{"Bibliographic":{"Title":"Air Resources Laboratory 1993 Report","Authors":"","Publication date":"1993","Publisher":""},"Administrative":{"Date created":"08-16-2023","Language":"English","Rights":"CC 0","Size":"0000088910"},"Pages":["QC\n807.5\n.U6\nA72\nAIR RESOURCES LABORATORY\n1993\n1993 REPORT\nLabo rato\nsour\nLIBRARY\n1994\n1\nOCT\nU.S Dept of Commerce\nATMOSPHERIC\nU.S. Department of Commerce\nAND\naccount\nNOAA\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\nEnvironmental Research Laboratories\nUS\nAir Resources Laboratory\nSilver Spring, Maryland\nOF","AIR RESOURCES LABORATORY\n1993 REPORT\nQC\n802.5\nU6\nA72\nAugust 1994\n1993\nJUN I 6 1995\nN.O.A.A.\nU.S. DEPT. OF COMMERCE\nDEPARTMENT COMPANY\nOF\nU.S. Department of Commerce\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\n*\n*\nEnvironmental Research Laboratories\nWITH\nAir Resources Laboratory\nSTATES\nOF\nSilver Spring, Maryland","Notice\nMention of a commercial company or product does not\nconstitute an endorsement by NOAA's Environmental Research\nLaboratories. Use for publicity or advertising purposes of\ninformation from this publication concerning proprietary products\nor the tests of such products is not authorized.\nThis document was prepared during early 1994 by the\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,\nEnvironmental Research Laboratories,\nAir Resources Laboratory.\nFor sale by the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road\nSpringfield, VA 22061","From the Director\nThe Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) is a scientific organization with a\nrich history and a keen eye towards the future. In 1993, we marked our\n45th year as leaders in various aspects of atmospheric science related to\nair quality and climate. But, in response to national needs and in\nanticipation of the scientific issues that will shape our lives in the coming\ndecades, we are an evolving organization.\nIn this report, you will read about our recent accomplishments and our\nvision for the future. Herein we have highlighted our programs to give\nyou a flavor of what we are about and to whet your appetite for more\ninformation, which we would be happy to provide.\nMuch of our effort involves collaborative research and supports other\ngovernment agencies and programs. So we are particularly sensitive to\ntrends in, and the requirements of, the community with which we\ninteract. Your comments about ARL or this report are always welcome.\nBy this\nBruce B. Hicks, Director\nAir Resources Laboratory\nNOAA/SSMC3, Room 3152\n1315 East West Highway\nSilver Spring, MD 20910\nTelephone (301) 713 0295, ext. 136\n(301) 713 0119\nfax\nhicks@arlrisc.ssmc.noaa.gov\nE-mail\nB.HICKS/OMNET","Table of Contents\n1\nAn Overview of ARL\n1\nMission\n2\nPersonnel and Divisions\n4\nResearch Philosophy\nARL's Role in the Federal Government\n6\nARL's Contribution to the NOAA Strategic Plan\n7\n11\nARL Funding History\n12\nRecent Organizational Highlights\nRecent Accomplishments - Highlights of ARL Research\n15\nProgram Highlights: Theme 1. Air Quality and Dispersion\n15\nProgram Highlights: Theme 2. Emergency Preparedness\n18\nProgram Highlights: Theme 3. Climate Trends and Variability\n20\n25\nInternational Programs\n26\nInternational Activities\nOutreach and Community Service\n30\n32\nARL Staff Photographs\n32\nHeadquarters Division\nAtmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division\n33\nAtmospheric Sciences Modeling Division\n34\n35\nField Research Division\n36\nSolar Radiation Research Branch\n37\nARL 1993 Publications\n41\nOrganizational Charts\n45\nList of Acronyms","An Overview of ARL\nMission:\nAlthough ARL, probably more than most other NOAA laboratories, works closely with\nother government agencies, we are first and foremost a NOAA research laboratory.\nAs stated in the NOAA 1995-2005 Strategic Plan, \"NOAA's mission is to promote\nglobal environmental stewardship and to describe and predict changes in the Earth's\nenvironment. \" The ARL contribution to that goal can be summarized in the ARL\nmission statement:\nThe Air Resources Laboratory carries out research on processes that relate to air\nquality and climate, concentrating on the transport, dispersion, transformation and\nremoval of trace gases and aerosols, and the exchange between the atmosphere and\nbiological and non-biological surfaces. The time frame of interest ranges from minutes\nand hours to that of the global climate. Research in all of these areas involves\nphysical and numerical studies, leading to the development of air quality simulation\nmodels. The Laboratory provides scientific advice to elements of NOAA and other\nGovernment agencies on environmental problems, emergency assistance, and climate\nchange.\nThe specific goal of ARL research is to improve and eventually to institutionalize\nforecasting of air quality, deposition, and related atmospheric environment variables.\nThis is in support of concerns related to effects on human health, ecosystem viability,\nsustainable development, and international competitiveness.\nARL laboratories (squares) and field monitoring sites (circles) are located throughout\nthe country.\n1","Personnel and Divisions:\nThe Air Resources Laboratory started as the Special Projects Section of the U.S.\nWeather Bureau, in 1948. In 1963 (and until 1965), its name was changed to the\nMeteorological Research Projects Branch of the Weather Bureau. In 1965, the\norganization (including its field offices) was reconstituted as the Air Resources\nLaboratories, and most recently (1981) was redefined as a single Air Resources\nLaboratory with several field divisions. Thus, ARL is not a single, centrally-located\nlaboratory, but a consolidation of spatially distributed laboratories that focus on\nspecific aspects of research related to the overall ARL air quality mission. ARL's\napproximately 150 federal employees work in laboratories in six states, as follows.\nHeadquarters Division -- Silver Spring, MD\n-- Focus: Transport, wet deposition, and climate change\nAtmospheric Sciences Modeling Division -- Research Triangle Park, NC\n-- Focus: Integrated modeling\nAtmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division -- Oak Ridge, TN\n-- Focus: Turbulent dispersion and exchange\nField Research Division -- Idaho Falls, ID\n-- Focus: Air quality transport and model evaluation\nSpecial Operations and Research Division -- Las Vegas, NV\n-- Focus: Particle dispersion and deposition, emergency response\nIn addition, a Surface Radiation Research Branch operates in Boulder, Colorado, as a\nfield component of the Headquarters Division.\n2","ARL's greatest resource is its people. At present, scientific and support staff total\nabout 150 NOAA employees and about 70 contract personnel, as summarized in the\ncharts below. Full staff rosters and photographs are included at the end of this report.\nNOAA and contract personnel\nRTP/NOAA\nHQ/Contract\n55\n2\nHQ/NOAA\n22\nSRRB/Contract\n9\nSRRB/NOAA\nFRD/NOAA\n8\n27\nATDD/Contract\n12\nFRD/Contract\nATDD/NOAA\nEducational Levels\n2\n16\nBA/BS\nAA\n29\n1\nHigh School\n29\nMA/MS\n51\nPhD\nARL Staff\n43\nSCIENTIFIC MEN\n113\nSUPPORT WOMEN\n18\nSUPPORT MEN\n5\nSCIENTIFIC WOMEN\n17\n3","Research Philosophy:\nThe research conducted at the various ARL locations is coordinated and organized in\nthree research themes. The accomplishments described in the body of this report are\norganized according to these themes.\nTheme 1. Air Quality and Dispersion (air-surface exchange; acid deposition; ozone\nand oxidants; aerosols and visibility)\nTheme 2. Emergency Preparedness (nuclear; volcanoes; toxics; dense gases)\nTheme 3. Climate Trends and Variability (solar radiation, including infrared and\nultraviolet; meteorological trends; desertification)\nIn every case, the end product of ARL research is an improved capability to predict\nair quality, in some specific guise. This capability will necessarily take the form of a\ncomputer model of some kind, driven by meteorological information and emission\ndata, and containing the best available descriptions of all relevant processes. To this\nend, ARL conducts research involving both modeling and measurements, with an\nemphasis on integration of these activities. It is recognized that modern models are\ninvariably data assimilative, and that modern monitoring programs require coupled\nmodeling activities for data interpretation.\nThe applications of these capabilities range from assessment, typically using\nclimatological or \"characteristic\" inputs, to short-term prediction, based on the use of\nmeteorological forecast data. The current state of this science is that different\napplications require different mixes of the processes to be considered, and it is\nanticipated that future products will retain much of this specialization. In this context,\nhowever, there is an over-riding recognition of the need for model products to be as\nsimple as satisfies the demands placed on them, while being adequately complete in\ntheir formulation. The models are intended to be parsimonious, data assimilative, and\nregularly benchmarked against observations made with coupled observing networks.\nTo this end, the organizational components of ARL contribute in the following fashion.\nModel Development\nImproving assessment capability for support of regulations and controls --\nResearch Triangle Park\nImproving the ability to focus on particular locations -- Oak Ridge\nDetermining the relationship between concentrations and deposition -- Oak\nRidge\n4","Linking air quality and deposition models with routine forecast products -- Silver\nSpring\nExtension to radioactivity -- Las Vegas\nProvision of emergency response capability -- Las Vegas, and Silver Spring\nField testing and evaluation of models -- Idaho Falls\nProvision of Data\nEnsuring the compatibility of international data sets -- Silver Spring\nAccounting for poor measurement fidelity -- Silver Spring\nOperating integrated networks to couple monitoring observations with model\npredictions (AIRMoN) -- Silver Spring, Oak Ridge\nOperating networks to characterize data fields required as input for air quality,\nsurface energy balance, and deposition models (solar radiation, etc.) -- Oak\nRidge, Boulder, Research Triangle Park\nProviding quality assurance on national radiation data (solar, surface, UV-B) --\nBoulder\n456\nThe ARL Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division's Oak Ridge, TN, home.\n5","ARL's Role in the Federal Government:\nARL conducts research as needed to answer questions of urgency related to\nregulatory controls and policy, public safety, and the environment (as it involves\natmospheric considerations). ARL serves as a provider of scientific information to the\nadministration, the Congress, various state and federal agencies, the public, private\nindustry, and the scientific community.\nIn this regard, ARL strives to be a full-service organization, supporting necessary\nresearch at selected universities, maintaining a long-term monitoring and analysis\ninfrastructure around which the research is concentrated, and representing NOAA and\nthe national interest in policy debates and scientific discussions on related matters.