HAB forecasting system which uses satellite imagery to detect Microcystis\nblooms in Lake Erie and inputs this data in to a model that forecasts the movement of\nthe bloom using data from the Great Lakes Forecast System, a particle tracking model\nand meterological data. These forecasts are validated using ship based sampling and cell\ncounts. A HAB bulletin is developed each week, presenting the MERIS satellite image\nfor the sampling date with cell counts superimposed on top, a MERIS 'nowcast' on the\ndate of the HAB bulletin (usually 2-3 days after sampling) and a forecast of the bloom\nposition and intensity 3 days after the bulletin, along with conditions of the bloom and\nan analysis of the data. This experimental HAB bulletin has then been emailed out\nweekly to researchers and stakeholders during the summer 2009 bloom. Once\noperational, this Great Lakes HAB Bulletin will be an effective early warning system\nand an important means of protecting human health in the Great Lakes.\n16","Conditions: A Microcystis spp. bloom is present in much of the westen basin of Lake\nExperimental\nErie, Maumee Bay, and adjacent waters. A mixed cyanobacterial bloom is also present\nLake Erie Harmful Algal Bloom Bulletin\nNOAA\nin Sandusky Bay. Moderate taste and odor issues may be observed as a result of the\n2009-007\nbloom\n03 September 2009\nNational Ocean Service\nAnalysis: Imagery indicates that the Microcystis spp. bloom has intensified and extends\nGreat Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory\ninto most of the western basin west of Kellys Island. Microcystis spp. cells may be\nLast bulletin: 27 August 2009\nfound east of Kellys Island, however, at lower concentrations From imagery, an area\njust northwest of Kellys Island (approximately 41d57'01\"N, 82d46'36\"W) indicates a\nrelatively high abundance of Microcystis spp. and sampling is recommended Modeled\ntransport indicates that little movement of the bloom is expected over through 9/16.\nhowever, intensification is possible due to low wind stress.\n-Tomlinson, Wynne\nFigure I MERIS image from the European Space Agency Imagery shows the spectral shape at 681 nm\nfrom September 02. where colored pixels indicate the likelihood of the last known position of the\nMicrocystis spp bloom (with red being the highest concentration) Microcystis spp abundance data from\nSeptember 01 shown as white squares (very high). circles (high). diamonds (medium). triangles (low)\n(very low) and X (not present) Please note Colored pixels in Sandusky Bay are due to a mixed bloom\ndominated by Planktothrix spp\nFigure 1: An experimental HAB bulletin for western Lake Erie from 3 September 2009\nProducts and Services:\nExperimental HAB Bulletin - a weekly bulletin of predicted Microcystis bloom in\nwestern Lake Erie sent to researchers and interested stakeholders\nNew methods of management of HAB blooms for Great Lakes communities\nUndergraduate, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Training:\nStudents: 2 graduate, 2 undergraduate\nOutreach:\nConferences: International Association of Great Lakes Research (May 2009)\nSeminars: Eastern Michigan University (Sept 2008), University of Michigan\n(March 2009), Wayne State University (April 2009), NOAA NWFSC (June 2009)\nSchool groups: White High School (MI) (Feb 2009), Bowling Green State\nUniversity students (Dec 2008)\nMedia: NCCOS weekly report (Sept 2008), NOAA media teleconference (Sept\n2009)\nPublications:\nDyble, J, Bienfang, P., Dusek, E., Griffiths, W., Holland, F., Hitchcock, G., Laws, E.,\nLerczak, J., McGillicuddy, D.J., Minnett, P., Moore, S., O'Kelly, C., Solo-Gabriele,\nH., and J. Wang. 2008. Environmental controls, oceanography and population\ndynamics of pathogens and harmful algal blooms: Connecting sources to human\nexposure. Environmental Health. 7(suppl 2): S5.\nDyble, J., Fahnenstiel, G.L., Litaker, R.W., Millie, D.F., and P.A. Tester. 2008.\nMicrocystin concentrations and genetic diversity of Microcystis in the lower Great\nLakes. Environmental Toxicology 4:507-516.\nErdner, D.L., J. Dyble, M.L. Parsons, R.C. Stevens, K.A. Hubbard, M.L. Wrabel, S.K.\nMoore, K.A. LeFebvre, D.M. Anderson, P. Bienfang, R.R. Bidigare, M.S. Parker, P.\nMoeller, L.E. Brand, V.L. Trainer. 2008. Centers for Oceans and Human Health: a\n17","unified approach to the challenge of Harmful Algal Blooms. Environmental Health.\n7(suppl 2): S2.\nWynne, T., Stumpf, R., Tomlinson, M., Warner, R., Tester, P., Dyble, J. and G.\nFahnenstiel. 2008. Relating spectral shape to cyanobacteria blooms in the\nLaurentian Great Lakes. International Journal of Remote Sensing 29:3665-3672.\nFahnenstiel, G.L., Millie, D.F., Dyble, J., Litaker, R.W., Tester, P.A., McCormick, M.J.,\nRediske, R. and D. Klarer. 2008. Factors affecting microcystin concentration and\ncell quota in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and\nManagement, 11:190-195.\nTomlinson, M.C., T.T. Wynne, R.P. Stumpf, J. Dyble, G.L. Fahnenstiel, and P.A.\nTester. Accepted. Using remote sensing to aid in the detection and monitoring of\nMicrocystis aeruginosa in western Lake Erie and Saginaw Bay, USA. Proceedings\nof the XII International Conference on Harmful Algae\nPosters: This project will be presented as a talk.\n18","Project Title: Center of Excellence for Great Lakes and Human Health Outreach\nCoordination and Communication Strategies\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator(s) and Affiliation(s): Sonia Joseph, Michigan\nSea Grant Outreach Coordinator\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning Systems - Beach Management and Drinking\nWater Safety\nNOAA Partnerships: NOAA Great Lakes Regional Collaboration Team, NOAA\nNational Weather Service\nState and Federal Partnerships: Outreach Coordination for CEGLHH cannot occur\nwithout strong partnerships at the federal, state, and county/ city level. Examples of\npartners we have collaborated with on developing stakeholder workshops are: USEPA\nGreat Lakes National Program Office and Office of Water, US Geological Service Great\nLakes Science Center, Great Lakes Sea Grant Network, Michigan Department of\nEnvironmental Quality, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Minnesota\nPollution Control Agency\nTake Home Message: Outreach serves as the bridge to transfer CEGLHH's research\nand tools into the hands of the managers and decision-makers who work to reduce\nhuman health threats in the Great Lakes.\nGeographic Scope: Great Lakes Basin\nAbstract: Outreach is a service that identifies various stakeholder groups and includes\nthese groups in activities designed to increase awareness, participation, and education on\na specific topic or issue. Outreach events and strategies designed by the Center of\nExcellence for Great Lakes and Human Health (CEGLHH) focus on creating cross-\ndisciplinary information sharing relationships with end users, particularly beach\nmanagers, health departments, drinking water utilities, and public health practitioners to\nidentify and assess user needs (related to Great Lakes and human health) and\ndisseminate CEGLHH scientific information, technology, and research materials to aid\nhealth officials, local governments, and communities in making sound environmental\ndecisions. CEGLHH develops communications products to educate the public on\nunderstanding potential health risks associated with recreational exposure to pathogens\nat Great Lakes beaches to reduce possible exposure to health threats. In addition,\nCEGLHH conducts stakeholder training workshops to further facilitate the transfer of\nscientific tools and technologies developed by the Center.\n19","HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM IDENTIFICATION\nGUIDE\nThe following images list field and microscopic photos of the various blue\ngreen algae that are commonly found in the Great Lakes\nMicrocystis in the Field\nMicrocystis Microscopy\nFigure 1: Harmful Algal Bloom Identification guide that was developed and used during the 2008\nMinnesota Harmful Algal Bloom Training Workshops.\nProducts and Services:\nInformation service - Harmful Algal Bloom Identification guide for Minnesota:\ncomplete with field and microscopic images of various blue-green algae as well as\ngreen algae. Users include: natural resource and health managers, lake associations,\nand local government officials. Implementation: Complete\nInformation service - Harmful Algal Bloom Training Workshops: training\nworkshops held in Minnesota to train natural resource and health managers, lake\nassociations, and local government officials on algal ecology, blue-green algae\nidentification, monitoring and analytical techniques, health and animal health risks,\nand communicating and engaging the media and public. Users include: natural\nresource and health managers, lake associations, and local government officials.\nImplementation: Complete\nInformation service - Harmful Algal Bloom Sample Collection Training: Training\nworkshop for community volunteers on how to collect, preserve, and transport\nharmful algal bloom samples for a summer volunteer monitoring program. Users\ninclude: retired K-12 science teachers, local community environmental groups.\nImplementation: Complete\nOutreach: First Harmful Algal Blooms Training Workshops held in the Great Lakes,\nMarch 2008 CEGLHH's Outreach Coordinator organized and hosted three one-day\ntraining workshops with Minnesota Sea Grant and the Minnesota Pollution Control\nAgency in the cities of Sauk Centre, Mankato, and St. Paul. The first of its kind in the\nGreat Lakes, these workshops served to train natural resource and health managers, lake\nassociations, and local government officials on algal ecology, blue-green algae\nidentification, monitoring and analytical techniques, health and animal health risks, and\ncommunicating and engaging the media and public. Workshop participants received\nresource guides and algae identification materials.\nVolunteer Sampling Program launched for Harmful Algal Bloom Monitoring, June 2009\nWeekly lakewide monitoring of two inland lakes in Ottawa County, western Michigan,\n20","was organized and launched during the Summer of 2009. The Summer Volunteer\nSampling Program expanded an existing water quality monitoring program that took\nplace in western Michigan to include microcystin quantification. Summer volunteers\nwere trained by GLERL scientists in water sample collection, and Summer Interns based\nat GLERL processed and analyzed samples for the toxin Microcystin. Sample results\nfrom the weekly monitoring program were posted on the CEGLHH HAB Event\nResponse Website: : http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/res/Centers/HABS/index.html.\nSeminar presentations to Michigan Fish Producers Association (January 2009),\nMichigan Environmental Health Association (March 2009), Michigan Association for\nLocal Environmental Health Administrators (May 2009)\nPublications: None\n21","Project Title: Beach Water Quality Forecasting Coordination\nPrincipal Investigator: David Rockwell, UM Cooperative Institute for Limnology and\nEcosystems Research\nAssociate Investigator: David Schwab NOAA GLERL, Sonia Joseph Michigan Sea\nGrant\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning Systems - Beach Management and Drinking\nWater Safety\nNOAA Partnerships: NOAA National Weather Service, White Lake - Developing\nGreat Lakes Beach Forecast Models under the NOAA Great Lakes Regional\nCollaboration Team: Duration- On-going since 2007.\nAdditional Partnerships:\n- Dr. M.S. Phanikumar, Michigan State University (Grand River, Lake Michigan\nstudies)\n- Dr. R. L. Whitman, United States Geological Survey (Burns Ditch, Lake Michigan,\nand associated Indiana beach studies)\nDr. J.B. Rose, Michigan State University (Transport and inactivation of microbial\n-\ncontamination in near shore Lake Michigan.)\n- USGS Great Lakes Science Center, USEPA Great Lakes National Program Office,\nUSEPA Office of Water (Great Lakes Beach Health Interagency Coordination Team\nMembers)\n- Michigan Sea Grant, Michigan State University, University of Michigan, Michigan\nDepartment of Environmental Quality, Ottawa County Health Department (some of the\nend users of the beach forecasting models)\nProject will be using data from the Great Lakes Observing System.\nWorking with Ottawa County Health Department Michigan to develop forecast models\nfor two beaches.\nTake-Home Message:\nWhat is relevant to public health? Develop general process to forecast beach water\nquality in the Great Lakes using Ocean Observing Systems and National Weather\nService model data. The forecast models will estimate the future risk of exposure to\nwaterborne pathogens and provide swimming safety probabilities at modeled\nbeaches.\nHow is the project helping to reduce human exposure to health threats from the\noceans and Great Lakes? The forecast models provide information to the swimming\npublic SO they can plan where to recreate several days in advance.\nHow might the project help to reduce the threats themselves? Beach forecast models\nprovide information as to the likely sources of bacterial contamination. This allows\nfor follow up studies to identify sources and provide information for effective\nremediation of identified sources.\n22","Geographic Scope: The geographic region under study is the Great Lake Basin, but\nmethods being developed could be potentially applied in other coastal areas of the\nUnited States.\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlight: Nowcast models predicting E. coli, an\nindicator of fecal contamination requiring at least 18 hours incubation, reduce the times\nwhen people unintentionally swim in contaminated water as well as lost revenues from\nunnecessary restrictions of swimming. Contamination by bacteria, viruses and protozoa\nin recreational waters is a health risk. Timely accurate forecast of water quality is critical\nto protect human health against adverse exposure situations. The Center of Excellence\nGreat Lakes and Human Health is developing and testing new models incorporating 48-\nhour forecasts into beach nowcast models (BNM). Recent developments in operational\nOcean Observing Systems in the Great Lakes allow National Weather Service 24/7\nmeasured or model generated parameters to be used as explanatory variables of E. coli .\nThese variables include rainfall, wind direction and velocity, lake currents, interpolated\nair temperature, surface water temperature, cloud cover, and time of sampling. Using\nUSEPA's Virtual Beach with these explanatory real time measurements, E. coli is being\nmodeled at test-bed beaches. Initial models have R2 2 factor near 33% and adj. R 2 above\n30%. These are comparable to regional nowcast models (.14-.43) but lower than models\nused to manage swimming based on beach-measured parameters (.38-.42). Test beds at\nbacterially challenged beaches are planned. The goal of a 48-hour forecast model is to\nprovide the public with the likelihood for swimming at moderately contaminated\nbeaches. This service is relevant because the swimming public can plan when to recreate\nseveral days in advance and be better informed about contaminated water risk.\nFederal Collaboration on\nBeach Health in the Great Lakes\nATMOSPHERIC\nUNITED STATES\nAND\nSECURITY\nNOAA\nBEACH HEALTH INTERAGENCY\nCOORDINATION TEAM\nOperational Forecasting\nRegulations, Standards,\nBeach Water Quality\n& Research\n& Remediation\nForecasting\nCoordinator\nUSGS\nscience for a changing world\nMonitoring & Modeling\nResearch\nMission for Beach Health Interagency Coordination Team\na. Meet regularly to help coordinate Beach Health activities at the management level for\nthe three federal agencies via video/phone conferencing and bi-annual face-to-face\nmeetings.\nb. Capitalize on the unique research capabilities of each agency in the Great Lakes\nregion.\n23","C. Utilize our individual resources more effectively and efficiently by understanding our\nprogrammatic goals, sharing tasks and capabilities whenever possible by\nidentification of common geographical work areas and common research objectives.\nd. Develop coordinated responses to emerging issues (e.g. Great Lakes Restoration\nInitiative ) for Beach Health in the Great Lakes through communication with each\nother and our beach health partners.\nProducts and Services:\nForecast models are planned for beaches in Lake Michigan, and Lake St. Clair.\nIntended users of the models are NWS forecast stations.\nTimeline for completion of test bed models is 2010.\nUndergraduate, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Training: None\nOutreach: None\nPublications: None\nPosters:\n1) Towards a 48 Hour Beach Health Forecast Model for the Great Lakes. Poster\npresents the variety of contaminants that can adversely impact beach water quality. How\nlake circulation is modeled using the Princeton Ocean Model and the need for coupled\nnested model grids to forecast bacterial transport and lake currents near beaches. The\nbeach closure modeling approach is presented combining process models with\nprobabilistic models.\n24","Project Title: Improved Understanding and Forecasting of Viral and Bacterial Sources\nand Transport in the Great Lakes\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator(s) and Affiliation(s): Joan B. Rose and Mantha\nS. Phanikumar, Michigan State University, East Lansing\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning Systems\nNOAA Partnerships: Dr. David Schwab, GLERL; Dr. Richard Whitman, USGS,\nPorter, IN\nTake-Home Message: In one or at most two sentences, describe the \"take-home\"\nmessage of the project. What is relevant to public health? How is the project helping to\nreduce human exposure to health threats from the oceans and Great Lakes? How might\nthe project help to reduce the threats themselves? Alternately, how is the project helping\nto improve human health through development of natural products from the sea? Think\nof this as the \"elevator speech\" one might give to legislators and policymakers. The\nmore precise the description, the better.\nOur research resulted in the development of improved models (both statistical and\nprocess-based) for predicting the levels of pathogens and indicator bacteria in the\nsurface waters of the Great Lakes.\nGeographic Scope: Great Lakes\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlight: Our MSU team made significant progress in\nsupporting the project goals on water and health in the Great Lakes region. We have\ninvestigated and published papers (and presented our work) on the following topics: (a)\ndrinking water safety in the Great Lakes (b) Factors influencing the fate and transport of\nmicrobial contamination and risks to human health at Great Lakes beaches and (c)\napplication of new tools and techniques for describing water quality and health.\nGeographically we have focused along the eastern shore to the southern tip of Lake\nMichigan, the Grand River watershed and the Saginaw Bay.\nDevelopment of rapid (qPCR) techniques for fecal pollution indicators and\npathogens\nDevelopment of fate and transport models for both indicators and pathogens in lakes,\nrivers and watersheds\nExamination of the role of algal blooms in maintaining fecal indicators or pathogens\nin Saginaw Bay\nProducts and Services:\nProcess-based models to describe the fate and transport of indicators and\npathogens in lakes, rivers and watersheds\nUndergraduate, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Training:\nStudents: 7 total\n(1) Dr. Theng T. Fong (Ph.D., 2009) Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, MSU\n(Research focus was on pathogenic enteric microorganisms and microbial source\ntracking (Prof. Rose's lab)\n25","(2) Dr. Lubo Liu was a post-doctoral researcher in the Dept. of Civil &\nEnvironmental Engineering at Michigan State University. He developed finite-\nelement lake circulation and transport models for E. coli and enterococci. He is\nnow an Assistant Professor at California State University, Fresno.\n(3) Chaopeng Shen (Ph.D., 2009) Department of Civil & Environmental\nEngineering. Mr. Shen developed process-based models for describing flow and\ntransport of biological agents in Great Lakes watersheds\n(4) Pramod Thupaki (Ph.D., 2010, expected) Department of Civil & Environmental\nEngineering. Mr. Thupaki developed lake circulation and transport models for\nbeaches in the Great Lakes region\n(5) Jay Niu (Ph.D., 2011, expected) Mr. Niu is involved in integrating field\nobservations and large datasets with computational models for Great Lakes\nwatersheds. He is also developing innovative transport models.\nOutreach:\nPresented our research in a town hall meeting at the Ottawa County Third\nAnnual Water Quality Forum, Ottawa, Michigan, 2008\nPresented our research in a town hall meeting at the Ottawa County Second\nAnnual Water Quality Forum, Ottawa, Michigan, 2007\nPublications:\nM. Wong, L. Kumar, T.M. Jenkins, I. Xagoraraki, M.S. Phanikumar, and J. B. Rose,\nEvaluation of Public Health Risks at Recreational Beaches in Lake Michigan via\nDetection of Enteric Viruses and a Human-Specific Bacteriological Marker, Water\nResearch, 43, p. 1137-1149, doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.051 (2009)\nC. Shen and M.S. Phanikumar, An Efficient Space-Fractional Dispersion Approximation\nfor Stream Solute Transport Modeling, Advances in Water Resources, Vol. 39, doi:\n10.1016 / j.advwatres.2009.07.01 (2009)\nC. Shen, M.S. Phanikumar, T.T. Fong, I. Aslam, S.L. Molloy and J.B. Rose, Evaluating\nBacteriophage P22 as a Tracer in a Complex Surface Water System: The Grand\nRiver, Michigan, Environmental Science & Technology Vol. 42, No. 7, pp. 2426 -\n2431, doi: 10.1021/es02317t (2008)\nXagoraraki I., Kuo D., Wong K., Wong M., Rose J.B. (2007) Occurrence of Human\nAdenoviruses in Two Great Lake Recreational Beaches. Applied and Environmental\nMicrobiology, Vol.73, No. 24, pp. 7874-7881\nFong, T. Mansfield, L.S., Wilson, D.L. Schwab, D.J., Molloy, S.L. and Rose, J.B. 2007.\nMassive Microbiological Groundwater Contamination Associated with a Waterborne\nOutbreak in Lake Erie South Bass Island, Ohio, Environ. Health Perspec. 115 (6) 1-\n9.\nM.S. Phanikumar, I. Aslam, C. Shen, D.T. Long and T.C. Voice, Separating Surface\nStorage from Hyporheic Retention in Natural Streams Using Wavelet\nDecomposition of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiles, Water Resources Research,\nVol. 43, No. 5, W05406, doi: 10.1029 / 2006WR005104 (2007)\nPosters:\n1) Modeling the Fate and Transport of E. coli at a Southern Lake Michigan Beach\n26","Project Title: Hydrodynamic Modeling in Support of Beach Closure Forecasting\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator(s) and Affiliation(s): David J. Schwab,\nNOAA/GLERL, Dmitry Beletsky, Univ. Michigan/CILER\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning Systems - Beach Management and Drinking\nWater Safety\nNOAA Partnerships: This project is closely partnered with the Great Lakes Coastal\nForecasting System project at NOAA/GLERL and the National Weather Service\nForecast Offices at Grand Rapids, Michigan and White Lake, Michigan.\nTake-Home Message: Through the use of advanced coastal forecasting models, this\nproject is intended to reduce the health risk to swimmers at beaches in the Great Lakes.\nThe idea is that if we can more accurately forecast lake currents, waves, temperatures,\nand tributary plume trajectories, we can more accurately predict the potential for poor\nwater quality at swimming beaches.\nGeographic Scope: This project is initially concerned with several beaches in the Great\nLakes region, namely Indiana Dunes (Indiana), Milwaukee (Wisconsin), Grand Haven\n(Michigan), and Saginaw Bay (Michigan). We anticipate that techniques developed in\nthe Great Lakes region could eventually be applied to other coastal areas.\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlight: Traditional beach monitoring for E. coli\ntypically requires a 24 hour incubation period, resulting in people unintentionally\nswimming in contaminated water, or conversely loss of local economic revenues and\nbeach time. Results from stakeholder needs assessment workshops have indicated the\nneed for a better beach monitoring program and more specifically the need for a beach\nforecasting system. In order to address these needs, this project is working to understand\nthe influence of wind, waves, surface temperature, and water currents on pathogen\ntransport by creating hydrodynamic models of nearshore areas in the Great Lakes and\nconducting tests to validate the predictions of these models. To date, models have been\ndeveloped for Indiana Dunes (Indiana), Milwaukee (Wisconsin), Grand Haven\n(Michigan), and Saginaw Bay (Michigan). The results of these models are beginning to\nbe incorporated into practical beach quality forecast systems.\n27","(DOY 15\n0.0\nFigure 1. Comparison of aerial photograph of Grand River (Michigan) plume on June\n8, 2007 on left with model prediction on right.\nProducts and Services:\nImproved beach quality forecasts: Results from this project are being used to provide\nforecasts of beach water quality to beach managers and the public up to 48 hours in\nadvance. (forecast and model)\nUndergraduate, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Training: None\nOutreach: None\nPublications:\nBeletsky, D., D.J. Schwab and M. McCormick. Modeling the 1998-2003 summer\ncirculation and thermal structure in Lake Michgan. J. Geophys. Res.\n111 (C10010): 18 (2006)\nFong, T.T., Mansfield, L., Wilson, D.L., Schwab, D.J., Malloy, S. and J. Rose. Massive\nmicrobiological groundwater contamination associated with a waterborne outbreak\nin Lake Erie, South Bass Island, Ohio. Environmental Health Perspectives. 115(6):\n856-864 (2007)\nLee, C., Schwab, D.J., Beletsky, D. and J. Stroud. Numerical modeling of mixed\nsediment resuspension, transport, and deposition during the March 1998 episodic\nevents in southern Lake Michigan. J. Geophys. Res. 112:C02018 (17pp) (2007)\nYerubandi, R.R. and D.J. Schwab. Interaction between the coastal and offshore waters\nin the Great Lakes: a review. J. Great Lakes Res. 33:202-218 (2007)\nMcCormick, M.J. and D.J. Schwab. Observations of Currents in Saginaw Bay, Lake\nHuron. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management, 11(2):182-189 (2008).\n28","Beletsky, D. and D.J. Schwab. Climatological circulation in Lake Michigan, Geophys.\nRes. Letters. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L21604, doi: 10.1029/2008GL035773 (2008)\nP. Thupaki, M.S. Phanikumar, D.J. Schwab, D. Beletsky, R.L. Whitman and J.B. Rose,\nSensitivity Analysis of Factors Influencing the Fate and Transport of Fecal Indicator\nBacteria in the Surf Zone of Lake Michigan, Journal of Geophysical Research -\nOceans (in review)\n29","Project Title: Forecasting Beach Closings and Conditions in the Great Lakes and the\nWest Coast\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator(s) and Affiliations(s):\n1\nCynthia Sellinger\nNOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Lab\nHydrologist\nAnn Arbor, Michigan\n(734) 358-7434\nCynthia.Sellinger@NOAA.gov\n2\nStephen Brandt\nOregon State University\nOregon Sea Grant, Director\nStephen.Brandt@oregonstate.edu\n3\nTimothy Hunter\nNOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Lab\nPhysical Scientist\nAnn Arbor Michigan\nTim.Hunter@NOAA.gov\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning Systems - Beach Management and Drinking\nWater Safety\nNOAA Partnerships: Oregon State University is providing the majority of the\nproject's funding.\nTake-Home Message: The Beach Closure Model developed in this project will provide\nbeach managers with an early warning system that will allow both safe bathing when the\nwater is swimmable and economically viable closures when the water is contaminated.\nGeographic Scope: Although the methods and tools are originally being developed on\ntwo beaches in the Great Lakes, its application is portable. Presently, it is being\ntransported to beaches on the Pacific coast.\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlight: The Great Lakes are an important resource for\nrecreational activities that involve full body contact with water, such as swimming,\nwater-skiing, sail-boarding and wading. Apart from the risks of accidental injuries, the\nmajor human- health concern for recreational waters is contamination by bacteria,\nviruses, and protozoa.\nMany sources or conditions can contribute to microbiological contamination including\ncombined sewer overflows after heavy rains. Often these sources can be traced, in part,\nto watershed process including precipitation, runoff and flow. On-shore winds can stir\nup sediment or transport bacteria in from contaminated areas. Animal/pet waste may be\ndeposited on beaches or washed into storm sewers. Agricultural runoff, such as manure,\nis another source. Storm water runoff in rural and wilderness area watersheds can\nincrease densities of fecal streptococci and fecal coli forms as well.\n30","In this study, highly-solved, spatially-explicit physical hydro-meteorological data such\nas precipitation, runoff, wind direction, and air temperature; as well as biological data,\nE.coli counts, were analyzed to determine their statistical relationships at selected\nbeaches in the Great Lakes. With the aid of a four-dimensional, data visualization tool\nalso developed during this study; a multiple-linear-regression, beach-closure forecast\nmodel was developed as a function of antecedent rainfall, runoff, wind direction, and\nwatershed air temperatures. Model predictions were good. This model uses commonly\n(and nationally) available data and is programmed in an exportable language SO that it\ncan be easily transferrable to any beach. Both the data visualization tool and the beach\nclosure forecast model results will be presented. Future applications will be done on\nselected West Coast beaches.\n31","North Beach Park\nEcoli Count (#/100 ml)\n300\nGrand Haven State Park\n250\n200\n150\n100\n50\n0\n07\n17\n2005\nPrecipitation\nmm/day\n25\n20\n-84.0\n15\n84.5\n10\n-B5.0\n5\n-85.5\n43.50\n42.80\n-86.0\n43\n42.06\n46\n45\nAverage Watershed\nTemperature (F)\n77\n44\nWind Direction\nGrand River Watershed\n134\n43\n42\n-901\n-89\n-88\n-87\n-86\n-85\n-84\nFigure1. This is a Four-Dimensional Data Visualization Tool (FDVT) developed during\nthe project. FDVT was instrumental in analyzing the enormous amount of daily data\nwith respect to space and time. Data displayed on this graphic include: 1) E.coli counts\nfor both North Beach and Grand Haven State Park (top frame); 2) daily precipitation-\nspatially represented in the Grand River watershed (middle frame); and, 3) both daily\nwind directions and averaged daily watershed air temperatures (bottom frame).\nCombining FDVT with the model results both identified areas in the watershed that\ncontributed possible pollutants and helped detect synoptic forces that played a critical\nrole in beach closures.\n32","Products and Services:\nProducts are:\nA Beach Closure Statistical Model which is portable to all coasts; and,\nA Four-Dimensional Data Visualization Tool that helps to detect the location of\npollutants.\nPotential users are: Beach Managers; Municipal Water Managers; and, State\nDepartments of Environmental Quality.\nUndergraduate, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Training: None\nOutreach:\n1) Will present the results of this project at the 2010 Ocean Sciences Meeting (22-\n26 February 2010).\nPublications: None\n33","OCEANS & HUMAN\nHEALTH INITIATIVE\nWest Coast Center for Oceans and\nHuman Health\n34","Project Title: The Regional Economic Impact of Razor Clam Beach Closures\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator(s) and Affiliation(s): Daniel Huppert, School of\nMarine Affairs, University of Washington; Vera Trainer, Northwest Fisheries Science\nCenter, West Coast Center for Oceans and Human Health\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning Systems - Beach Management, Seafood Safety\nNOAA Partnerships: University of Washington, Washington Department of Fish and\nWildlife, Quinault Tribe, and Pacific Fishery Management Council\nTake-Home Message: Shellfish beach closures due to harmful algal blooms (HABs)\nalong the coast can cause deleterious economic consequences for coastal communities,\nTribes, and local industries that depend on the razor clam fishery. More data is needed to\nestablish a baseline of information necessary to develop a more complete and\npublishable assessment of the socio-economic effects of beach closures due to HABs.\nGeographic Scope: Southwestern WA state beaches in NOAA's Western Region.\nSimilar beach closures due to HABs occur in NOAA's Great Lakes Region.