\nA central issue is the relationship of ARL with other laboratories in NOAA, especially\namong the Environmental Research Laboratories. But equally important is the role that\nhas developed involving other agencies. In practice and by intent, ARL is the major\npoint of interaction between NOAA atmospheric research and the related informational\nand scientific requirements of several other agencies.\nNOAA is viewed by other agencies as a provider of high-quality and\nindependent advice regarding matters of atmospheric transport, dispersion, air\nquality, and deposition, and ARL is perceived to be the agent providing access\nto this advice.\nNOAA values independence from agencies that are more closely influenced by\npolicy and regulatory considerations, and attributes (in part, at least) the high\nquality of its science to the opportunity to conduct and promote research\nindependently of policy and regulatory processes.\nMuch of the contribution made by ARL can be viewed as provision of independent\natmospheric expertise to assist other agencies in fulfilling their own federal mandates.\nThis provision of scientific information and advice to other agencies can be considered\nto be a component of NOAA's service function. Financial support for work intended\nto permit another agency to perform its own function, in its own jurisdictions, with\nimproved credibility and defensibility is normally provided by the other agency\nconcerned. At this time, the major agencies involved are the Environmental Protection\nAgency and the Department of Energy. ARL is roughly equally supported by NOAA,\nEPA, and DOE.\nThe Environmental Protection Agency provides almost complete support for the\nARL team at Research Triangle Park, established specifically to provide\nmeteorological expertise and services to EPA, related to atmospheric dispersion\nand air quality modeling.\n6","The Department of Energy provides about 25% of the funding for the ARL team\nat Oak Ridge, set up to provide a collaborative NOAA/DOE capability to address\nquestions on dispersion, deposition and air quality of relevance to the DOE Oak\nRidge Field Office.\nThe Department of Energy also provides about 25% of the funding at Idaho\nFalls, for maintenance and improvement of emergency assistance services to\nthe Idaho National Engineering Laboratory.\nThe Department of Energy provides almost all of the funding of the ARL Special\nOperations and Research Division, in Las Vegas, to support the DOE weapons\ntest program of the Nevada Operations Office.\nARL's Contribution to the NOAA Strategic Plan:\nThe NOAA Strategic Plan focuses on needs that are related to the performance of\nNOAA's own mission. The activities of ARL contribute to the goals of the Strategic\nPlan, but also interject the requirement to consider a higher plane of consideration --\nNOAA's role as a source of atmospheric and aquatic environmental guidance to other\nelements of society and especially to other federal agencies, independent of their own\nregulatory and control functions. ARL research contributes directly in several NOAA\nStrategic Plan components, as follows.\nCoastal Ecosystems Health\n(a) The role of atmospheric deposition as a contributor to coastal ecosystem\neutrophication and decay.\nARL is conducting research to develop objective methods for quantifying atmospheric\ndeposition, as it affects coastal ecosystems, with emphasis on nutrients and toxics.\nCurrent research is directed specifically to the roles of nitrates and airborne toxic\nchemicals. ARL is focussing initially on East Coast ecosystems - mainly\nthe\nChesapeake Bay and Albermarle/Pamlico Sound. State-of-the-art models are being\ndeveloped by ARL (Research Triangle Park), and advanced measurement systems as\nbeing deployed by ARL (Oak Ridge and Silver Spring). Initial estimates for the\nChesapeake Bay indicate that about 30-40% of the nitrogen loading is derived from\nthe atmosphere. ARL chairs the Chesapeake Bay Air Quality Coordination Committee,\nan officially-endorsed body for consolidating activities among federal and state\nagencies.\n(b) Monitoring of Causative Factors.\nARL is leading a national thrust towards \"integrated monitoring,\" a new multi-\ndisciplinary approach to monitoring to address complex questions. Since monitoring\n7","of the actual health of ecosystems only provides indications of damage after the\ndamage has occurred, responsible ecosystem monitoring requires attention to those\nfactors that cause the damage to occur, specifically input rates of toxic materials and\nnutrients. The present objective is to develop cost-effective and proven\nmethodologies for conducting such monitoring.\nARL operates exploratory monitoring stations in coastal areas, where interpretation\nof atmospheric data is presently difficult and agreement on the results is rare.\nTechniques are being developed to account for the roles of terrain complexity in the\nmodels used to interpolate among monitoring sites and in the simulations used to\nassess likely inputs in the absence of field data. In particular, techniques to account\nfor moderate terrain complexity have been developed and are now being included in\nassessment models being developed be ARL for EPA. As yet, there has been no\nopportunity to test the predictions of these models against field data, however steps\nto provide a platform suitable for collecting such data have been initiated.\nAdvance Short-Term Warning and Forecast Services\n(a) Air Quality Predictions\nA major goal of ARL is to develop the basis on which to extend current prediction\nservices to other environmental variables, necessitated by increasing population and\nsocietal pressure. The long-term goals of related research are related to air quality in\ngeneral (ozone, particulates, etc.) and to UV-B radiation.\nIn this context, it is apparent that the focus of most atmospheric predictive models\nis on layers of the atmosphere that move weather systems. For air quality, more\nattention must be directed to the lower atmosphere (where people live and where\npollution is greatest). Relevant models are now available, and are slowly being\ncoupled with weather forecasting models. In the future, data assimilation methods\nmust be extended, to focus on areas where forecasts are specially needed.\n(b) Emergency Planning and Response\nARL serves as a center of activity for the provision of specialized meteorological\nassistance in the event of large releases of hazardous materials into the atmosphere,\nsuch as from volcanoes, nuclear accidents, and industrial disasters. In general, NOAA\nprovides basic meteorological support in all such cases, but is also expected to\nprovide related guidance to other agencies and warnings to the public. For this\npurpose, ARL (as a joint activity with the National Meteorological Center) operates a\nRegional Specialized Meteorological Centre for the World Meteorological Organization\n(WMO), to provide emergency response assistance to the nations of North and Central\nAmerica in the event of a disastrous atmospheric accident. Throughout the entire\nnuclear era, ARL has provided emergency preparedness and response services to DOE\n8","and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), relating to nuclear accidents and\nexplosions.\nAs components of this activity, ARL coordinated much of the multi-agency and multi-\nnational atmospheric research response to the Kuwait oil fires emergency. ARL\ndeveloped the techniques now in routine use for forecasting the spread of volcanic\nash. ARL also developed the methodologies now in place to advise NRC (and several\ncomponents of DOE) in the event of a nuclear accident. In the distant past, ARL\nresearch led to the generation of the now famous \"Gaussian plume\" dispersion\nmethodology, now routinely used for warning the nearby public in the event of a leak\nof trace quantities of hazardous gases into the atmosphere.\nSeasonal to Interannual Climate Forecasts\n(a) Air Quality and Environmental Assessments\nAs a longer-term extension of ARL's work on air quality prediction, ARL provides\nobjective and independent guidance to policy-makers concerning specific\nenvironmental concerns and corresponding regulatory strategies, related to national\nand global air quality and climate. Specific examples of recent issues include acid\nrain, tropospheric ozone, visibility, and airborne toxics.\nNOAA/ARL provides independent guidance on alternative regulatory and control\nstrategies to the EPA through its Research Triangle Park operation. ARL also conducts\nextensive field tests of the models developed for such purposes, through its Idaho\nFalls group.\nFor more than a decade, NOAA has provided the scientific direction of the National\nAtmospheric Precipitation Assessment Program, an interagency body to provide\nnecessary cross-agency mechanisms to coordinate research, consolidate knowledge,\nintegrate assessments, and imply national strategies. ARL has been the principal\nNOAA representative.\nIn collaboration with scientists from many other agencies, ARL has led scenario-based\nassessments of toxic chemicals, ozone, and NOX control options, etc. The importance\nof this activity is rapidly growing. NOAA is widely viewed as an independent source\nof expert information on matters of environmental and air quality policy, both\nnationally and globally. As time progresses, environmental quality is becoming less\nof a local problem and more of a global concern. Air quality scenario and assessment\nmodels will need to broaden their scope from countries to continents.\n9","Predict and Assess Decadal-to-Centennial Change\n(a) Detection and Attribution of Change in Air Quality\nA major component of ARL research relates to the need to detect the consequences\nof imposed emission controls in a timely and unequivocal manner, so as to permit\nremedial adjustments in control strategies. For this reason, ARL has operated a\nresearch-grade national monitoring network since about 1985, concentrating on\nchemicals indicative of industrial and societal emissions - primarily sulfur and\nnitrogen oxides. Recently the largest-running precipitation chemistry network in the\nworld has been consolidated with this ARL program. Now, we have an ongoing,\nbroad-based network that is specifically designed to reveal changes in the atmospheric\nenvironment, with rapidity.\nAt this time an Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network (AIRMoN)\nexists, although in embryonic form. The models that are needed to interpret the data\nobtained are also on hand, although only as first-generation attempts as yet. The\nexisting AIRMoN program is designed primarily to provide accurate information on the\nrate of deposition of air chemicals to the surface; present planning is to add a rapid\ndetection component to the AIRMoN program, under funding through the new Health\nof the Atmosphere program. The intentions are that the AIRMoN will be refined and\ncoupled with real-time analysis and modeling so as to reveal those changes that can\nbe attributed to changes in pollution emissions.\n(b) Quality Assurance of Global Data\nARL leads a multi-national effort to ensure that air quality data sets collected by\nnational monitoring networks can be brought together in an objective and seamless\nmanner. A WMO Quality Assurance/Science Activity Center for the Americas is\npresently being inaugurated, to serve North, Central, and South America. The center\nwill work directly with member nations, and with site operators, to ensure the highest\npossible integrity of monitored data. A three-agency consortium has been established\nto provide the necessary support - DOE, EPA and NOAA. A firm funding\ncommitment has been received from EPA and DOE.\n10","ARL Funding History\nthird ARL receives of funding from NOAA and other federal agencies. In FY93, about\nthe total budget was provided by NOAA. Funding for ARL activities one-\nbeen shown a general upward trend over the past decade or so. Most of the increase has\ndue to increases in resources from other agencies. The dip in funding in FY90 has\nwas related to the separation of the Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change\nprogram to create a separate Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory.\nARL FUNDING HISTORY FY81-FY93\n17500\nNOAA\n15000\nOther\n12500\n10000\n7500\n5000\n2500\n0\n80\n81\n82\n83\n84\n85\n86\n87\n88\n89\n90\n91\n92\n93\n94\nFY\nBase Year = FY91\n11","Recent Organizational Highlights\nIn keeping with government-wide efforts to streamline programs and provide higher\nquality and more cost-effective service to the nation, the Air Resources Laboratory has\nrecently re-aligned its research capabilities, facilities and personnel to strengthen\noperations in areas where we are widely seen to have special skills and to refocus\nefforts towards scientific issues of national and international importance. Major\nchanges involved restructuring the ARL presence in Boulder and establishing an\nintegrated surface radiation program there; centralizing surface dust activities in\nResearch Triangle Park, and aircraft activities in Oak Ridge; and welcoming back into\nthe ARL family the NOAA Nuclear Support Office in Las Vegas, Nevada.\nEstablishment of Surface Radiation Research Branch\nA new Surface Radiation Research Branch, in Boulder, under the direction of John\nDeLuisi, will focus on (a) the scientific direction of new continental U.S. surface\nradiation program, and (b) calibration of instrumentation for the rapidly evolving\nultraviolet-B (UV-B) networks of several US agencies. A more detailed description of\nthe ARL Integrated Surface Irradiance Study (ISIS) is found later.\nReturn of the NOAA Nuclear Support Office to ARL\nNegotiations with the National Weather Service concluded with an agreement that the\nNOAA Nuclear Support Office in Las Vegas rejoin ARL in early 1994. The office, to\nbe called ARL Special Operations and Research Division, provides meteorological\nsupport for the Nevada nuclear test site, and had been part of ARL from its inception\nin 1968 until 1976. Because of concern about the resuspension of nuclear material\ninto the atmosphere with the cleanup of the nation's nuclear sites, the work of this\ngroup will be focused on understanding problems associated with resuspension and\nturbulent diffusion and transport. This merger means that most of the NOAA nuclear\nemergency preparedness responsibilities and capabilities are now consolidated within\nARL.\nConsolidation of Aircraft Activities at Oak Ridge\nTo improve ARL and NOAA's aircraft capabilities, we are re-aligning our research\nplatforms to best use available resources. ARL had been operating two aircraft for\nseveral years, one in Boulder (a Beechcraft King Air, for aerosol chemistry and cloud\nphysics research) and the other in Oak Ridge (a privately-owned Rutan Long-EZ, for\neddy flux measurements). The two activities have been merged in Oak Ridge, with\nthe selection of a de Havilland Twin Otter of the NOAA aircraft fleet as an optimal\nplatform for both air chemistry and eddy flux research. The Twin Otter carries more\npayload, making it a better workhorse for air chemistry studies, and flies slower,\nmaking it better for flux and profile measurements.\n12","Relocation of ARL Headquarters in Silver Spring\nIn early May, ARL Headquarters moved from Building 2 of the NOAA Silver Spring\nMetropolitan Center to the third floor of Building 3, at 1315 East West Highway,\nSilver Spring, Maryland. The new quarters are larger and include a chemistry\nlaboratory, a modeling facility, a computer laboratory, a small library, and meeting\nrooms. With the arrival of the NOAA Central Library to the same building, our\nresearch facilities in Silver Spring are considerably expanded and more convenient.\nARL's Headquarters Division is now located in the NOAA Silver Spring\nMetro Center Building 3.\nHigh performance Computer Research Network at RTP\nThe ASMD continues to play an important role in the nation's efforts in high\nperformance computing. As part of the Federal High Performance Computing and\nCommunications (HPCC) Program, the EPA has established a 100 megabit/second\nFiber Distributed Data Interface network in Research Triangle Park. This network will\ninterconnect a variety of high performance graphics files and computer servers,\nincluding a 1000-processor massively parallel machine.\nAs a demonstration of the power of the new computational facility, a version of the\nRegional Oxidant Model (ROM) was successfully ported to the EPA's DECmpp\nmassively parallel computer with 4096 parallel processing elements. Benchmark\nresults demonstrate excellent speed-up compared to VAX computers and even slightly\nbetter performance compared to a DEC high-end Alpha workstation.\n13","Upgrade of Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Emergency Support System\nThis year, the Field Research Division completed an upgraded emergency support\nsystem for DOE's Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. This represents the\nculmination of an effort that began in 1991. The upgrade package involves (1)\nacquisition of meteorological data from a network of stations in the field; (2) data\nstorage in multiple archive locations; (3) local and remote data access via PC\nworkstations for use during emergencies, exercises, and normal operations; (4)\nextensive QA/QC procedures; (5) location of up to six workstations at sites\ndesignated by the DOE with maintenance provided by FRD; (6) setup and training for\nthese and other workstations; (7) visualization, modeling, and scenario software\nmodules located at FRD offices and at remote locations connected via Internet or\nmodem. These upgrades will enhance operations and emergency response at INEL\nand improve the quality of ARL's meteorological support system there.\nThe Fluid Modeling Facility at the ARL Atmospheric Sciences Modeling\nDivision in Research Triangle Park, NC.\n14","Recent Accomplishments - Highlights of ARL Research\nThis section highlights of some of ARL's recent work, presented according to the\nthematic structure of the laboratory.\nProgram Highlights: Theme 1. Air Quality and Dispersion\nARL provides meteorological expertise to NOAA and to other agencies related to all\nair quality issues, including acid deposition, toxics, ozone and oxidants, sulfur oxides,\nparticulate matter, and radioactivity. In many instances, the products derived from\nphysical and numerical studies take the form of improved models. A general goal is\nto develop new, or improved, numerical models to apply to the solution of air quality\nproblems, both in uniform and in non-ideal, non-homogeneous, and non-stationary\nconditions.\nFor NOAA\n-- attribution of pollution (and deposition) to specific causes\n-- refining regional budgets of natural and man-made trace substances\n-- prediction of the effects of changes in emissions\n-- changing atmospheric composition.\nFor EPA\n-- development and evaluation of numerical models for assessment and\nregulation of pollutant emissions and effects\n-- prediction of effects of alternative control strategies\n-- prediction of ambient air quality and pollutant deposition for use in effects\nstudies, including effects on watersheds, forests, and human health\n-- understanding and assessment of the effects of changes in global climate on\nregional air quality.\n15","For DOE\n-- development of models for use in siting and designing power plants (and\nother enterprises), especially in complex terrain\n-- attribution of observed (or suspected) environmental effects to specific\ncauses.\nAcid Deposition - AIRMoN and DDIM Networks\nFor many years, ARL has operated separate networks addressing wet and dry\ndeposition, the former being part of operations at Silver Spring, the latter Oak Ridge.\nThese separate networks have historically been referred to as the Multistate Power\nProduction Pollution Study (MAP3S) and the Dry Deposition Inferential Monitoring\n(DDIM) network. The common feature of these two networks has been their focus\non accurately defining deposition at key locations with fine time resolution.\nIn 1990, the Clean Air Act Amendments introduced a new requirement for monitoring\nnetworks to study and rapidly report the changes accruing from reductions in\nemissions. To meet this demand, a new Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring\nNetwork (AIRMoN) was created by combining the pre-existing MAP3S and DDIM\noperations within a single organizational structure, so providing a foundation for the\nexpanded operation required to meet the demands of the Clean Air Act Amendments.\nAt this time, AIRMoN is operating at a low level, in anticipation of growth under the\nnew NOAA \"Health of the Atmosphere\" program.\nForecasts of Rainfall pH\nARL has recently developed a model to forecasts of daily rainfall pH for precipitation\nchemistry stations in the eastern U.S. The model, called the Hybrid Simple Particle\nLagrangian Integrated Trajectory model with Atmospheric Chemistry Including\nDeposition, or HYSPLIT-ACID, incorporates a non-linear sulfur and nitrogen chemistry\nmodule into the Lagrangian HYSPLIT model to produce air concentrations and\ndepositions of major sulfur and nitrogen species. The sulfur chemistry portion of the\nmodel has been tested extensively against observations, while the nitrogen chemistry\nis still being evaluated.\nThe model is run over the U.S. using Nested Grid Model meteorological data for\ntransport and deposition and 1985 NAPAP emissions data for sources of sulfur and\nnitrogen. Daily runs produce a 12-hour forecast of precipitation pH. This model is the\nonly known model running operationally in the U.S. to produce forecasts of\nprecipitation pH. Forecasts will be compared with measurements from AIRMoN and\npossibly the Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network.\n16","Air Quality Model Training Materials\nMany of the models developed by ARL are used by air quality regulatory officials at\nvarious levels of government. To assist in the proper use and interpretation of the\nmodels, ARL/ASMD prepared personal computer training tutorials for professionals\nresponsible for conducting State and Federal regulatory air quality assessments. The\ntutorial package contained two video tapes (one describing the Air Quality Modeling\nGuideline and the other describing the Model Clearinghouse) and tutorials for seven\nmodeling products. This effort was initiated by the Standing Air Simulation Work\nGroup, composed of Federal (EPA), State, and local air pollution regulatory officials.