\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlight: An economic impact study determined that the\n2008 value of the razor clam fishery on the WA coast is $13.5 million. At Long Beach\nWA alone, the economic impact of a single closure is estimated at $1.26 million. In\ncontrast, a full-year, all-beach closure will have an estimated labor income impact of\n$11.4 million. The difference between the value of the fishery and the estimated impact\nof a year-long closure reflects the fact that some clammers would still visit the beach for\nrecreation regardless of the fishery closure. These data are the first to provide a detailed\neconomic impact study of a specific HAB impact on a coastal fishery.\nProducts and Services:\nProject revealed significant economic loses to the shellfish industry and coastal\ncommunities as a consequence of beach closures in Washington State due to\nharmful algal blooms\nContamination of clams by marine biotoxins impact the quality and safety of\nseafood and pose risk to humans who consume tainted food.\n35","Estimated costs of a closure of the recreational razor clam fishery - for both an average weekend and digging season (generally October to May).\nNorth Beaches\nSouth Beaches\nAll Beaches\nExpenditure Categories\nAvg. Opening\nSeason\nAvg. Opening\nSeason\nAvg. Opening\nSeason\nHotel\n$387,561\n$1,413,306\n$508,691\n$2,952,918\n$980,037\n$4,664,901\nCamping\n$24,949\n$88,034\n$89,515\n$527,937\n$119,502\n$632,426\nRestaurant\n$276,956\n$1,009,741\n$635,210\n$3,663,012\n$970,342\n$4,876,440\nGroceries\n$123,373\n$445,805\n$422,705\n$2,473,291\n$571,121\n$3,003,677\nGas and Oil\n$343,016\n$1,248,040\n$826,303\n$4,798,982\n$1,241,124\n$6,297,083\nFerry Tolls\n$2,768\n$9,503\n$952\n$6,193\n$4,335\n$17,789\nOther Transport\n$3,009\n$10,773\n$64,686\n$359,638\n$67,966\n$370,582\nAll other retail\n$132,828\n$491,769\n$247,525\n$1,429,720\n$408,611\n$2,022,903\nTOTAL\n$1,294,460\n$4,716,971\n$2,795,587\n$16,211,691\n$4,363,039\n$21,885,801\n(Data courtesy of Dan Huppert, UW School of Marine Affairs.)\nUndergraduate, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Training:\nKaren Dyson, graduate student, School of Marine Affairs, University of Washington\nOutreach:\nSummary of study was presented in the Spring 2009 issue of the HAB Report\n(Northwest Fisheries Science Center and Washington Sea Grant).\nPublications:\nThe regional economic impact of razor clam beach closures due to harmful algal blooms\n(HABS) in Washington State. Huppert, D.D. and K. Dyson. 2008. WCCOHH\nPublication No. 25. Report submitted to the West Coast Center for Oceans and\nHuman Health.\nPosters: None\n36","Project Title: Climate Impacts on Harmful Algal Blooms in the Pacific Northwest\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator(s) and Affiliation(s):\nStephanie K. Moore1, Vera L. Trainer1, Nathan J. Mantua², Barbara M. Hickey3 Kirsten\nM. Feifel³, Rita A. Horner3, Jessica Peters4, Cheryl L. Greengrove5, Julie Masura5, and\nGerardo Chin-Leo4\nNOAA, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, West Coast Center for Oceans and Human\nHealth, Seattle, WA 98112\n2 University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences and The Climate\nImpacts Group, Seattle, WA 98195\n3 University of Washington, School of Oceanography, Seattle, WA 98195\n4 The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA 98505\n5 University of Washington, Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Tacoma, WA 98402\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning System - Seafood - Safety\nNOAA Partnerships: NOAA has partnered with the University of Washington's\nClimate Impacts Group (since 2005), UW School of Oceanography (since 2005), UW\nInterdisciplinary Arts and Sciences (since 2007), and The Evergreen State College (since\n2009) for this project. Work conducted with K. M. Feifel and R. A. Horner leverages\nNOAA ECOHAB Award: NA04NOS4780273 (B. Frost, Lead PI).\nTake-Home Message: Climate can influence the marine environment in ways that may\nenhance or diminish the risk of toxic harmful algal blooms (HABs) that contaminate\nshellfish making them unsafe for human consumption. The risk of HABs of\nAlexandrium in Puget Sound, Washington State, can be assessed by identifying and\npredicting climate and environmental conditions that are favorable for bloom\ndevelopment, and by mapping the locations of \"seedbeds\" that provide the inoculum for\nblooms.\nGeographic Scope: This work is being undertaken in the NOAA Western Region in\nPuget Sound and on the outer coast of Washington State.\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlight: This project aims to quantitatively identify\nrelationships between climate and harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the Pacific\nNorthwest. Ultimately, we aim to develop quantitative empirical models to be used as\ndecision-support tools for translating monitoring efforts and seasonal-to-interannual\nclimate predictions into early warning systems for HABs. To date, research efforts have\nprimarily focused on the toxin producing dinoflagellate, Alexandrium catenella, in Puget\nSound. We have identified a combination of environmental conditions that precede toxic\nblooms (i.e., warm air and water temperatures, low streamflow, low winds, and small\ntidal variability). Annual time periods when these environmental conditions are\nfavorable have increased since 1967, as did the frequency and geographic extent of\nblooms and the abundances of A. catenella cysts in sediments, and may also be related\nto warm phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Using regionally downscaled\nprojections of climate change scenarios for the Pacific Northwest, we can use this\nrelationship to model the risk for A. catenella blooms through until the late 21st century.\nThe dormant resting cysts that A. catenella use to over-winter may also be used to\nprovide early warning of blooms. We have begun to accumulate a time-series of winter\n37","cyst abundances to relate to patterns of shellfish toxicity the following summer.\nUltimately, we aim to use this relationship to provide seasonal forecasts of A. catenella\nblooms in Puget Sound. This research will provide managers, health authorities, and\nshellfish growers in Washington State with critical information for forecasting toxic\nHABs in the Pacific Northwest now and in a future warmer climate.\n12\nA) ENSO\nB) PDO\n11\n10\n9\n8\nEl Niño\n7\nNeutral\nWarm\nLa Niña\nCool\n6\n1\nC) ENSO\nD) PDO\nTypical annual\nTypical annual\nEl Niño Neutral\nWarm Cool\nPST period\nPST period\nEl Niño - La Niña\n0.8\n0.6\n0.4\n0.2\n0\nJul Sep Nov Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov\nMonth\nDaily observations of sea surface temperature (SST) at Race Rocks date back to 1921\nand have been found to be a good proxy for temperature variations in Puget Sound.\nComposites of mean monthly SST (+ standard deviations) at Race Rocks from July\nthrough until December the following year during (A) El Niño, La Niña, and neutral\nphases of the El Niño Southern Oscillation, and (B) warm and cool phases of the Pacific\nDecadal Oscillation. Also shown is the mean monthly difference in SST between (C) El\nNiño and La Niña phases of ENSO, El Niño and neutral phases of ENSO, and (D) warm\nand cool phases PDO. The typical annual time period when Mytilus edulis in Puget\nSound become toxic is shaded in (C) and (D). Figure provided by S. K. Moore.\nProducts and Services:\nCharacterization of large-scale climate factors and local environmental conditions\nthat are favorable for HAB development - quantitatively identification of a\ncombination of environmental conditions that precede highly toxic blooms of A.\n38","catenella in Puget Sound allows climate and weather forecasts to be used to assess\nHAB risks.\nCharacterization of the location and abundances of A. catenella resting cysts in\nPuget Sound sediments - annual cyst mapping in Puget Sound will eventually\naccumulate a time series with sufficient depth to assess relationships between winter\ncyst abundances and shellfish toxicity the following summer and provide seasonal\nforecasts of A. catenella blooms.\nA tool to provide long-range forecasts of A. catenella - modeling future climate\nimpacts on the environmental conditions that are favorable for bloom development\nallows long-range forecasts of HAB risks in Puget Sound.\nUndergraduate, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Training:\n1 Post-Doctoral Fellow (S. K. Moore) and 2 Masters Students (K. M. Feifel and J.\nPeters) have been involved and trained under the project.\nOutreach:\nWorkshops\nMoore, S. K. June 20, 2008. Participated (and presented) in the West Coast Center for\nOceans and Human Health Stakeholders Workshop, Lake Union Crew, Seattle, WA.\nMoore, S. K. February 10-12, 2009. Participated (by invitation) in the West Coast\nGovernor's Association Conference on harmful algal blooms, Marriott Portland\nDowntown Waterfront, Portland, OR.\nMoore, S. K. June 19-20, 2009. Participated in the Satellite Workshop to the Gordon\nConference on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Early Warning and Integrated\nManagement of Natural Toxin Events. Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory,\nSalisbury Cove, ME.\nInternships\nMoore, S. K. June 1-August 31, 2007. Mentored a Summer Student Intern (Ms. Alisha\nFernandez) as part of the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Significant\nOpportunities in Atmospheric Research and Science.\nSeminars\nMoore, S. K. June 12, 2008. Climate variability and paralytic shellfish toxins in Puget\nSound shellfish. Invited seminar, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR.\nMoore, S. K. October 15, 2008. Climate impacts on oceanographic properties and\nharmful algal blooms in Puget Sound. Invited seminar, Scripps Institution of\nOceanography, CA.\nConference Presentations\nMoore, S. K., Mantua, N. J., Trainer, V. L., Hickey, B. M. March 26-29, 2007. Climate\nvariability and paralytic shellfish toxins in Puget Sound shellfish. Puget Sound Georgia\nBasin Research Conference, The Westin Bayshore, Vancouver, BC.\n39","Moore, S. K., Mantua, N. J., Trainer, V. L., Hickey, B. M. June 26-29, 2007. Climate\nImpacts on Puget Sound Oceanography and Harmful Algal Blooms. P/ICES Early\nCareer Scientists Conference: New Frontiers in Marine Science, Conference Centre at\nthe Maritime Institute (CCMIT), Baltimore, MD.\nMoore, S. K., K. M. Feifel, N. J. Mantua, Vera Trainer, B. M. Hickey, A. M. Cox.\nMarch 2-7, 2008. Large-scale climate variability and paralytic shellfish toxins in Puget\nSound shellfish on interannual to interdecadal timescales. Ocean Sciences 2008, Orange\nCounty Convention Center, Orlando, FL.\nMoore, S. K. April 16-18, 2008. Impacts of climate variability and change on ocean\necosystems. Invited plenary, Joint Annual Meeting of the NSF/NIEHS Oceans and\nHuman Health Centers and the NOAA Oceans and Human Health Initiative, Honolulu,\nHI.\nMoore, S. K. June 29-July 3, 2008. Climate variability and harmful algal blooms: When\ntemperature and timing matter. Invited plenary, Gordon Research Conference for\nOceans and Human Health, Tilton, NH.\nMoore, S. K., Mantua, N. J., Trainer, V. L., Hickey, B. M. September 23-26, 2008.\nClimate variability and paralytic shellfish toxins in Puget Sound: Temperature and\ntiming matter. 55th Eastern Pacific Ocean Conference, Fallen Leaf Lake, CA.\nMoore, S. K., Mantua, N. J., Hickey, B. M., Trainer, V. L. February 8-11, 2009. Climate\nimpacts on toxic harmful algal blooms in Puget Sound. Puget Sound Georgia Basin\nEcosystem Conference, Washington State Convention and Trade Center, Seattle, WA.\nTrainer, V. L., Moore, S. K., Mantua, N. J., Hickey, B. M. February 25, 2009. Climate\nimpacts on harmful algal blooms in Puget Sound. Northwest Fisheries Science\nSymposium, Seattle, WA.\nMoore, S. K. April 7, 2009. Climate Impacts on Harmful Algal Blooms in Puget Sound.\nInvited presentation, Pacific Rim Shellfish Sanitation Conference, Olympia, WA.\nMoore, S. K. June 4, 2009. A model to examine past trends and future scenarios for\nharmful algal bloom risk in Puget Sound. Puget Sound Modeling Open House,\nUniversity of Washington, Center for Urban Horticulture, Seattle, WA.\nMoore, S. K. June 21-25, 2009. Discussion leader at the Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins\nGordon Research Conference at Colby-Sawyer College, New London, NH.\nMoore, S. K. July 13, 2009. The Effects of Climate Change on Harmful Algal Blooms.\nInvited presentation, International Association for Food Protection Annual Meeting,\nGrapevine, TX.\n40","Media\nMoore, S. K. July 23, 2009. Interviewed for an educational film on the impacts of\nnatural climate variability and global climate change in Alaska and along the west coast\nspecific to marine ecosystems. The film (produced by Marc Kagan) will highlight how\nNOAA, in collaboration with partners, is going to prepare, mitigate and adapt to the\nimpacts of climate change on ocean and coastal ecosystems.\nEducational curricula\nMoore, S. K. July 11, 2008. Ocean-atmosphere interactions. Guest lecture, University of\nWashington, FISH/OCEAN/BIOL 250 (Marine Biology).\nMoore, S. K. February 20, 2009. Climate change impacts on Puget Sound oceanography.\nGuest lecture, University of Washington, OCN 506C/497C (Puget Sound\nOceanography).\nPublications (2007-2009).\nMantua, N. J., Moore, S. K., Palmer, R., Palsson, W., 2007. Climate Change and Puget\nSound. In: Ruckelshaus, M. H., McClure, M. M. (Eds.), Sound Science:\nSynthesizing Ecological and Socioeconomic Information about the Puget Sound\nEcosystem. Seattle, Washington: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic\nand Atmospheric Administration Northwest Fisheries Science Center, pp. 51-56.\nMoore, S. K., Mantua, N. J., Kellogg, J. P., Newton, J. A., 2008. Local and large-scale\nclimate forcing of Puget Sound oceanographic properties on seasonal to interdecadal\ntimescales. Limnology and Oceanography 53: 1746-1758.\nMoore, S. K., Mantua, N. J., Newton, J. A., Kawase, M., Warner, M. J., Kellogg, J. P.,\n2008. A descriptive analysis of temporal and spatial patterns of variability in Puget\nSound oceanographic properties. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 80: 545-554,\ndoi:10.1016/j.ecss.2008.09.016.\nMoore, S. K., Trainer, V. L., Mantua, N. J., Parker, M. S., Laws, E. A., Fleming, L.E.,\nBacker, L. C., 2008. Impacts of climate variability and future climate change on\nharmful algal blooms and human health. Environmental Health 7(Suppl 2):\nS4doi:10.1186/1476-069X-7-S2-S4.\nDyble, J., McGillicuddy, D., Bienfang, P., Dusek, E., Griffiths, B., Holland, F.,\nHitchcock, G., Laws, E., Lerczak, J., Minnett, P., Moore, S., O'Kelly, C., Solo-\nGabriele, H., Wang, J., 2008. Environmental controls, oceanography and population\ndynamics of pathogens and harmful algal blooms: Connecting sources to human\nexposure. Environmental Health 7(Suppl 2): S5doi:10.1186/1476-069X-7-S2-S5.\nErdner, D., Dyble, J., Parsons, M. L., Stevens, R. C., Hubbard, K. A., Wrabel, M. L.,\nMoore, S. K., Lefebvre, K. A., Anderson, D. M., Bienfang, P., Bidigare, R. R.,\nParker, M. S., Moeller, P., Brand, L. E., Trainer, V. L., 2008. Centers for Oceans and\nHuman Health: a unified approach to the challenge of harmful algal blooms.\nEnvironmental Health 7(Suppl 2): S2doi:10.1186/1476-069X-7-S2-S2.\nMoore, S. K., Mantua, N. J., Trainer, V. L., Hickey, B. M., 2009. Recent trends in\nparalytic shellfish toxins in Puget Sound, relationships to climate, and capacity for\nprediction of toxic events. Harmful Algae 8: 463-477,\noi:10.1016/j.hal.2008.10.003.\n41","Trainer, V. L., Hickey, B. M., Lessard, E. J., Cochlan, W. P., Trick, C. G., Wells, M. L.,\nMacFadyen, A., Moore, S. K., 2009. Variability of Pseudo-nitzschia and domoic\nacid in the Juan de Fuca eddy region and its adjacent shelves. Limnology and\nOceanography 54: 289-308.\nMoore, S. K., Mantua, N. J., Trainer, V. L., Hickey, B. M., submitted to Harmful Algae.\nThe relative influences of El Niño Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal\nOscillation on paralytic shellfish toxin accumulation in Pacific Northwest shellfish.\nBacker, L. C., Moore, S. K., in review. Harmful Algal Blooms: Future Threats in a\nWarmer World. In: El Nemr, A. (Ed.) The Developments in Environmental Pollution\nand Climate Change. Springer.\nFeifel, K. M., Moore, S. K., Horner, R. A., in preparation. A historical reconstruction of\nan Alexandrium catenella cyst record from Sequim Bay, Washington State, and its\nrelation to past climate variability.\nPosters:\n1) Moore, S. K., Mantua, N. J., Trainer, V. L., and Hickey, B. M. Environmental\nForcing of Harmful Algal Blooms in Puget Sound.\nSummary: Observations of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in Puget Sound mussels\nfrom 1993-2007 are used as a proxy to describe Alexandrium catenella bloom dynamics\nand examine the influence of climate and environmental factors on daily and interannual\ntimescales. A combination of low streamflow, weak surface winds, and small tidal\nvariability appears to precede sound-wide PST events. This combination of\nenvironmental conditions typically occurs in early fall following seasonal warming of\nsea surface temperatures over the summer. No relationship is found between\nexceptionally toxic events and El Niño/Southern Oscillation.\n42","Project Title: Ecology and Population Structure Analyses of Vibrio parahaemolyticus\nin the U.S. Pacific Northwest\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator(s) and Affiliation(s): Mark S. Strom1, Rohinee\nN. Paranjpye¹, William Nilsson1, Eric Landis¹, Anne Baxter\nCollaborators: Vera Trainer1, Stephanie K. Moore D. Jay Grimes² 2 Crystal Johnson3,\nRita Colwell4, Anwar Huq4, Jill Stewart5, Jan Moore6, 6 Paul Sandifer', Richard Lillie8,\nMaryanne Guichard Evgeni Sokurenko , Steve Moseley', Edward Laws10\nNOAA, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, West Coast Center for Oceans and Human\nHealth, Seattle, WA 98112\n2 Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Department of Coastal Sciences, University of\nSouthern Mississippi\n3 Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University\n4\nCenter for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland\n5\nDepartment of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina,\nChapel Hill\n6 Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, NOS, NOAA\n7\nCenter for Human Health Risk, Hollings Marine Laboratory, NOS, NOAA\n8\nWashington State Department of Health Office of Shellfish and Water Protection\n9\nDepartment of Microbiology, University of Washington\n10 School of the Coast & Environment, Louisiana State University\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning System - - Seafood Safety; Benefits from the Sea\n- Biomedical Models\nNOAA Partnerships: NOAA has partnered with the Washington Department of Health\nOffice for Shellfish and Water Protection, Pacific Coast Shellfish Growers Association,\nOlympia Oyster Company (Shelton WA), Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe (Kingston WA),\nand the University of Washington's Department of Microbiology. Additional\ncollaborations: NOAA's East Coast Center for Oceans and Human Health, and the EPA\nOffice of Research and Development's (ORD) Advanced Monitoring Initiative (Linking\nChanges in Plankton Biodiversity to Increased Human Exposure to Pathogens and\nPotential for Using the Global Earth Observing System to Monitor and Predict Such\nThreats, $250,000, joint project with HML/NOAA); University of Southern Mississippi\nand University of Maryland (NSF Ecology of Infectious Disease Program Grant\n\"Identifying Environmental Determinants Favorable For The Presence And\nTransmission Of Pathogenic Vibrios\", $1,500,000 all to academic partners).\nTake-Home Message: Goal 1: The goals of the Shellfish/Pathogens Program at\nWCCOHH are to determine the role of abiotic environmental factors (e.g., climate,\ntemperature, salinity), biotic factors (phytoplankton species or total microbial\ncommunities), and microbial genetic factors (gene transfer, mutation, or adaptive\nselection leading to increased virulence) on the presence or amplification of pathogenic\nVibrio spp., including V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, and V. cholerae, in the marine\nenvironment. The intended outcome is to incorporate this information into current risk\nmodels for Vibrio spp. in shellfish or other estuarine environments in order to develop\nimproved risk assessment tools applicable to early warning systems. While West Coast\nCenter research generally focuses on the species V. parahaemolyticus, the presence of\n43","other human pathogenic Vibrio spp. will also be examined as part of broader national\ncollaborative studies.\nGoal 2: Molecular and comparative virulence studies on V. parahaemolyticus have been\nhampered by the lack of a relevant and reliable infection model. Preliminary studies\nhave demonstrated that zebrafish (Danio rerio) can serve as a reproducible vertebrate\nhost for V. parahaemolyticus challenges, which may allow direct comparisons of the\npotential virulence of genetically diverse V. parahaemolyticus strains, information\nimportant for incorporation into early warning models.\nGeographic Scope: This work is being undertaken in the NOAA Western Region in\nPuget Sound, with collaborations encompassing the Gulf of Mexico, Southeast Atlantic\nCoast and estuaries, and Chesapeake Bay.\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlight: Projects under Goal 1 aim to characterize and\nunderstand the ecology and phylogenetics of pathogenic Vibrio spp. in Washington\nState's Puget Sound and Hood Canal, and compare these findings to those obtained in\nsimilar studies in the Gulf of Mexico, Southeast Atlantic Coast, and Chesapeake Bay.\nThe goal is to refine risk assessment tools for incorporation into early warning systems\nfor Vibrio spp. To date the work at the WCCOHH has focused on an examination of the\nconcentrations of total and potentially pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus in oyster\ngrowing areas of Washington, and to determine whether there are correlations with\nphysical environmental parameters (eg., temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrient\navailability), and/or association with other biotic factors such as phytoplankton species\nor total microbial communities. In addition, V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from\nclinical cases and environmental samples (water, phytoplankton-associated, oysters) are\nbeing compared at the genetic and genomic level to determine phylogenetic relatedness,\nin order to determine if specific strains are more likely to be associated with clinical\ninfections. Results to date have shown that current risk assessment methods, including\nthe presence of V. parahaemolyticus with the putative virulence gene tdh and elevated\ntemperatures at harvest, are relatively ineffective in predicting clinical outcome. In\naddition, the genetic and genomic work has demonstrated that the majority of clinical\ncases are caused by a highly related clonal complex of V. parahaemolyticus, where\nmember strains form only a small percentage of the total V. parahaemolyticus\npopulation. In addition, there are a large group of environmental isolates from\nWashington that are not associated with clinical infections but which cluster with a\nstrain representative of the pandemic complex of strains responsible for the majority of\nV. parahaemolyticus infections world-wide. Current aims include statistical analyses to\ndetermine whether there are significant correlations with environmental and biological\nfactors with specific V. parahaemolyticus strains. Future work includes the\nidentification of more appropriate genetic markers of virulence potential, as well as to\ndetermine if specific or changing climate conditions are leading to adaptation and\nselection of more virulent strains. Virulence studies will be greatly aided by research\ndescribed under Goal 2, in which a biomedical model of V. parahaemolyticus strain\nvirulence is being developed using zebrafish. In total, this research will provide\nmanagers, health authorities, and shellfish growers in Washington State with critical\ninformation for forecasting potential Vibrio events prior to harvest.\n44","pandemic group\nPNW environmentals\nMixed\nPNW clinicals\nsome oysters\nV. parahaemolyticus\nA phylogenetic tree derived from multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) of 7\nhousekeeping genes of V. parahaemolyticus strains predominantly isolated from\nenvironmental sites and clinical cases in Washington State. The tree demonstrates a) the\noverall strain diversity of V. parahaemolyticus; b) that the majority of clinical isolates\ncluster together in the same phylogenetic group; and c) that there are a large group of\nenvironmental isolates from Washington State that are not associated with clinical\ninfections but which cluster with a strain representative of the pandemic complex of\nstrains responsible for the majority of V. parahaemolyticus infections world-wide.\nProducts and Services:\nImproved risk assessment and forecasting tools, combining environmental and biotic\nfactors with genetic markers of virulence, for V. parahaemolyticus outbreaks.\nUndergraduate, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Training:\n2 Post-Doctoral Fellows (Tarquin Dorrington and Eric Landis), 1 PhD Student (Rohinee\nParanjpye), 1 Masters Student (Anne Baxter), and 10 Undergraduate Interns (Cynthia\nRodenbough, Raymond Febus, Donald Chen, Colby Calvert, Error! Bookmark not\ndefined.Jane Kim, Jessica Thompson, Matthew Muramatsu, Kyle Frischkorn, and Cindy\nChou) have been involved and trained under the project.\n45","Outreach (2007-2009):\nWorkshops\nParanjpye, Rohinee. Characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infectivity and\nvirulence in West Coast Oysters. (discussion of collaboration with Pacific Shellfish\nInstitute). Annual PAC RIM shellfish Sanitation Conference, Portland OR, Feb 21-22,\n2007\nStrom, M. S. Biosensing in Ocean Observations. Sarasota, FL. June 18-20, 2007.\nStrom, M. S. Metagenomics 2007, La Jolla, CA. July 11-13, 2007.\nStrom, M. S. and Rohinee Paranjpye. Joint workshop with EPA and Hollings Marine\nLaboratory to discuss research plans and experimental design of a joint collaborative\nstudy. The project includes Microbiology and HAB programs from the West and East\nCoast Centers for Oceans and Human Health, and is funded by the EPA Advanced\nWarning Program. Workshop held at Hollings Marine Laboratory in Charleston, SC, Oct\n1-2, 2008.\nMicrobiology Program: Use of Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA\n(LAMP) to rapidly identify pathogens in various food substrates. Conducted by Dr.\nYukiko Kudo of the Japan National Institute of Health and hosted by the Microbiology\nteam along with members of the FDA Applied Technology Center in Bothell, WA,\nNovember 17- 19 2008 at NWFSC.\nRohinee Paranjpye. Soundtoxins: Participated in annual workshop to update/inform\nprogram participants in changes in protocols, sampling methods, data entry and\npreliminary results. , NWFSC, March 25 2009.\nInternships\nTen University of Washington Undergraduate Student Interns directly involved with\nOHHI-related research have been mentored in the program since inception.\nCurrently Jessica Thompson and Kyle Frischkorn are mentored by Rohinee\nParanjpye, and Cyndy Chou is mentored by Mark Strom.\nSeminars\nStrom, M. S. Understanding Emerging Pathogenesis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.\nHollings Marine Laboratory, Center for Human Health Risk, Charleston, SC (December\n4, 2008).\nStrom, M. S. Understanding Emerging Pathogenesis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Joint\nSeminar Series, NOAA West Coast for Oceans and Human Health and the University of\nWashington Pacific Northwest Center for Human Health and Ocean Studies; Seattle,\nWA (March 10, 2009)\nStrom, M. S. Emergence of Pathogenic Vibrios: Use of Genomic Tools to Understand\nVirulence in Model Bacteria. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC\n(March 19, 2009).\n46","Conference Presentations\nOral:\nMark S. Strom. Mechanistic and ecosystem studies on environmental persistence of\nVibrio vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus. EcoHealth ONE. October 7-9, 2006,\nMadison, WI. Served as Oceans and Human Health Session Chair. Coauthors: Rohinee\nParanjpye, William Nilsson, Asta Johnson, Anne Mataia, Tarquin Dorrington, Raymond\nFebus, Colby Calvert, Cynthia Rodenbough. (INVITED)\nRohinee Paranjpye, William Nilsson and Mark Strom. Incidence and Environmental\ndistribution of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shellfish growing areas around Puget Sound\nand Hood Canal\". SoundToxins workshop University of Washington. July 11, 2007.\nRohinee Paranjpye, William Nilsson, Asta Johnson and Mark Strom. Characterization of\ntype IV pili and persistence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. July 26, 2007, Coastal Zone\n\"07. Portland OR.\nMark S. Strom, Rohinee N. Paranjpye, Eric Landis, Evgeni V. Sokurenko, Steve\nMoseley, and Sujay Chattopadhyay Assessing Emergence of Pathogenic Vibrio\nparahaemolyticus. Gordon Research Conference on Oceans and Human Health, Tilton,\nNH, June 29-July 4, 2008 (Invited).\nEric Landis, Suppressive Subtractive Hybridization reveals differences between Vibrio\nparahaemolyticus isolates from the Puget Sound region and the pandemic strain.\nGraduate Symposium, Gordon Research Conference on Oceans and Human Health, June\n28, , 2008. (Invited)\nMark S. Strom. Pathogens and Shellfish Safety (Microbiology Program Overview).\nWest Coast Center for Oceans and Human Health Stakeholders Meeting, Seattle, June\n21, 2008. (Invited)\nMark S. Strom, Eric Landis, Rohinee N. Paranjpye, Evgeni V. Sokurenko, Steve\nMoseley, and Sujay Chattopadhyay. \"Emerging Pathogenesis of Vibrio\nparahaemolyticus\". Ocean Sciences 2008, March 2-7, 2008 (Invited)\nMark S. Strom, \"Safer Shellfish: Reducing the Vibrio Risks.\" 2nd Annual NOAA Oceans\nand Human Health Principal Investigators Meeting, Muskegon, MI, Oct. 22-24, 2007\n(Invited).\nRohinee Paranjpye, William Nilsson and Mark Strom. Environmental distribution and\nincidence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in water, plankton and oysters in shellfish\ngrowing areas in Washington State. 16th Conference for Shellfish Growers, March 3-4,\n2008, Shelton, WA. (Invited)\nRohinee Paranjpye, William Nilsson and Mark Strom. Environmental distribution of\nVibrio parahaemolyticus populations in shellfish growing areas around Puget Sound and\n47","Hood Canal. Annual meeting of the Pacific Coast Shellfish Growers Association,\nWelches, OR, Oct 11, 2007.\nEric D. Landis, Rohinee N. Paranjpye, and Mark S. Strom. \"Emerging Pathogenesis of\nVibrio parahaemolyticus.\" National Shellfisheries Association Meeting, Savannah, GA,\nMarch 23-25, 2009 (Strom invited)\nMark S. Strom, Eric D. Landis, and Rohinee N. Paranjpye. \"Emerging Pathogenesis of\nVibrio parahaemolyticus-Lessons for Ecosystem Based Management Through\nGenomics.\" Ecosystem Based Management: The Chesapeake Basin and Other Systems,\nBaltimore, MD March 22-25, 2009 (Strom invited).\nRita Horner, Keri Baugh, Rohinee Paranjpye and Vera Trainer. Soundtoxins: A\nmonitoring program. 13th International Conference on Harmful Algae. Nov 3-7, 2008,\nHong Kong-China.\nRohinee Paranjpye, William Nilsson, Ben Sandford and Mark Strom. The enigma of\nVibrio parahaemolyticus outbreaks in the Pacific Northwest. NWFSC symposium. Feb\n24-25, 2009.\nRohinee Paranjpye, William Nilsson, Ben Sandford, Eric Landis and Mark Strom. The\nEnigma of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Outbreaks in the Pacific Northwest. Pacific Rim\nShellfish Sanitation Association Conference, Olympia, WA, April 7-9, 2009.\nRohinee Paranjpye, William Nilsson, Benjamin Sandford, Eric Landis and Mark Strom.\nThe Enigma of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Outbreaks in the Pacific Northwest.. Guest\nspeaker WDOH Olympia, WA, April 30, 2009. (invited).\nKeri Baugh, Nicolaus Adams, Brian Bill, Rohinee Paranjpye and Vera Trainer.\nSoundtoxins: A Harmful Algal Bloom and Vibrio Monitoring Program Pacific Rim\nShellfish Sanitation Association Conference, Olympia, WA, April 7-9, 2009.\nKA Baugh, NG Adams, RN Paranjpye, J Miller, and VL Trainer. SoundToxins\nA\nHarmful Algal Bloom and Vibrio Monitoring Program for Puget Sound. 2nd annual\nSouth Puget Sound Science Symposium. May 6, 2009.\nPosters:\nStrom, M. S., W. Nilsson, R. Paranjpye. Ecology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus\nin the Pacific Northwest. NWFSC 75th Anniversary open house, Seattle, WA\nT. Collier; M.M. Krahn; M.S. Strom; G.M. Ylitalo; R.N. Paranjype; D.W. Brown;\nU.\nVaranasi. Ensuring seafood safety in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Annual\nmeeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Montreal, Canada,\nNov 5-9, 2006.