\nThe North Atlantic Regional Experiment\nThe North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE) is a study of the chemical\ncharacteristics of emissions from the North American continent, following in the\nfootsteps of the WATOX study led by ARL during the 1980s. The summer 1993\nexperiment focused on the transport, transformation, and deposition of ozone and\nozone precursors advected from eastern North America to the North Atlantic Ocean.\nARL archived meteorological data and provided dispersion model calculations to\nparticipating scientists. For the first time, ARL provided an automated back trajectory\nanalysis program, available via electronic mail, for the NARE data period.\nARL also participated in the aircraft experimental component of NARE. The ARL\nmeasurement focus was primarily on photochemically active trace gases (O3, CO,\nNO/NO/NO., peroxides, VOC grab samples) and aerosols aboard Battelle's G-1\naircraft. The conditions encountered ranged across the entire spectrum, from\nextremely clean continental background air in northwesterly flow, to heavily polluted\nair from the Northeastern U.S. Downward mixing of air from the stratosphere or\nupper troposphere was also noted, occasionally to below 2 km altitude. Preliminary\nresults indicate reasonable agreement between forecast trajectories calculated by\nHYSPLIT and urban plume locations as determined from the G-1 flights.\nGreat Waters Research\nARL is involved in determining the atmospheric contribution to the pollution of coastal\nwaters in two important watersheds - the Great Lakes and the Chesapeake Bay.\nGreat Lakes ARL/ASMD scientists have used the Regional Lagrangian Model of Air\nPollution (RELMAP) to estimate the annual deposition of lead, chromium and cadmium\nto Lake Superior for the International Joint Commission's International Air Quality\nAdvisory Board. The results suggest that long-range transport is more significant than\nexpected. For example, 33% and 75% of the annual atmospheric deposition of lead\nand cadmium, respectively, can be traced to sources in the mid-Mississippi River\nValley, nearly 1000 km from the lake. Even Montreal area sources contribute 7% of\n17","the annual deposition of chromium. This would suggest that emission control\nstrategies must include distant as well as local sources.\nUnder the Atmospheric Nutrient Input to Coastal Areas (ANICA) program, ARL\noperates an instrumented buoy to provide data for dry deposition velocity calculations.\nThe data are being used to estimate atmospheric nitrogen inputs to the Chesapeake\nBay. This observational program is being supported by modeling efforts: ARL\nscientists tested the Colorado State University Regional Atmospheric Modeling System\n(RAMS) model over the Chesapeake Bay region to provide mesoscale meteorological\nfields required to estimate deposition. ARL scientists from Headquarters and ASMD\nalso provide scientific and programmatic leadership in Chesapeake Bay Air Group and\nthe Chesapeake Bay Evaluation and Deposition Committee.\nProgram Highlights: Theme 2. Emergency Preparedness\nARL provides meteorological support to several agencies, (a) to help predict the\ndispersion of material from accidental releases into the air, (b) to develop appropriate\nresponse strategies, and (c) to provide meteorological assistance in the event of\naccidents. Work concentrates on dispersion from releases of nuclear materials,\nindustrial'accidents, and volcanic eruptions. In this context, NOAA-ARL is viewed by\nother agencies as a source of high-quality and independent technical expertise.\nARL is one of the world leaders in trajectory modeling, in all of its aspects:\nThe prediction of the path to be followed by pollutants released from some\nsource.\nThe assessment of concentration fields that might influence population,\necosystems, and the environment in general.\nThe identification of specific sources that contribute to air quality problems.\nThese special capabilities have caused ARL to become a recognized and sought-after\nauthority in the event of accidents (or unusual natural phenomena) that inject\npotentially hazardous materials into the atmosphere. Routine, operational emergency\nresponse is not a major thrust of ARL. Our role is to improve the capability by which\nresponse can be provided by those agencies charged with this responsibility. Hence,\nARL concentrates on guiding and advising other agencies who have appropriate\nresponsibilities and jurisdictions. ARL becomes involved in actual response activities\nwhen our capabilities are required in order for NOAA to meet its mission or as required\nto assist other agencies to meet their own missions.\n18","Volcano Response\nThis year, the ARL-developed Volcanic Ash Forecast Transport and Dispersion\n(VAFTAD) model was run operationally by the NOAA/NWS/NMC. The Mayon volcano\n(Philippines) erupted on February 2, 1993 with an estimated ash cloud height of 6 to\n7 km. Because the eruption was not (strictly) covered by the Volcano Hazards\nMemorandum of Understanding under which most of NOAA's response activity is\ncoordinated with other agencies, VAFTAD was not invoked by NMC. ARL, however,\nopted to assist the Air Force Global Weather Center in running VAFTAD, since the\nmilitary was very interested in ash forecasts in the area. This situation prompted a\nclarification of emergency response responsibilities.\nNMC successfully ran the VAFTAD model for the two eruptions (4 and 6 km) of Mt.\nKlyuchevskoy, in Kamchatka. For the future, VAFTAD output will be transmitted over\nDIFAX during Volcano Hazards Alerts. This paves the way for disseminating other\nARL emergency response products.\nNuclear Regulatory Commission Exercises\nARL maintains an emergency response capability, in part, to support the work of the\nNuclear Regulatory Commission. In 1993 ARL/Headquarters Division participated in\ntwo NRC exercises.\nThe ARL emergency response team took part in an evening exercise for the\nSusquehanna, PA, nuclear power plant in February 1993. Meteorological tower data\nfor the plant were available for the first time in such an exercise. The team ran the\nARL HYSPLIT and RAMS models to simulate transport from the site. The results were\nused by NRC managers to evaluate the potential hazard to New York state and\nCanada.\nIn June a similar exercise was held for the Ft. Calhoun, NE, nuclear power plant. This\nexercise involved the Federal Radiological Monitoring and Assessment Center, which\nis responsible for off-site monitoring of nuclear material. The NMC operational\nforecasts were originally marred by noise produced by the complex terrain of the\nRocky Mountains near the western boundary. Predictions were improved by reducing\nthe time step, increasing the vertical resolution and moving the domain slightly.\nFurther experiments were performed with RAMS over the Susquehanna nuclear power\nplant for a case of strong cyclogenesis. Observations showed the impact of the\nterrain on the wind flow in spite of the strong synoptic gradients. RAMS winds\nagreed better with observations when fine resolution topography was incorporated.\nThis research emphasizes the importance of topography on local flow even when the\nsynoptic conditions are strong, which confirms the need for fine-scale mesoscale\nmodeling, such as RAMS provides, for emergency response predictions.\n19","DOE Spills Test Facility - Dense Gas Field Studies\nARL/ASMD scientists participated in planning and carrying out experiments in July at\nthe DOE Liquified Gaseous Fuels Spill Test Facility in Nevada. The experiment\nfocused on the mechanics and measurement techniques for releases of a \"generic\"\ndense gas, CO2. Four releases were made, all with good data capture. This\nexperiment is preliminary to larger experiments designed to provide information\npresently lacking about dense gas diffusion, including behavior in low speed, stable\nconditions. The most orderly progression of stability states, as determined by\nRichardson number, was determined to occur near sundown nearly every clear day,\nthe most favorable time for \"very stable\" releases.\nProgram Highlights: Theme 3. Climate Trends and Variability\nARL conducts research on trends and variability of the global atmosphere, with a\nfocus on tropospheric and lower stratospheric temperatures, ozone, and tropospheric\nwater vapor. The efforts are directed at detecting trends, but also at defining the\nvariability within which future trends will have to be detected.\nObservational data are analyzed for effects of El Niños, quasi-biennial oscillations,\nvolcanoes, and other regular and irregular global scale phenomena. Many of these\nanalyses are used as \"ground truth\" by those developing satellite measurement\ntechniques. In recent years, ARL has specialized in developing techniques to separate\neffects of changes in instruments and observing practices from changes in climate;\ncomparing temperature and humidity records from radiosonde measurements with\nremotely sensed data; comparing model-based description of present climate with\nobservations; and comparing temperature and ozone variations with those estimated\nfrom satellite observations.\nARL is also investigating the impacts of global climate changes, as modeled in general\ncirculation models, on regional climates and the effects on forests of these changes.\nFor NOAA\ndevelopment of techniques for separating effects of past changes in\n--\ninstruments and observing practices from changes in climate\ncomparison of temperature and humidity records from radiosonde\n--\nmeasurements with remotely sensed data.\n-- comparison of model-based description of present climate with observations\n20","For NASA\n-- comparison of temperature and ozone variations with those estimated from\nsatellite observations\nFor EPA\n-- cooperative work on regional effects of climate change\nThe Integrated Surface Irradiance Study\nThere has been considerable debate about the future of the NOAA solar radiation and\nUV-B monitoring networks. The problems that are widely perceived are (1)\ninstrumentation has not been regularly calibrated, (2) broken instrumentation has not\nbeen replaced and/or repaired, (3) quality control on delivered data has been deficient,\nand (4) some sites are now less suitable for measurements than when they were set\nup. The restructuring of the National Weather Service injects another set of\ndifficulties, since some existing sites will be moved, some closed, and some\nautomated. In practice, operation of a high-quality solar radiation station of any kind\nrequires daily inspection of the instruments, so some rationalization is obviously\nnecessary.\nReorganization of NOAA's continental U.S. solar and UV-B radiation monitoring\nprograms has been largely consolidated within the Air Resources Laboratory. The goal\nis to generate a single, coherent network, with common data recording, transfer, and\narchiving characteristics, and with as much continuity as possible, addressing needs\nof the surface irradiance and energy budget communities and with components\naddressing each of infrared and ultraviolet radiation.\nA new calibration program is being constructed. For sensors of radiation in visible\nwavelengths, calibration will be a joint activity involving NOAA and the National\nRenewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colorado. For UV-B, a new national\ncalibration capability is being constructed in Boulder, Colorado, as a joint\nNOAA/National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) activity and under\nmulti-agency sponsorship. An infrared calibration facility is being planned.\nA new SURFRAD program has received support from the Office of Global Programs.\nThis will set up a small number of comparatively sophisticated surface radiation\n\"observatories\" across the continental US. These stations will be of the standard\nexpected of Baseline Surface Radiation Network stations of the WMO World Climate\nResearch Programme.\n21","Through its long-standing involvement with the World Meteorological Organization,\nARL also remains active in the study and interpretation of atmospheric turbidity.\nMajor reviews of the WMO atmospheric turbidity monitoring program have been\ncompleted, and ARL has recently led an international meeting to explore possible plans\nfor the future.\nA mock setup of a typical SURFRAD instruments suite, including a\nnormal incident sun photometer, UV-B sensor, multi-filter shadowband\nradiometer, spectral pyranometer, infrared radiometer and\nphotosynthetically active radiation sensor.\n22","Meteorological Trends\nTemperature Trends\nARL analysis of global temperature variations showed 1993 to be a relatively cool\nyear. Based on a 63-station radiosonde network, global tropospheric temperatures in\n1993 were 0.1°C below the 1958-1991 average, only 0.1°C warmer than the cool\ntemperatures of 1992 occasioned by the Pinatubo eruption. During the winter of\n1992-1993 the global tropospheric temperature was almost 0.2°C below the\n1958-1991 average, making it the coldest winter globally since 1976. Global\ntemperatures in the low stratosphere were a record 1.3°C below the 1958-1991\naverage, and in the tropopause layer a record 1.0°C below this average.\nRadiosonde Data Inhomogeneities\nA study documenting the effects of changes in radiosonde observation on\nclimatological upper-air temperature records has shown that changes in sensors and\nchanges in data treatment induce data discontinuities, some as large as several\ndegrees Celsius. The most serious effects seem to be in the stratosphere, where\nthere is a distinct possibility that we have been overestimating a cooling trend by\nneglecting data inhomogeneities. Thus temperature trends found in previous studies\nby ARL and other investigators may need to be revised to accommodate these new\nresults.\nUS Cloudiness Trends\nChanges in cloud cover are thought to be intimately related to other climatic changes.\nARL cloudiness monitoring efforts show that, in the United States, cloud cover in\n1993 was 3% above the average value of 58%, a value exceeded only in the strong\nEl Niño years of 1957, 1972 and 1982. Based on linear regression, United States\ncloud cover has increased by 0.7% per decade during 1950-1993. We note that with\nthe continuing implementation of the Automated Surface Observing System, this\n44-year record of cloud cover will be terminated.\nWater Vapor Climatology\nARL is constructing a global water vapor climatology using world-wide radiosonde\ndata from 1973-93. The result will be mean monthly temperatures and humidity\nquantities from the surface to 300 mb. Issues such as historical changes in\ninstruments and practices and the quality of the meteorological observations are\ntreated in assembling this data set, which will be used in studies of the variability and\ntrends in atmospheric humidity; for evaluation of climate models; and as \"sky-truth\"\nfor more modern satellite and lidar-based water vapor measurements. ARL is\nparticipating in the Global Energy and Water Experiment's Water Vapor Project as the\nprincipal provider of radiosonde-based humidity analyses.\n23","Aerosol Studies\nIn a cooperative effort between Headquarters Division and ASMD, a simplified version\nof a dust re-suspension model was coded into a test version of the HYSPLIT model's\nemission subroutine. Depending upon the land use type, which sets the threshold\nfriction velocity, a dust emission rate is computed for each meteorological grid square,\nat each meteorological data time at which the model predicted friction velocity\nexceeds the threshold velocity. The emission module will be further tested and\nrefined with data collected during the Lake Owens Dust Experiment.\nTOGA/Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment\nScientists from ARL/ATDD participated in the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere\n(TOGA) Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment in February, 1993. The\nARL eddy correlation flux measurement instrumentation was installed on a 40-foot\nsailing vessel to make energy, momentum, and CO2 flux measurements, needed to\nassess the exchanges between the atmosphere and ocean in the tropical western\nPacific. The resulting dataset includes 10 days of continuous eddy correlation flux\ndata and is believed to be the first such complete flux data set collected on the open\nocean with no significant flow distortion. Two other important data periods cover the\nearlier very rough, high wind Coral Sea crossing, and a shorter highly convective\nperiod on station. These unique data will provide important insights into the\nprocesses controlling air-sea exchanges in the tropics, which, in turn, are thought to\nbe important in controlling the global climate.\nThe sailing vessel Malaita was instrumented with an eddy correlation flux\nmeasurement system for determining air-sea interactions during\nTOGA/COARE.\n24","International Programs\nARL scientists contribute to many international scientific efforts. Here we describe\ntwo of recent interest, which highlight ARL's interactions with other emergency\nresponse modeling groups around the world.\nRegional Special Meteorology Center\nARL has been designated as a Regional Special Meteorology Center (RSMC) by the\nWorld Meteorological Organization to provide meteorological transport and dispersion\nproducts to requesting countries in their WMO region of responsibility whenever there\nis potential for transboundary movement of hazardous pollutants. The National\nWeather Service/NMC is the initial phone contact for RSMC emergencies. Any\nresponses to an emergency after the initial response will still be handled by ARL.\nARL is upgrading its modeling and communications facilities to adapt its products to\nRSMC requirements. Scientific developments have included the new capability to\naccess NMC data to drive a detailed diagnostic model (the RAMS model from\nColorado State University) to yield higher-resolution data. Organizational\ndevelopments have seen a new emphasis on the need to compare the Washington and\nCanadian transport and dispersion forecast products of the respective RSMCs. A\ncomparison conducted in 1993 revealed that in general the various model results were\nin agreement, however there were some differences in how the forecast models\npredicted the development and structure of a low pressure system upwind of the site\nof a hypothetical accident. There were further differences resulting from how the\nsource terms were specified. Some of these issues will be addressed at an upcoming\n\"User Requirements Workshop.\"\nEuropean Tracer Experiment\nARL is participating in the fall 1994 European Fracer Experiment (ETEX). The RAMS\nmodel was configured for the ETEX grid to provide forecast tracer concentrations.\nThe model was used in an ETEX dry run (tracer experiment without tracer release) in\npreparation for the actual experiment. Simulations were performed in both a series\nof 12 hour analyses and 60 hour forecast mode. Frictional effects over the Alps were\npredicted by RAMS which had a significant impact on the wind fields. These effects\nwere not observed in the NMC fields which are normally used at ARL to drive\ndispersion models, which demonstrated the importance of capturing mesoscale\nfeatures and boundary layer processes.\n25","International Activities\nThroughout the organization, ARL staff interact with scientists around the world to\naccomplish our mission. Here we list some of our recent international ventures.\nAustralia\nThrough a collaboration with Dr. Jorg Hacker, of Australia's Institute for Atmospheric\nand Marine Science, ARL/ATDD is now using his software to assist with vector data\nprocessing. The software has been tailored for processing airborne flux data, so it is\nwell suited for processing data from the ATDD mobile flux platform.\nBruce Forgan of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Australia visited Silver Spring\nto work on completing a major report for the World Meteorological Organization on\nmeasurements of aerosol optical depth. ARL scientists were major contributors to this\nreport, which concluded that the measurements are generally quite poor. As a result,\nWMO has set up a committee to review the past situation and to advise on how to\nproceed.\nChina\nA cooperative study between scientists from NOAA the Chinese National Center for\nMarine Environmental Forecasts of the life cycle of black carbon aerosols in the\natmosphere was conducted at Chinese coastal stations and during cruises over the\nEast China Sea and the West Pacific. Black carbon aerosols strongly absorb radiation,\nwhich may have profound effects on climate. Surface measurements of black carbon\nwere taken and isobaric air trajectories were used to trace its transport pathways.\nThe black carbon half-life in the marine boundary layer was estimated to be 19 hours,\nand the tropospheric residence time as five days. A tentative conclusion of this work\nis that of long-range transport of black to the South Pole is not through the boundary\nlayer, but more likely through the free troposphere.\nCzech Republic\nARL/ASMD participated in an EPA delegation to the Czech Republic to review air\ndispersion and human exposure modeling activities in support of an ongoing\ncooperative research program with the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute.\nARL also constructed a dry deposition inferential method (DDIM) filterpack-type\nmonitoring system, for deployment in Czechoslovakia. One was placed in the\nmountains at Rudolice, Czech Republic and another was planned for the Moravian\nfarmlands at Kosetice. These stations will focus primarily on sulfur, with one station\nbeing background and one being an affected site. The Rudolice site is in the \"Black\nTriangle\" and commonly measures at or above 200 ppb SO2 in the winter. Rudolice\n26","is in an area where approximately 600,000 acres of forestland were destroyed by\nsulfur deposition, and are now primarily grassland. In conjunction with the DDIM site\nestablishment, Dr. Jaroslav Santroch of the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute spent\none week visiting ARL.