\n48","W. B. Nilsson, A. E. Mataia, R. S. Febus, V. L. Trainer and M. S. Strom. Detection and\nQuantification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Pacific Northwest Estuarine and Marine\nEnvironments by Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). NWFSC\n1st Annual Science Symposium. Dec 12-13, 2006.\nKrahn, M. , M. Strom, R. Paranjype, W. Nilsson, D. Brown, C. Sloan, G. Ylitalo, T.\nCollier and U. Varanasi. Guaranteeing seafood safety after Hurricane Katrina. NWFSC\n1st Annual Science Symposium. Dec 12-13, 2006.\nMilan Srivastava, Rohinee Paranjype, Jennette Villeda, Mark Strom, and Anita C.\nWright. \"Survival of Vibrio vulnificus in Oysters.\" American Society of Microbiology\nGeneral Meeting, May 2007, Toronto, Canada.\nRohinee Paranjpye, William Nilsson and Mark Strom. Environmental persistence and\nincidence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in water and plankton and oysters from\nWashington State shellfish growing areas. Gordon Conference on OHH, Tilton, NH.\nJune 29-July 4, 2008.\nEric Landis and Mark Strom. Suppressive Subtractive Hybridization reveals differences\nbetween Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from the Puget Sound region and the\npandemic strain. Gordon Conference on OHH, Tilton, NH. June 29-July 4, 2008.\nRohinee Paranjpye, William Nilsson and Mark Strom. Incidence and Distribution of\nVibrio parahaemolyticus in water and plankton from Washington State shellfish\ngrowing areas. OHHI PI meeting, Oct 22-24, 2007. Muskegon, MI.\nAnne E. Baxter, Russell P. Herwig and Mark Strom. Do Environmental and Total\nMicrobial Community Structures Influence the Presence of Pathogenic Vibrio\nparahaemolyticus in Puget Sound? 18th Annual Graduate Student Symposium January\n29, 2008, Seattle, WA\nAnne E. Baxter, Russell P. Herwig and Mark Strom. Do Environmental and Total\nMicrobial Community Structures Influence the Presence of Pathogenic Vibrio\nparahaemolyticus in Puget Sound? 16th Conference for Shellfish Growers, March 3-4,\n2008, Shelton, WA.\nKeri Baugh, Nicolaus Adams, Jason Miller, Carla Stehr, Rohinee Paranjpye and Vera\nTrainer. Soundtoxins: A Harmful Algal Bloom and Vibrio Monitoring Program. Puget\nSound Georgia Basin Ecosystem Conference. February 2009, Seattle, WA.\nPublications (2007-2009)\nParanjpye, R. N., A. B. Johnson, A. E. Baxter and M. S. Strom. 2007. Role of type IV\npilins of Vibrio vulnificus in persistence in oysters, Crassostrea virginica. Appl.\nEnviron. Microbiol. 73:5041-5044.\nVickery, M. C. L., W. B. Nilsson, M. S. Strom, J. L. Nordstrom, and A. DePaola.\n2007. A real-time PCR assay for the rapid determination of 16S rRNA genotype\n49","and discovery of 16S rRNA gene heterogeneity in individual isolates of Vibrio\nvulnificus. Microbiological Methods. 68:376-384.\nHom, T., T. K. Collier, M. M. Krahn, M. S. Strom, G. M. Ylitalo, R. N. Paranjpye, W.\nB. Nilsson, and U. Varanasi. 2008. Assessing seafood safety in the aftermath of\nHurricane Katrina. Mitigating Impacts of Natural Hazards on Fishery Ecosystems,\nAmerican Fisheries Society Symposium 64:73-93.\nStewart, J., R. J. Gast, R. Fujioka, H Solo-Gabriele, S. Meschke, L. Amaral-Zettler, E.\nDel Castillo, M. Polz, T. Collier, M. S. Strom, C. Sinigalliano, P. Moeller, and F.\nHolland. 2008. The coastal environment and human health: microbial indicators,\npathogens, sentinels, and reservoirs. Environmental Health 7(Suppl S3.\nChattopadhyay, S., R. N. Paranjpye, D. E. Dykhuizen, E. V. Sokurenko and M. S.\nStrom. 2009. Comparative evolutionary analysis of the major structural subunit of\nVibrio vulnificus type IV pili. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26:2185-2196.\nProceedings Published\nRohinee Paranjpye, Asta Johnson, Diane Capps, Steve Moseley and Mark Strom.\nCharacterization of type IV pili of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Conference Proceedings\nCoastal Zone '07, Portland, OR.\nRA Horner, KA Baugh, R Paranjpye, NG Adams, VL Trainer. 2008. Sound Toxins: A\nMonitoring Program in Puget Sound, Washington, USA. Proceedings of the 13th\nInternational Conference on Harmful Algae. Nov 3-7, 2008, Hong Kong-China.\nPosters: Five posters will be displayed:\n1) Assessing the ecology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shellfish growing areas in\nWashington State (this poster will describe the studies underway on this topic and will\ndemonstrate the broader national collaborations).\n2) Population structure analysis and genetic diversity characterization of V.\nparahaemolyticus (this poster will give further detail on the use and results to date of\ngenetic and phylogenetic comparisons of V. parahaemolyticus strains from Washington\nState and elsewhere)\n3) Incorporation of ecological and phylogenetic data into Vibrio early warning systems\n(conceptual poster as to how data shown in posters 1 and 2 can be used in early warning\nsystems)\n4) Relationships of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, microbial communities, and environmental\nparameters within two oyster-harvesting sites in the Puget Sound (this poster will\ndescribe research to determine whether there are correlations with total microbial\ncommunities and/or other Vibrio species and the presence of V. parahaemolyticus)\n5) The Microbial Profile of Exhaled Killer Whale Breath and the Sea Surface Microlayer\n(this poster will describe new, preliminary research on the comparison of the microbial\npopulations in marine mammal breath and the surrounding surface layer, and the\npotential of such studies to be incorporated into OHH in a sentinel species context)\n50","Project Title: Forecasting Harmful Algal Blooms in the Pacific Northwest\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator(s) and Affiliation(s): Vera L. Trainer, Brian Bill,\nKeri Baugh, and Rohinee Paranjpye, (NOAA, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, West\nCoast Center for Oceans and Human Health); Rita A. Horner (University of\nWashington), Tim Jones and Ian Jefferds (Penn Cove Mussels LLC.); Teri King\n(Washington Sea Grant); Karlista Rickerson (Vashon Island resident); Joth Davis, Kelly\nBenardis and Jared Hammond (Taylor Shellfish); Jon Zelner and Sarah Whitten (Coast\nSeafoods Co.); Jean Walat, Brenda Danner, and others (Port Townsend Marine Science\nCenter); Lohna O'Rourke and Chris Whitehead (Jamestown S'Klallam tribe), Susan\nShotwell (Ron Crosson Seafood), Ewann Berntson (NOAA Manchester), and Gerardo\nChin-Leo (Evergreen State College)\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning System - Seafood Safety\nNOAA Partnerships: NOAA has partnered the University of Washington's School of\nOceanography, and the organizations listed above.\nTake-Home Message: A diverse partnership of the West Coast Center for Oceans and\nHuman Health, Washington state shellfish and finfish growers, environmental learning\ncenters, Native tribes, and Puget Sound volunteers, SoundToxins is a monitoring\nprogram designed to provide early warning of harmful algal blooms and Vibrio\nparahaemolyticus events in order to minimize both human health risks and economic\nlosses to Puget Sound fisheries.\nGeographic Scope: This work is being undertaken in the NOAA Western Region in\nPuget Sound, including the Strait of Juan de Fuca along the coast of Washington State.\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlight: SoundToxins is now a partnership of 12\norganizations that sample at least 13 locations in Puget Sound. Seawater is collected\nand tested for salinity, temperature, and nutrients as well as toxins and chlorophyll. A\nduplicate sample of seawater is shipped to the West Coast Center and analyzed for the\npresence of total and potentially pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus. Phytoplankton\nspecies diversity in each sample is described and the target harmful species of Pseudo-\nnitzschia, Alexandrium, Dinophysis and Heterosigma have been counted for abundance.\nA collaboration was begun with the SE Phytoplankton Monitoring Network (NOS,\nCharleston). SoundToxins participants will enter data directly to their database that was\ndeveloped by NCDDC (Stennis, Mississippi).\nAs a result of the monitoring program, a large bloom in Olympia was detected in June\n2008 by SoundToxins collaborators and a warning was sent to all participants. Two\nSoundToxins workshops were held to review protocols and introduce participants to the\ndatabase. For quality assurance, visits have been made to all sampling sites to ensure\nthat all collaborators are using identical techniques and are confident of their methods.\n51","Monitoring Locations\nAgency\n1. Sequim Bay\nJamestown S'Klallam tribe\nSoundToxins Map\n2. Fort Worden\nPort Townsend Marine Science Ctr. (PTMSC)\nPuget Sound, Washington\n3. Port Townsend\nPTMSC\n4. Mystery Bay\nPTMSC\n5. Dabob Bay\nTaylor Shellfish\n6. Quilcene Bay\nCoast Seafoods Company\n7. Allyn\nWashington Sea Grant\n8. Budd Inlet\nEvergreen State College\n9. Quartermaster Harbor\nVashon Island Resident\n10. Manchester\nNWFSC\n11. Penn Cove\nPenn Cove Mussels LLC.\nFish Farms\nAmerican Gold Seafood / Others\nMooring Locations\nAgency\nParameters Measured\nStrait of Juan de Fuca\na. Friday Harbor\nNOAA\nT\nb. Strait of Juan de Fuca\nNOAA\nT\nC. Port Angeles\nNOAA\nT\nd. Sequim Bay\nNOAA/NWFSC\nT,S\ne. Port Townsend\nNOAA\nSoundToxins\nT\nf. North Buoy\nUW\nMonitoring & Mooring\nT, S, o, PAR*\n5\ng. Duckabush\nUW\nT. S, O, Chl, N*\nLocations\n6\nh Hoodsport\nUW\nT. S, O. Chl, N, PAR*\nApproved Shelifish Sites\nSeattle\ni. Twanoh\nUW\nT. S, o, Chl, N, V*\nProhibited Shelifish Sites\nj. Manchester\nDOE\nT. S, O, Chl\nk Seattle\nKing County DNR\nT. S, O, Chl, Turb, pH, PAR\nSurface + Depth Moorings\n10\nNOAA\nT\nSurface Only Moorings\n1. Quartermaster Harbor\nKing County DNR\nT. S. o, Chl, Turb, pH, PAR\nUW Tacoma\nT, S\nm. Tacoma\nNOAA\nT\nn. Squaxin\nDOE\nT, S, O, Chl\nT=temperature, S=salinity, O=dissolved oxygen, PAR=light, N=nitrate, Chl=chlorophyll,\nTurb=turbidity, pH=water acidity, V=horizontal velocity\n*profiling mooring-sensors move up and down through the water column\nSoundToxins Workshop\nNorthwest Fisheries Science Center - Seattle, WA\nMarch 25, 2009\nLeft to Right: Brian Bill (NWFSC), ?? (PTMSC), Dennis Tanji (Tanji Consultants), ?? (PTMSC),\nVera Trainer, (NWFSC), Ardi Kveven (Ocean Research College Academy), Mary Middleton (PSI),\nBrenda Danner (PTMSC), Rita Horner (UW), Christine ? (PTMSC),\nLohna O'Rourke (Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe), Chris Whitehead (Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe),\n?? (Taylor Shellfish), Karlista Rickerson, Gerardo Chin-Leo (Evergreen State College),\nJared Hammond (Taylor Shellfish), Sue Shotwell (consulting), Court ?? (Taylor Shellfish),\nJean Walat (Port Townsend Marine Science Center), Keri Baugh (NWFSC), ???\n52","Products and Services:\nDetermine which environmental conditions promote the onset and flourishing of\nHABs and increased concentrations of V. parahaemolyticus\nDetermine which combination of environmental factors can be used for early\nwarning of these events through analyses of seawater samples weekly at 11 different\nsites throughout Puget Sound.\nAnalysis of samples for salinity, temperature, nutrients, chlorophyll, (paralytic\nshellfish toxins and domoic acid) phytoplankton species, and V. parahaemolyticus.\nCharacterization of phytoplankton species diversity (i.e., Pseudo-nitzschia species,\nAlexandrium catenella, Dinophysis species, and Heterosigma akashiwo)\nOutreach:\nWebsite:\nhttp://www.soundtoxins.org/index.php\nNewletters:\nhttp://www.soundtoxins.org/newsletters/soundtox_newsletter_spring08.pdf\nhttp://www.soundtoxins.org/newsletters/soundtox_newsletter_winter09.pdf\nSeminars\nJoint WCCOHH/UW Oceans and Human Health Seminar Series\n-Vera Trainer. Forecasting harmful algal blooms on the Washington State coast - is it\npossible? Presentation with B. Hickey, University of Washington, April 2008\nUniversity of Washington Lectures\n-February 2009 Lecture, Harmful algal blooms in Puget Sound, Puget Sound\nOceanography\n-March 2009 Lecture, Harmful Algal Blooms, School of Marine Affairs class, Marine\nScience in the Coastal Zone\nNWFSC Science Symposium, February, 2009\n- Trainer, Mantua, Moore, Climate impacts on harmful algal blooms in Puget Sound,\n- Baugh KA, Adams NG, Miller J, Stehr C, Trainer VL. SoundToxins: A harmful algal\nbloom and Vibrio monitoring program for Puget Sound (poster).\nConference Presentations\nGordon Research Conference on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, June 2009\n- Moore, Mantua, Hickey, Trainer: Large-scale climate modulation, favoring the\naccumulation, frequency, and geographic extent of toxins in Puget Sound shellfish\nPacific Shellfish Grower's Association Conference, March 2009\n-Vera Trainer, Early warning of Harmful Algal Blooms in Washington State\n-Keri Baugh, SoundToxins Partnership, Alderbrook Resort, Union, WA.\nSouth Sound Science Symposium, Shelton, WA, March 2009\n-SoundToxins: A harmful algal bloom and Vibrio monitoring program for Puget Sound.\n53","Keri Baugh, Nicolaus Adams, Jason Miller, Rohinee Paranjpye, Carla Stehr, and Vera\nTrainer.\nOcean Science Meeting, Orlando, FL, March 2008\n-Kathi Lefebvre. Oral.. Effects of sub-acute domoic acid exposure on gene expression in\nthe vertebrate CNS: Implications for human health\n-R. Kudela, Vera Trainer and others. Oral. Implementation of GEOHAB Core Research\nProject: Harmful Algal Blooms in Upwelling Systems.\n-Stephanie Moore, K. M. Feifel, N. J. Mantua, Vera Trainer, B. M. Hickey, A. M. Cox.\nOral. Large-scale climate variability and paralytic shellfish toxins in Puget Sound\nshellfish on interannual to interdecadal timescales.\nEastern Pacific Ocean Conference, Fallen Leaf Lake, CA, September 2008\n-Stephanie Moore, N. J. Mantua, Vera Trainer, B. M. Hickey. Oral. Climate variability\nand paralytic shellfish toxins in Puget Sound shellfish: temperature and timing matter.\nAmerican Fisheries Society - North Pacific International Chapter, 2008 Annual\nGeneral Meeting\n-Keri Baugh. \"SoundToxins - A New HAB Monitoring Program for Puget Sound, March\n2008\nPublications (2007-2009):\nBates, S.S. and Trainer, V.L. 2006. Diatoms. pp. 81-93 in: Graneli, E., and Turner, J.T.\n(eds.). Ecology of Harmful Algae. vol. 189. 440 pp\nTrainer, V.L., Cochlan, W.P., Erickson, A., Bill, B.D., Cox, F.H., Borchert J.A. and\nLefebvre, K.A. 2007. Recent domoic acid closures of shellfish harvest areas in\nWashington State inland waterways. Harmful Algae. 6: 449-459.\nTrainer, V.L., Hickey, B.M., and Bates, S.S. 2008. Diatoms. pp.219-238. In: Walsh, P.J.,\nS.L. Smith, L.E. Fleming, H. Solo-Gabriele, W.H. Gerwick (eds.). Oceans and Human\nHealth: Risks and Remedies from the Sea, Elsevier Science Publishers, New York.\n[Textbook on Oceans and Human Health - includes questions for students with answer\nkey for teachers. Intended for advanced undergraduates and graduate students\ninterested in oceans and human health studies.]\nMoore, S. K., Trainer, V. L., Mantua, N. J., Parker, M. S., Laws, E. A., Fleming, L. E.,\nBacker, L. C., 2008. Impacts of climate variability and future climate change on\nharmful algal blooms and human health. Environmental Health 7(Suppl\nS4doi:10.1186/1476-069X-7-S2-S4\nErdner, D., Dyble, J., Parsons, M. L., Stevens, R. C., Hubbard, K. A., Wrabel, M. L.,\nMoore, S. K., Lefebvre, K. A., Anderson, D. M., Bienfang, P., Bidigare, R. R.,\nParker, M. S., Moeller, P., Brand, L. E., Trainer, V. L., 2008. Centers for Oceans and\nHuman Health: a unified approach to the challenge of harmful algal blooms.\nEnvironmental Health 7(Suppl 2): S2doi:10.1186/1476-069X-7-S2-S2.\nMoore, S. K., Mantua, N. J., Trainer, V. L., Hickey, B. M., 2009. Recent trends in\nparalytic shellfish toxins in Puget Sound, relationships to climate, and capacity for\nprediction of toxic events. Harmful Algae 8: 463-477,\noi:10.1016/j.hal.2008.10.003.\n54","Trainer, V. L., Hickey, B. M., Lessard, E. J., Cochlan, W. P., Trick, C.G., Wells, M.L.,\nMacFadyen, A., Moore, S. K., 2009. Variability of Pseudo-nitzschia and domoic\nacid in the Juan de Fuca eddy region and its adjacent shelves. Limnology and\nOceanography 54: 289-308.\nHorner, R.A., Baugh, K.A., Paranjpye, R., Adams, N.G., Trainer, V.L. 2009.\nSoundToxins: A monitoring program in Puget Sound, Washington, USA.\nProceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Harmful Algae, Hong Kong.\nMoore, S. K., Mantua, N. J., Trainer, V. L., Hickey, B. M., submitted to Harmful Algae.\nThe relative influences of El Niño Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal\nOscillation on paralytic shellfish toxin accumulation in Pacific Northwest shellfish.\nPosters:\n1) Bill, B.D., K. Baugh, R. Paranjpye, V. L. Trainer, and W.B. Nilsson. SoundToxins: A\nmonitoring program for harmful algal blooms and Vibrio in Puget Sound.\n55","OCEANS & HUMAN\nHEALTH INITIATIVE\nCenter of Excellence for Oceans and\nHuman Health at the\nCenter for Human Health Risk\n56","Project Title: Marine Organisms as Disease Vectors: Multi-Stressor Effects\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator and Affiliation: Karen G. Burnett (PI), Louis\nBurnett (Associate PI), Bob Chapman (Partner) - SC Department of Natural Resources;\nMarshall Adams (HML Visiting Scientist), Oakridge National Laboratory; Nora\nTerwilliger (HML Visiting Scientist) - University of Oregon.\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning Systems - Sentinel Species/Habitats\nTake Home Message: Many of the microorganisms that cause human disease are\nubiquitous, occurring in the marine waters, sediments and organisms that dominate our\nplanet. Our studies have shown that some of the changes in water quality that are\nassociated with increased human activity and global climate change (such as low\ndissolved oxygen levels and increasing acidity) can make marine organisms such as\noysters and shrimp more likely to spread these pathogens through the marine\nenvironment, thereby increasing the potential for human exposure to disease.\nGeographic Scope: North Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Southeastern US and the Caribbean\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlight: Like other filter-feeding bivalves, oysters can\nclear, concentrate and inactivate many potential human pathogens that occur and spread\nthrough marine ecosystems. Laboratory findings suggest that water quality factors such\nas pH and O2 levels, as well as metal and organic pollutants, can impair the ability of\noysters to inactivate these pathogens. The MODV project has produced a monitoring\nassay that quantifies the persistence and degradation of a live bacterial pathogen (Vibrio)\nin the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, as well as externalization of live bacteria\nfrom the oyster to the environment. The assay is sensitive to stressors such as low\noxygen (hypoxia), high carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) and low pH. We are currently\nworking with other HML-OHH investigators to link changes in oyster and shrimp gene\nexpression, physiological measures,\nmovement and pathogen clearance\nassessments to predict the influence\nof resident multicellular organisms\non transport and persistence of\nmicrobial pathogens in coastal\nenvironments.\nFigure 1. Graduate student Kolo Rathburn\nconducting experiments to assess shrimp\ngene expression profiles in response to\nhypoxia and hypercapnia. (Photo by Karen\nBurnett)\n57","Products and Services:\nA monitoring tool that can be used to quantify the persistence and elimination of live\nbacterial pathogens in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, other molluscs or\ncrustacean subject to lab or field-based stressors. Status: available.\nDatasets showing that low oxygen (hypoxia) and high carbon dioxide (hypercapnia)\nalter the ability of oysters to eliminate bacteria from their tissues; these live bacteria\ncan be externalized from tissues to the surrounding water and sediment. Status:\navailable\n(with Genomics Core and Functional Genomics Project) Multistressor dataset for C.\nvirginica showing interactions of metal mixtures (cadmium, copper, zinc) with\nrespiratory variables in predicting oxidative tissue damage. Status: available.\n(with Genomics Core and Functional Genomics Project) Dataset of transcriptional\nprofiles in marine shrimp showing that small changes water quality parameters (e.g.\nmoderate hypoxia and hypercapnia for 4 or 24 hours) cause general and synergistic\nsuppression of metabolism and immune defense.\nUndergraduate, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Training:\n(1) Total Trained: 8\n(2) OHHI Trainee (8/31/2009): Kristin Hardy. Project title and description: Modeling\nmetabolism in marine organisms: linking molecular responses to coastal condition. The\nproposed postdoctoral research will focus on 1) identifying and characterizing the\nmetabolic processes that are linked to environmental challenges in oysters, 2) connecting\nthe observed metabolic responses to transcriptional profiles in the same organisms, and\n3) developing predictive models linking transcriptomic analysis to land use types and\nassociated risks to human health.\nOutreach:\nMeeting Presentations and Workshops\nWilliams, H.R., Macey, B.M., Rathburn, C.K., Burnett, L.E. and Burnett, K.G.\n2007. The fate of Vibrio campbellii within the Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica\n(Gmelin). 99th Annual National Shellfisheries Association Meeting, San Antonio,\nTX. Feb. 2007.\nBurnett, K.G., and Burnett, L.E. 2007. Hypoxia and hypercapnic hypoxia impair\ndistribution and bacteriostasis of bacterial pathogens in crustaceans and mollusks.\n7th International Congress of comparative Physiology and Biochemistry, Salvador,\nBahia, Brazil. Aug. 2007.\nBurnett, L.E., and Burnett, K.G. 2007. Hypoxia, habit, habitat and immune\nresponse in marine organisms. 7th International Congress of comparative Physiology\nand Biochemistry, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Aug. 2007.\nWilliams, H., Macey, B., Mancia, A., Gross, P., Warr, G., Chapman, R., Burnett, L.,\nand Burnett, K. 2008. Resilience and sensitivity to environmental stress in the\nAmerican oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Society of Experimental Biology,\nMarseilles, France. Jul. 2008.\nMacey, B.M., Jenny, M.J., Williams, H.R., Thibodeaux, L.K., Ikerd, J.I., Beal, M.,\nAlmeida, J.S., Cunningham, C.C., Mancia, A., Warr, G.W., Burge, E., Holland,\nA.F., Gross, P.S., Hikima, S., Burnett, K.G., Burnett, L.E., and Chapman, R. 2008.\n58","Physiological responses of the Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica exposed to\nmixtures of copper, cadmium and zinc. 11th International Conference on Shellfish\nRestoration, Charleston, SC. November 2008.\nMancia, A., Almeida, J.S., Cunningham, C.C., Beal, M. Warr, G.W., Veloso, A.,\nMacey, B., Burnett, K.G., Burnett, L., Holland, F. Gross, P.S., Cupit-Cunningham,\nP., Hikima, S., Peck, M., McKillen, Trent III, H.F., Burge, E.J., Thibodeaux, L.K.,\nWilliams, H.R., Chapman, R.W. 2008. Transcript profiles of America pysters,\nCrassostrea virginica,\nexposed to metal contaminants. Plant and Animal Genome Conference, San Diego,\nCA. Dec. 2008.\nRathburn, C.K., Burnett, L.E., Gross, P.S., Marion, B., Veloso, A.B., Cook, M., and\nBurnett, K.G. 2009. Transcriptional profile of the penaeid shrimp Litopenaeus\nvannamei to hypoxia and hypercapnic hypoxia. Annual Meeting of the Society of\nIntegrative and Comparative Biology, Boston, MA. Jan. 2009.\nRathburn, C.K., Burnett, L.E., Gross, P.S., Marion, B., Veloso, A.B., Cook, M., and\nBurnett, K.G. 2009. Transcriptional profile of the penaeid shrimp Litopenaeus\nvannamei to hypoxia and hypercapnic hypoxia. National Shellfisheries Association\nMeeting, Savannah, GA. Mar. 2009.\nRathburn, C.K., Burnett, L.E., Gross, P.S., Marion, B., Veloso, A.B., Cook, M., and\nBurnett, K.G. 2009. Transcriptional profile immune-related genes in the penaeid\n11th\nshrimp Litopenaeus vannamei with exposure hypoxia and hypercapnic hypoxia.\nCongress of the International Society for Developmental and Comparative\nImmunology, Praque, Czech Republic, Jun. 2009.\nInvited Seminars:\nSeafood run: interactions of health & metabolism in marine animals. Norfolk State\nUniversity, Oct. 11, 2007.\nDisease resistance in marine organisms: strategies and consequences, Fort Johnson\nSeminar Series, Fort Johnson, South Carolina, Oct. 17, 2008\nResilience and sensitivity to environmental stress in the American oyster,\nCrassostrea virginica,\" Clemson University Genomics Institute\", July 1, 2008.\n\"Disease resistance in marine organisms: strategies and consequences\", Marine\nBiology Seminar Series, University of South Carolina, Feb. 20, 2009.\nStudent Recruitment Seminars:\nResearch Experiences for Undergraduates Programs, Chaminade University of\nHonolulu, Honolulu, HI, Jan. 26, 2009\nResearch Experiences for Undergraduates Programs, University of Hawaii at Manoa,\nHonolulu, HI, Jan. 27, 2009\nPublic Presentation:\nMarine Organism Health - How genes and dolphins may tell a larger story, South\nCarolina Aquarium, Charleston, SC, June 5, 2007.\nPublications: 2007-2009\n59","Burnett, K.G., Bain, L.J., Baldwin, W.S. Callard, G.V., Cohen, S., Di Giulio, R.T.,\nEvans, D.H., Gomez-Chiarri, M., Hahn, M.E., Marshall, W.S., Meyer, J.N., Nacci,\nD.E., Oleksiak, M.F., Rees, B.B., Singer, T. D., Stegeman, J.J., Towle, D.W., Van\nVeld, P.A., Vogelbein, W.K., Whitehead, A., Winn, R.N., Crawford, D.L. 2007.\nFundulus as the premier teleost model in environmental biology: Opportunities for\nnew insights using genomics. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. D 2:257-286.\nMacey, B.M., Achilihu, I.O., Burnett, K.G., Burnett. L.E. 2008. Effects of hypercapnic\nhypoxia on the inactivation and elimination Vibrio campbellii in the Eastern oyster,\nCrassostrea virginica. Applied Environ. Micro. 74:6077-6084.\nWilliams, H.R., Macey, B.M., Burnett, L.E., Burnett, K.G. 2009. Differential\nlocalization and bacteriostasis of Vibrio among tissues of the Eastern oyster,\nCrassostrea virginica. Develop. Comp. Immunol. 33:592-600.\nMacey, B.M., Jenny, M.J., Williams, H.R., Thibodeaux, L.K., Beal, M., Almeida, J.S.,\nCunningham, C., Mancia, A., Warr, G.W., Burge, E.J., Holland, A.F., Gross, P.S.,\nHikima, S., Burnett, K.G., Burnett, L.E., Chapman. R.W. 2009 in review.\nModeling interactions of acid-base balance and respiratory status in the toxicity of\nmetal mixtures in the American oyster Crassostrea virginica.\nOHHI Poster:\n1) Hardy, K. Modeling metabolism in marine organisms: linking molecular responses\nto coastal condition\n60","Project Title: Pathogen Source Tracking Program\nPrincipal Investigators: Jill R. Stewart* and Janet Gooch Moore\nAssociate Investigators: Jerold W. Dickerson, Jr, Jason B. Gregory, Chris Johnston,\nBrian C. Thompson and Laura F. Webster\nNOAA, HML Center of Excellence in Oceans and Human Health, Charleston, SC\nNOAA, CCEBHR Estuaries and Land Use Branch, Charleston, SC\n*Current Address: University of North Carolina, Gillings School of Global Public\nHealth\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning Systems - Beach Management and Drinking\nWater Safety\nNOAA Partnerships:\nNOAA NWFSC (Seattle, WA) - on-going project collaborations\nNOAA AOML (Miami, FL) - sample sharing, 2007-2008\nNOAA CCEHBR (Charleston, SC) - on-going project collaborations\nSouthern California Coastal Water Research Project (SCCWRP)-on-going project\ncollaborations\nTake-Home Message: The goal of the pathogen source tracking program is to develop\nnovel tools to detect and track microorganisms of public health significance in coastal\nwaters. A major focus has been to participate in projects linking water quality to human\nhealth outcomes at beaches impacted by nonpoint source pollution, research intended to\nhelp inform regulatory decisions for updated recreational water quality criteria.\nGeographic Scope: National implications, with study sites in the Western and\nSoutheastern NOAA regions, and the Gulf of Mexico.\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlight: Proper assessment of water and shellfish\nquality requires the ability to rapidly detect microbial contaminants. Unfortunately,\ntraditional methods for assessing microbial water quality are slow and target bacteria\nthat are not reliable indicators of viral and protozoan pathogens. Traditional methods\nalso not distinguish among sources of pollution. The NOAA Hollings Marine Lab\n(HML) Pathogen Source Tracking Program is dedicated to developing novel techniques\nto detect and track microbes of public health concern in coastal waters. With these\ntools, resource managers will be able to better assess risks to public health and to better\nmitigate inputs of pollution into contaminated waters. Application of these novel tools\nis also providing insight into the manner in which land use and other human activities\naffect microbial water quality. One study evaluating the impact of land use changes on\nthe water quality of tidal creek systems has demonstrated that urban watersheds are\nmore prone to contamination than suburban and forested areas, and that the upper\nintertidal reaches of creeks systems are more contaminated than the subtidal zones\nwhere monitoring programs typically sample. Validated assays are also being\nincorporated into epidemiology studies evaluating health risks at bathing beaches\nimpacted by nonpoint source pollution. Overall, these methods under development will\nallow rapid, cost effective, and specific water quality assessments; and will contribute to\na broader view of how land-based activities affect water quality and human health.\n61","Figure 1. Volunteers are\nrecruited for California\nepidemiology study relating\nDOHENY\nmicrobial water quality to\nBEACH\nWATER\nSTUDY\npublic health risks.\n(photo courtesy of Jason\nGregory)\nProducts and Services:\nDevelopment of a novel quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay to\ndetect Methanobrevibacter smithii, an indicator of human-source fecal pollution.\nDevelopment of a quantitative standard and competitive internal positive control to\nimprove detection of norovirus, one of the main etiological agents of waterborne\ndisease.\nEvaluation of viruses in beach waters as part of larger epidemiology studies to\ninform regulatory decisions related to recreational water quality criteria.\nAssessment of microbial water quality in tidal creek systems in the Southeastern US\nand the Gulf of Mexico, allowing a broader understanding of the relationship\nbetween land use and the distribution of microbial contaminants.\nUndergraduate, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Training\nUndergraduate:\nMentored a minority undergraduate student as part of the 2009 Medical University\nof South Carolina (MUSC) Summer Undergraduate Research Program (SURP), in\ncoordination with the Oceans and Human Health Track of the Marine Biomedicine\nProgram.\nGraduate:\nHosted one PhD student/OHHI trainee from the University of Georgia (UGA) in\nassociation with OHHI traineeship grant \"Graduate Training in Ocean and Human\nHealth: Strengthening our Knowledge of the Coastal Environment as a Reservoir for\nKnown and Emerging Human Pathogens.\" OHHI trainee Carrie Futch examined\n62","carriage of human pathogens by marine mammals. She analyzed frozen, archived\ndolphin fecal and blowhole samples, and newly stranded marine mammals for the\npresence of pathogenic viruses and bacteria. This research supports NCCOS\nCenter's effort to examine dolphins as an indicator/sentinel for human pathogens\n(summer, 2009).\nOutreach:\nParticipated in mentoring program with South Carolina State University (SCSU)\ntitled \"Enhancing Diversity in the Geosciences: Mentoring and Research Modeling\nfor Middle School and University Students\". Collaborators included the SC\nDepartment of Natural Resources, the Southeast Center of Ocean Science Education\nExcellence, and the Orangeburg National Fish Hatchery (2008-2009).\nParticipated on the Environment Technical Panel at a National Institute of Standards\nand Technology (NIST) meeting on accelerating innovation in biosciences (October,\n2008).\nIntroduced high school students from Lake Norman Charter High School\n(Huntersville, NC) to microbial water quality concepts during their visit to the Fort\nJohnson Campus in Charleston, SC. (December 9, 2008).\nPresented talk titled \"Enteric viruses in coastal waters\" at the Chesapeake Research\nConsortium Ecosystem-Based Management Conference (March, 2009).\nGuided instructors from the Marine Education and Nautical Training Academy\n(MANTA) about ship-board enumeration of fecal indicator bacteria using the\nmembrane filtration method that they then implemented for an educational cruise to\nthe British Virgin Islands (July, 2009).\nInformed teachers about microbial water quality and demonstrated standard methods\nfor enumeration of fecal indicator bacteria during a COSEE Coastal Legacy\nTeachers Workshop (June 17-18, 2009).