\nEgypt\nARL/FRD staff members collaborated with Egyptian experimental teams in a\natmospheric diffusion study in El Dabaa in June. Sampling equipment and tracers\nwere prepared, and ARL scientists acted in an advisory role during the field tests.\nGermany\nARL/ATDD participated in the SANA Flux Experiment performed at Melpitz, Germany,\n10-24 September, 1993. The experiment, to assess anticipated air quality changes\nin eastern Germany, was a benchmark test to verify modeled air-to-surface fluxes of\nSO2 and SO4 against measured fluxes. The experimental participants included\nseveral German groups (including the Fraunhofer-Institut in Garmisch-Partenkirchen\nand the Institute fur Tropospharenforschung e.V.), as well as Basel University\n(Switzerland).\nHungary\nARL was visited during April by three Hungarian scientists; Dr. Laszlo Horvath and Mr.\nLaszlo Bozo (Hungarian Meteorological Service), and Dr. Tamas Weidinger (Eotos\nLorand University, Budapest). They met with ARL scientists both in Silver Spring and\nin Oak Ridge to discuss research interests and approaches.\nIndia\nMr. Sundaravadhiyan Sivaramakrishnan, of the Indian Institute of Tropical\nMeteorology, visited ATDD under a World Meteorological Organization fellowship,\nsponsored by the United Nations Development Program. His research involves\nATDD's surface energy exchange models and flux measurement techniques and\nanalysis of chemical flux data from NOAA's 1992 Regional Oxidants in the SouthEast\n(ROSE) study in western Alabama.\nIsrael\nDr. Uri Dayan from the Environmental and Risk Assessment Section of Soreq Nuclear\nResearch Center spent a sabbatical year at ARL/ASMD. His research involves using\nsynoptic climatology to improve estimates of ozone concentrations, and evaluating air\nquality models for improving estimates of human exposure.\n27","Italy\nDr. Dennis Baldocchi (ATDD) was involved in an extended collaboration at the\nUniversity of Tuscia in Viterbo, Italy. There he developed a mechanistic and\nenvironmentally-driven model for computing CO2, water vapor, and sensible heat\nexchanges over a temperate forest landscape, and a coupled analytical model for leaf\nphotosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The integrated model was tested (for CO, 2'\nwater vapor, and net radiation exchange) against a comprehensive database collected\nat the Walker Branch Watershed near Oak Ridge.\nJapan\nProfessor Masaaki Ohba (Tokyo Institute of Polytechnics) visited ARL/ASMD for six\nweeks during the summer to examine a numerical code for simulating flow around\nbuildings and scientific visualization methods based on the Advanced Visual Systems,\nInc. system. Model comparisons are being made to the wind tunnel study data on\npollutant dispersion around high-rise buildings that were collected during his initial 12\nmonth visit.\nKorea\nA cooperative effort with the Korea involved continuous surface observations of trace\ngases at Cheju Island from February 1992 until February 1993. Preliminary data\nanalysis has been finished to determine hourly averaged gas concentrations utilizing\nthe daily automatic calibration data. This work is intended to help quantify the\noutflow of pollutants from the Korean peninsula.\nMexico\nARL/ASMD participated in EnviroMex '93 conference in Monterrey, Mexico in\nSeptember and discussed intensive sampling methods in air quality monitoring. The\nEnviroMex '93 conference was held to promote the National Environmental\nTechnology Trade Initiative, intended to expand the export of U.S. environmental\ntechnology. The conference was a forum to communicate to Mexican officials and\nbusiness people the importance attached to environmental issues by the U.S.\ngovernment and U.S. citizens, especially with regard to future economic relations\nbetween the two countries.\nPoland\nDr. R. Kozlowski of the Polish Academy of Sciences and Mr. J. Bednarczyk, a\nWieliczka Salt Mine ventilation engineer, visited in September, to collaborate with\nARL/ATDD and Caltech staff on analyzing results from the year of microclimate and\nair pollutant monitoring within the Mine, and in making recommendations on remedial\n28","measures for the severe moisture problem within key areas of the Mine. A lecture on\nthe study and its findings was presented at Carnegie-Mellon University. Findings were\nreviewed with U.S. Bureau of Mines specialists. It appears that a standard air\nconditioning system of relatively modest size and cost $100K plus installation) will\nbe adequate to protect the cultural objects preserved within this World Heritage Site.\nFindings and recommendations were verbally presented to NOAA, to the National Park\nService, and to Polish Embassy staff. A public lecture was presented at the Interior\nDepartment, followed by a briefing at the State Department.\nRussia\nTwo Russian visitors, Drs. Felix Rovinsky and Vladimir Egorov, from the Institute of\nGlobal Climate and Ecology, Moscow, visited the ARL Silver Spring, Oak Ridge, and\nRTP offices in June. Topics of discussion included: precipitation chemistry standard\nsolutions by U.S. and Russian national laboratories; precipitation chemistry, aerosol,\nand gas concentrations in Russia over the last several decades; and appropriate levels\nof effort in the development of air toxics programs. The meeting concluded in Silver\nSpring with the generation of a joint proposal to begin coordinating an integrated\nmonitoring effort in both countries involving the exchange of relevant samples, the\nexchange of personnel in site visits, and the examination and field testing of models.\nDr. Winston Luke participated in an April inspection tour of an aviation support facility\nin the remote Siberian village of Cherskiy (69°N, 162°E) to evaluate its suitability as\na transportation and support center for research in the Russian Arctic. The inspection\nteam judged the facility more than adequate to support research activities.\nSweden\nDr. Carmen Nappo spent three months in residence at Uppsala University in Sweden,\nto continue his research on a model of wave/turbulence interactions. His model on\ngravity-wave interactions is being merged with Uppsala's mesoscale atmospheric\nboundary layer model.\nThailand\nAlan Huber (ARL/ASMD) participated in a U.S. EPA delegation to Thailand to provide\nurgent assistance regarding extremely high SO2 concentrations observed near the Mae\nMoh Power Station. This visit resulted in a program to assist the Royal Thai\nGovernment on pollutant modeling, ambient monitoring, and health effects. Dr.\nOranut Paisarnuchapong and Mr. Opas Ujjin, under the U.S. Asian Foundation\nfellowship program, visited ARL/ASMD for 3 months for training with air dispersion\nmodels and meteorological instrumentation. A multi-year human exposure study in\nthe area of the Mae Moh Power Station is anticipated. ASMD is also developing a\nplume fumigation algorithm and meteorological measurement capabilities needed to\nmodel conditions at Mae Moh.\n29","Outreach and Community Service\nThe Air Resources Laboratory promotes the ideals of equality of opportunity, good\nneighborliness, and community service in its official activities and the private lives of\nits staff members. Here we list just a few of the contributions of the laboratory and\nits employees during 1993. The heavy emphasis on science education is not\naccidental, as we try to use our collective scientific experience and training to\nencourage young people's interest in the natural world.\nARL scientists serve as Adjunct Professors at the following universities and colleges:\nDuke University\nGeorgia Institute of Technology\nHebrew University (Jerusalem)\nNorth Carolina State University\nUniversity of Nevada at Las Vegas\nUniversity of North Carolina\nUniversity of Tennessee at Knoxville\nARL staff members participated in activities at the following schools:\nBeaumont Elementary School\nCreedmore (NC) Elementary School\nDenver Public Schools Executive Internship Program\nDurant Road Elementary School (Raleigh, NC)\nGlenwood School (Chapel Hill, NC)\nLinden Elementary School (Oak Ridge, TN)\nMorrisville (NC) Elementary School\nPiney Branch (MD) Elementary School (Silver Spring, MD)\nSacred Heart Adult Education Program (Washington, DC)\nVanderhoof Elementary School (Arvada, CO)\nWest Millbrook Middle School (Raleigh, NC)\nWoodland School (Oak Ridge, TN)\nARL staff also worked with these youth and educational programs:\nAnderson County (TN) Ecological Study Center\nBoy Scouts of America\nDuke University Talent Identification Program Statistics weekend program held\nat Meredith College (Raleigh, NC)\nEnvironmentors (Washington, DC), a mentoring program in environmental\nscience for high school students\nJefferson County (CO) Sheriff's Dept.\nResearch Triangle Science and Mathematics Partnership\n\"Science-by-Mail\" Program Tennessee Discovery Center\n30","ARL scientists served as judges at the Southern Appalachian Science Fair (eastern\nTN), Montgomery County and Baltimore County (MD) Science Fairs, and the American\nMuseum of Science and Energy's Science Olympiad. ARL/ATDD staff also\nparticipated in the Second Annual Environmental Fair held in Oak Ridge, attended by\napproximately 3000 middle school students.\nARL/Headquarters Division staff members participate in the National Geographic Kids\nNetwork on Acid Rain. ARL donates pH meters and instructions to elementary\nschools worldwide. The students collect rain samples and measure their acidity.\nResults are compared within the student network and with research quality networks\nrun by ARL and others.\n31","ARL Staff Photographs\nHeadquarters Division\nWorking from left to right in back row are Monte Poindexter, James Angell, Barbara\nStunder, Jeffery McQueen, Roland Draxler, Dian Gaffen, and Richard Artz; in the\nmiddle row are Jerome Heffter, Bruce Hicks, Rebecca Ross, Lester Machta, Milton\nSmith, Albion Taylor, Glenn Rolph, and Winston Luke; seated in front are Richard\nValigura, Betty Wells, William Elliott, Maureen McMahon, Sharon Wingfield, and\nAllison Elgin.\n32","Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division\nWorking from left to right in back row are Ed Dumas, Jerry Herwehe, Detlef Matt, and\nRick Eckman; in the middle row are Sue Sheffield, Lynne Satterfield, Mark Hall, Bob\nMcMillen, Will Pendergrass, Randy White, Jess Wynn and Kevin Birdwell; and in the\nfront row are Kimberly Hill, S. Sivaramakrishnan, Tim Crawford, Kambhampati S. Rao,\nRayford Hosker, Barbara Johnson, Chris Vogel, Jerry Sharp, and Sharon Conger.\n33","Atmospheric Sciences Modeling Division\nStaff Includes:\nAlvarez, Raul\nCrescenti, Gennaro\nLewis, Lisa\nSnyder, William H.\nAtkinson, Dennis G.\nDavis, Kelly M.\nNovak, Joan M.\nStreicher, John J.\nBailey, Desmond T.\nDennis, Robin L.\nPetersen, William\nTempleman, Brian D.\nBagley, Pamela V.\nEdem, Victoria O.\nPerry, Steven G.\nThomas, Pamela, P.\nBenjey, William G.\nEder, Brian K.\nPierce, Thomas E.\nTorian, Alfreida R.\nBinkowski, Francis S.\nFinkelstein, Peter L.\nPitchford, Marc L.\nTouma, Jawad S.\nBriggs, Gary A.\nGillette, Dale A.\nPleim, Jonathan A.\nTruppi, Lawrence E.\nBullock, Orren R.\nGodowitch, James\nPoole-Kober, Evelyn\nViebrock, Herbert J.\nByun, Daewon W.\nHuber, Alan H.\nPossiel, Norman C.\nWalter, Gary L.\nChing, Jason K.\nIrwin, John S.\nRoselle, Shawn J.\nWarnick, Barbara A.\nClark, Terry L.\nKnight, Lewis A.\nRudisill, John H.\nWilson, Dean A.\nClarke, John F.\nLawson, Robert\nSchere, Kenneth L.\nYoung, Jeffery O.\nCooter, Ellen J.\nLeduc, Sharon\nSchiermier, Francis\nZelenka, Michael P.\nCoventry, Dale H.\nLee, Russell F.\nSchwede, Donna B.\n34","Field Research Division\n7700\nFrom left to right: Kirk Clawson, Jim Brunn, Brad Reese, Roger Carter, Joyce\nSilvester, Jerry Sagendorf, Dianne Hoover, Dave George, C. Ray Dickson, Gene Start,\nRuss Ackermann, Randy Johnson, Tom Watson, Clarence Nagamoto, Brian Lathem,\nand Neil Hukari.\n35","Solar Radiation Research Branch\nFrom left to right in back row are Trevor Ley, Scott Sandberg, Tony Vergamini, Young\nKim, and John Augustine; in the middle row are Tess Johnson, John DeLuisi, Farn\nParungo, and Kathleen Szabo; kneeling in front are Betsy Weatherhead, Jennifer\nBarnett, and Justine Sanchez.\n36","ARL 1993 Publications\nANGELL, J.K. Comparison of stratospheric warming following Agung, El Chichon and Pinatubo volcanic eruptions. Geophysical Research\nLetter 20(8):715-718 (1993).\nANGELL, J.K. Reexamination of the relation between depth of the Antartic ozone hole, and equatorial QBO and SST, 1962-1992. Geophysical\nResearch Letters 20(15):1559-1562 (1993).\nARTZ, R.S., and R.F. Lavrinenko. Background precipitation chemistry monitoring in the Soviet Union. Environmental Monitoring and\nAssessment 26:1-25 (1993).\nBRIGGS, G.A. Final results of the CONDORS convective diffusion experiment. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 62:315-328 (1993).\nBRIGGS, G.A. Plume dispersion in the convective boundary layer. Part II: analyses of CONDORS field experiment data. Journal of Applied\nMeteorology 32:1388-1425 (1993).\nBrown, M.J. A non-local model for prediction of the probability density function of turbulent fluctuations in boundary-layer flows. Ph.D.\ndissertation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 143 pp. (1993).\nBrown, M.J., S.P.S. Arya, and W.H. SNYDER. Vertical dispersion from surface and elevated releases: An investigation of a non-gaussian\nplume model. Journal of Applied Meteorology 32:490-505 (1993).\nCARTER, R.G., T.B. WATSON, D.J. HOOVER, and G.E. START. Utah Valley 1991-1992 study. Final Report. Addendum: Supplemental\nmeasurements State of Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Salt Lake City, Utah, 116 pp (1993).\nCastro, I.P., A. Kumar, W.H. SNYDER, and S.P.S. Arya. Removal of slightly heavy gases from a valley by crosswinds. Journal of\nHazardous Materials 34:271-293 (1993).\nCastro, I.P., and W.H. SNYDER. Experiments on wave-breaking in stratified flow over obstacles. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 225:195-211\n(1993).\nCHING, J.K.S., F.S. BINKOWSKI, and T.L. CLARK. Deposition of semi-volatile air toxic pollutants to the Great Lakes: A regional modeling\napproach. Abstracts, Measurement of Toxic and Related Air Pollutants, May 3-5, 1993, Durham, North Carolina. U.S. Environmental\nProtection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, and Air & Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, p. 3 (1993).\nCHING, J.K.S., and J.S. IRWIN. Modeled mesoscale meteorological fields with four-dimensional data assimilation in regional scale air quality\nmodels. In The Role of Meteorology in Managing the Environment in the 1990's. Proceedings of an International Specialty Conference,\nScottsdale, Arizona, January 1993. VIP-29. Air & Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, 219-230 (1993).\nCLARKE, J.F., and E.S. Edgerton. Dry deposition flux calculations for the national dry deposition network. EPA 600/R-93/065, Atmospheric\nResearch and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, 91 pp. (1993).\nCOOTER, E.J., B.K. EDER, S.K. LEDUC, and L.E. TRUPPI. Climate change models and forest impacts research. Journal of Forestry\n91:38-43 (1993).\nCRAWFORD, T.L., R.T. MCMILLEN, T.P. MEYERS, and B.B. HICKS. Spatial and temporal variability of heat, water vapor, carbon\ndioxide, and momentum air-sea exchange in a coastal environment. Journal of Geophysical Research 98(D7):12,869-12,880 (1993).\nDENNIS, R.L., J.N. McHenry, W.R. Barchet, F.S. BINKOWSKI, and D.W. BYUN. Correcting RADM's sulfate underpredictions: Discovery\nand correction of model errors and testing the corrections through comparisons against field data. Atmospheric Environment 27A:975-997\n(1993).\nEDER, B.K. The spatiotemporal variability of non-urban ozone and development of an objective classification scheme designed to elucidate\nits dependence on meteorology. Ph.D. dissertation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 157 pp. (1993).\n37","EDER, B.K., S.K. LEDUC, and L.E. TRUPPI. The spatiotemporal variability of non-urban ozone and its potential replication by satellite data.\nIn The Role of Meteorology in Managing the Environment in the 90's. VIP-29. Proceedings of an International Specialty Conference,\nScottsdale, Arizona, January 1993. Air & Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, 61-73 (1993).\nELLIOTT, W.P., and D.J. GAFFEN. Effects of conversion algorithms on reported upper-air dewpoint depressions. Bulletin of the American\nMeteorological Society 74(7):1323-1325 (1993).\nGAFFEN, D.J. Historical changes in radiosonde instruments and practices. Final Report. World Meteorological Organization, Instruments\nand Observing Methods, Report No. 50, 123 pp. (1993).\nGAFFEN, D.J., and W.P. ELLIOTT. Column water vapor content in clear and cloudy skies. Journal of Climate 6(12):2278-2287 (1993).\nGangwoong, L., L. Zhuang, B.J. Huebert and T.P. MEYERS. Concentration gradients and dry deposition of nitric acid vapor at the Mauna\nLoa Observatory, Hawaii. Journal of Geophysical Research 98(D7):12,661-12,671 (1993).\nGarratt, J.R., B.B. HICKS, and R.A. VALIGURA. Comments on \"The Roughness Length for Heat and Other Vegetation Parameters for a\nSurface of Short Grass,\" by P.G. Duynkerke. Journal of Applied Meteorology 32(7):1301-1303 (1993).\nGeron, C.D., T.E. PIERCE, and T.L. Birth. An alternative method for estimating biogenic VOC emissions in EPA Region 1. In Tropospheric\nOzone: Nonattainment and Design Value Issues. TR-23. Proceedings of an International Specialty Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, October\n1992. Air & Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, 639-651 (1993).\nGILLETTE, D.A., E.M. Patterson, Jr., J.M. Prospero, and M.L. Jackson. Soil aerosols. The University of Arizona Press 2, 73-109.\nHall, B., C. Clairborn, D.D. BALDOCCHI, and H. Howard. Deposition of gas phase peroxides: Measurements in a deciduous forest.\nPresented at the international specialty conference: Regional Photochemical Measurement and Modeling Studies November 7 - 12, 1993 and\nto be published in the conference proceedings.\nHICKS, B.B. Book Review: Measurement of Temperature and Humidity, World Meteorological Organization Technical Note Number 194\n(WMO No. 759, 1992, ISBN 92-63-10759-9). Boundary-Layer Meteorology 64:421-422 (1993).\nHICKS, B.B., R.T. MCMILLEN, R.S. Turner, G.R. Holdren, Jr., and T.C. Strickland. A national critical loads framework for atmospheric\ndeposition effects assessment: III Deposition characterization. Environmental Management 17(3):343-353 (1993).\nKIM, Young, J.F. Boatman, R. GUNTER, D. WELLMAN, and S. Wilkison. Vertical distribution of atmospheric aerosol size distribution over\nsouth-central New Mexico. Atmospheric Environment 27A(8):1363-1368 (1993).\nLamb, R., D. Gay, H. Westburg, and T.E. PIERCE. A biogenic hydrocarbon emission inventory for the U.S. using a simple forest canopy\nmodel. Journal of Atmospheric Environment 27A:1673-1690 (1993).\nLamb, B., E. Allwine, S. Dilts, H. Westberg, T. Pierce, C. Geron, D.D. BALDOCCHI, A. Guenthere, L. Klinger, P. Harley, and P.\nZimmerman. Evaluation of forest canopy models for estimating isoprene emissions. Presented at and included in the Photochemical Modeling\nConference, November 1993, San Diego, CA. (1993).\nLansari, A., J.J. STREICHER, A.H. HUBER, G.H. CRESCENTI, R.B. Zweidinger, and J.W. Duncan. Dispersion of uncombusted auto fuel\nvapor within a residential garage microenvironment. Proceedings of the 1993 U.S. EPA/A&WMA International Symposium on Measurement\nof Toxic and Related Air Pollutants, Durham, North Carolina, May 1993. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,\nNC, and Air & Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, 52-57 (1993).\nLu, J. A laboratory simulation of urban heat-island-induced circulation in a stratified environment. Ph.D. dissertation, North Carolina State\nUniversity, Raleigh, NC, 172 pp. (1993).\nLuhar, A.K. and K.S. RAO. Source footprint analysis for scalar fluxes measured over an inhomogeneous surface. Presented at and included\nin the conference proceedings of The 20th International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application, Valencia, Spain, 29\nNovember--3 December, 1993.\nMATT, D.R. Diurnal variation and the inferential technique to estimate dry deposition of SO2. The Role of Meteorology in Managing the\nEnvironment in the 90s. Proceeding of the 1991 U.S. EPA/A&WMA International Symposium (1993).\nMiddleton, P., J.S. Chang, M. Beauharnois, L. Hash, and F.S. BINKOWSKI. The role of nitrogen oxides in oxidant production as predicted\nby the Regional Acid Deposition Model (RADM). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 67:133-159 (1993).\n38","Milford, J.B., D. Gao, A. Zafirakou, and T.E. PIERCE. Relationships between ozone precursor levels and response to emissions reductions:\nAnalysis of Regional Oxidant Model results for the northeastern United States. EPA/600/R-93/075, Atmospheric Research and Exposure\nAssessment Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, 134 pp. (1993).\nMoosmuller, H., R.J. ALVAREZ II, C.M. Edmonds, R.M. Turner, D.H. Bundy, and J.L. McElroy. Airborne ozone measurements with the\nUSEPA UV-DIAL. Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere Technical Digest 1993 5:176-179 (1993).\nNappo, C.J., R.M. ECKMAN and A.K. Luhar. A high resolution transport and diffusion model for complex terrain environments. Proceedings\nof the Topical Meeting on Environmental Transport and Dosimetry (1993).\nNovak, J.H., and T.E. PIERCE. Natural emissions of oxidant precursors. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 67:57-77 (1993).\nPARUNGO, F., and B.B. HICKS. Sulfate aerosol distributions and cloud variations during El Nino anomalies. Journal of Geophysical\nResearch 98(D2):2667-2675 (1993).\nPARUNGO, F., C. Nagamoto, B. Kopcewicz, X. Yu, and J. Harris. Investigation of atmospheric aerosols and gases at an East China Station.\nNOAA TM ERL ARL-201, 37 pp. (1993).\nPITCHFORD, M.L., and B. Johnson. Empirical model of vehicle emissions. Environmental Science & Technology 27:741-748 (1993).