\nPublications (2007 - 2009):\nGregory, JB, LF Webster, JF Griffith and JR Stewart. Improved detection and\nquantification of norovirus in water. In Internal NOAA Review.\nRodríguez, RA, DC Love, J Tajuba, JR Stewart, J Knee, JW Dickerson Jr., LF Webster,\nJC Chemla and MD Sobsey. The use of a rapid-CLAT, two-step enrichment and\nsingle agar layer assays for the detection of coliphages at two California Beaches. In\nInternal NOAA Review.\nRosario, K, EM Symonds, C Sinigalliano, J Stewart and M Breitbart. Pepper mild mottle\nvirus as an indicator of fecal pollution. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. In\nReview.\nBaker-Austin, C, JV McArthur, AH Lindell, MS Wright, RC Tuckfield, J Gooch, L\nWarner, J Oliver, R Stepanauskas (2009). Multi-site analysis reveals widespread\nantibiotic resistance in the marine pathogen Vibrio vulnificus. Microbial Ecology\n57:151-159.\n63","DiDonato, GT, JR Stewart, DM Sanger, BJ Robinson, BC Thompson, AF Holland and\nR Van Dolah (2009). Effects of changing land use on the microbial water quality of\ntidal creeks. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 58(1): 97-106.\nBaker-Austin, C, JV McArthur, RC Tuckfield, M Najarro, AH Lindell, J Gooch, R\nStepanauskas (2008). Antibiotic resistance in the shellfish pathogen Vibrio\nparahaemolyticus isolated from coastal water and sediment of Georgia and South\nCarolina, USA. Journal of Food Protection 71(12):2552-2558.\nStewart, JR, RJ Gast, RS Fujioka, HM Solo-Gabriele, JS Meschke, LA Amaral-Zettler,\nE Del Castillo, MF Polz, TK Collier, MS Strom, CD Sinigalliano, PDR Moeller and\nAF Holland (2008). The coastal environment and human health: Microbial\nindicators, pathogens, sentinels and reservoirs. Environmental Health. 7(Suppl 2):S3.\nKelsey, RH, LF Webster, DJ Kenny, JR Stewart and GI Scott (2008). Spatial and\ntemporal variability of ribotyping results at a small watershed in South Carolina.\nWater Research. 42(8-9):2220-8.\nKlopchin, J, JR Stewart, LF Webster and PA Sandifer (2008). Assessment of\nenvironmental impacts of a colony of free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macca mulatta)\non Morgan Island, South Carolina. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.\n137:301-313.\nSanger, D, A Blair, G DiDonato, T Washburn, S Jones, R Chapman, D Bergquist, G\nRiekerk, E Wirth, J Stewart, D White, L Vandiver, S White, D Whitall (2008).\nIntegrative Ecological Assessments of NOAA's National Estuarine Research\nReserves System, Volume I: The Impacts of Coastal Development on the Ecology\nand Human Well-being of Tidal Creek Ecosystems. NOAA Technical\nMemorandum. NOS NCCOS 82. 76 pp.\nSiewicki, TC, T Pullaro, W Pan, S McDaniel, R Glenn and J Stewart (2007). Models of\ntotal and presumed wildlife sources of fecal coliform bacteria in coastal ponds.\nJournal of Environmental Management. 82:120-132.\nStewart, JR, J Santo Domingo, and TJ Wade (2007). Fecal pollution, public health and\nmicrobial source tracking. Ch. 1 In: Microbial Source Tracking. J Santo Domingo\nand M Sadowsky (eds). American Society for Microbiology. Washington D.C. 32pp.\n64","Project Title: Sentinel Habitats Monitoring and Assessment\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator(s) and Affiliation(s): Denise Sanger (PI) - South\nCarolina Sea Grant Consortium; Derk Bergquist (co-PI) - South Carolina Department of\nNatural Resources (SCDNR); Bob Chapman (AI) - SCDNR; Ed Wirth (AI) - NOAA\nCenter for Coastal and Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research (CCEHBR);\nSusan Lovelace (AI) - Hollings Marine Laboratory (HML); Laura Webster (AI) -\nCCEHBR; Danna Wolf (AI) - HML; Anne Blair (AI) - NOAA Hollings Marine\nLaboratory (HML); George Riekerk (AI) - SCDNR.\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning System - Sentinel Species/Habitats\nNOAA Partnerships: The Sentinel Habitats Monitoring and Assessment project at the\nHollings Marine Laboratory Center of Excellence in Oceans and Human Health (OHH)\nis a NOAA partnership between HML and CCEHBR and a variety of state partners\nincluding SCSGC, SCDNR, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), College of\nCharleston, North Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR), the Sapelo\nIsland NERR in Georgia, the Weeks Bay NERR in Alabama, and Grand Bay NERR in\nMississippi. The project has been in existence since the Center was designated in 2004.\nTake-Home Message: The current rate and mode of coastal development is resulting in\ndetrimental effects on estuarine areas as evidenced by changes in tidal creeks that serve\nas a sentinel habitat. The changes in environmental quality of tidal creeks such as\nincreased pathogens, flooding, and economic impacts will ultimately affect human\nhealth and well-being. Characterizing the changes and the associated land use types will\nallow decision-makers to make land use choices that protect the health and safety of\ncoastal areas where people live, work and play.\nGeographic Scope: The Sentinel Habitats Monitoring and Assessment project is\ndesigned to inform regional-to-national level concerns for assessing the impacts of land\nbased activities on coastal ecosystems and the linkages with public health and well-\nbeing. This project is currently validating the conceptual model developed in the\nsoutheast (Southeast and Caribbean) in the Gulf of Mexico. This work is being\nconducted in partnership with the North Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve\n(NERR), the Sapelo Island NERR in Georgia, the Weeks Bay NERR in Alabama, and\nGrand Bay NERR in Mississippi. Ultimately the findings of this project are of national\ninterest.\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlight: A burgeoning U.S. coastal population and\nconcomitant development practices have resulted in degradation of critical coastal\necosystems. This project explores an important sentinel habitat, the tidal creek, for\nmonitoring and assessing the current status or impending changes in coastal ecosystems\nusing traditional and new technologies to evaluate ecosystem condition, animal health,\nand potential threats to public health and welfare. Characterizing the nature of this\nsentinel habitat began in South Carolina and has been validated regionally at the scale of\nthe southeastern U.S. The applicability of tidal creeks as sentinels of coastal impacts in\nthe northern Gulf of Mexico is currently being tested. Although analyses of the data are\ncontinuing, particularly at the regional scale, several findings are clear. First order or\n65","headwater portions of tidal creeks are more tightly linked with upland development\nindicators and generally have higher concentrations of pathogen indicators and chemical\ncontaminants compared to deeper (downstream) creeks. There is also an effect of the\nsurrounding land use, with forested ecosystems having lower pollutant (e.g., pathogen)\nlevels than comparable urbanized ones. In addition, an animal health genomic indicator\n(i.e., oysters) and characterization of ecosystem goods and services are proving to be\npromising tools for future research. By showing the impact of land alterations on\ncoastal ecosystems, these findings will be useful for local officials and land use\nplanners. For scientists or environmental managers, these results inform sample\ncollection strategies for monitoring efforts. Furthermore, these results are expected\nto\nrefine the tidal creek conceptual model that will serve as a template for future\nmonitoring and assessment (Figure 1).\nConceptual Model of Tidal Creek Watershed Linkages\nStressor\nExposure\nBiological\nSocietal\nResponse\nResponse\nCoastal\nPhysical-\nLiving\nHealth\nDevelopment\nChemical\nand\nResources\nActivities\nChanges\nImpacts\nWell Being\nIncreases\nAlters water quality\nReduces biological\nIncreases beach\npopulation density\nand hydrography\nproductivity\nand shellfish bed\nclosures\nAlters land cover\nIncreases microbial\nAlters food webs\ncontamination\nIncreases\nIncreases\nImpairs animal\nflooding\nimpervious surface\nIncreases chemical\nhealth\ncontamination\nIncreases public\nhealth risk and\neconomic impact\n10-20%\n20-30%\nBeing\nImpervious cover\nImpervious cover\ndetermined\nManagement Actions\nFigure 1. Conceptual model of the impacts of coastal development on tidal creeks.\nProducts and Services:\nDistributed NOAA Technical Report summarizing the regional tidal creek data\ncollected in 2005-2006 including the validation of the conceptual model and tidal\ncreek classification system in partnership with the National Estuarine Research\nReserve System.\nDeveloping web data visualization and data retrieval tools for dissemination of\nproject data to decision makers and the general public. Tools are currently being\ntested and will be available by 2010.\n66","Booklet published by S.C. Sea Grant Consortium and NOAA, titled \"Tidal Creek\nHabitats: Sentinels of Coastal Health\", has been distributed at numerous outreach\nevents and been accessed over 3200 times on the web and approximately 6,000\ncopies have been distributed. Booklet is designed for decision makers and the\ngeneral public. http://www.scseagrant.org/pdf_files/tidal_creeks_booklet.pdf\nContinued to test the stormwater runoff model developed from calibrations to the\nUnited States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service\n(USDA NRCS) Curve Number method. In addition to modeling the effects of\nurbanization on coastal tidal creek ecosystems, climate change is being modeled\nthrough changes in rainfall amounts. This model of stormwater dynamics plays a\ncritical part in our research to develop forecasting models for impacts of coastal\ndevelopment on coastal ecosystem condition and public health aspects.\nTidal creeks are used as a sentinel habitat and platform for demonstrating the\nsensitivity and dependability of \"new\" technologies developed by other HML\nOHH researchers.\nDevelopment of a conceptual model for evaluating environmental quality of\nheadwater tidal creeks to include additional habitats (e.g., deeper tidal creeks) and\nhuman health and well-being dimensions which will integrate ecological and human\nactivities.\nEnhance NOAA's capacity to design and implement the next generation of\nregional and national estuarine monitoring and assessment programs to include\necological and public health with an emphasis on developing biological\nmeasures.\nUndergraduate, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Training: 10 students\nOutreach:\nGeneral Activities\nDeveloping web data visualization and data retrieval tools for dissemination of\nproject data to decision makers and the general public. Tools are currently being\ntested.\nBooklet published by S.C. Sea Grant Consortium and NOAA, titled \"Tidal Creek\nHabitats: Sentinels of Coastal Health\", has been distributed at numerous outreach\nevents and been accessed over 3200 times on the web and approximately 6,000\nhard copies distributed.\nhttp://www.scseagrant.org/pdf_files/tidal_creeks_booklet.pdf\nResearch findings were used in Clemson University's Carolina Clear Program's\ndisplay at the Charleston Harbor Fest 2009 to highlight the linkages between\ncoastal development and environmental quality as well as to provide\nrecommendations for minimizing these impacts.\nGeneral Presentations and Outreach Efforts\nPresentation at the Center for Watershed Protection's Regional Coastal\nWatershed Institute, Sept. 2009.\nPresentation to the Bluffton Town Council, Aug. 2009.\n67","Presentation at the Georgia Sea Grant and Research Council workshop on coastal\ngrowth, Aug. 2009.\nPresentations at the Coastal Legacy workshops hosted by the Center for Ocean\nSciences Education Excellence SouthEast for K-12 educators, June 2008 and\n2009.\nPresentation to the Beaufort County Council, Beaufort, SC, June 2009.\nPresentation to Turkey Creek Watershed Initiative - 8th Cooperators' Meeting,\nSantee Experimental Forest Headquarter, SC, Feb. 2009.\nPresentation at the Charleston County Friends of the Library Seminar Series,\nCharleston, SC, Oct. 2008.\nScientific Meeting Presentations\nSouth Carolina Water Resources Conference, Three oral presentations, Oct.\n2008.\nBays & Bayous Symposium, Poster presentation, Biloxi, MS, Oct. 2008.\n24th Annual NERRA-NERRS Meeting, Poster presentation, Elkhorn Slough,\nCA, Nov. 2008\nCoastal Cities Conference, St. Petersburg, FL, Oral presentation, Nov. 2008.\nSociety of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Conference, Oral\npresentation, Tampa Bay, FL, Nov. 2008.\nSoutheastern Estuarine Research Society Conference, Oral presentation, Tampa\nBay, FL, Nov. 2008.\nUS Environmental Protection Agency Ecosystem Services Meeting, Oral\npresentation, Charleston, SC, Jan. 2009.\nSapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve Science Meeting, Oral\npresentation, Sapelo Island, GA, April 2009.\nSeminar for NOAA and EPA scientists, Hollings Marine Laboratory and via\nInternet, July 2009.\nEcological Society of America, Oral presentation, August 2009.\nMaster's thesis defense by Travis Washburn at College of Charleston Marine\nBiology Program.\nMaster's thesis defense by Sara Jones at College of Charleston Marine Biology\nProgram.\nPublications:\nChapman, W., A Mancia, M Beal, A Veloso, C Rathburn, A Blair, D Sanger,\nAF.Holland, GW Warr, G DiDonato. 2009. A Transcriptomic Analysis of Land\nUse Impacts on the Oyster, Crassostrea virginica, in the South Atlantic Bight.\nMolecular Ecology 18(11): 2415-2425.\nGarner, TR, JE Weinstein, DM Sanger. 2009. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon\nContamination in South Carolina Salt Marsh-Tidal Creek Systems: Relationships\namong Sediments, Biota, and Watershed Land Use. Archives of Environmental\nContamination and Toxicology 57(1): 103-115.\n68","Jones, SE 2008. Effects of Urbanization on Nekton Abundance and Food Web\nStructures in Southeastern Tidal Creeks. Masters Thesis, College of Charleston,\nCharleston, SC.\nWashburn, T 2008. The Macrobenthic Communities of Southeastern United States Tidal\nCreeks. Masters Thesis, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC.\nDiDonato, GT, JR Stewart, DM Sanger, BJ Robinson, BC Thompson, AF Holland, RF\nVan Dolah. 2008. Effects of Changing Land Use on the Microbial Water\nQuality of Tidal Creeks. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58(1): 97-106.\nSanger, D, A Blair, G DiDonato, T Washburn, S Jones, R Chapman, D Bergquist, G\nRiekerk, E Wirth, J Stewart, D White, L Vandiver, S White, D Whitall. 2008.\nSupport for Integrated Ecosystem Assessments of NOAA's National Estuarine\nResearch Reserves System (NERRS), Volume I: The Impacts of Coastal\nDevelopment on the Ecology and Human Well-being of Tidal Creek Ecosystems\nof the U.S. Southeast. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 82. 76 pp.\n(CHHR).\nWhite, DL, D Wolf, DE Porter, DM Sanger, GHM Riekerk, G DiDonato, AF Holland,\nand D Dabney. 2008. Development of a Data Management Framework in\nSupport of Southeastern Tidal Creek Research. Environmental Monitoring and\nAssessment 150:323-331.\nHolland, F and D Sanger. 2008. Tidal Creek Habitats: Sentinels of Coastal Health.\nBooklet prepared to highlight research outcomes and recommendations to local\nland use planners and the general public.\nPosters:\n1) Data management, data visualization tool, and data retrieval tool developed for this\nproject.\n2) \"Tidal Creek Habitats: Sentinels of Coastal Health\" booklet summary poster\ndesigned for decision makers and the general public.\nhttp://www.scseagrant.org/pdf_files/tidal_creeks_booklet.pdf\n3) Poster of the oyster microarray tool being developed and tested in conjunction with\nthe Sentinel Habitats Monitoring and Assessment project.\nSummary of calibration, validation, and application of the stormwater runoff\n4)\nmethods used to model runoff volume, rate, and time.\n5) A Hedonic Valuation of Tidal Creek Health Relative to Property Values.\n69","Project Title: Ecosystems, Dolphins and Human Health Linkages on the Georgia Coast\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator(s) and Affiliation(s)\nPrincipal Investigators:\nLori Schwacke- National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS)/Center for\nHuman Health Risk (CHHR)\nEd Wirth- NCCOS Center for Coastal and Environmental Health and Biomolecular\nResearch (CCEHBR)\nMike Fulton- NCCOS/CCEHBR\nAssociate Investigator:\nSylvain DeGuise - University of Connecticut\nPartners:\nJeff Hyland - INCCOS/CCEHBR\nEric Zolman - NCCOS/CCEHBR\nTeri Rowles - National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Marine Mammal Health and\nStranding Response Program (MMHSRP)\nBrian Balmer, Randy Wells - Chicago Zoological Society (CZS)\nDorset Hurley - Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve (SINERR)\nClay George - Georgia Department of Natural Resources\nJenny Litz -NMFS Southeast Fisheries Science Center\nLorrie Backer, Birgit Bolton - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning System - Sentinel Species/Habitats\nNOAA Partnerships: This project builds on prior sentinel habitat assessment (OHHI\nproject through Center of Excellence at HML) and ongoing sentinel species assessment\n(joint NMFS/NCCOS project through Center for Marine Animal Health) which were\nfocused on the Sapelo Island NERR and Brunswick, Georgia. In addition, it leverages\nwork being conducted by NCCOS in partnership with the NERRS, EPA and Georgia\nDNR to conduct an ecological assessment of the Sapelo Island NERR.\nTake-Home Message: Our coasts are part of an interconnected marine ecosystem;\npollutants from our coasts disperse through the system and may have long-lasting and\nwidespread impacts on the health of marine life as well as people who swim and\nconsume seafood from coastal waters. Recent NOAA research examined the presence of\nchemical contaminants in dolphins from Georgia estuaries and found concentrations of\nlegacy chemical contaminants much higher than ever previously measured in dolphins\nor other marine mammals along the U.S. coast. This project investigates the transport of\nthese contaminants through the food web to understand the health risks to coastal\ncommunities that rely on local waters for seafood and examines the effects of the\nexposures on dolphin health to better understand potential implications for human\nhealth.\nGeographic Scope: Focused on Southeast region. Relevant to other sentinel\nhabitat/species efforts, e.g. within other NERRs, for Gulf of Mexico sentinel species\nstudies of HAB impacts, and along the California coast where bottlenose dolphin health\nstudies are being initiated.\n70","Project Abstracts/Research Highlight: Recent studies of sentinel habitat (tidal creek)\nand a sentinel species (bottlenose dolphin) have shown high levels of chemical\ncontaminants in marine biota near Brunswick, Georgia - an area that is home to 4 EPA\nNational Priority List (NPL) sites. Contaminant concentrations in dolphin tissues\nsampled from the Turtle/Brunswick Estuary were some of the highest ever measured\nfrom the U.S. coast. Even more disturbing is that dolphins sampled from a National\nEstuarine Research Reserve (NERR) some 20 miles from the Brunwick area were also\nfound to have extremely high levels of contaminants, suggesting that the contamination\nhas not been limited to the immediate marsh areas surrounding the Brunswick NPL sites.\nThis study is investigating exposure sources and potential transport pathways that may\nbe spreading the contaminants through estuaries and coastal waters. This past summer, a\nvariety of recreational fish species that could serve as vectors of contaminants for both\ndolphin and humans, were sampled from the Turtle/Brunswick Estuary and from the\nSapelo Island NERR. The fish tissues are being analyzed for both legacy and emerging\nchemical contaminants as well for beneficial fatty acids to determine health\nbenefits/risks for nearby coastal communities which frequently consume local seafood.\nThe analysis will provide information for a complementary study being conducted by\nthe CDC to examine contaminant exposures for residents of Sapelo Island, as well as\nsupport a broader ecological assessment of the Sapelo Island NERR being conducted in\npartnership with EPA and the state of Georgia. In addition, fieldwork was conducted to\nevaluate the health of bottlenose dolphins within the same area to better understand links\nbetween the chemical contaminant exposure and adverse health (e.g., immune, hepatic,\nreproductive) impacts. Dolphins received radio telemetry tags and are being monitored\nby a network of remote receivers along an approximately 90-kilometer stretch of the\nGeorgia coast to correlate dolphin movement with measured tissue contaminant\nconcentrations, thus elucidating likely contaminant sources.\nFigure 1. A bottlenose dolphin \"tail-slaps\" in a creek near an industrialized area in Brunswick, Georgia.\nPhoto credit: Brian Balmer.\nProducts and Services:\nEcological assessment of Sapelo Island NERR (chemical contaminant component\nsupported by OHHI) to be completed in FY11.\n71","Risk/benefit analysis of seafood to be provided to state of Georgia and to CDC to\nsupport study of chemical contaminant exposures of coastal residents (pilot study on\nSapelo Island).\nInformation on adverse health impacts (immune, hepatic, and reproductive) in a\nsentinel marine mammal species related to chemical contaminants, and specifically\nAroclor 1268 - a unique PCB mixture for which few toxicological studies have been\nconducted. Information will be provided to state of Georgia, EPA, CDC and\nmultiple management groups within NOAA.\nPrototype low-cost remote radio receivers were successfully tested and were used to\nmonitor dolphin movements along 90 kilometer stretch of coast. Technology\nprovides method for inexpensive remote monitoring and will be provided for future\n(NOAA, academic, other) sentinel species tracking studies.\nUndergraduate, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Training: 2 doctoral students are being\ntrained.\nOutreach:\nSchwacke, L.H. and T.K Rowles. Ecosystems, Dolphins and Human Health:\nUnderstanding Linkages on the Georgia Coast. Brownbag seminar for\nNOAA/OCRM, February 3, 2009, Silver Spring.\nSchwacke, L.H., Kucklick, J.R., Zolman, E.S., Rosel, P.E., Guichard, A., George,\nR.C., Speakman, T.R., Lane, S.M., Balmer, B.C., Rowles, T.K., Bottlenose dolphins\n(Tursiops truncatus) reveal a hot spot for legacy polychorinated biphenyls (PCBs)\nand extended PCB source footprint on the U.S. mid-Atlantic coast. Oral presentation\nat the 18th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, Quebec,\nCanada, October, 2009.\nLane, S.M., B.C. Balmer, K. Sparks, T.R. Speakman, E.S. Zolman, R.C. George,\nL.H. Schwacke. Reproductive Outcomes for Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops\ntruncatus) Near a Highly Polluted Site Along the Georgia Coast, USA. Poster\npresentation at the 18th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals,\nQuebec, Canada, October, 2009.\nSchwacke, L.H. and T.K Rowles. Ecosystems, Dolphins and Human Health:\nUnderstanding Linkages on the Georgia Coast. Sapelo Island Integrated Ecosystem\nAssessment Symposium, April 2009, Sapelo Island, GA.\nPlanned presentation (Schwacke) at upcoming AAAS meeting session, \"Decoding\nthe Secret Pathologies of Dolphins: Significance for Human and Ocean Health\".\n72","OCEANS & HUMAN\nHEALTH INITIATIVE\nExternal Grants Program\n73","Project Title: OHHI 2005: Pseudo-nitzschia: Emerging HAB threat in the Gulf of\nMaine\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator(s) and Affiliation(s):\nDonald M. Anderson, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\nStephen S. Bates, Fisheries and Oceans Canada\nDeana L. Erdner, University of Texas Marine Science Institute\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning Systems - Seafood Safety, Sentinel\nSpecies/Habitats\nNOAA Partnerships: This project was afforded considerable support through the\nprovision of ship time by the NOAA National Center for Coastal Ocean Science\n(NCCOS). This agency supported the cost of the cruises during which samples for\nPseudo-nitzschia were taken from the Gulf of Maine. Additional samples from the Gulf\nof Maine for isolation purposes were also taken during several NOAA EcoMon cruises\non the RV Delaware II and RV Albatross in 2006, 2007 and 2008. These samples will\nprovide a map of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia abundances over this large region.\nIn 2007, we also established a collaboration with scientists from the Pacific Northwest\nCenter for Human Health and the Oceans (PNW H2O). Many of the projects at PNW\nH2O focus on Pseudo-nitzschia in northwestern coastal waters. Kate Hubbard, a student\nat the University of Washington/PNW H2O, participated in our August 08 research\ncruise, and collected samples for the analysis of Pseudo-nitzschia. We also collected\nsamples for her during the other three cruises conducted that summer. This collaboration\nbrings together scientists from the NOAA, NSF, and NIH Oceans and Human Health\nInitiatives, and will produce information that contribute to, and extend, both of our\nproject objectives.\nFinally, we established a collaboration with Luiz Mafra of the NRC, Canada, who has\nanalyzed samples for domoic acid with LC-MS, the gold standard for positively\nidentifying this toxin in seawater and shellfish samples. Dr. Mafra also assayed these\nsamples with a new HPLC technique, LC-UVD, which he has developed in the\nlaboratory of Mike Quilliam.\nTake-Home Message: The overall objective of this project is to systematically\ncharacterize the species composition, distribution, abundance, and toxicity of Pseudo-\nnitzschia diatoms in the Gulf of Maine, develop the tools, local expertise, and\nbackground understanding to respond to outbreaks, and provide an assessment of the\nrisk to human health from this important harmful algal bloom group. This is the first\nstudy of its type in the region, and the data and technology products resulting from this\nproject will benefit the shellfish harvesting industry, coastal managers responsible for\npublic health and seafood safety, and those responsible for ecosystem management.\nGeographic Scope: The geographic region under study is the Gulf of Maine in the\nnortheastern Atlantic. The Gulf of Maine spans the coastlines of Massachusetts, New\nHampshire, and Maine, as well as the southern coastline of New Brunswick and\n74","southern/western coastlines of Nova Scotia. This ecologically and economically\nimportant region includes the Bay of Fundy in the northern GOM, and also comprises\nthe Jordan, Wilkinson, and Georges Basins.\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlight: In July 2003, more than 20 whales were found\ndead near Georges Bank in the Gulf of Maine An investigation into the mass mortality\nconcluded that the whales likely died of domoic acid poisoning and plankton samples\nfrom nearby waters revealed multiple Pseudo-nitzschia diatom species, some known to\nproduce this toxin. Given the unprecedented nature of the mortality event, and the\npotential for serious human health and ecosystem impacts from domoic acid toxicity, we\ncommenced a field and laboratory study to characterize the biodiversity, taxonomy, and\ntoxicity of Pseudo-nitzschia diatoms in this region. Approximately 114 Pseudo-\nnitzschia strains were established from phytoplankton samples collected along shore by\nvolunteers, and during several research cruises in the Gulf of Maine from 2006-2008.\nThese cultures were screened for domoic acid production, and a subset of 36 strains was\nselected for identification using microscopy and DNA sequencing. Our analyses\nidentified nine Pseudo-nitzschia species, three of which were toxic and one of which\nwas a new record for the Gulf of Maine. We have recently developed DNA probes,\nwhich will be employed to analyze the distribution and abundance of toxic Pseudo-\nnitzschia in coastal and offshore waters of the Gulf of Maine using samples collected\nduring the project years. The data and technology products resulting from this project\nwill be used to assess the need for domoic acid toxin monitoring in coastal shellfish and\nwill directly benefit coastal managers responsible for seafood safety and ecosystem\nmanagement.\n75","Scanning electron micrograph of a highly toxic Pseudo-nitzschia seriata strain from the Gulf of Maine\nPhoto credit: Dr. James Ehrman, Mount Allison University, Canada\nProducts and Services:\nTools - The following tools are intended for use by the scientific and coastal resource\nmanagement communities:\nRegional maps of the distribution and abundance of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia\nspecies in the GOM from 2007-2008 (anticipated 2010).\nCharacterization - The following products are intended for use by the scientific and\ncoastal resource management communities:\nData collected during the research cruises were made available through\nhttp://science.whoi.edu/users/mcgillic/en437/\n.\nA collection of more than 40 Pseudo-nitzschia cultures from the northeast,\nincluding a variety of toxic strains.\nToxin analyses of multiple Pseudo-nitzschia isolates from the northeastern US\n(anticipated presentation at scientific meetings in 2009; publication in 2010).\nThe first data on the distribution of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia throughout the GOM\nregion (anticipated presentation at scientific meetings; publication in 2010).\n76","The ribosomal DNA sequences of our Pseudo-nitzschia isolates will be\ndeposited in the NCBI public sequence database, and will be publicly available\nto the scientific community (anticipated 2010).\nA comparison of DNA sequencing, light microscopy, and electron microscopy\nmethods for identification of Pseudo-nitzschia species (anticipated publication\nin 2010).\nTechnology: The following tools are intended for use by the scientific and coastal\nresource management communities:\nA direct comparison of multiple methods of domoic acid toxin detection,\nincluding two ELISA methods, FMOC-LC-FLD, LC-UVD, and LC-MS\n(anticipated publication in 2010).\nOligonucleotide probes (rDNA) specific to toxic local GOM Pseudo-nitzschia\nspecies, including P. seriata and the P. pseudodelicatissima complex (P.\npseudodelicatissima, P. cuspidata), and one non-toxic species, P. subpacifica\n(anticipated publication in 2010).\nInformation services: The following information services will be transferred to the\nshellfish management community for use in their monitoring programs.\nWhole cell protocol for detecting and quantifying Pseudo-nitzschia species using\nrDNA probes specific to local GOM Pseudo-nitzschia species (anticipated 2010).\nUndergraduate, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Training. A total of ten students have been\ninvolved and trained under the OHHI project \"Pseudo-nitzschia: Emerging HAB threat\nin the Gulf of Maine\". Below is a listing of the trainee names:\nPostdoctoral\nDr. Luciano F. Fernandes (WHOI Postdoctoral Scholar)\nDr. Junrong Liang (WHOI Guest investigator)\nDr. Mindy Richlen (WHOI Postdoctoral Investigator)\nDoctoral Students\nKate Hubbard (University of Washington)\nUndergraduate Students\nElizabeth Yranski (Northeastern University)\nLindsay Green (Northeastern University)\nDeborah Osborn (Bucknell University)\nEric Willard (Northeastern University)\nHannah Blossom (Northeastern University)\nClaire Ellis (University of Washington)\nOutreach: None\nPublic presentations:\n77","D.M. Kulis, Invited talk, \"Introduction to HABs and The 2005 New England Red Tide\",\nMass Audubon, Wellfleet Bay Wildlife Sanctuary, Eastham, MA (10/05)\nD.M. Kulis, Invited talk, \"Pseudo-nitzschia: Emerging HAB threat in the Gulf of\nMaine\", Maine Phytoplankton Monitoring Program 2006 Spring Training\nWorkshop, Univ. of Maine, Walpole, ME (04/06)\nD.M. Anderson, Invited talk, \"The expanding problem of harmful algal blooms and red\ntides\", Ocean Explorium, New Bedford, MA (09/08)\nD.M. Anderson, Invited talk, \"The global problem of harmful algal blooms:\nmultidisciplinary approaches to research, monitoring and management\", First\nMeeting of the Regional Task Force on Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and Related\nMarine Mortality in the ROPME Sea Area, Kuwait. (01/09)\nD.M. Anderson, Invited talk, \"Managing Toxic Algal Blooms in the Gulf of Maine\",\nEcosystem Research and Coastal Management: Making the Connection at the\nRegional Scale\", NOAA Science Center, Silver Spring, MD (05/09)\nL. Fernandes, Invited talk, \"Toxic Diatom Pseudo-nitzschia in Gulf of Maine Waters:\nTaxonomy, Ecology and Molecular Probes\", WHOI Biology Departmental Seminar\n(10/08)\nPoster presentations:\nMcCauley, L.A.R., K. Libera, D.M. Kulis, D.L. Erdner, H. Blossom, D. Osborn, E.\nYranski, L. Green, E. Willard and D.M. Anderson. \"A Study of Pseudo-nitzschia in\nthe Gulf of Maine: Diversity and Toxicity,\" U.S. Harmful Algal Bloom Symposium\nin Woods, Hole, MA in October 2007.\nPublications:\nMafra, L. Jr., C. Léger, S.S. Bates, and M.A. Quilliam. 2009. Analysis of trace levels of\ndomoic acid in seawater and plankton by liquid chromatography without\nderivatization, using UV or mass spectrometry detection. J. Chromatogr. A 1216:\n6003-6011.\nPosters:\n1) Biodiversity and phylogeny of Pseudo-nitzschia diatoms in the Gulf of Maine\nMindy L. Richlen¹, Luciano F. Fernandes David Kulis1, , Deana L. Erdner2,\nStephen S. Bates3, James Ehrman4, Linda A.R. McCauley Katie Libera¹,\nJunrong Liang5, Donald M. Anderson\n1\nWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA\n2\nUniversity of Texas Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA\n3\nFisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, P.O. Box 5030, Moncton,\nNB, Canada E1C 9B6\n4\nBiology Department, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G7,\nCanada\n5\nXiamen University, 61005 Fujian Province, P. R. China\nThis poster will present the results of phylogenetic analysis of the Pseudo-nitzschia\nstrains we established from phytoplankton samples collected in the Gulf of Maine.\n78","Project Title: Human Pathogens in Shellfish Harvesting Waters: Relating Climate,\nWater Quality and Disease Outcomes\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator(s) and Affiliation(s): Erin K. Lipp (PI) -\nUniversity of Georgia; Dana Cole (co-PI) - GA Div. of Public Health & University of\nGeorgia; Susan Lance (co-PI) - GA Div. of Public Health; Dominic Guadolgnoli\n(collaborator) - GA Dept. of Natural Resources; Jan Vinjé (collaborator) - Centers for\nDisease Control and Prevention\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning System - Sentinel Species and Habitats\nNOAA Partnerships: None\nTake-Home Message: Insights in the natural history and ecology of human microbial\npathogens in biotic estuarine reservoirs are providing critical information needed to\ndevelop region and ecosystem-specific estimates of public health in coastal waters.\nSpecifically, we have examined the role of plankton as a common reservoir for both\nnative pathogens (i.e., Vibrio spp.) and enteric pathogens, including human viruses and\nfecal indicator bacteria. This information provides both critical information on the fate\nand persistence of important human pathogens in recreational and shellfish harvesting\nwaters but also improves our ability to predict exposure pathways and better protect\npublic health.\nGeographic Scope: South Atlantic Bight/Coastal Georgia; NOAA Region: Southeast &\nCaribbean; collaborating with Florida (Gulf of Mexico) on clinical data related to Vibrio\ninfections.\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlight: In this project we examined how human\npathogenic microbes interact in the complex estuarine environment under different\nseasonal and climatic conditions, how those interactions ultimately affect their fate and\nfinally how such interactions impacts how exposure to humans can be better determined.\nWe explored the role of plankton as a defined niche for a suite of microbial pathogens,\nboth native and sewage-associated. We hypothesized that the high level of surface area\nrepresented by plankton would present a natural zone for microbial accumulation\nincluding enteric pathogens, in general, and that the specific composition of the plankton\ncommunity would influence population dynamics of Vibrio spp., in particular. Water\nand plankton were sampled from stations along the coast of Georgia and analyzed for\ntotal vibrios, V. cholerae, V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus, noroviruses\n(Genogroups I and II) and fecal indicator bacteria. Vibrio spp. were highly concentrated\nin the plankton fractions relative to the water column, where concentrations were\nenriched by up to 5 orders of magnitude especially as temperatures exceeded 25° C.\nAnalysis of plankton composition and relative abundance indicated copepods (>200 um)\nwere the only plankton type that exhibited a strong positive associations with vibrios,\nwhile decapods 200 um), diatoms (63-200 um) and copepods (63 - 200 um) were\nall negatively associated with vibrios. In addition to vibrios, fecal indicator bacteria,\nespecially enterococci, and noroviruses were concentrated in the plankton relative to the\nwater column. Norovirus was found at levels reaching 10 genomes g -1 of wet plankton\n(Graphic below). While this project started with the aim of expanding our understanding\n79","of the known relationship between Vibrio spp. and plankton our results suggest that\nmicrobial associations among these phytoplankton and zooplankton groups may be a\ngeneral phenomenon. It also suggests that plankton may provide critical refuge for many\nenteric microbes in an estuarine setting and thus enhance persistence and increase\nchances for human exposure.\n1.0x1020\n40\nOysters\nplankton 63 200 um\nWater\nplankton >200 um\n1.0x1015.\n30\n1.0x1010-\n20\n1.0x10°5\n10\n1.0x1000\n0\nCollection Date\nFigure 1. Total Norovirus load (genogroups I and II, combined) by month, showing the sum contribution\nfrom each sample type, and water temperature ( ) (no samples were collected in Aug 2007) (Gentry et al.\n2009).\nProducts and Services:\nCharacterization of Georgia's shellfish harvesting water quality with regard to key\npathogens. Information is being shared with the GA Dept. of Natural Resources\nshellfish and water quality divisions.\nCharacterization of the distribution of bacterial and viral pathogens among potential\nestuarine reservoirs.\nNew information on disease outcomes in Georgia's coastal community based on\nanalysis of hospital discharge data in addition to reportable diseases and cases.\nNew method for the rapid and quantitative detection of noroviruses from oysters\nUndergraduate, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Training: To date this project has funded 2\nundergraduate students for summer internships; 4 master's students and one PhD student\nwere funded entirely by this grant.\nOutreach: We have briefed the GA commercial shellfish harvesters on our research and\nwill work with this group in our risk assessment/exposure assessment. New curriculum\nhas been developed within the Dept. of Environmental Health Science, which includes\ngraduate level courses in marine pollution microbiology and oceans and human health.\nPublications:\nTobin-D'Angleo, M., S. Thomas, D. Cole and J. Turner. 2007. Vibrio in Georgia.\nGeorgia Epidemiology Report 23(7): 1-3.\n80","Gentry, J.B., J. Vinjé, D. Guadognoli and E.K. Lipp. 2009. Norovirus distribution within\nan estuarine environment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75 (17): 5474 -\n5480. DOI:10.1128/AEM.00111-09\nGentry, J.B., J. Vinjé and E.K. Lipp. 2009. Rapid and Efficient Quantitation of\nGenogroups I and II Norovirus from Oysters and Other Complex Environmental\nSamples. Journal of Virological Methods 156: 58 - 65.\nTurner, J.W., B. Good, D. Cole and E.K. Lipp. 2009. Environmental factors affect the\nstatus of plankton as a reservoir for Vibrio species. The ISME (International Society\nfor Microbial Ecology) Journal. In Press. DOI:10.1038/ismej.2009.50\nPosters:\n1) Reservoirs of the CTX gene in a Non-Cholera Endemic Coastal Area. L. Mayalil,\nJ.W. Turner, E.K. Lipp\n2) Distribution of the Fecal Indicator Bacteria, Enterococci, within Natural Estuarine\nPlankton Communities and the Water Column. B. Mote, E.K. Lipp\n81","Project Title: OHHI: Predicting Pathogen Fate in the Great Lakes Coastal\nEnvironment\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator(s) and Affiliation(s):\nSandra McLellan (PI) - Great Lakes WATER Institute, University of Wisconsin-\nMilwaukee (UWM); J. Val Klump (Co-PI) - Great Lakes WATER Institute, UWM;\nHector Bravo (Co-PI) - Mechanical and Civil Engineering, UWM; Mark Borchardt\n(Investigator); Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Marshfield Clinic Research\nFoundation\nOHHI Program Element: OHHI Externals Grants\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning System - Beach Management and Drinking\nWater Safety\nNOAA Partnerships: This project is in collaboration with David Schwab, Great Lakes\nEnvironmental Research Laboratory (GLERL), and The Center of Excellence for Great\nLakes and Human Health (CEGLHH) for development of the pathogen model.\nTake-Home Message: The Great Lakes encompass over 10,000 miles of coastline and\nare a resource for drinking water, recreation and tourism for over 40 million people.\nSewage overflows are a major source of pathogens to the Great Lakes. We have\ndeveloped better indicators to detect sewage pollution in contaminated water and a\nhydrodynamic model that can predict where pathogens are distributed in the nearshore\nparticularly in respect to beaches and drinking water sources.\nGeographic Scope: Great Lakes Region - The Great Lakes encompass over 10,000\nmiles of coastline and are a freshwater resource for drinking water, recreation and\ntourism for over 40 million people. Sewage overflows are a serious public health threat\nin the Great Lakes. The EPA has estimated that 850 billion gallons of combined\nstormwater and sewage from older cities is discharged into the nation's surface waters\neach year. Almost one fifth of these communities are in the Great Lakes. This pollution\ncontains human pathogens that can potentially impacts drinking water intakes and the\nmore than 500 beaches within the US boundaries. Our study site is the nearshore waters\n(0-20 km) of Lake Michigan adjacent to the Milwaukee Harbor, an area heavily\nimpacted by drainage from the Milwaukee River Basin, which encompasses 850 square\nmiles of rural, suburban and urbanized watersheds. The city of Milwaukee has one of the\nhighest population densities on Lake Michigan and is characteristic of urban coastal\necosystems across the Great Lakes. Therefore, this area is an excellent study site to\nobserve the impacts of pollution from multiple types of land use, resulting in polluted\nrunoff that can adversely impact drinking water supplies, recreational waters, and the\ncoastal environment.\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlights: Our project coupled hydrodynamic modeling\nand particle distribution studies with molecular detection methods to predict pathogen\nfate in the Great Lakes. Our research has shown indicators of human sources of fecal\npollution and viruses, including adenovirus, norovirus, enterovirus, and Hepatitis A, are\npresent at detectable levels following rain events that introduce only stormwater, as well\nas combined sewage into Lake Michigan. This demonstrates that failing sewer\n82","infrastructure may be as important of a source of sewage contamination as combined\nsewer overflows, which occur when the capacity of the system is exceeded. Pollution\nplumes are rapidly diluted once they extend more than 2.5 km offshore, however\nevidence of fecal pollution can be found using molecular methods as far as 8-10 km into\nopen waters. Fecal indicator bacteria within the plume were found to be attached to\nsmall particles ranging from 10-30 um. Clostridium perfringens, a spore forming gut\nbacterium, was found to accumulate to high levels in sediment traps, which\ndemonstrates that sediments may serve as long term reservoirs for commensal bacteria\nand pathogens. Hydrodynamic modeling demonstrated that both wind vectors and\nwhole lake circulation drive currents and therefore plume dynamics. The boundary\nconditions are integrated with NOAA whole lake model maintained by GLERL. The\nfrequency and intensity of storms is expected to increase in the Great Lakes Region in\nfuture years, which would increase pathogen loads carried by stormwater runoff and\ncombined sewer overflows. This work will be important for water resource managers,\nregulatory agencies, and urban planners SO that they may implement strategies for\nminimizing pathogen inputs into the Great Lakes.\n47'420\"W\n87'66'1\"W\n87'520\"W\n87'600°W\n87:45:07W\n87'46'0\"W\nN\nLegend\n401207\nMMSD Near Shore\nMMSD South Shore\nMMSD Outer Harbor\nxy_rot_t\nWATER Institute\nbreakwall\nshoreline\nBathymetry\nDepth (meters)\n0-5\n5-10\n10-15\n15-20\n20-25\n25-30\n30-35\n35-40\n40-45\n-42:58 0\"N\n45.50\n50-55\n55-60\n60-65\n65-70\nMiles\n19.3\n8715201W\n8/ 3/2005 12Z\nFigure 1. A. Modeling domain and bathymetry. B. Simulated surface water temperature\non August 3, 2005 at 12 noon\n83","Products and Services:\nPathogen model: The model is running on real time in \"nowcast\" mode and is\navailable at the website hhttp://bravo-ws.glwi.uwm.edu/index-new.html._This model\nmay be used by water resource planners, regulator agencies, and will be useful for\nprediction of adverse outcomes due to climate change.\nAlternative indicators of fecal pollution. We have found that Clostridium\nperfringens is a long-lived indicator in Lake Michigan and useful for evaluating\nlong term reservoirs of pathogens. Further, this work has identified several\ncandidates for alternative indicators that will differentiate human sources of fecal\npollution (e.g. sewage) from non-human sources.\nOutreach: The Principal Investigators are members of several water resource planning\ncommittees including the Southeastern Watersheds Trust and the Wisconsin Initiative on\nClimate Change Impacts. In addition, they advise local and regional government\nagencies, including the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, the Southeastern\nRegional Planning Commission, and the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewage District\nthrough informal discussions, presentations, participation in workshops and panels, and\ndistribution of technical memos. The PIs have given more than 20 media interviews and\nhave presented at five public meeting. Research findings and media highlights can be\nfound at www.glwi.uwm.edu/ecoli,\nStudents:\nSabrina-Mueller Spitz (Post-Doc) - Great Lakes WATER Institute, UW-Milwaukee\nMarcia Silva (Ph.D. Student)- Great Lakes WATER Institute, UW-Milwaukee\nPeter Shedivy (Masters 2007) - Civil Engineering and Mechanics, UW-Milwaukee\nDharmesh Purohit, (M.S. 2009) - Civil Engineering and Mechanics, UW-Milwaukee\nPublications:\nMcLellan, S.L., S.M. Huse, S.R. Mueller-Spitz, E.N. Andreishcheva, and M.L. Sogin.\nDiversity and population structure of sewage derived microorganisms in wastewater\ntreatment plant influent. (Environ. Microbiol. In press)\nKinzelman, JL, SL McLellan. Success of Science-based Best Management Practices in\nReducing Swimming Bans - A Case Study from Racine, Wisconsin, USA. Aquatic\nEcosystem Health and Management (in press)\nMueller-Spitz SR, LB Stewart, JV Klump and SL McLellan. Freshwater suspended\nsediments and sewage are reservoirs for enterotoxin positive Clostridium perfringens\n(submitted).\nGenetic diversity of Clostridium perfringens isolates from m-CP method. S.R. Mueller-\nSpitz, L.B. Stewart, and S.L. McLellan. (submitted).\nBravo, H.R. and Shedivy, P.N, 2008. Hydrodynamic and transport model for the Lake\nMichigan coast around Milwaukee. J of Hydrology (submitted)\nMueller-Spitz and SL McLellan. 2009. Temporal and spatial variability in nearshore\nbacterioplankton communities of Lake Michigan. FEMS Microbial Ecology 67: 511-\n522.\n84","Gorelick, M. H., D. Wagner, S. L. McLellan. 2008. Development and validation of a\nself-administered questionnaire to measure water exposures in children. Ambul\nPediatr. 8:388-91.\nConsi, T. R., T. F. Hansen, and J. V. Klump. 2007. GLUCOS: The Great Lakes Urban\nCoastal Observing System: A radio-linked buoy network for real-time monitoring of\nwater quality in an urban freshwater coastal zone. Sea Technology 48(9): 39-43.\nPatz, J.A., S.J. Vavrus C.K. Uejio, S.L. McLellan. 2008. Climate Change and\nWaterborne Disease risk in the Great Lakes region of the U.S.. Am J Prev Med.\n35(5):451-8.\nMcLellan SL, ET Hollis, MM Depas, M Van Dyke, J Harris, and CO Scopel. 2007.\nDistribution and fate of Escherichia coli in Lake Michigan following contamination\nwith urban stormwater and combined sewer overflows. J Great Lakes Res. 33:566-\n580.\nPresentations and Abstracts:\nSilva, M., F. Schlenker, S. Bingham, J. Chepp and D. Cox. Application of an automatic\nevent-controlled sampler for biological analysis and monitoring: studies on plume\ntracking in Milwaukee Harbor, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Oceans 2009 October 26-29,\n2009, Biloxi, Mississippi (submitted)\nVandeWalle, J.L., S.R. Mueller-Spitz, S.M. Huse, K. Andreishcheva, M.L. Sogin, and\nMcLellan. Acinetobacter spp., Aeromonas spp., Trichococcus spp.,\nS.L.\nArcobacter spp., and unclassified Fusobacteriales are potential molecular markers of\nsewage contamination. American Society of Microbiology 109th Ann. Meeting, May\n16-21, 2009, Philadelphia, PA.\nMueller-Spitz, S.R., S. M. Huse, K. Andreishcheva, M. L. Sogin, S. L. McLellan.\nClostridiales as Indicators of Human Sewage. American Society of Microbiology\n109th Annual Meeting, May 17-21, 2009, Philadelphia, PA.\nDrayna, P., S.L. McLellan, S. Stanhope, P. Simpson, S. Li, M.H. Gorelick. Association\nbetween rainfall and pediatric emergency department visits for acute gastrointestinal\nillness (AGI). Pediatric Academic Societies annual meeting in May 2009.\nMcLellan, S.L., N. Malet, E.A. Sauer, S.R. Mueller-Spitz, M. Borchardt. Detection of\nHuman Sewage in Urban Stormwater Using DNA Based Methods and Stable Isotope\nAnalysis. (Invited) American Geophysical Union. December 15-19, 2008. San\nFrancisco, CA.\nMalet, N., S.L. McLellan. Integration of C and N stable isotopic signatures and\nmicrobiological water quality parameters. Joint European Stable Isotope User\nMeeting. August 31- September 5, 2008. Peninsula of Giens, France\nMcLellan, S.L., S.R. Mueller-Spitz, J.L. VandeWalle, C. Holmes, S.M. Huse, and M.L.\nSogin. 2008. Diversity and population structure of sewage derived microorganisms.\nGordon Research Conference, Oceans and Human Health, June 29- July 4, 2008,\nTilton, NH.\nConsi, T.R, G. Anderson, G. Barske, H. Bootsma, T. Hansen, J. Janssen, V. Klump, R.\nPaddock, D. Szmania, K. Verhein and J. T. Waples. Real Time Observation of the\nThermal Bar and Spring Stratification of Lake Michigan with the GLUCOS Coastal\nObservatory. Oceans 2008.\n85","Carlson C.M., S.R. Mueller-Spitz, and S.L. McLellan. 2008. Cultivation and\ncharacterization of freshwater Actinobacteria from nearshore waters of Lake\nMichigan. American Society of Microbiology 108th Annual Meeting, June 1-5, 2008,\nBoston, MA.\nVandeWalle J.L., M.L. Sogin, C. Holmes, S.M. Huse, S.R. Mueller-Spitz, and Sandra L.\nMcLellan. 2008. Microbial community profiling of sewage using high throughput\npyrosequencing. American Society of Microbiology 108th Annual Meeting, June 1-5,\n2008, Boston, MA.\nMueller-Spitz S.R., and S.L. McLellan. 2008. Characterizing Pollution Plume Dynamics\nUsing Clostridium perfringens Distribution and Molecular Diversity. Ocean Sciences\nMeeting, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Orlando, FL. (Oral)\nMcLellan, S.L. and E. Alm. Microbial community analysis of public and natural beaches\non Lake Michigan: The link between diversity and healthy beaches. Society of\nToxicology and Chemistry North America 28th Annual Meeting. November 11-15,\n2007, Milwaukee, WI.\nMcLellan, S.L., J.V. Klump, H.R. Bravo. Predicting Pathogen Fate in the Great Lakes\nenvironment. Oceans and Human Health PI Meeting, October 21-24, 2007\nMuskegon, MI.\nMueller-Spitz S.R., and S.L. McLellan. 2007. Nearshore Bacterial Community\nDynamics from Lake Michigan Strata. FIBR Interdisciplinary Workshop, Do species\nmatter in microbial communities?, July 30-August 1, 2007, Bozeman, MT.\nMueller-Spitz S.R. and S.L. McLellan. 2007. Clostridium perfringens, the last fecal\nmarker standing in Lake Michigan. International Association of Great Lakes\nResearch. May 28- June 1, 2007, University Park, PA.\nMueller-Spitz S.R., and S.L. McLellan. 2007. Actinobacteria Populations Dominate\nBacterioplankton Communities of Lake Michigan. American Society of\nMicrobiology Annual Meeting, May 21-25, 2007, Toronto, Canada.\nMalet N, H Bootsma, and SL McLellan. Utilization of Quagga mussel (Dreissena\nbugensis) and stable isotopes as a bioindicator of pollution effluents. ASLO Aquatic\nSciences Meeting February 4-9, 2007 Santa Fe, NM.\nMueller-Spitz S, JV Klump, and SL McLellan. Distribution of particle attached fecal\nindicator bacteria in Lake Michigan following storm events. ASLO Aquatic Sciences\nMeeting February 4-9, 2007, Santa Fe, NM.\nShedivy, P.N., H.R. Bravo, S.L McLellan, J.V. Klump and S.M. Spitz, 2007.\nHydrodynamic model of Lake Michigan coast around Milwaukee. Poster presented at\nthe NOAA OHHI PIs Meeting, Muskegon, MI, 22-24 October.\nBravo, H.R. and Shedivy, P.N, 2008. Hydrodynamic and transport model for the Lake\nMichigan coast around Milwaukee, Proceedings of the ASCE World Environmental\n& Water Resources Congress, Honolulu, Hawaii, May 12-16.\nShedivy, P.N., 2007. Hydrodynamic model of Lake Michigan coast around Milwaukee.\nThesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MS in\nEngineering at University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.\nShedivy, P. N. and Bravo, H.R., 2007. Computational grid generation for modeling\ntransport of pathogens in Lake Michigan. Proceedings of the 2007 ESRI Survey &\nEngineering GIS Summit, San Diego, CA,\nhttp://gis.esri.com/library/userconf/survey07/ssummit/papers/pap_1530.pdf.\n86","T.R. Consi, G. Barske, H. Bootsma, T. Hansen, J. Janssen, J. Kipp, V. Klump, R.\nPaddock, D. Szmania and J. T. Waples. 2007. The Great Lakes Urban Coastal\nObserving System (GLUCOS): Results of First Deployments in Coastal Lake\nMichigan. Oceans 2007, Vancouver B.C., Canada.\nBaumann, M. 2007. Be-7, Pb-210 and sediment movement along the Milwaukee River\nBasin. REU presentation and poster (J. Val Klump mentor). 10 Aug. 2007, Great\nLakes WATER Institute.\nPosters:\n1) Predicting Pathogen Fate in the Great Lakes Environment. This poster will highlight\nthe research findings from our three-year project and will include investigation of\nalternative indicators, particle studies, and hydrodynamic modeling.\n87","Project Title: Bird and Marine Mammal Emerging Zoonoses\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator(s) and Affiliation(s):\nMichael Moore and Rebecca Gast, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI)\nCo PI's: Andrea Bogomolni (WHOI); Mark Pokras, Julie Ellis, Flo Tseng, Tufts\nUniversity Cummings School of Vet. Med.; Rogers Williams, NOAA NESFSC, Woods\nHole, MA; Katie Touhey, International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW)\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning Systems - Sentinel Species/Habitats\nNOAA Partnerships: NOAA Fisheries Observer Program\nTake-Home Message: This project has substantially enhanced the intensity of our\nmicrobiological screening of routine necropsy cases. The adage of 'look and you will\nfind' has certainly been borne out in these results. Thus publication of our findings\nraises the awareness of zoonotic risk to all personnel who interact professionally or\naccidentally with marine mammals and sea birds. As we undertake an in depth analysis\nof the emergent patterns from our data, new perspectives on the management and\ninvestigation of coastal zoonoses will also result. The project has also developed a useful\nbaseline for avian influenza prevalence (absence in large part) in addition to other agents\nin the target species with the US Northeast coast.\nGeographic Scope: North Atlantic Region\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlight: There is growing concern regarding marine\nmammals and seabirds as both victims and vectors of disease agents. Human\ninteractions with seals, dolphins, whales and seabirds occur both directly and indirectly.\nThis project has investigated the occurrence of bacterial and protistan zoonotic\npathogens in whales, dolphins, porpoises, seals and shorebirds in coastal New England.\nWhile tissue samples come from stranded or by-caught individuals, fecal samples have\nbeen obtained from live and putatively healthy gulls and seals as well. Giardia and\nBrucella were the two pathogens most often detected, although Cryptosporidium was\nalso detected. Bacterial cultures have yielded a collection of organisms that cause\ndiseases including septicemia, meningitis, gastroenteritis, bacteremia, and pneumonia.\nAntibiotic resistance has also been detected in more than half of the bacterial isolates of\nclinical interest, with a significant number showing multiple resistance to antibiotics\nused in the treatment of both humans and animals. The presence of these pathogens and\ndrug resistant bacteria indicates that even open ocean marine animals are exposed to and\npotentially harbor these organisms.\n88","% Giardia\n% Cryptosporidium\n% Brucella\nAnimal\nN*\nType\nspp.\nspp.\nspp.\nLive\nbird\n84\n16 (5/31)\n3 (2)\n23 (22)\nseal\n95\n10 (4/40)\n41 (14)\nStranded\nbird\n34\n12 (3/25)\n0\nseal\n12\n16 (1/6)\n25 (3)\n58 (7)\ndolphin\n19\n9 (1/11)\n0\n42 (8)\n0\nporpoise\n1\n100 (1/1)\n0\nwhale\n7\n20 (1/5)\n0\n29 (2)\n25 (1)\nBycaught\nbird\n4\n0\n0\nfish\n10\n100 (1/1)\n0\n0\n15 (2)\n38 (5)\nseal\n13\n25 (1/4)\n50 (1)\ndolphin\n2\n100 (2/2)\n0\nporpoise\n7\n40 (2/5)\n14 (1)\n0\n*N= number of animals sampled. Numbers in parenthesis represent number animals\npositive out of number tested.\nFigure 1: Prevalence (as percentage) of target zoonoses assayed for PCR screen\ncompared between live, stranded and bycaught marine vertebrates.\nProducts and Services: Through the publication of several papers resulting from the\nproject we have improved characterization of the presence of particular zoonotic\npathogens and antibiotic resistant bacteria in marine animals of the Northeast US.\nUndergraduate, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Training: At least 2 undergraduate students,\n1 graduate student and 2 postdoctoral investigators have been involved in aspects of this\nproject. One technician has returned to graduate school and is now a NOAA OHH\nTrainee at University of Connecticut.\nOutreach: We have given multiple presentations regarding the results from our project.\nThese have been at scientific meetings such as the American Society for Limnology and\nOceanography, AAAS, the American Society for Microbiology and the International\nMarine Conservation Congress, as well as non-scientific gatherings such as institution\n(WHOI) development/trustee gatherings and interactions with local marine mammal\ngroups. We have also been involved in workshops, such as CSI- Marine mammals\" a\ntwo day workshop for high school students on the anatomy of marine mammals and the\nquestions we ask at a necropsy, and collaborated on setting up a necropsy facility,\nsampling and protocol development at Hawaii Pacific University.\nNOAA NEFSC Observer Program- Presentation for observer program coordinators and\nNOAA observers- Emerging zoonosis in marine mammals and sea birds of the NE US.\nOctober 18th 2006.\n89","Publications:\nBogomolni A, Gast R, Ellis J, Dennett M, Pugliares K, Lentell B, Moore M (2008)\nVictims or vectors: a survey of vertebrate zoonoses from coastal waters of the\nNorthwest Atlantic. Diseases Aquatic Organisms 81:31-38\nBogomolni AL, Pugliares KR, Patchett K, Herzig SM, Harry CT, LaRocque JM, Touhey\nKM, Moore MJ (2009) Mortality Trends of Stranded Marine Mammals on Cape Cod\nand Southeastern Massachusetts between 2000-2006. Diseases of Aquatic\nOrganisms Accepted with revision\nLasek-Nesselquist E, Bogomolni A, Gast R, Mark Welch D, Ellis J, Sogin ML, Moore\nM (2008) Molecular characterization of Giardia intestinalis haplotypes in marine\nanimals: variation and zoonotic potential. Diseases Aquatic Organisms 81:31-51\nMoore MJ, Bogomolni AL, Dennison SE, Early G, Garner MM, Hayward BA, Lentell\nBJ, Rotstein DS (2009) Gas bubbles in seals, dolphins and porpoises entangled and\ndrowned at depth in gill nets. Veterinary Pathology doi:10.1354/vp.08-VP-0065-M-\nFL\nMoore MJ, Gast RJ, Bogomolni AL (2008) Marine vertebrate zoonoses: an overview of\nthe DAO Special Issue. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 81:1-3\nRose J, Gast R, Bogomolni A, Ellis J, Lentell B, Touhey K, Moore M (2009)\nOccurrence and patterns of antibiotic resistance in vertebrates off the Northeastern\nUnited States coast. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 67:421-431\nPosters:\n1) Zoonotic Pathogens in Marine Vertebrates of the Coastal Northeast U.S.\n90","Project Title: Safety of Seafood and Detection of Emerging Parasitic Threats\nPrincipal Investigator and Affiliation: Robin M. Overstreet, PhD, Department of\nCoastal Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS 39564\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning systems - Seafood Safety\nNOAA and other Governmental Partnerships:\n1) NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center,\nPascagoula, Mississippi. Mark Grace, through 7/31/2011; we participate as research\nscientists aboard annual cruises on NOAA vessels that target 1) groundfish, 2)\ndeepwater pelagic fishes, and 3) longline captured fishes.\n2) NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center,\nNewport, Oregon. Kym Jacobson, through 7/31/2011; we will identify, describe, and\nsequence select Pacific Ocean ascaridoid nematodes and perhaps other parasites from\nsalmonids, engraulids, and other fishes as well as collaborate on resulting manuscripts.\n3) NOAA, NMFS National Seafood Inspection Laboratory, Pascagoula, Mississippi. E.\nSpencer Garrett, through 7/31/2011; we identify specimens for the Laboratory and share\ninformation about agents in seafood products.\n4) NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service. Blue Crab Advanced Research\nConsortium Subaward SC03527583B of NA07NMF4570341, CFDA No. 11.457,\nUniversity of Maryland Biotechnology Institute and The University of Southern\nMississippi, through 30 November 2009.\n5) Public Health Service, US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Food Safety,\nCollege Park, Maryland. William R. Jones and Clarke Beaudry, through 7/31/2011; we\nshare information about parasitic agents in seafood products.\n6) Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and\nPrevention, National Center for Zoonotic Vector-borne, and Enteric Diseases, Atlanta,\nGeorgia. Mark Eberhard, through 7/31/2011; we will test some of CDC unpublished\nprimers for PCR detection of specific nematode infections.\n7) U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service, Stuttgart National\nAquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, Arkansas, Andrew Mitchell; we collaborate on\nspecific parasites that harm freshwater seafood products or endangered species.\n8) Danish International Development, K Darwin Murrell, Adjunct Professor,\nCopenhagen University (formally USDA); through 7/31/2011; we will identify materials\nfrom The Far East infecting seafood products and interact as needs arrive.\n9) Keesler Air Force Base, Eighty First Medical Group, Clinical Research Laboratory,\nBiloxi, Mississippi. Walter Brehm and Randi Byrd, through 7/31/2011; we conduct our\nanimal experimental parasite-exposures at the Clinical Research Laboratory under our\napproved IACUC protocol.\n10) Mississippi Department of Marine Resources, Biloxi, Mississippi, William Walker,\nthrough 7/31/2011; we share information about parasitic agents in seafood products.\nTake-Home Message: More than half the earth's biota consists of parasites, and a small\nfraction of those can infect people. Not all members of the latter group are recognized as\nhuman pathogens, and the availability of those that are known is poorly known. This\nproject will shed light on newly recognized agents and new biological information on\nprevious recognized pathogens as well as parasites that produce an unappetizing\nfisheries product.\n91","Geographic Scope: This project addressed the Gulf of Mexico but also addresses\nparasites in seafood that can enter Gulf markets and restaurants from the west and east\ncoasts of the US and from abroad, including the Caribbean Sea. Many potential\ninfectious agents are collected from NOAA vessels.\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlights: Specific parasites infecting inadequately\nprepared seafood represent a poorly understood public health risk. Determining these\nparasites and their hosts provides a means to avoid or adequately prepare the infected\nproducts. Such information has been requested by federal and state agencies and aids\nseafood producers and consumers. During the year in which the project has been\nunderway, many parasitic specimens have been collected. We have been preparing these\nfor morphological and molecular studies and have exposed some potential agents to\nsurrogate hosts under approved protocols for the Clinical Research Laboratory, Keesler\nAir Force Base. Other parasites have been identified and studied. Completed research\nincluded a review chapter on ascaridoid roundworm (nematode) parasites that are\nharmful to birds as well as to humans, a checklist and discussion of all adult flukes\n(trematodes) reported from the Gulf of Mexico (577 total, with 374 from fishes), a\nreport of a large red roundworm that has been known to produce disease in consumers of\ninfected fishes and that we found for the first time in commercially cultured fishes in\naddition to infecting wild ones, an evolutionary study of a group of tapeworms\n(trypanorhynean cestodes) that rarely occur in humans but are esthetically displeasing to\nconsumers when apparent in the flesh of filleted fishes, and studies showing that\ncopepod and barnacle crustacean parasites as well as free-living crustaceans can host or\ntransfer some viruses pathogenic to commercial shrimps. One of these viruses\npreviously had been incorrectly reported as capable of infecting humans.