\nPLEIM, J.E., and J.K.S. CHING. Interpretive analysis of observed and modeled mesoscale ozone photochemistry in areas with numerous point\nsources. Atmospheric Environment 27A:999-1017 (1993).\nPOOLE-KOBER, E.M., and H.J. VIEBROCK. Fiscal year 1992 summary report of NOAA Atmospheric Sciences Modeling Division support\nto the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. NOAA TM ERL ARL-203, 85 pp. (1993).\nPOSSIEL, N.C., and W.M. Cox. The relative effectiveness of NO and VOC strategies in reducing northeast U.S. ozone concentrations. Water,\nAir, and Soil Pollution 67:161-179 (1993).\nPOSSIEL, N.C., R.A. Wayland, J.H. WILSON, Jr., E.J. Laich, and M.A. Mullen. Predicted impacts of 1990 CAAA controls on northeast\nU.S. ozone levels. In Tropospheric Ozone: Nonattainment and Design Value Issues. TR-23. Proceedings of an International Specialty\nConference, Boston, Massachusetts, October 1992. Air & Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, 279-291 (1993).\nRoberts, P.J.W., and W.H. SNYDER. Hydraulic model study for the Boston outfall. I: Riser configuration. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering\n119:970-987 (1993).\nRoberts, P.J.W., and W.H. SNYDER. Hydraulic model study for the Boston outfall. II: Confirming tests. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering\n119:988-1002 (1993).\nROLPH, G.D., R.R. DRAXLER, and R.G. DePena. The use of model-derived and observed precipitation in long-term sulfur concentration\nand deposition modeling. Atmospheric Environment 27A(13):2017-2037 (1993).\nSchatzmann, M., W.H. SNYDER, and R.E. LAWSON, Jr. Experiments with heavy gas jets in laminar and turbulent cross flows. Atmospheric\nEnvironment 27A:1105-1116 (1993).\nStout, J.E., Y.-L. Lin, and S.P.S. Arya. A theoretical investigation of the effects of sinusoidal topography on particle deposition. Journal of\nthe Atmospheric Sciences 50:2433-2441 (1993).\nTOUMA, J.S., D.C. DiCristofaro, and G.E. Moore. A tiered approach for modeling plume visibility. In The Role of Meteorology in Managing\nthe Environment in the 1990's. VIP-29. Proceedings of an International Specialty Conference, Scottsdale, Arizona, January 1993. Air & Waste\nManagement Association, Pittsburgh, 37-48 (1993).\nTOUMA, J.S., W.M. Cox, and H. Thistle. Statistical analysis of the performance of dense gas dispersion models. In The Role of Meteorology\nin Managing the Environment in the 1990's. VIP-29. Proceedings of an International Specialty Conference, Scottsdale, Arizona, January 1993.\nAir & Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, 139-150 (1993).\nTOUMA, J.S., J.S. IRWIN, and J.A. Tikvart. An update of new air quality modeling techniques for regulatory programs. In The Role of\nMeteorology in Managing the Environment in the 1990's. VIP-29. Proceedings of an International Specialty Conference, Scottsdale, Arizona,\nJanuary 1993. Air & Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, 87-98 (1993).\nU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Contingency analysis modeling for Superfund sites and other sources. EPA-454/R-93-001, Office of\nAir Quality Planning and Standards, Jawad S. TOUMA, Technical Representative, Research Triangle Park, NC, 276 pp. (1993).\n39","U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Guidance on the application of refined dispersion models for hazardous/toxic air releases. EPA-454/R-\n93-002, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Jawad S. TOUMA, Technical Representative, Research Triangle Park, NC, 464 pp.\n(1993).\nU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality Modeling (IWAQM) Phase I Report: Interim recommendation\nfor modeling long range transport and impacts on regional visibility. EPA-454/R-93-015, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research\nTriangle Park, NC, 113 pp. (1993).\nWatkins, B.A., J.F. Boatman, D.L. WELLMAN, S.W. Wilkison, ACE 1992 summary data report: Aircraft Measurements of Meteorological\nParameters and SF6. NOAA TM ERL ARL-200, 104 pp. (1993).\nWATSON, T.B., R.G. CARTER, C.R. DICKSON, D.J. HOOVER, G.E. START, and R.C. JOHNSON. Wasatch front carbon monoxide\nintensive study. Final report. State of Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Salt Lake City, UT, Vol. 1, 34 pp, (1993).\nXingsheng, L., F. PARUNGO, C. Nagamoto, and S. Hoyt, Dimethyl sulfide in the atmospheric surface layer of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean.\nActa Oceanologica Sinica 12(1):79-91 (1993).\nYOUNG, J.O., E.D. Sills, and D.A. Jorge. Optimization of the Regional Oxidant Model for the Cray Y-M. EPA/600/R-94/065, Atmospheric\nResearch and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, 80 pp. (1993).\nZELENKA, M.P., and H.H. Suh. Exposure modeling of acid aerosols. Proceedings of the 1993 U.S. EPA/A&WMA International Symposium\non Measurement of Toxic and Related Air Pollutants, Durham, North Carolina, May 1993. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research\nTriangle Park, NC, and Air & Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, 64-69 (1993).\nZELENKA, M.P., J. Waldman, H. Suh, and P. Loutrakis. Indoor concentration modeling of aerosol strong acidity. In Indoor Air '93.\nCombustion Products, Risk Assessment, Policies. Vol. 3. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Indoor Quality and Climate,\nHelsinki, Finland, July 4-8, 1993. Indoor Air '93, Helsinki, Finland, 451-456 (1993).\nZhang, Y.Q., A.H. HUBER, S.P.S. Arya, and W.H. SNYDER. Numerical simulation to determine the effects of incident wind shear and\nturbulence level on the flow around a building. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 46 & 47:129-134 (1993).\n40","Organizational Charts\nDEPARTMENT\nOF\nCOMMERCIAL\nATMOSPHERIC\nAND\nNOAA\nUnited States Department of Commerce\nWITH\nAvenue\nCOMMUNITY\nSOCIALMENT\nSTATES\nOF\nOF\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\nOAR\nNOS\nNESDIS\nNWS\nNMFS\nOffice of Oceanic\nNational\nNational\nNational\nNational Marine\nand Atmospheric\nOcean Service\nEnvironmental\nWeather Service\nFisheries Service\nResearch\nSatellite, Data, and\nInformation Service\nEnvironmental\nOffice of Oceanic\nResearch Laboratories\nResearch Programs\nSEL\nFSL\nCMDL\nGFDL\nGLERL\nNSSL\nAL\nETL\nPMEL\nARL\nAOML\n41","OFFICE OF OCEANIC & ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH\nATMOSPHERIC\nAND\nDEPARTMENT\nOF\nCOMMUNITY\nNOAA\nORGANIZATIONAL CHART\nAvenue\ncountries\nSTATES OF\nOF\nASSISTANT ADMINISTRATOR\n(N.A. OSTENSO)\nRESOURCE MGMT\n(M.A. WHITCOMB)\nDEPUTY AA\nDEPUTY AA\nLABORATORIES\nEXTRAMURAL RESEARCH\n.\n(A.R. THOMAS)\nPROGRAM DEVELOPMENT\n(D.B. DUANE)\n& COORDINATION\nEXECUTIVE DIRECTOR\n(C.A. BHUMRALKAR)\n(K. Schnebele)\nINTERNATIONAL\nACTIVITIES\n(B. MOORE)\nOFFICE OF OCEANIC\nENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH\nRESEARCH PROGRAMS\nLABORATORIES\n(D.B. DUANE)\n(A.R. THOMAS)\nJOINT INSTITUTES\nNAT'L UNDERSEA\nNAT'L SEA GRANT\nLABORATORIES\nRESEARCH PROGRAM\nCOLLEGE PROGRAM\n(D.B. DUANE)\nUNIV. OF COLORADO\nAL\nGLERL\nCOLO. STATE UNIV.\nAOML\nNSSL\nUNIV. OF HAWAII\n6 REGIONAL CENTERS:\nARL\nPMEL\n26 COLLEGES\nUNIV. OF MIAMI\nALASKA\nCMDL\nSEL\n3 INSTITUTIONAL\nUNIV. OF MICHIGAN\nCARIBBEAN\nFSL\nWPL\nPROGRAMS\nUNIV. OF OKLAHOMA\nCONNECTICUT\nGFDL\nUNIV. OF WASHINGTON\nHAWAII\nPRINCETON UNIV.\nNEW JERSEY\nNORTH CAROLINA\n42","Environmental Research Laboratories\nAL\nDirector\nSEL\nD. Albritton\nA.R. Thomas\nE. Hildner\nDirector\nDirector\nAOML\nPMEL\nDeputy Director\nH. Bezdek\nE. Bernard\nR. J. Mahler\nDirector\nDirector\nARL\nNSSL\nB. Hicks\nR. Maddox\nDirector\nDirector\nCDC\nGLERL\nM. Blackmon\nA. Beeton\nDirector\nDirector\nCMDL\nGFDL\nE. Ferguson\nJ. Mahlman\nDirector\nDirector\nETL\nFSL\nS. Clifford\nA.E. MacDonald\nDirector\nDirector\nJoint Institutes\nCILER\nCIMAS\nCIMMS\nCIRA\nUniv. of Michigan\nUnlv. of Mlami\nUniv. of Oklahoma\nColo. State Univ.\nCIRES\nJIMAR\nJISAO\nUniv. of Colorado\nUniv. of Hawaii\nUniv. of Washington\n43","Air Resources Laboratory\nHeadquarters Division\nSilver Spring, MD\nDirector:\nBruce Hicks\nDeputy:\nRichard Artz\nSurface Radiation\nTransport Modeling\nResearch Branch\nand Assessment\nBoulder, CO\nAtmospheric Trends\nChief, John DeLuisi\nand Variability\nLong-range plume\nAtmospheric Opacity\npredictions (WMO/IAEA)\nOperational support to NRC\nUV-B\nAtmospheric Turbulence and\nAtmospheric Sciences Modeling Divn.\nField Research Division\nSpecial Operations\nand Research Division\nDiffusion Division\nResearch Triangle Park, NC\nIdaho Falls, ID\nLas Vegas, NV\nOak Ridge, TN\nDirector: Frank Schiermeier\nDirector: Ray Dickson\nAct. Dir.: Bruce Hicks\nDirector: Ray Hosker\nDispersion Studies\nAtmospheric Model Development\nMathematics Analyses\nField Operations Branch\nand Modeling\nAir/Surface Interactions\nGlobal Processes Research\nApplied Sciences Branch\nMeteorological Operations\nTechnical Support Branch\nEmergency Preparedness\nFluid Modeling\nField Research Operations\nNuclear Meteorology\nSupport to OR and to OR\nModeling Systems Analysis\nINEL site monitoring and\ncontractors\nApplied Modeling Research\nmeteorological tower\nResuspension\nSite specific studies\narray, with coupled\nMesoscale Modeling\n- Yucca Mountain\nAir Policy Support\nplume models\n- Rocky Flats\nComputer Applications\n- Fernald, etc.\nResuspension\nSite-specific tracer\nstudies\nComplex terrain (ASCOT)\nParticle dispersion and deposition\nParticle sampling\nSpill test facility (NV)\n01/10/94\n44","List of Acronyms\nAIRMoN\nAtmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network\nANICA\nAtmospheric Nutrient Input to Coastal Areas\nARL\nAir Resources Laboratory\nASMD\nAtmospheric Sciences Modeling Division\nATDD\nAtmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division\nDDIM\nDry Deposition Inferential Monitoring\nDOE\nDepartment of Energy\nEPA\nEnvironmental Protection Agency\nETEX\nEuropean Tracer Experiment\nFRD\nField Research Division\nHPCC\nHigh Performance Computing and Communications\nHYSPLIT-ACID\nHybrid Simple Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model with\nAtmospheric Chemistry Including Deposition\nISIS\nIntegrated Surface Irradiance Study\nMAP3S\nMultistate Power Production Pollution Study\nMRF\nMedium Range Forecast\nNAPAP\nNational Acid Precipitation Assessment Program\nNMC\nNational Meteorological Center\nNIST\nNational Institute of Standards and Technology\nNARE\nNorth Atlantic Regional Experiment\nNOAA\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\nNRC\nNuclear Regulatory Commission\nNWS\nNational Weather Service\nSURFRAD\nSurface Radiation monitoring network\nTOGA/COARE\nTropical Ocean Global Atmosphere/Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere\nResponse Experiment\nRAMS\nRegional Atmospheric Modeling System\nRELMAP\nRegional Lagrangian Model of Air Pollution\nROM\nRegional Oxidant Model\nROSE\nRegional Oxidants in the SouthEast\nRSMC\nRegional Specialized Meteorological Centre\nRTP\nResearch Triangle Park\nUV-B\nUltraviolet-B\nVAFTAD\nVolcanic Ash Forecast Transport and Dispersion\nWATOX\nWestern Atlantic Ocean Experiment\nWMO\nWorld Meteorological Organization\n*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:1994-573-013/00040\n45"]}