\nProducts and Services:\nTechnical lists and treatments of groups of parasites; tools, characterization, and\ninformation services; agencies and scientific community; partially complete,\n7/31/2011.\nInformation useful for avoiding, controlling, or managing human risks from specific\nparasites; characterization and information services; agencies and scientific\ncommunity; partially complete, 7/31/2011.\nDetermination of emerging parasite threats; characterization and information\nservices; agencies and scientific community; 7/31/2011.\nGenetic markers for identification of zoonotic parasites; technology; agencies and\nscientific community; 7/31/2011.\nAnnotated pictorial handbook; characterization; agencies, processors, dealers, and\nconsumers; 7/31/2011.\nUndergraduate, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Training:\n1) Total of five students, none of which was funded by grant.\n2) Undergraduate student - Jessica H. Parker, USM Department of Biological\nSciences, writing a manuscript on trematodes for publication. Doctoral graduate\nstudents - Eric Pulis and Michael Andres of USM, collect parasites, study\n92","representative species, and partake in outreach programs; Francisco de Atocha Puc Itza,\nUnidad Mérida, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic\nInstitute, Department of Marine Resources (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mérida, Yucatán,\nMéxico, trained for 2 weeks on identifying and describing trematodes.\nPost-doctoral fellow - Stephen Curran, collect parasites, study representative species,\npartake in outreach programs, and assist in training programs\nOutreach:\nFormal and informal courses - Overstreet taught USM graduate course entitled\n\"Marine Symbiosis I\" as well as a series of special problems; graduate students Pulis\nand Andres served as teaching assistants for GCRL Undergraduate Summer Course\nentitled \"Marine Ichthyology.\"\nScientific meetings - Annual meetings of the American Society of Parasitologists,\nSociety for Integrative and Comparative Biology, and Eastern Fish Health Workshop,\nparticipation, including presenting scientific talks.\nPublic events and seminars - Technician Jean Jovonovich served as moderator for\nthe regional Hurricane Bowl of the National Oceans Sciences Bowls based in\nWashington, DC. The regional quiz competition consisted of 17 representative teams\nof high school students from throughout the southeastern US. Students, technicians,\nand faculty participated in local science fairs, educational programs for K-12, and\npresentations to lay audiences. For example, Michael Andres helped the GCRL (JL\nScott) Marine Education Center with a touch tank exhibit and talking to children\nabout marine science at the Gautier Mullet Festival and at the Crane Festival at the\nMississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge in Gautier, MS. He also\npresented a talk on \"Parasites and marine ecology\" to the fourth grade class at\nCedarwood Elementary School, Bothell, WA. Overstreet presented a talk on \"Lives\nEnriched Through Their Endeavors: Research and Scholarship (LETTERS) Day\n2008\" at USM, Hattiesburg, and the to The Biloxi Lions Club and The Lifelong\nLearning Institute, Continuing Education, Jackson County Campus, Mississippi Gulf\nCoast Community College, Gautier, Mississippi.\nWorld Wide Web - The parasitology group has created a Web page, including a\nsection on the OHHI grant; it is still under construction.\nMedia - The group was filmed by \"Animal Planet\" throughout an 11-hour day\nproviding visual impressions of a series of different living parasites. A portion\ndealing with a nematode (Eustrongylides ignotus) was highlighted on \"Monsters\nInside Me,\" in the episode \"Masters of Disguise.\"\nSpecial training - Technician Jean Jovonovich became certified for Homeland\nSecurity Civilian Emergency Response Training\nPublications:\nFagerholm, Hans-Peter and Robin M. Overstreet. 2008. Ascaridoid Nematodes:\nContracaecum, Porrocaecum, and Baylisascaris. In Parasitic Diseases of Wild\nBirds. Edited by Carter T. Atkinson, Nancy J. Thomas, and D. Bruce Hunter, Wiley-\nBlackwell, Ames, Iowa. pp. 413-433.\n93","Ma, Hongwei, Robin M. Overstreet, and Jean A. Jovonovich. 2009. Daggerblade grass\nshrimp (Palaemonetes pugio): a reservoir host for yellow-head virus (YHV). Journal\nof Invertebrate Pathology 101 (2): 112-118, doi:10.1016/j.jip. 2009. 04.002.\nOverstreet, Robin M., Jean Jovonovich, and Hongwei Ma. 2009. Parasitic crustaceans as\nvectors of viruses, with an emphasis on three penaeid viruses. Integrative and\nComparative Biology 49(2): 127-141; doi: 10.1093/icb/icp033.\nOverstreet, Robin M., Joshua Cook, and Richard W. Heard. 2009. Trematoda\n(Platyhelminthes) of the Gulf of Mexico, Chapter 23. In Gulf of Mexico-Origin,\nWaters, and Biota: Volume 1, Biodiversity, edited by Darryl L. Felder and David K.\nCamp, Texas A&M University Press, College Station. pp. 419-486.\nMitchell, A. J., R. M. Overstreet, and A. E. Goodwin. 2009. Eustrongylides ignotus\ninfecting commercial bass (Morone chrysops female X Morone saxatilis male) and\nother fishes in the southeastern USA. Journal of Fish Diseases 32: 795-799.\ndoi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01051.x\nOlson, Peter D., Janine N. Caira, Kirsten Jensen, Robin M. Overstreet, Harry W. Palm,\nand Ian Beveridge. In press. Evolution of the trypanorhynch tapeworms: parasite\nphylogeny supports independent lineages of sharks and rays. International Journal\nfor Parasitology.\nMartorelli, Sergio R., Robin M. Overstreet, and Jean Jovonovich. Submitted. First\nreport of crustacean viral pathogens WSSV and IHHNV from Argentina. Bulletin of\nMarine Science.\nPoster:\n1) Safety of Seafood and Detection of Emerging Parasitic Threats. Overstreet, Robin M.\n94","Project Title: Cholera Prediction: The Role of the Oceans and Nonlinear Disease\nDynamics\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator(s) and Affiliation(s): Mercedes Pascual and\nAaron King (University of Michigan), Ben Cash (Center for Ocean--Land--Atmosphere\nStudies), Mike Emch (Portland State University/Columbia University; now at the\nUniversity of North Carolina). We collaborate with E. Ionides (UM, Statistics), and\ninternationally, with Md. Yunus and ASG Faruque at the ICDDR (Bangladesh), and\nMenno Bouma (London) and Xavier Rodo (Barcelona), two consultants in the project.\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning Systems - Beach Management and Drinking\nWater Safety\nNOAA Partnerships: E. Ionides (UM, Statistics), one of our collaborators, is funded\nby NSF Statistics. Our current project follows on a previous one that was co-funded by\nNOAA (OHHI) and the NSF-NIH Program on the Ecology of Infectious Diseases.\nTake-Home Message: Ocean regions can serve as \"sentinel\" regions for the early\nwarning of climate conditions favoring infectious diseases of water-borne or vector-\nborne transmission, such as cholera and malaria. Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) in\nthese regions provide an indicator of climate influences on the year-to-year variation of\noutbreaks and can be used, together with mechanistic modeling approaches, to develop\nseasonal forecasts of disease incidence.\nGeographic Scope: NA. Our project currently considers outbreaks of cholera in\nBangladesh and malaria in India. Our tools can be adapted to consider any infectious\ndisease, as well as any other human health threat, for which the response to climate\nvariability is of interest and time series records are available.\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlight: Climate variability can provide a basis to\nimplement early-warning systems for infectious diseases with water-borne or vector-\nborne transmission. Several challenges limit the development of such systems in\npractice: (1) climate drivers may operate with relatively short lead times, and (2) the\nresponse of infectious diseases to climate variability are not necessarily linear (they are\nnot simply proportional to the change in the environment) but involve instead the\npopulation dynamics of the disease itself (for example, via the waxing and waning of\nimmunity levels in the population). Our work on both cholera and malaria demonstrate\nthat ocean regions can be identified that circumvent problem (1) Sea Surface\nTemperatures influence regional climate variability and through this, the size of\noutbreaks with longer lead times than these local drivers. We have developed\nepidemiological models that incorporate both climate variability and disease dynamics\nand are the basis for identifying climate effects, even in the case of nonlinear responses.\nApproaches developed in our studies of endemic cholera have guided our more recent\nefforts on epidemic malaria. A highlight of our research this year, has been the\ndemonstration of a strong and significant effect of rainfall variability on epidemic\nmalaria in desert fringes of India, which provides a basis for epidemic forecasts. In\naddition, both summer monsoon rainfall and malaria in this region were found to be\n95","significantly correlated with SST anomalies in the tropical south Atlantic earlier in the\nyear (Figure1).\nKutch Peak Malaria (Nov) - Jun HADSST\nLagged rank correlation\n60N\n50N\n40N\n30N\n20N\n10N\nEQ\n10S\n20S\n30S\n40S\n50S\n60S\n180\n120W\n60W\n0\n60E\n120E\n180\n-0.6\n-0.5\n-0.4\n-0.3\n-0.2\n-0.1\n0.1\n0.2\n0.3\n0.4\n0.5\nFigure 1. Rank correlation between peak malaria incidence in the district of Kutch (NW\nIndia) in November and preceding June SST. Heavy contours denote regions significant\nat the 90% level. The color bar indicates the values of this correlation (Cash, Rodó,\nPascual et al., in preparation).\nProducts and Services:\nA set of quantitative tools and approaches to study the influence of climate\nvariability on infectious diseases, with a focus on using \"sentinel\" regions in the\nOceans, as exemplified by our work on cholera and more recently malaria.\n(intended users: other researchers studying similar questions in other health\nproblems. The code for the implementation of parameter estimation for dynamical\nmodels from time series data, known as MIF---for Monte Carlo Iterated Filtering---is\nalready available by request from Aaron King)\nForecasting models for cholera in (Matlab and Dhaka) Bangladesh and for malaria in\ndifferent districts of NW India. (intended users: researchers and public health\nofficers in those regions).\nUndergraduate, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Training.\nTotal number of students and postdocs: 6\nOutreach:\n96","Ecology and Evolution of Infectious Disease Workshop on Statistical Methods for\nInfectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, May 17-20, 2009 (A. King).\nEcology and Evolution of Infectious Disease Workshop on Statistical Methods for\nInfectious Diseases, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, May 31-June 4,\n2008 (A. King)\nWorkshop on statistical methods for dynamical systems, Simon Fraser\nUniversity, Vancouver, BC, June 4-6, 2009 (A. King)\nLectures at Summer School on Complex Systems organized by the Santa fe Institute,\nDecember 2008 (M. Pascual)\nLectures at the Workshop on Theoretical Ecology at the International Center for\nTheoretical Physics, March 2009 (M. Pascual; co-organizer).\nPublications:\nD. He, E. L. Ionides, and A. A. King (2009), ``Plug-and-play inference for\ndisease dynamics: Measles in large and small towns as a case study\" Journal\nof the Royal Society Interface, in press.\nC. Bretó, D. He, E. L. Ionides, and A. A. King (2009), ``Time series\nanalysis via mechanistic models\" Annals of Applied Statistics, 3:319-348.\nA. A. King, E. L. Ionides, M. Pascual, and M. J. Bouma (2008), ``Inapparent\ninfections and cholera dynamics\", Nature 454:877-880.\nE. L. Ionides, A. Bhadra, and A. A. King (2009), ``Iterated Filtering\"\nAnnals of Statistics, submitted.\nPascual, M. and M.J. Bouma. 2009. Do rising temperatures matter? Ecology 90(4): 906-\n912.\nPascual, M., L.F. Chaves, X. Rodo, B. Cash and Md. Yunus. 2008. Predictability of\nendemic cholera: the role of climate variability and disease dynamics. Climate\nResearch 136: 131-140.\nPascual, M., B. Cazelles, M.J. Bouma, L.F. Chaves, and K. Koelle. 2008. Shifting\npatterns: malaria dynamics and climate variability in an East African highland. Proc.\nR. Soc. London B 275(1631): 123-132.\nChaves, L.F., and M. Pascual. 2007. Comparing models for early warning systems of\nneglected tropical diseases. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 1: e33.\nEmch, M.; Yunus, M.; Escamilla, V.; Feldacker, C.; Ali, M. (submitted) Local\nPopulation and Regional Environmental Drivers of Cholera in Bangladesh.\nEmch, M.; Feldacker, C.; Islam, M.S.; Ali, M. (2008) Seasonality of Cholera from 1974\nto 2005: A Review of Global Patterns. International Journal of Health Geographics.\n7 (31): 1-33.\nEmch, M.; Feldacker, C.; Yunus, M.; Streatfield, P.K.; Thiem, VD; Canh, DG; Ali, M.\n(2008) Local environmental drivers of cholera in Bangladesh and Vietnam.\nAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene. 78 (5): 823-32.\nD. Ruiz-Moreno, M. Pascual, M. Emch et al. Spatial clustering in the spatio-temporal\ndynamics of endemic cholera. Biomed Central. In press.\nCash, B. A., X. Rodó, J. L. Kinter III, M. J. Fennessy, B. Doty, 2008: Differing\nestimates of observed Bangladesh summer rainfall. J. Hydromet., in press.\n97","Cash, B. A., X. Rodó, J. L. Kinter III, 2008a: Links between tropical Pacific SST and\ncholera incidence in Bangladesh: Role of the eastern and central tropical Pacific. J.\nClimate, in press.\nCash, B. A., X. Rodó, J. L. Kinter III, 2008b: Non-ENSO variability and the regional\nclimate of Bangladesh: Implications for cholera risk. COLA Technical Report, 260,\n39 pp., Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies, Calverton, Maryland.\nCash, B. A., X. Rodó, J. L. Kinter III, 2008c: Links between tropical Pacific SST and\nthe regional climate of Bangladesh: Role of the western tropical and central\nextratropial Pacific. J. Climate, in revision.\nCash, B. A., X. Rodó, J. L. Kinter III, 2008d: Non-ENSO variability and the regional\nclimate of Bangladesh. In revision.\nCash, B. A., X. Rodó, J. L. Kinter III, 2007a: Links between tropical Pacific SST and\nthe regional climate of Bangladesh: Role of the western tropical and central\nextratropial Pacific. COLA Technical Report, 243, 25 pp, Center for Ocean-Land-\nAtmosphere Studies, Calverton, Maryland.\nCash, B. A., X. Rodó, J. L. Kinter III, 2007b: Links between tropical Pacific SST and\nthe regional climate of Bangladesh: Role of the eastern and central tropical Pacific.\nCOLA Technical Report, 236, 33 pp, Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies,\nCalverton, Maryland.\nChaves, L.F., Cohen JM, Pascual M, Wilson ML. 2008. Social Exclusion Modifies\nClimate and Deforestation Impacts on a Vector-Borne Disease. PLoS Neglected\nTropical Diseases 2(2): e176 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000176\nChaves, L.F. , A Kaneko, G Taleo, M Pascual and ML Wilson. Malaria transmission\npattern resilience to climatic variability is mediated by insecticide-treated nets.\nMalaria Journal (in press)\nChaves, L.F., A Kaneko, A. Björkman, M Pascual. Random, top-down or bottom-up\ncoexistence of parasites: malaria population dynamics in multi-parasitic settings. (In\npreparation for Ecology).\nEmch, M.; Feldacker, C.; Islam, M.S.; Ali, M. (2008) Seasonality of cholera from 1974\nto 2005: a review of global patterns. International Journal of Health Geographics. 7\n(31): 1-33.\nEmch, M.; Feldacker, C.; Yunus, M.; Streatfield, P.K.; Thiem, VD; Canh, DG; Ali, M.\n(2008) Local environmental drivers of cholera in Bangladesh and Vietnam.\nAmerican Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene. 78 (5): 823-32.\nKing, A.A., E.L. Ionides, M. Pascual and M.J. Bouma. Inapparent infections and\ncholera dynamics. Nature, in review.\nPascual, M., L.F. Chaves, X. Rodo, B. Cash and Md. Yunus. 2008a. Predictability of\nendemic cholera: the role of climate variability and disease dynamics. Climate\nResearch 36: 131-140.\nPascual, M., B. Cazelles, M.J. Bouma, L.F. Chaves, and K. Koelle. 2008b. Shifting\npatterns: malaria dynamics and climate variability in an East African highland. Proc.\nR. Soc. London B 275(1631): 123-132.\nPascual, M., and M.J. Bouma. Do rising temperatures matter? Ecology (invited\ncommentary in Forum on Climate and Disease), in press.\n98","Project Title: Improved Understanding and Forecasting of Viral and Bacterial Sources\nand Transport in the Great Lakes\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator(s) and Affiliation(s): Joan B. Rose and Mantha\nS. Phanikumar, Michigan State University, East Lansing\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning Systems\nNOAA Partnerships: Dr. David Schwab, GLERL; Dr. Richard Whitman, USGS,\nPorter, IN\nTake-Home Message: Our research resulted in the development of improved models\n(both statistical and process-based) for predicting the levels of pathogens and indicator\nbacteria in the surface waters of the Great Lakes.\nGeographic Scope: Great Lakes\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlight: Our MSU team made significant progress in\nsupporting the project goals on water and health in the Great Lakes region. We have\ninvestigated and published papers (and presented our work) on the following topics: (a)\ndrinking water safety in the Great Lakes (b) Factors influencing the fate and transport of\nmicrobial contamination and risks to human health at Great Lakes beaches and (c)\napplication of new tools and techniques for describing water quality and health.\nGeographically we have focused along the eastern shore to the southern tip of Lake\nMichigan, the Grand River watershed and the Saginaw Bay.\nDevelopment of rapid (qPCR) techniques for fecal pollution indicators and\npathogens\nDevelopment of fate and transport models for both indicators and pathogens in\nlakes, rivers and watersheds\nExamination of the role of algal blooms in maintaining fecal indicators or\npathogens in Saginaw Bay\nProducts and Services:\nProcess-based models to describe the fate and transport of indicators and\npathogens in lakes, rivers and watersheds\nUndergraduate, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Training:\n1) 7 students overall\n2) Specific trainees\nDr. Theng T. Fong (Ph.D., 2009) Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, MSU\n(Research focus was on pathogenic enteric microorganisms and microbial\nsource tracking (Prof. Rose's lab)\nDr. Lubo Liu was a post-doctoral researcher in the Dept. of Civil &\nEnvironmental Engineering at Michigan State University. He developed finite-\nelement lake circulation and transport models for E. coli and enterococci. He is\nnow an Assistant Professor at California State University, Fresno.\n99","Chaopeng Shen (Ph.D., 2009) Department of Civil & Environmental\nEngineering. Mr. Shen developed process-based models for describing flow and\ntransport of biological agents in Great Lakes watersheds\nPramod Thupaki (Ph.D., 2010, expected) Department of Civil & Environmental\nEngineering. Mr. Thupaki developed lake circulation and transport models for\nbeaches in the Great Lakes region\nJay Niu (Ph.D., 2011, expected) Mr. Niu is involved in integrating field\nobservations and large datasets with computational models for Great Lakes\nwatersheds. He is also developing innovative transport models.\nOutreach:\nPresented our research in a town hall meeting at the Ottawa County Third Annual\nWater Quality Forum, Ottawa, Michigan, 2008\nPresented our research in a town hall meeting at the Ottawa County Second Annual\nWater Quality Forum, Ottawa, Michigan, 2007\nPublications:\nM. Wong, L. Kumar, T.M. Jenkins, I. Xagoraraki, M.S. Phanikumar, and J. B. Rose,\nEvaluation of Public Health Risks at Recreational Beaches in Lake Michigan via\nDetection of Enteric Viruses and a Human-Specific Bacteriological Marker, Water\nResearch, 43, p. 1137-1149, doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.051 (2009)\nC. Shen and M.S. Phanikumar, An Efficient Space-Fractional Dispersion Approximation\nfor Stream Solute Transport Modeling, Advances in Water Resources, Vol. 39, doi:\n10.1016 /j.advwatres.2009.07.01 (2009)\nC. Shen, M.S. Phanikumar, T.T. Fong, I. Aslam, S.L. Molloy and J.B. Rose, Evaluating\nBacteriophage P22 as a Tracer in a Complex Surface Water System: The Grand\nRiver, Michigan, Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 42, No. 7, pp. 2426 -\n2431, doi: 10.1021/es02317t (2008)\nXagoraraki I., Kuo D., Wong K., Wong M., Rose J.B. (2007) Occurrence of Human\nAdenoviruses in Two Great Lake Recreational Beaches. Applied and Environmental\nMicrobiology, Vol.73, No. 24, pp. 7874-7881\nFong, T. Mansfield, L. S., Wilson, D.L. Schwab, D.J., Molloy, S.L. and Rose, J.B. 2007.\nMassive Microbiological Groundwater Contamination Associated with a Waterborne\nOutbreak in Lake Erie South Bass Island, Ohio, Environ. Health Perspec. 115 (6) 1-\n9.\nM.S. Phanikumar, I. Aslam, C. Shen, D.T. Long and T.C. Voice, Separating Surface\nStorage from Hyporheic Retention in Natural Streams Using Wavelet\nDecomposition of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiles, Water Resources Research,\nVol. 43, No. 5, W05406, doi: 10.1029 / 2006WR005104 (2007)\n100","Posters:\n1) Modeling the Fate and Transport of E. coli at a Southern Lake Michigan Beach\nThe poster summarizes what we have learned so far about processes that contribute to\nthe fate and transport of E. coli at a S. Lake Michigan beach.\n101","Project Title: Effects of Brevetoxins on Human Immune Cells\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator(s) and Affiliation(s): Catherine J. Walsh (PI) -\nMote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL; John W. Sleasman (Co-PI) - University of\nSouth Florida/All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL; Barbara Kirkpatrick (Co-PI) -\nMote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL; Richard Pierce H. Pierce (Co-PI) - Mote Marine\nLaboratory, Sarasota, FL; Lorrie Backer (Co-PI) - Centers for Disease Control and\nPrevention, Atlanta, GA\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Benefits from the Sea - Biomedical Models\nNOAA Partnerships: Partnerships with Oceans and Human Health Center of\nExcellence, University of Miami, CDC, FL-DOH and NIEHS funded human health\neffects studies facilitated field studies to evaluate immune function effects with regard to\nenvironmentally relevant human exposures to aerosolized toxins.\nTake-Home Message: Although specific immune system effects are difficult to\npinpoint in healthy humans following environmental exposure to aerosolized\nbrevetoxins, significant effects are observed on isolated cultures of immune cells when\nexposed to brevetoxins in the laboratory. Understanding such cellular effects may lead\nto improved mitigation of human health effects in exposed persons, especially those\nwith compromised immune systems.\nGeographic Scope: The geographic scope of this project includes southwestern Florida\nwhere blooms of Karenia brevis are common. Laboratory experimentation is being\nconducted at Mote Marine Laboratory in Sarasota, FL and at the University of South\nFlorida in St. Petersburg, FL. Air sampling measurements and collection of nasal\nsecretions and blood samples from beachwalker volunteers and occupationally exposed\nvolunteers occurs on Siesta Key Beach in Sarasota, FL. Since the geographic focus of\nthis project is in Florida, the project encompasses two NOAA regions, the Gulf of\nMexico and the Southeast and Caribbean.\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlight: The toxic dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis,\nproduces a suite of polyether neurotoxins, termed brevetoxins, which result in severe\nrespiratory effects in humans. Accumulating evidence suggests initial respiratory effects\nmay represent only some of the overall consequences associated with toxin exposure.\nUnderstanding effects of marine biotoxins on human health is a priority area described\nin NOAA's Oceans and Human Health Initiative. With its focus on expanding current\nunderstanding of potential impacts of brevetoxins on human immune function, this\nproject is directly responsive to this goal. Current results indicate several effects of in\nvitro brevetoxin exposure on immune cells, including programmed cell death, or\napoptosis, and a decrease in proliferation of human immune cells activated using T-cell\nspecific stimulation. A decrease in cellular proliferation of human immune cells was\nconfirmed at the genomic level by microarray, in which results indicated a distinct\ndown-regulation of gene components associated with signaling through the T-cell\nreceptor and related signal transduction pathways. Measurements of nasal cytokine\nsecretions in study participants exposed to aerosolized brevetoxins demonstrated a\n102","decrease in elevated IL-8 in allergic asthmatic subjects compared to healthy controls.\nResults from this research will be useful to other scientists, including public health\npartners such as Florida Department of Health and CDC, conducting research related to\nhuman health effects associated with red tide toxins. Characterization of cellular\nconsequences of brevetoxin exposure is critical to fully understand impact of recurrent\nred tide events on human health and to reduce potential health consequences associated\nwith red tide toxin exposure.\nFigure 1. Venn diagram indicating\nnumber of genes down- (left) and up-\n(right) regulated 2-fold or more (P <\n0.05 after 24 h exposure to PbTx-2\n133 genes\n4,462 genes\n309 genes\n(750 ng/ml) in PHA-stimulated human\nprimary peripheral blood mononuclear\ncells out of a total of greater than\n47,000 transcripts on the microarray.\nR2 threshold of the regession model =\n0.6. P value cutoff = 0.05.\nDown-regulated\nUp-regulated\nProducts and Services:\nCurrent:\nScientific manuscript on apoptosis and proliferation in a T lymphocyte cell line.\n(Walsh CJ, SR Leggett, K Strohbehn, RH Pierce, JW Sleasman. 2008. Effects of\nin vitro brevetoxin exposure on apoptosis and cellular metabolism in a leukemic\nT cell line (Jurkat). Marine Drugs 6:291-307.\nScientific manuscript on brevetoxin metabolites formed by a human monocyte\ncell line. (Walsh CJ, SR Leggett, MS Henry, PC Blum, S Osborn, RH Pierce.\n2009. Cellular metabolism of brevetoxin (PbTx-2) by a monocyte cell line (U-\n937). Toxicon 53(1): 135-145.\nAbstract on IL-8 in nasal secretions following exposure to aerosolized red tide\ntoxins submitted for February 2010 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and\nImmunology meeting. (Dorsey MJ, CJ Walsh, B Kirkpatrick, S Leggett, J\nRomeo, JW Sleasman. Elevated IL-8 levels in allergic airways inflammation is\ndownregulated following aerosolized red tide toxin (brevetoxin) exposure.\nProposed:\nManuscript (in preparation) on human immune system effects following\nexposure of allergic asthmatic participants to aerosolized red tide toxins. We plan\nto submit this manuscript in October 2009.\n103","Manuscript (in preparation) on effects of in vitro red tide toxin exposure on\nPHA-stimulated human primary immune cells. We plan to submit this\nmanuscript in November 2009.\nUndergraduate, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Training: A total of seven undergraduate\nstudents were involved with or trained under this project.\nREU Participants (5):\nJen Kinsey, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA\nKate Strobehn, University of California, Davis, Davis CA\nKristina Knight, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO\nCarolyn Fisher, St. John Fisher College, Rochester, NY\nRachel Harbeitner, Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, FL\nMote Marine Laboratory Student Interns (2):\nChristian Ortiz, New College, Sarasota, FL\nNadee Nissanka, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY\nOutreach: Several outreach activities related to this project were conducted. These\nincluded presentations at several scientific meetings and to lay audiences. Many student\ninterns conducted research projects that were related to this project. Specifically, these\ninclude:\nScientific presentation at the International Society for Developmental and\nComparative Immunology, July 2006, Charleston, SC\nPresentation of project goals and results at University of South\nFlorida/Children's Research Institute, February 15, 2007, St. Petersburg, FL.\nPresentation of project goals and results at All Children's Hospital, August\n27, 2007, St. Petersburg, FL\nPresentation to Mote Volunteers at monthly meeting. Presentation entitled\n\"How does red tide affect immune cells?\" November 8, 2007.\nWalsh CJ, B Kirkpatrick. Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute. Recent\nResearch Findings on Florida Red Tide Aerosols and Human Health.\nJanuary 28, 2008.\nJulien Naar, Red Tide Documentary, February 2008\nPresentation at ASLO: Walsh CJ, SR Leggett, MS Henry, PC Blum, SE\nOsborn, RH Pierce. Cellular metabolism of brevetoxin (PbTx-2) in an\nimmune cell line. ASLO Ocean Sciences Meeting, March 2-8, 2008.\nAbstract no. 382.\nWalsh CJ, Marine Immunology Research, Mote Marine Laboratory Staff\nMeeting. December 10, 2008.\nMentored five students participating in an NSF-sponsored Research\nExperiences for Undergraduates (REU) program\nMentored two Mote Marine Laboratory undergraduate student interns\nSeveral interviews with local media (Sarasota Herald Tribune)\n104","Posters:\n1) Walsh, CJ. MJ Dorsey, B Kirkpatrick, SR Leggett, J Romeo, JW Sleasman. Elevated\nIL-8 levels in allergic airway inflammation is down-regulated following aerosolized\nred tide toxin (brevetoxin) exposure.\nThis poster describes results from a study in which IL-8 levels in nasal secretions were\nmeasured in allergic asthmatic participants exposed to aerosolized brevetoxins during a\nFlorida red tide bloom. IL-8 levels were compared to non-allergic, unexposed control\nsubjects. Increased IL-8 levels were observed in allergic asthmatic subjects compared to\nhealthy controls (P = 0.002). Brevetoxin exposure in allergic asthmatic subjects resulted\nin decreased IL-8 (P=0.04), while a trend towards significant decrease was seen in\nhealthy controls.\nPublications:\nWalsh CJ, SR Leggett, K Strohbehn, RH Pierce, JW Sleasman. 2008. Effects of in vitro\nbrevetoxin exposure on apoptosis and cellular metabolism in a leukemic T cell line\n(Jurkat). Marine Drugs 6: 291-307.\nWalsh CJ, SR Leggett, MS Henry, PC Blum S Osborn, RH Pierce. 2009. Cellular\nmetabolism of brevetoxin (PbTx-2) by a monocyte cell line (U-937). Toxicon\n53(1):135-145.\n105","Project Title: Biodiscovery from Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vent Organisms\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator(s) and Affiliation(s): Mark Zabriskie, PI and\nKerry McPhail, Co-PI. Oregon State University, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Benefits from the Sea - Natural Products and Pharmaceuticals\nNOAA Partnerships: Dr. William Chadwick (Hatfield Marine Sciences Center, OSU\nand NOAA/PMEL Vents Program) served as liaison between natural products chemists\nand Vents Program researchers and is coordinating the inclusion of chemists on future\ncruises to deep vent sites. Collaboration is ongoing.\nDr. David Butterfield, (NOAA/PMEL Vents Program, University of Washington)\ncoordinated June 2009 cruise on RV Atlantis to the Juan de Fuca Ridge that included\nCo-PI McPhail. Collaboration is ongoing.\nDr. Verena Tunnicliffe (Univ. of Victoria, NOAA/PMEL Vents Program) Contributed\nspecimens of vent invertebrates from in the Juan de Fuca system comprising tube\nworms, palm worms, sulfide worms, scale worms, clams, limpets and hairy snails.\nDr. Craig Moyer (Univ. of Western Washington, NOAA/PMEL Vents Program)\nProvided bacterial mat samples taken from Explorer Ridge in the Juan de Fuca system\nand 12 seamounts from along the Mariana Island Arc.\nDr. James Holden (Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst) will provide biomass from\nthermophilic bacteria collected at vent sites and cultured in his laboratory. Collaboration\nis ongoing.\nTake-Home Message: Marine organisms collected at depths accessed by scuba diving\nhave produced many important new drug leads, cosmetic ingredients, industrial and\nresearch enzymes, and molecular probes. This project investigates organisms unique to\nthe extreme ecosystems found near deep-sea hydrothermal vents as potential sources of\nnew drug leads, pharmacological probes, or industrial catalysts.\nGeographic Scope: Western region and Pacific islands: the majority of the deep sea\nhydrothermal vents that are the sources of the materials for the current study are found\nin the Juan de Fuca system in the northern Pacific Ocean, off the coast of\nOregon/Washington.\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlight: Small molecule natural products are one of the\nkey resources in the endless search for new therapeutic agents to treat human diseases.\nScreening organisms from rare or extreme ecosystems is one of the most effective\napproaches to discover novel chemotypes with important biological activities. This two-\nstage project explores a diversity-based approach to identify bioactive natural products\nfrom truly unique and under-explored regions of the earth - deep sea hydrothermal\nvents. The first stage of the project entailed feasibility studies to determine the potential\nof vents organisms as a source of novel small molecule natural products that may have\nutility as new drug leads, as biological tools to decipher cellular processes, and which\nmay provide insight into the chemical ecology of deep vent ecosystems. The major\nactivity of the first stage was a NOAA-sponsored workshop in October 2008 to assess\n106","the feasibility and logistics of conducting natural product biodiscovery studies on deep\nvent organisms. The meeting brought together experts in marine natural products\nchemistry, natural product drug development, and deep vent geosciences and\nmicrobiology to identify and discuss the opportunities for joint research ventures. The\nworkshop resulted in new partnerships between OSU natural products chemists and\nNOAA/PMEL Vents Program researchers and enabled proof-of-concept studies using\narchived vent invertebrate and bacterial mat samples. The results from these preliminary\nexperiments supported the hypothesis that deep vent organisms harbor bioactive\nmaterials and led to the current project in which vent organisms were collected\nspecifically for biodiscovery purposes and in quantities that can support thorough\nbiological testing and complete structural analysis.\nFigure 1. Suction sampling of an\nunidentified microbial mat collected\nfrom a substrate of tube worms and\nlimpets on DSV Alvin dive #4520,\nJune 19, 2009 during RV Atlantis\ncruise 15-47. Photo captured by DSV\nAlvin starboard camera.\nProducts and Services: None\nUndergraduate, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Training:\n1. Christopher Thornburg. Is a Ph.D. candidate who conducted a literature review on\nthe potential of hydrothermal vent organisms for bioprospecting that was circulated\nto workshop participants and will be submitted for publication as an invited review\nin the Journal of Natural Products. Mr. Thornburg carried out initial extraction and\nbioactivity testing of specimens provided by Vents researchers from archived\ncollections. He will work with a postdoctoral researcher on samples collected during\nan Alvin expedition in June 2009.\n2. TBA, postdoctoral researcher. Will process bacterial mat and invertebrate specimens\ncollected in participation with NOAA Vents Program researchers in June 2009. Will\nover see biological testing of these samples in antiinfective, anticancer, neurological\nand developmental assays. Responsible for profiling sample components and\npurifying and defining chemical structures of compounds exhibiting biological\nactivity.\nOutreach: In October 2008 a workshop was held in Newport, Oregon to assess the\nfeasibility of conducting natural product biodiscovery studies on deep sea vent\norganisms. The meeting brought together experts in marine natural products chemistry,\n107","natural product drug development and deep-sea vent geosciences and microbiology to\nidentify opportunities for research partnerships on deep sea vent organisms and assist in\ndeveloping an initiative for Oregon State and NOAA partners.\nPublications: None\nPosters: Posters to be displayed at the OHHI All-PI meeting.\n1) Hydrothermal Vents: Potential Hot Spots for Natural Products Discovery?\nChristopher Thornburg, T. Mark Zabriskie and Kerry L. McPhail\nDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331\n108","OCEANS & HUMAN\nHEALTH INITIATIVE\nDistinguished Scholars\n109","Project Title: Dynamics and Modeling of Lake River Plumes\nPrincipal Investigator: Dr. Philip J. W. Roberts, School of Civil and Environmental\nEngineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning Systems - Beach Management and Drinking\nWater Safety\nNOAA Partnerships: Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL)\nTake-Home Message: Human health can be significantly impacted by pathogens\ncarried by rivers and wastewaters into lakes either by direct impact on beaches or\nentrained into water intakes. This research will minimize this risk by understanding and\npredicting the complex hydrodynamic processes that govern bacterial transport in\ncoastal waters and lead to optimized designs of water intakes and wastewater outfalls.\nGeographic Scope: The particular region under study is the nearshore of Lake\nMichigan near Grand Haven that is impacted by the Grand River plume. The models\nunder development are applicable to more general lake and marine regions impacted by\nriver-borne pollutants, however.\nProject Abstract: Mathematical models of the fate and transport of bacterial\ncontaminants carried by river plumes entering lakes and coastal waters are being\ndeveloped to enable early warning of health risks at local beaches. The plumes can\ncarry pathogens due to surface runoff and, more seriously, combined sewer overflows\n(CSO's). Four comprehensive field experiments (Figure 1) have been completed on the\nGrand River plume as it enters Lake Michigan (Figure 2). The experiments include\naerial photography and simultaneous measurements of physical properties. The spatial\nextent of the plume is measured by traverses of salinity, temperature, and depth from a\nsurvey vessel. The river water is generally warmer than the lake waters, causing it to\nform a thin surface layer about one to two meters thick that spreads dynamically. As\nseen in Figure 2 the plume is complex and highly variable. Its shape and direction are\nhighly dependent on lake currents and winds and its mixing depends on the density\ndifference, river flow rate, and lake turbulence. The ultimate objective is to develop\nmathematical models to predict this plume behavior and therefore the transport of\npathogens to local recreation areas. We are using the three-dimensional model\ndeveloped by GLERL to drive a high-resolution grid model around Grand Haven. Even\nthis grid is too coarse to properly model the small-scale river plume dynamics, however,\nSO a separate model is being developed that will incorporate the correct plume physics,\nsuch as buoyant surface spreading, into the gridded model.\n110","Multispectral\nscanner\nAerial photos\nCTD cast\nTracer\n(SF6 or Rhodamine WT)\nShip-board profiles: CTD\nSatellite-tracked\nsurface drifters\nTwo buoy moorings:\nADCP\nBottom temperature\nWave characteristics\nAir temperature\nWind speed and direction\nFigure 1. Schematic of field studies\nFigure 2. Aerial photographs of the Grand River plume at Grand\nHaven\nProducts and Services:\nThe major product/service from this project will be a reliable mathematical model\nthat will be part of an early-warning system for bacterial beach contamination.\nThe scientific contribution is improved understanding of complex dynamics of river\nplumes and their behavior under various forcing mechanisms.\nMethods to predict plume entrainment into water intakes.\n111","Student Training: Two students: Endam Gungor and Navid Nekouee are completing\nPhD theses supported by this project.\nOutreach: The PI has presented seminars on this research at NOAA Headquarters in\nSilver Spring, at the Center for Excellence, West Coast Center for Oceans and Human\nHealth in Seattle, the Centers for Oceans and Human Health at the University of Miami\nand at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, at the University of Wisconsin and\nMichigan State University, the Scripps Institute of Oceanography, and SCCWRP\n(Southern California Coastal Water Research Project).\nPublications:\nMcCormick, M. J., Schwab, D. J., Beletsky, D., Roberts, P. J. W., Winkelman, A. G.,\nIII, A. J. F., Gungor, E., and Nekouee, N. (2007). \"Dispersion of the Grand River\nPlume into the Coastal Waters of Lake Michigan.\" IAGLR 50th Annual Conference\non Great Lakes Research, University Park, Penn., May 28 - June 1, 2007.\nNekouee, N., Roberts, P. J. W., McCormick, M. J., and Schwab, D. J. (2007). \"3D\nNumerical Prediction of the Grand River Plume.\" IAGLR 50th Annual Conference\non Great Lakes Research, University Park, Penn., May 28 - June 1, 2007.\nGungor, E., Roberts, P. J. W., McCormick, M. J., and Schwab, D. J. (2007).\n\"Dynamical Behavior of the Grand River Plume Entering Lake Michigan.\" IAGLR\n50th Annual Conference on Great Lakes Research, University Park, Penn., May 28 -\nJune 1, 2007.\nMcCormick, M. J., Schwab, D. J., Beletsky, D., Roberts, P. J. W., Winkelman, A. G.,\nIII, A. J. F., Gungor, E., and Nekouee, N. (2007). \"Dispersion of the Grand River\nPlume into the Coastal Waters of Lake Michigan.\" IAGLR 50th Annual Conference\non Great Lakes Research, University Park, Penn., May 28 - June 1, 2007.\nNekouee, N., Roberts, P. J. W., and Schwab, D. J. (2008). \"Far Field Prediction of the\nGrand River Plume.\" 12th International Workshop on Physical Processes in Natural\nWaters (PPNW), UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center, Incline Village,\nNevada, September 2 - 5, 2008.\nRoberts, P. J. W., Salas, H. J., Reiff, F. M., Libhaber, M., Labbe, A., and Thomson, J. C.\n(2009). Marine Wastewater Outfalls and Treatment Systems. To be published by the\nWorld Bank and International Water Association.\n112","OCEANS & HUMAN\nHEALTH INITIATIVE\nTraineeships\n113","Project Title: The Pacific Northwest Consortium for Pre- and Postdoctoral\nTraineeships in Oceans and Human Health (PNW Consortium)\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator(s) and Affiliation(s):\nPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:\nE. Virginia Armbrust. UW Professor of Oceanography; Co-Director, Pacific Northwest\nCenter for Human Health and Ocean Studies.\nASSOCIATE INVESTIGATORS:\nThomas Burbacher. UW Professor, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences;\nHead, Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Washington National\nPrimate Research Center; Director, Infant Primate Research Laboratory and the Rodent\nBehavioral Toxicology Laboratory; Investigator, Pacific Northwest Center for Human\nHealth and Ocean Studies.\nTracy Collier. Director, Environmental Conservation Division at NOAA's Northwest\nFisheries Science Center; Investigator, NOAA's West Coast Center for Oceans and\nHuman Health.\nLucio Costa. UW Professor, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences;\nDirector, Neurotoxicology core, Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health;\nInvestigator, Pacific Northwest Center for Human Health and Ocean Studies.\nWalton Dickhoff. UW Professor, Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences; Division Director,\nNorthwest Fisheries Science Center Resource Enhancement and Utilization\nTechnologies; Chief Scientist, NOAA's West Coast Center for Oceans and Human\nHealth.\nRonald F. DiGiacomo. UW Professor, Comparative Medicine, School of Public Health\nand Community Medicine.\nElaine M. Faustman. UW Professor, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences;\nDirector, Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication; Director, Pacific\nNorthwest Center for Human Health and Ocean Studies.\nClement Furlong. UW Professor, Genome Sciences; Investigator, Pacific Northwest\nCenter for Human Health and Ocean Studies.\nEvan Gallagher. UW Associate Professor, Toxicology, Department of Environmental\nand Occupational Health Sciences.\nBarbara M. Hickey. UW Professor, Oceanography; Investigator, Pacific Northwest\nCenter for Human Health and Ocean Studies.\nThomas M. Leschine. UW Professor, Director, School of Marine Affairs; Investigator,\nPacific Northwest Center for Human Health and Ocean Studies.\nEvelyn J. Lessard. UW Associate Professor, Oceanography.\nScott. J. Meschke. UW Associate Professor, Environmental and Occupational Health\nSciences; Investigator, Pacific Northwest Center for Human Health and Ocean Studies.\nGabrielle Rocap. UW Associate Professor, Oceanography; Investigator, Pacific\nNorthwest Center for Human Health and Ocean Studies.\nJohn E. Stein. Deputy Science Director, NOAA's Northwest Fisheries Science Center;\nDeputy Director, NOAA's West Coast Center for Oceans and Human Health; UW\nAffiliate Professor, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences.\nMark S. Strom. Supervisory microbiologist, NOAA's Northwest Fisheries Science\nCenter; UW Affiliate Associate Professor, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences and\n114","Department of Microbiology; Adjunct Member, Center for Reproductive Biology,\nWashington State University; Investigator, NOAA's West Coast Center for Oceans and\nHuman Health.\nVera L. Trainer. Research oceanographer, NOAA's Northwest Fisheries Science\nCenter; UW Affiliate Associate Professor, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences;\nInvestigator, NOAA's West Coast Center for Oceans and Human Health; Investigator,\nPacific Northwest Center for Human Health and Ocean Studies.\nUsha Varanasi. Science and Research Director, NOAA's Northwest Fisheries Science\nCenter; Director, NOAA's West Coast Center for Oceans and Human Health; UW\nAffiliate Professor, Chemistry and Affiliate Professor, School of Aquatic and Fishery\nSciences.\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning Systems - Seafood Safety\nNOAA Partnerships: The above-listed NOAA investigators are part of the PNW\nConsortium for the duration of the project. NOAA researchers serve as committee\nmembers for graduate students and as mentors for post-doctoral researchers.\nTake-Home Message: The Pacific Northwest Consortium for Pre- and Postdoctoral\nTraineeships in Oceans and Human Health (PNW Consortium) is training the next\ngeneration of scientists adept at understanding and shaping a newly emerging field\nfocused on the interaction between oceans and human health and well-being. The PNW\nConsortium is composed of faculty affiliated with the NSF/NIEHS-supported Pacific\nNorthwest Center for Human Health and Ocean Studies coordinated through the\nUniversity of Washington; faculty affiliated with the NOAA- and NSF- - sponsored\nECOHAB PNW; scientists from the West Coast Center for Oceans and Human Health, a\nNOAA Center of Excellence in Seattle; managers from\nWashington Sea Grant; and practicum mentors from diverse areas, including shellfish\nmanagement, water quality control, and ballast water management.\nGeographic Scope: The research of the student and post-doctoral trainees in the PNW\nConsortium is primarily focused in the Pacific Northwest (NOAA region: Western).\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlight: The PNW Consortium is training early-career\nscientists who can ultimately address the main goal of the West Coast NOAA Center of\nExcellence in Oceans and Human Health (NOAA Center), namely \"to assist resource\nand human health managers in making sound decisions that reduce or eliminate human\nhealth risks [through] better understanding and predicting effects of oceans on human\nhealth.\" To achieve this overall training goal, students and post-doctoral researchers are\nprovided with research opportunities in three general areas for which established\ncollaborations between the NOAA West Coast Center for Oceans and Human Health\nand the Pacific Northwest Center for Human Health and Ocean Studies already exist.\nEach research area includes faculty members from the University of Washington and\nscientists from the NOAA West Coast Center for Oceans and Human Health and all\nsupported trainees have an identified NOAA and UW advisor. The three general\nresearch areas covered within the PNW Consortium are: 1) understanding underlying\nmechanisms that influence the impacts of harmful algae (HABs), pathogens and\n115","chemical toxicants on shellfish safety and links to management strategies; 2)\ndevelopment of novel warning systems for detection and prediction of HABs and\npathogens; and 3) use of model organisms to understand toxicant impacts. Students and\npost-doctoral researchers conducting research in these three areas are developing\nadvanced skills in fields such as oceanography; modeling; genomics, transcriptomics\nand proteomics; time series analyses; neurobiology and neurotoxicology; physiology\nand biochemistry; environmental microbiology; toxicology; sensor development; and\nrisk assessment.\nUndergraduate, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Training: 4 graduate students and 5\nundergraduates have received training through this program. The graduate student\ntraining has been divided into two categories - senior students who entered the program\nwith a defined research project in place and junior students recruited specifically into the\nprogram.\nKate Hubbard. Senior graduate student in the School of Oceanography (Dr. E. Virginia\nArmbrust, thesis advisor; Vera Trainer, NOAA mentor). Project: Ecological\ninvestigations of genetic diversity in the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia. Phytoplankton\nin estuaries encounter steep environmental gradients of salinity, nutrients, light, and\ntemperature, sometimes over very small temporal or spatial scales. Coastal environments\ncan also be highly dynamic, but phytoplankton there may not experience the same extent\nof environmental variability. The toxigenic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia inhabits both\ncoastal and estuarine waters in the Pacific Northwest, although different patterns of\ntoxin production have been detected in these environments. Kate has characterized\ndistribution patterns of Pseudo-nitzschia species in different basins of Puget Sound and\nin the Strait of Juan de Fuca (which connects Puget Sound to the Pacific Ocean), using\nthe DNA fingerprinting technique, Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis\n(ARISA). Kate's research is focused on understanding the forces that impact diatom\ncommunity structure in Washington waters. One potential outcome of this research is\nthe generation of a conceptual model for toxic bloom formation in the inland waters of\nPuget Sound, which has merit as a predictive tool for future blooms. Kate has supervised\ntwo undergraduates on this project: Claire Ellis and April Bailey.\nMichael Carlson. Junior graduate student in the School of Oceanography (Dr. Gabrielle\nRocap, thesis advisor; Mark Strom NOAA mentor). Project: Viral-phytoplankton\ndynamics. Viruses are important regulators of phytoplankton communities, contributing\nto bloom termination. The cosmopolitan diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia produces\ndomoic acid, a neurotoxin that can reach ecologically dangerous levels during large\nblooms. Toxic blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia are common in coastal Washington waters\nand in 2005, a toxic bloom of Pseudo-nitzschia detected inside Puget Sound.\nPreliminary data from this 2005 bloom and blooms occurring in Eastern Puget Sound\nand Sunset Beach, Oregon in 2009 suggest the viral size fraction of water collected\nduring this bloom event is lethal to some cultures of Pseudo-nitzschia. Michael\nhypothesizes that there may be several viruses that can infect Pseudo-nitzschia. Isolation\nand characterization of the putative Pseudo-nitzschia virus(es) is currently underway.\nThe ultimate goal is to develop a genomically characterized virus-host system to better\n116","understand bloom dynamics in the field. Michael supervises an undergraduate, Kyle\nFrischkorn on this project.\nJesse Port. Junior graduate student in the School of Public Health (Elaine Faustman,\nthesis advisor; Kathi Lefebvre NOAA mentor). Project: Bioinformatics-based\ncomparative genomic approaches to characterize shared pathways/proteins between\ndiatoms and higher eukaryotes. Jesse has identified G-protein-coupled receptor\nconservation among a broad group of eukaryotes, including the diatom Pseudo-\nnitzschia. One application of this approach is to shed light on mechanisms of domoic\nacid regulation in Pseudo-nitzschia. Ultimately, Jesse would like to work as a\ntranslational scientist, working to further integrate and communicate human health\nsciences and ocean sciences in mass media, policy or more public-based settings. Jesse\nsupervises an undergraduate, Yea Chan Hwang, on this project.\nMichele Guannel. Senior graduate student in the School of Oceanography (Dr. Gabrielle\nRocap, thesis advisor; Mark Strom, NOAA mentor). Project: To investigate bacterial\ncommunities associated with Pseudo-nitzschia, as well as bacterial responses to domoic\nacid. Interactions between bacteria and phytoplankton form the foundations of important\necological processes. Some evidence exists for species- and genus-specific associations\nbetween bacteria and other organisms, including phytoplankton. For some toxigenic\nphytoplankton such as the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia, interactions with bacteria have been\nimplicated in toxin production. Michele's research aims to characterize bacteria co-\nexisting with Pseudo-nitzschia and to elucidate the interactions among bacteria and\nPseudo-nitzschia, as potentially mediated by DA. Michele has supervised an\nundergraduate, Diana Haring, on this project.\nPublications (2008):\nErdner, D. L., Dyble, J., Brand, L. E., Parker, M. S., Stevens, R. C., Moore, S. K.,\nLeFebvre, K., Bienfang, P., Anderson, D. M., Bidigare, R. R., Moeller, P., Wrabel,\nM.L. & Hubbard, K. A. 2008. Centers for Oceans and Human Health: a unified\napproach to the challenge of harmful algal blooms. Environmental Health 7.\nPresentations:\nGenetic Structure in Toxic Blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia. Katherine A. Hubbard and E.\nVirginia Armbrust. 13th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Nov. 2008, Hong\nKong.\nPresentations at OHHI meeting\nOral presentations on Trainee Day:\nPotential links between hydrography, diversity, and distribution patterns of Pseudo-\nnitzschia communities in the Puget Sound estuary.\nKatherine A. Hubbard and E. Virginia Armbrust\nUniversity of Washington School of Oceanography, Seattle, WA\nCharacterization of bacterial communities co-existing with the toxigenic diatom Pseudo-\nnitzschia.\n117","Michele Guannel and Gabrielle Rocap\nUniversity of Washington School of Oceanography, Seattle, WA\nViral-phytoplankton interactions: Isolation and characterization of viruses infecting the\ndiatom Pseudo-nitzschia\nMichael Carlson, Benjamin Johnson and Gabrielle Rocap\nUniversity of Washington School of Oceanography, Seattle, WA\nPoster presentation:\nG-protein coupled receptor conservation and domoic acid regulation in the diatom\nPseudo-nitzschia.\nJesse A. Port , Micaela S. Parker2, Xiazhong Yu , E. Virginia Armbrust 2 Elaine M.\nFaustman 1\n1 School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle WA\n2\nSchool of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle WA\n118","Project Title: HML Consortium for Research Training in Oceans and Human Health\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator(s) and Affiliation(s): Eric Lacy, Medical\nUniversity of South Carolina (MUSC/Hollings Marine Lab);\nGrice Marine Lab (College of Charleston/Hollings Marine Lab);\nNational Institute of Standards and Technology (Hollings Marine Lab);\nSouth Carolina Dept. Natural Resources (Hollings Marine Lab);\nSavannah State University (NOAA/EPP)\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning Systems\nNOAA Partners: National Ocean Service (NOAA/Hollings Marine Lab)\nConsortium Goals:\n1) Train the next generation of \"integrative marine scientists\" across disciplines of\nmolecular biology, computational science, human health and disease, public policy, and\noutreach and education.\n2) Provide a template for a formal \"Oceans and Human Health\" course for\nundergraduate and graduate institutions with significant underserved student\npopulations.\nCore Topic Areas:\n1) Bioinformatics, Biostatistics, and Epidemiology\n2) Structural Biology\n3) Immunology/Ecotoxicology\n4) Functional Genomics\n5) Marine Microbiology\nPrimary trainees:\nOne Ph.D. Graduate Student and two Postdoctoral Fellows. Training is for 3 years for all\n3 individuals.\nDoctoral training consists of 2 parts:\nI. Research thesis: classic molecular biology & 1 chapter on its relevance to human\nhealth. Public health/policy internship: 3 months, results are a chapter in the thesis. OHH\nrelevant courses: e.g. public policy, environmental justice. Presentation of research data:\nregional, national and international conferences.\nII. OHH course development: Takes course \"Teaching Techniques\". Develops syllabus\nfor OHH course using Web CT and \"Tegrity\" (with postdoctoral fellows). Mentors\nsummer students and recruits students from MSI (NOAA EPP)institutions.\nDoctoral Trainee\nJillian Lynch\nB.S. University of New Hampshire\nMatriculation Medical University South Carolina (MUSC):2007, OHHI Jan. 2008\nCo-mentors:\nFran Van Dolah, Ph.D. (NOAA/NOS)\nYusuf Hannun, M.D. (MUSC)\n119","Education: BS, University of New Hampshire, 2004\njavascript:main.compose('new',t=lynchjg@musc.edu')\nOHHI Research: molecular mechanisms controlling bloom termination in the toxic\ndinoflagellate, Karenia brevis. Specifically, investigating the role of metacaspases in\nregulating programmed cell death (PCD). Characterization of metacaspase function in\nK. brevis programmed cell death may lead to the development of ecological biomarkers\nto serve as indicators of bloom progression and will further the understanding of\nunicellular PCD and the role of metacaspases as an evolutionary core of PCD mediators.\nPostdoctoral training consists of 2 parts:\nI. Research: Intensive laboratory training in molecular biology focused on topics\ngermane to the OHHI.\nII. OHH course development: Takes course \"Teaching Techniques\". Develops syllabus\nfor OHH course using Web CT and \"Tegrity\" (with doctoral fellow). Mentors summer\nstudents and recruits students from MSI (NOAA EPP) institutions.\nPostdoctoral Trainees:\nKristin Hardy\nBS: Tulane\nPhD: UNC Wilmington\nOHHI Research: Environmental Immunology and physiology: investigating the\nmetabolic and immunologic responses to anthropogenetically induced environmental\nstressors in marine oysters, shrimp, and crabs as vectors for human disease.\nCo-mentors: Karen and Lou Burnett (College of Charleston/Hollings Marine Lab)\nArrival: Sept 1, 2009\nMackenzie Zippay\nBS: Arizona State\nPhD: UC Santa Barbara\nOHHI Research. Inhibition of brevetoxin genes using RNA interference and examining\nthe physiological responses of K. brevis to climate change drivers.\nMentor. Fran VanDolah (NOAA/HML)\nArrival: October 4, 2009\nOHH oversight and governance: 2 steering committees 1 each in Charleston, SC and\nSavannah, GA. Each oversees the training of their respective students in relation to their\ninstitutional requirements;\nCharleston: Doctoral and Postdoctoral students\nSavannah: Undergraduate & Masters students.\nThey work collectively to develop the OHH course and train students.\nSecondary trainees:\nThe consortium's second goal, \"Provide a template for a formal \"Oceans and Human\nHealth\" course for undergraduate and graduate institutions with significant underserved\nstudent populations\" is facilitated by a partnership with Savannah State University, a\n120","member of the NOAA Education Partners Program. As an initial test bed for developing\na full semester OHH course, the OHHI doctoral trainee and PI recruited 3 students from\nSSU and 1 from Univ. of Virgin Is. to participate in the Summer Undergraduate\nResearch Program in Charleston in 2009. A new and separate \"track\" in OHH was\ndeveloped and taught in the summer of 2009. The curriculum consisted of the standard\nSURP topics (see below), OHH research 6-8 hrs/day and a series of seminars and\ndiscussion groups in the OHH track.\nThe seminar syllabus for all SURP students consisted of:\n1. Course work - 1 hr /day, 2 weeks\na) General (all students including OHH students)\n- Biomedical ethics\n- Moral reasoning in ethical dilemmas\n- Animal use in research\n- Data management\n- Research misconduct and \"whistleblowing\"\n- Pub Med\n- Cell biology and biochemistry topics\nb) Tracks (selected students):\n- OHH, Cancer, Cardiovascular, Neurosciences,\n2. OHH Research: Every day with a mentor. Three student presentations: a) Summer\nResearch Day, 20 minute presentation before faculty and peers on the marine campus b)\nMarine Biomedicine Student Research Open House; poster presentation c) 10 minute\npresentation before faculty and peers on the medical campus.\nThe seminar syllabus for all 4 OHH track students consisted of:\nSeminars and Discussion:\nOHH Introduction *\nCoral Health and Disease\nMarine Natural Products*\nHarmful Algal Blooms*\nEnvironmental toxicology and risk assessment*\nMarine Sentinel Species*\nOHH overview\nSeminars were led by NOAA scientist or SSU faculty.\n* Discussions after the seminars led by a graduate student.\nCourse evaluations by the 4 students and feedback from the faculty will be integrated\ninto plans for development of the bone fide OHH course integrating WEB CT and\n\"Tegrity\" software.\n121","Project Title: Georgia Oceans and Health Initiative (GOHI) Graduate Training\nConsortium\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator(s) and Affiliation(s): Erin Lipp, UGA\nEnvironmental Health Science; Patricia Yager, UGA Marine Science; Marsha Black,\nUGA Environmental Health Science; Aaron Peck, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography;\nJames T. Hollibaugh, UGA Marine Science; Monica Gaughan, UGA Health Policy and\nManagement; Dana Cole, Georgia Division of Public Health\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning System - Sentinel Species/Habitats\nNOAA Partnerships: NOAA Center for Human Health Risk, Oceans and Human\nHealth (Hollings Marine Laboratory) - Pathogen Source Tracking Group (Jan Moore);\nProtected Areas and Resources - Marine Mammal Sentinel Project (Pat Fair and Wayne\nMcFee) (to date)\nTake-Home Message: The goals of this initiative are to develop doctoral level scientists\nwho are trained in both fundamental laboratory and field skills of marine and\nenvironmental sciences and who are engaged in human health applications of ocean\nscience through exposure and involvement in public health policy. Trainees will focus\non environmental and human health issues related to chemical contaminants and human\npathogens in marine ecosystems. Students' research will build upon current research\nprograms at UGA and will incorporate research performed during internships at\ncollaborating NOAA laboratories into their dissertations. Furthermore, these students\nwill explore the public health policy implications of their research by working directly\nwith federal, state and local agencies.\nGeographic Scope: Southeast and Caribbean NOAA regions.\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlight: Through a consortium of established\nresearchers in ocean and environmental science and public health at the University of\nGeorgia, NOAA scientists, and partners in public health agencies, our aim is to develop\na model curriculum for PhD students interested in focusing their research to an oceans\nand human health track. Three PhD students will engage in cross-disciplinary research\nthrough regular interaction with all of these groups throughout their graduate career.\nAdditionally, two students per year from multiple science-based degree programs will\nhave the opportunity to diverge from their primary research to explore policy and\nresearch associated with oceans and human health; thereby expanding exposure to the\ntopic. At the end of grant period, 9 students will be broadly trained in both aquatic/ocean\nsciences and its application to human health issues and health policy and will be\nprepared to successfully move forward in this growing field. Our first students\nmatriculated in August 2008 and therefore the program is still new. To date students are\nworking on a diverse array of research topics including issues of climate change,\necology of Vibrio pathogens (Graphic below) and sentinel habitats and species for\nsewage contamination.\n122","Seasonal prevalence of ctxA (cholera toxin gene) in water and plankton fractions\nThe cholera toxin gene (ctxA)\n32\n7\n30-63 um\nwas detected throughout the\n63-105 um\n30\n6\n105-150 um\nwarmer months; however, ctxA\n28\n150-200 um\nwas only detected in the\n5\n26\n335-500 um\nplankton fractions and 40% of\nTemperature (°C)\n4\n24\nthe detections occurred in the\n22\nsmallest fraction (30-63 um).\n3\n20\n2\n18\n1\n16\n0\n14\nProducts and Services:\nNew graduate level course. EHSC/MARS 8410 Oceans and Human Health. Cross-\nlisted between the departments of Environmental Health Science and Marine Science\n(taught by Lipp)\nNew graduate level course. MARS 8050 Climate Oceans and the Marine Biosphere\n(taught by Yager)\nUndergraduate, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Training: To date this project has provided\nfunding for 6 PhD students.\nJason Westrich (3-yr trainee; Ecology, advisor E.K. Lipp) - An ecological\nexamination of virulence in Vibrio cholerae - This is a study of human pathogen\ndynamics in the marine environment from a microbial ecology perspective. This\nresearch will examine how the limited bioavailability of iron in the ecology of Vibrio\nspp. might prime it for a predilection towards virulence in humans.\nCarrie Givens (3-yr trainee; Marine Science, advisor J.T. Hollibaugh) -\nModifications to the Gut Microflora Community as a Consequence of Changes in\nDiet, Temperature, and Salinity with special reference to pathogenic bacteria and\nhuman health - This project will explore the effects of varied environmental\nparameters on fish gut microflora, including presumptive human pathogens (i.e.,\nVibrio spp.). Research will gauge how changing diet, water temperature, and\nsalinity influence and modify gut microflora community composition.\nJanna Carrie Futch (1-yr trainee [academic year 2009]; Ecology, advisor E.K.\nLipp) - Enteric viruses and other pathogens in Coastal Environments - Exploration\nof Potential Contribution from Marine Mammals - Working with the Marine\nMammal group at Hollings Marine Lab, fresh and frozen dolphin fecal samples and\nswabs were screened for a variety of human pathogens to determine if these animals\nmight serve as sentinels for sewage contamination or might naturally harbor certain\npathogens to humans. Samples were screened for human-specific viral targets\n(enteroviruses, adenoviruses and norovirus genogroup 1 and 2), Salmonella,\nCampylobacter and Vibrio spp. Vibrio were commonly detected from samples.\n123","While Campylobacter was frequently detected by PCR, Salmonella were never\nidentified. Among the viruses, norovirus genogroup 1 was detected and confirmed in\ntwo samples. This was a surprising result and suggests that marine mammals may be\nexposed to and carry certain human viruses.\nJeffrey Turner (1-yr trainee [academic year 2010]; Ecology, advisor E.K. Lipp) -\nDoes cholera toxin play a role in the marine environment? - This study will address\nthe hypothesis that cholera toxin (CT) provides a selective advantage for the\ncolonization of copepods by the marine pathogen Vibrio cholerae. This will explored\nthrough timed colonization assays using gfp and rfp V. cholerae mutants.\nJessica Joyner - (1-yr trainee [academic year 2010]; Ecology, advisor E.K. Lipp) -\nSponges as silent sentinels: Can they serve as early indicators of sewage\ncontamination on coral reefs? Marine organisms exposed to bacteria or viruses are\naffected earlier compared to humans and should be the focus of monitoring to\nprevent human exposure. If sewage pollution is detected early, greater accumulation\nof introduced microbes within the marine organisms and human exposure will be\nprevented. Marine organisms, particularly sponges, may serve as ideal organisms to\nsample for detecting contaminants. The goal of this research is to address the\nfollowing questions: 1) Can sponges provide early warning of sewage contamination\nin tropical environments through concentrating fecal indicators? 2) Are sponges and\ncoral mucus equally capable of retaining enteric bacteria and viruses?\nAlexandra Mass - (1-yr trainee [academic year 2008]; Marine Science, advisor P.\nYager) - Bacterial Degradation of Organohalogens in the Southern Ocean -\nOrganohalogens are toxic, ozone-depleting, greenhouse gases that are produced\nindustrially as well as by marine algae. They are especially important in the\nseasonal sea ice of Antarctica because they contribute to the break down of\ntropospheric ozone, another greenhouse gas whose buildup is responsible for at least\npart of the rapid loss of sea ice in polar ecosystems. Microbial degradation of these\ncompounds occurs in many environments, but is not well understood, particularly in\nthis critical polar region. For this project, seawater, sea ice, and sea ice brine were\ncollected from the Pacific sector of coastal Antarctica (Amundsen Sea) and\nincubated with radio-labelled methyl bromide, with and without glucose enrichment,\nto determine rates and mechanisms of microbial degradation. We found that\nheterotrophic bacteria were able to utilize the carbon of methyl bromide, primarily\nfor respiration, and that rates of degradation were comparable to apparent rates of\nproduction by sea ice algae, even at -1°C. Utilization rates were highest in the ice\ncores, where ice algae were most dense, and lowest in the seawater below.\nOutreach: Outreach to the public health community and larger university community\nis\nin planning stages.\nPublications: None to date.\nPosters:\n1) Variations in Vibrio spp. and other Microflora associated with the Fish Intestine as a\nConsequence of Environmental Change. Carrie Givens\n124","2) Dolphins as sentinel animals of oceans and human health: surveying carriage of\nhuman enteric pathogens using molecular techniques. Janna Carrie Futch\n3) GFP and RFP Tools for Observing the Attachment of V. cholerae to the Copepod\nHost. Jeff Turner\n4) Effect of Iron flux into the marine environment on Vibrio Population Dynamics and\nVirulence. Jason Westrich\n5) Can marine sponges be early indicators of sewage contamination for coastal\nenvironments? Jessica Joyner\n125","Project Title: Training Tomorrow's Ecosystem and Public Health Leaders using\nMarine Mammals as Sentinels of Oceanic Change\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator(s) and Affiliation(s):\nPI - Jonna Mazet, DVM, MPVM, PhD, Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary\nMedicine, University of California, Davis\nCo-PI - Kathi Lefebvre, PhD, NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center\nCo-PI - Frances Gulland, Vet. MB, MRCVS, PhD, The Marine Mammal Center\nTraining Partners -\nBarbara Byrne, DVM, PhD, DACVIM, University of California, Davis, CA\nChristine Kreuder Johnson, VMD, MPVM, PHD, University of California, Davis, CA\nTracey Goldstein, PhD, University of California, Davis, CA\nChristian Sandrock, MD, MPH, University of California, Davis, CA\nMark Strom, PhD, NOAA, Northwest Marine Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA\nVera Trainer, PhD, NOAA, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA\nFrances Van Dolah, PhD, NOAA, Marine Biotoxins Program, Hollings Marine Laboratory,\nCharleston, SC\nGina Ylitalo, MS, NOAA, Northwest Marine Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning System - Sentinel Species/Habitats\nNOAA Partnerships: See investigators listed above. In addition, the NOAA-NMFS\nOffice of Protected Resources, Marine Mammal Program is involved in project and\nlaboratory diagnostic support, as is the Anchorage, Alaska Office of the USFWS.\nThe unique collaborative team represented by this consortium makes for a rich training\nenvironment with access to research materials from the entire west coast of the United\nStates and scientific training from the experts at the top of the Ocean and Human Health\nfield. It takes advantage of ongoing research partnerships and ocean health management\ncollaborations at two OHH Centers of Excellence - the Northwest Fisheries Science\nCenter and Hollings Marine Laboratory, as well as the world leader in scientific marine\nmammal stranding response and rehabilitation - The Marine Mammal Center (TMMC)\nand a top tier research university specializing in training ecosystem health professionals\n- the University of California at Davis (UCD). An initial focus of the team is to optimize\nthe data available for OHH work by standardizing protocols to be used for sample\ncollection, organization, and access SO that quality health and toxin parameters can be\nquantified from the largest possible sample size. One postdoctoral fellow at the\nNorthwest Fisheries Science Center (NWFSC) is leading this sample acquisition,\nprocessing, and organizational project, ensuring access of all consortia partners to the\nvast sample population, as well as enabling quality integrative analyses across regions\nand species. Through rotations at the NWFSC and their own research projects, all\ntrainees will interact with private, commercial, local, state, federal, and tribal\norganizations and agencies to gain insight into the needed scientific information for\nsound policy development and to provide outreach and training in sample collection\nprotocols.\nTake-Home Message: Emerging and recurring health problems in marine mammals\nprovide compelling evidence for the declining health of our oceans and are a sensitive\nearly warning for looming human health problems that may result from consumption of\nocean products. This training grant augments the current goals of the West Coast Center\n126","for Oceans and Human Health (WCCOHH) to use marine mammals as ocean health\nsentinels and models for investigating the harmful effects of pathogens and toxins on\nhuman health. The next generation of leaders in oceans and human health are being\ndeveloped using this fertile scientific area.\nGeographic Scope: Primarily being conducted in the Western Region, but applicable to\nall regions.\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlight: Marine mammals have proven to be effective\nand highly sensitive indicators of declining ocean health and looming human health\nconcerns. Our continued reliance on the ocean ecosystems for sustenance and recreation\nrequires that careful attention be paid to early warnings suggested by marine mammal\nsentinels. Providing excellent training for the next generation of environmental science\nleaders and researchers is the only way to ensure new discoveries, new diagnostic\ntechnology, and integration of the vast amount of new information possible through\nintensive monitoring of ocean health. This training program addresses the primary\nobjectives of the Interagency Oceans and Human Health Research Program to conduct\ninterdisciplinary research on (1) harmful algal blooms, (2) marine organisms as models\nfor biomedical research and as indicators of marine environmental health, and (3)\npredictive models integrating indicators of marine environmental health or public health\nthreats. Top-notch researchers are being trained and are investigating the link between\nocean and human health and influence policy to sustain healthy populations of wildlife\nand people in our coastal regions. Specifically, our trainees are focusing on zoonotic\ndiseases in marine mammals that provide evidence of coastal pathogen pollution, the\nchronic effects of exposure to harmful toxins, especially domoic acid and\npolychlorinated biphenyls, and ecosystem-level risk assessment models that will analyze\nadverse marine mammal health events in coastal regions in order to predict human\nhealth threats. This training program takes advantage of ongoing research partnerships\nand ocean health management collaborations at the West Coast and East Coast OHH\nCenters of Excellence at the Northwest Fisheries Science Center and Hollings Marine\nLaboratory, as well as the world leader in scientific marine mammal stranding response\nand rehabilitation, The Marine Mammal Center, and a top tier research university\nspecializing in training ecosystem health professionals, the University of California at\nDavis, to provide a uniquely qualified training ground for the next generation of\nscientific leadership.\nUndergraduate, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Training:\n(1) Three graduate; three postdoctoral; approximately six undergraduate affiliates.\n(2) Trainees:\n127","Daphne Carlson Bremer\nDoctoral Trainee\nNewly recognized and emerging coccidial disease of\nmarine mammals\nCombining epidemiologic and ecological data to model\nmarine ecosystem health and develop risk models for\npolicy and management recommendations\nSebastian Carrasco\nDoctoral Trainee\nInvestigating the role of Bartonella spp. as a cause of\ninfective valvular endocarditis in northern sea otters\nEvaluating co-infection of Bartonella spp. with Streptococcus\nbovis/equinus complex in northern sea otters affected by\nvalvular endocarditis\nEvaluating the role of Phocine Distemper Virus in mortality in northern sea otters\nElizabeth Frame\nPostdoctoral Trainee\nRefining methods for detection and measurement of algal\ntoxins in marine mammals\nEstablishing baseline data regarding algal toxin exposure\nin marine mammals along the west coast from California\nto Alaska - with emphasis on the emergence of domoic acid in Alaskan waters\nwith respect to global climate change\nUsing marine mammals as sentinel species for human health impacts due to\nharmful algal bloom toxin exposure\nEric Montie\nPostdoctoral Trainee\nThe intersection of marine biology, neurobiology,\nbioacoustics, toxicology, and conservation biology\nParticularly interested in how anthropogenic chemicals,\nharmful algal blooms, and noise pollution affect the sensory\nand neurobiology of marine wildlife.\nKaren Shapiro\nNew Postdoctoral Trainee\nWill investigate pathogen transmission via marine snow\n128","Jennifer Siembieda\nRefining methods for detection and measurement of\nzoonotic pathogens in marine birds and mammals that are\nmost likely to interact with humans.\nEstablishing baseline data regarding the zoonotic pathogens\npresent in these animals.\nUsing marine birds and marine mammals as sentinel species\nfor pathogen pollution in the environment.\nOutreach: The program has a website: http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/whc/OHH-\nstudents.cfm. In addition, the students and mentors have been presenting at numerous\npublic meetings and national and international conferences.\nPublications:\nChomel BB, Kasten RK, Williams C, Wey AC, Henn JB, Maggi R, Carrasco SE, Mazet\nJK, Boulouis HJ, Maillard R, Breitschwerdt EB. (In Press). Bartonella endocarditis:\na pathology shared by animal reservoirs and patients. Annals of the New York\nAcademy of Sciences.\nMontie EW, Hahn ME, Reddy C, Gebbink WA, Touhey KE, Letcher RJ. 2009.\nOrganohalogen contaminants and metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid and cerebellum\ngray matter in short-beaked common dolphins and Atlantic white-sided dolphins\nfrom the western North Atlantic. Environmental Pollution. 157:2345-2358.\nMontie EW, Pussini N, Schneider GE, Battey TWK, Dennison S, Barakos J, Gulland F.\n(In Press). Neuroanatomy and volumes of brain structures of a live California Sea\nLion (Zalophus californianus) from magnetic resonance images. The Anatomical\nRecord.\nSiembieda J, Johnson C, Boyce W, Sandrock C, Cardona C. 2008. Risk for avian\ninfluenza virus exposure at the human-wildlife interface. Emerging Infectious\nDisease, 14(7): 1151-1153.\nSiembieda J, Johnson CK, Cardona C, Anchell N, Dao N, Reisen W and Boyce W. (In\nPress). Influenza A viruses in resident and migratory wild birds along the Pacific\nFlyway. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.\nSiembieda JL, Miller WA, Byrne BA, Ziccardi MH, Anderson N, Chouicha N, Sandrock\nCE, and Johnson CK. (Submitted). Zoonotic pathogens in wild animals at wildlife\nhospitals: an important human - animal interface for pathogen detection. Journal of\nthe American Veterinary Medical Association.\n129","Project Title: Interdisciplinary Research & training Initiative on Coastal-ecosystems\n& Human Health (I-RICH)\nPrincipal and Associate Investigator(s) and Affiliation(s):\nA. Principle and Associate Investigators\n1) University of Connecticut, Department of Marine Sciences\nPI - J. Evan Ward, Ph.D.\nco-PI - Hans Dam, Ph.D.\n2) University of Connecticut, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science\nco-PI - Sylvain DeGuise, D.M.V., Ph.D.\nco-PI - Salvatore Frasca, V.M.D., Ph.D.\n3) Mystic Aquarium and Institute for Exploration\nco-PI - Tracy Romano, Ph.D.\n4) NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center\nco-PI Gary Wikfors, Ph.D.\nB. Active Partners\n1) University of Connecticut\nAnn M. Ferris, Ph.D., RD., Co-Director, Center for Public Health and Health\nPolicy\n2) University of California, Davis\nE. Scott Weber, V.M.D., Department of Veterinary Medicine\n3) New England Aquarium\nCharles Innis, V.M.D.\n4) Roger Williams University\nRoxanna Smolowitz, D.V.M., Department of Biology and Marine Biology\n5) Old Dominion University\nFred Dobbs, Ph.D., Department of Oceans, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences\n6) NOAA, Connecticut Sea Grant\nSylvain DeGuise, D.M.V., Ph.D., Director\nC. Other Partners\n1) University of Connecticut\nDepartment of Allied Health, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Department\nof Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology,\nCenter for Environmental Health, Center for Environmental Science and\nEngineering, Marine Sciences and Technology Center\n2) NOAA, National Undersea Research Center\nOHHI Goal and Topic: Early Warning Systems\nNOAA Partnerships:\nA. NOAA, Connecticut Sea Grant (2007-2010) - Provides funds for one Summer\nGraduate Fellowship in Oceans and Human Health in each of the three funded years\n(Sylvain DeGuise, Director)\nB. NOAA, NMFS, Northeast Fisheries Science Center - Provides equipment and\nexpertise for several projects, supports one leveraged Post-Doc through a NOAA,\nNational Aquaculture Program Fellowship, works with PIs on grants to leverage funds\nfrom other Federal and State Sources (Gary Wikfors, co-PI).\n130","C. University of Connecticut (State of CT) - In addition to providing over-all support for\nthe I-RICH consortium, the University has provided the following: 1) a Graduate\nFellowship to support one PhD student for a three-year period (Fellowship for Under-\nRepresented Groups); 2) Teaching Assistantships to support two graduate students who\nare working on aspects related to OHH (Department of Marine Sciences).\nTake-Home Message: The goal of I-RICH is to help train the next generation of\nscientists who will work to protect oceans and human health. The consortium includes\nbroad education in marine sciences, coupled with specific training in one of three focus\nareas: 1) impacts/consequences of harmful algal blooms, 2) marine diseases and\npathogens, and 3) emerging pollutants such as nanoparticles. These focus areas\nrepresent critical problems in the coastal zone that impact living marine resources (e.g.,\nfish, shellfish, marine mammals).\nGeographic Scope: The majority of projects conducted within I-RICH focus on the\nNorth Atlantic Region. However, some of the work has relevance to other regions. For\nexample, research on the ecology of Vibrio bacteria and their uptake by bivalve molluscs\nhas relevance to the Southeast and Gulf of Mexico Regions. Research on the toxic\nphytoplankton Alexandrium and Pseudo-nitzschia have relevance to the Western\nRegion, and work on nanoparticles potentially has relevance to all regions.\nProject Abstracts/Research Highlight: I-RICH includes education, research, and\noutreach components, and is based on two fundamental principles: 1) The land, sea, and\natmosphere are inextricably connected and human perturbations of one system will often\naffect another; and 2) In order to fully understand the manifold of effects that human\nactivities have on coastal ecosystems and the cascade of consequences they initiate,\ninterdisciplinary research and training programs must be developed. The goal of I-\nRICH is to provide human resources and information that will address and shape\nresponses to problems related to living marine resources, seafood safety and human\nhealth (Fig. 1). To date, the consortium has funded 4 post-doctoral trainees and 1 PhD\nstudent. Additionally, through leveraging of funds, co-PIs have fully supported 1 and\npartially supported 2 additional PhD students, and fully supported another post-doctoral\ntrainee. Through agreements with CT Sea Grant, we have provided summer support for\n2 graduate students. In aggregate, trainees have accomplished the following: 1)\npublished or submitted 6 papers; 2) delivered 7 presentations at scientific\nmeetings/seminars; 3) presented 10 talks at K-12 schools, undergraduate institutions or\nto the general public; 4) organized an OHH seminar series (fall 2009); 5) organized a\nregional meeting on the Gulf of Maine Seals: Populations, Problems Priorities; 6)\nparticipated in an OHH Seminar Course for the general public (College of Exploration\n& Ocean Technology Foundation), and 7) submitted 2 grants for additional leveraged\nfunds, both of which were funded. These products have informed and educated a variety\nof user groups, including: 1) scientists focused on OHH, 2) the science community in\ngeneral, 3) school children and their teachers, and 4) the general public and local\nrepresentatives.\n131","Human Health\nOceanography\nOceanography\nSeafood\nTraining &\nTraining &\nResearch\nResearch\nLiving Marine\nHABs\nMarine\nResources\nPathogens &\nDiseases\nTraining &\nResearch\nEmerging Pollutants\nOceanography\nFigure 1. Graduate students & post-doctoral fellows within I-RICH are\nreceiving broad training in marine sciences (oceanography & marine biology)\nand specific training in one of three focus areas: Harmful Algal Blooms\n(HABs), Marine Pathogens/Diseases, or Emerging Pollutants. Research and\neducation focuses on the impacts of these potential stressors on living\nmarine resources, including sentinel species such as marine mammals and\nseafood, which can ultimately impact human health.\nProducts and Services:\nA. Information Services - This product represents the main goal of the I-RICH training\nconsortium.\nThrough direct funding from the project or leveraged support we are training 5\npost-doctoral fellows and 4 PhD students.\nSummer support has been provided for 2 graduate students.\nTrainees have participated in a number of educational and outreach activities that\nare outlined elsewhere in this document.\nB. Technology - Through research conducted by the I-RICH trainees, several techniques\nand approaches are being developed that relate to this product.\nDevelopment of a flow cytometric assay to assess semi-quantitatively the\nintracellular concentration of brevetoxin and domoic acid resulting from a given\nin vitro exposure and correlate with immunomodulatory effects; this approach\nwill help validate which tissue compartment (serum/plasma or intracellular) is\nrelevant when measuring biotoxin concentrations and assessing the risk for\nimmunotoxicity\nCollaborative development of a two-phase multi-model for bacterial gene\ntransfer among pathogens as a function of particle aggregation in aquatic systems\ncomparing differential equations to agent-based modeling strategies.\n132","Collaborative development of a standard operating procedure for the use of\nquantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays for environmental samples\n(such as organic aggregates), including internal extraction and amplification\ncontrols and the minimization of inhibition due to environmental chemicals\nUndergraduate, Doctoral, Post-Doctoral Training:\nA. Total number of student and post-docs being trained under the project (including\nleveraged individuals) = 9 (plus 2 additional students who received CT SG summer\nsupport).\nB. Names and project description of trainees:\n1. Milton Levin - Post-Doctoral Fellow. Project Title: The impact of harmful algal\nblooms on human health: An immunotoxicological risk assessment approach.\n2. M. Maille Lyons - Post-Doctoral Fellow. Project Title: From ship to shore: The\nrole of marine aggregates in the fate of human pathogens.\n3. Hayley M. Skelton - Post-Doctoral Fellow. Project Title: Interactions between\ntoxic Alexandrium spp. and micro-zooplankton: Grazing dynamics and possible\nretention of PSP toxins.\n4. M. Soledad Fuentes - Post-Doctoral Associate. Project Title: Environmental\ncopper and silicate regulation of domoic acid expression: Relevance to offshore\nmussel aquaculture\n5. Cara L. Field - Post-Doctoral Fellow. Project Title: Seroprevalence and\ncytopathic effects of marine- origin Brucella on the human and beluga whale\nimmune system (Cara is the first alumnus of I-RICH and has recently taken a\nposition as Associate Veterinarian at the Audubon Nature Institute, New Orleans,\nLA).\n6. Akinyi Nyaoke - PhD Student. Project Title: An aquarium-based exposure\nmodel to study the pathogenesis of exophialosis in marine fish.\n7. Andrea L. Bogomolni - PhD Student. Project Title: Emerging zoonotic\npathogens in live, stranded and by-caught marine mammals and sea birds.\n8. John Doyle - PhD Student. Project Title: Uptake and bioaccumulation of\nnanoparticles by benthic suspension feeders.\n9. Laura Thompson - PhD Student. Project Title: Marine mammal diving behavior\n& health.\nOutreach:\nA. Presentations at scientific meetings or seminars:\n1. Bogomolni, A., 2009. Stranding network formation for the wider Caribbean. The\nEastern Caribbean Cetacean Network, 2nd Bahamas Stranding Network\nWorkshop, Nassau, Bahamas.\n2. Field CL, Higgins J, Dunn JL, Romano T. 2009. Intracellular cytopathic effects\nof marine Brucella on beluga and human monocytes. 40th Annual International\nAssociation for Aquatic Animal Medicine conference, San Antonio, Texas May.\n3. Field CL, Higgins J, Dunn JL, Romano T. 2009. Intracellular cytopathic effects\nof marine Brucella on beluga monocytes. Presentation to staff/volunteers at\nMystic Aquarium, Mystic, CT.\n133","4. Levin, ML., 2009. Aquatic immunotoxicology: What have we learned? Graduate\nSeminar Series, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences,\nUniversity of New Hampshire.\n5. Doyle, J.J. and J.E. Ward, 2008. Detection of antibiotics in the Thames and\nMystic Rivers. Long Island Sound Research Conference, New London, CT.\n6. Levin, ML, D Joshi, D, A Draghi II, D Jessup, FM Gulland & S De Guise. 2008.\nDomoic acid immunotoxicity in California sea lions and southern sea otters.\nSociety of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 29th Annual Meeting in\nNorth America, Tampa, FL.\n7. Lyons, M. M., 2008 (invited). The Role of Marine Snow in the Ecological\nEpizootiology of Aquatic Diseases. Departmental Seminar Series for the\nDepartment of Oceans, Atmospheric and Earth Sciences, Old Dominion\nUniversity. Norfolk, VA.\nB. Presentations delivered to undergraduate students:\n1. Bogomolni, A., 2009. Invited to teach marine mammal anatomy, Tufts Cummings\nVeterinary School.\n2. Bogomolni, A., 2009. Guest instructor for Marine Mammal CSI, Cape Cod Jr.\nTech. Counsel.\n3. Doyle, J. 2009. Emerging Pollutants in Long Island Sound, Avery Point Ecohusky\nClub, University of Connecticut.\n4. Levin, ML., 2009. Marine Mammal Pollution and Toxicology. Guest lecturer for\nBiology and Conservation of Whales, Wellesley College.\n5. Levin, ML., 2008. Aquatic Toxicology. Guest lecturer for Diseases of Finfish and\nShellfish, University of Connecticut.\n6. Levin, ML., 2008. Aquatic Immunotoxicology: What have we learned? Guest\nlecturer for Veterinary Ecotoxicology, University of Pennsylvania, College of\nVeterinary Medicine.\n7. Levin, ML., 2008. Toxicological Causes of Disease. Guest lecturer for Biomedical\nIssues in Pathobiology, University of Connecticut.\nC. Presentations/reports delivered to K-12 teachers, parents, and/or students:\n1. Lyons, M.M., 2009. How to guide your child through a successful science fair\nexperience. Region I Science Fair Competition, Eastern Carolina University,\nGreenville, NC.\n2. Lyons, M.M., 2009. How to do an outstanding science fair project. Science\nCelebration at Elizabeth City State University, Elizabeth City, NC.\n3. Lyons, M.M., 2008. Science Fair 101: A step-by-step guide to designing and\ncompleting a science fair project. Printed by Port Discover and disseminated to\n3rd-5th graders in 6 elementary schools in Camden and Pasquotank counties in\nsupport of the North Carolina public schools science curriculum.\nD. Organization of science meetings:\n1. Lyons has been elected as chair of the Gordon Research Seminar (GRS) on\nOceans and Human Health (OHH) to be held at the University of New England,\nBiddeford, Maine in conjunction with the Gordon Research Conference (GRC)\non Oceans and Human Health, on June 12-13th 2010.\n134","2. Bogomolni organized and obtained funding for a meeting sponsored by WHOI\nMarine Mammal Center titled, Gulf of Maine Seals: Populations, Problems\nPriorities, May 28th -29th, 2009.\nE. Other outreach activities:\n1. Several post-docs participated in an OHH Seminar Course for the general public.\nThis course is presented by the College of Exploration & Ocean Technology\nFoundation. Another session of the course will be presented in the spring of\n2010, and post-docs will again participate.\n2. Post-docs and graduate students organized a seminar series on OHH for scientists\nthroughout Connecticut. This series will run in the fall of 2009.\n3. Lyons is a volunteer coach for a team of 5th grade girls for the Sally Ride Science\nToy Challenge competition in toy and game design. This national program is\ndesigned to keep girls interested in science, math, and engineering (Elizabeth\nCity, NC).\n4. Lyons volunteers as a science mentor at Port Discover, a non-profit science\neducation organization based in the economically disadvantaged area of\nElizabeth City, NC. Lyons mentors students (3rd-5th grade, including\nunderrepresented minorities) for science fair projects including hosting free\nscience fair workshops.\nPublications:\nGlibert, P.M., Burkholder, J.M., Kana, T.M., Alexander, J., Skelton, H. & Shilling,\nC. 2009. Grazing by Karenia brevis on Synechococcus enhances their growth\nrate and may help to sustain blooms. Aquat. Microbiol. Ecol. 55:17-30. (partially\nsupported)\nDoyle, J.J. and J.E. Ward, 2009. Detection of antibiotics in the Thames and Mystic\nRivers. Proceedings of the Long Island Sound Conference, 2008, In press.\nLevin, M, Leibrecht, H, Ryan, J, Van Dolah, F, De Guise, S. 2008.\nImmunomodulatory effects of domoic acid differ between in vivo and in vitro\nexposure in mice. Mar Drugs (6):636-659. (partially supported)\nLevin, M, Joshi, D, Draghi II, A, Jessup, D, Gulland, F, De Guise, S.\nImmunomodulatory effects of domoic acid in California sea lions and southern\nsea otters. Submitted.\nSchwacke, L, Twiner M, De Guise, S, Balmer, B, Wells, R, Townsend, F, Rotstein,\nD, Varela, R, Hansen, L, Zolman, E, Spradlin, T, Levin, M, Leibrecht, H, Wang,\nZ, Rowles, T. Eosinophilia and biotoxin exposure in common bottlenose\ndolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from a population impacted by repeated mortality\nevents. Submitted. (partially supported)\nSkelton, H.S., Burkholder, J.M. & Parrow, M.W. 2009. Axenic culture of the\nheterotrophic dinoflagellate Pfiesteria shumwayae in a semi-defined medium. J.\nEukaryot. Microbiol. 56: 73-82. (partially supported)\nPosters: Posters to be displayed at the OHHI All-PI meeting:\n1. The I-RICH Training Consortium: Interdisciplinary Research & training Initiative\non Coastal ecosystems & Human Health. Ward, J.E., S. De Guise, H.G. Dam, S.\n135","Frasca, Jr, T. Romano and G. Wikfors. This poster is an overview of the main\ntrainees in the consortium.\n2. A New Mechanism of Toxicity to Microzooplankton in the Dinoflagellate\nAlexandrium spp. Skelton, H.M., G.H. Wikfors and H.G. Dam.\n3. The Impact of Harmful Algal Blooms on the Health of Humans and Marine\nMammals: An Immunotoxicological Approach. Levin, M., E. Gebhard, A.\nBogomolni, D. Joshi, A. Draghi, D. Jessup, F. Gulland and S. De Guise.\n4. How do Marine Aggregates Contribute to the Persistence of Aquatic Pathogens?\nLyons, M.M., J.E. Ward and F.C. Dobbs.\n5. Phocine Distemper Virus (PDV) in Northeast U.S. Pinnipeds: Emerging Epizootic\nEvents and Environmental Stressors. Bogomolni, A.\n6. An aquarium model to study the pathogenesis of a novel Exophiala species\ninfection in chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Nyaoke, A., E.S.\nWeber, C. Innis, R. Smolowitz, E. Thompson, B. Wickes, D. Sutton, R.P.\nHedrick and S. Frasca.\n136"]}