{"Bibliographic":{"Title":"National hurricane operations plan","Authors":"","Publication date":"1990","Publisher":""},"Administrative":{"Date created":"08-16-2023","Language":"English","Rights":"CC 0","Size":"0000189079"},"Pages":["QC\n959\n.U6\nN28\nEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\n1990\nno.12\nOF\n1990\nUFCM\nSTATES\nOF\nOFFICE OF THE FEDERAL COORDINATOR FOR\nMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH\nNational Hurricane\nOperations Plan\nFCM-P12-1990\nWashington, DC\nApril 1990","THE FEDERAL COMMITTEE FOR\nMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH (FCMSSR)\nMR. ROBERT H. MORRIS\nDR. JOHN A. KNAUSS, CHAIRMAN\nFederal Emergency Management Agency\nDepartment of Commerce\nDR. LENNARD A. FISK\nDR. BRUCE GARDNER\nNational Aeronautics and Space\nDepartment of Agriculture\nAdministration\nDR. GEORGE P. MILLBURN\nDR. ROBERT W. CORELL\nDepartment of Defense\nNational Science Foundation\nDR. DAVID B. NELSON\nMR. WILLIAM G. LAYNOR\nDepartment of Energy\nNational Transportation Safety\nBoard\nDR. DOYLE FREDERICK\nDepartment of the Interior\nDR. DENWOOD F. ROSS\nU.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission\nMR. WILLIAM M. KENDALL-JOHNSTON\nDepartment of State\nMR. H. MATTHEW BILLS\nEnvironmental Protection Agency\nMR. WAYNE J. BARLOW\nDepartment of Transportation\nMR. ROBERT L. CARNAHAN\nFederal Coordinator for Meteorology\nMR. DAVID TORNQUIST\nOffice of Management and Budget\nDR. JAMES A. ALMAZAN, Executive Secretary\nOffice of the Federal Coordinator for\nMeteorological Services and Supporting Research\nTHE INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE FOR\nMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH (ICMSSR)\nMR. NEAL THAYER\nMR. ROBERT L. CARNAHAN, Chairman\nU.S. Coast Guard\nFederal Coordinator\nDepartment of Transportation\nDR. NORTON D. STROMMEN\nDepartment of Agriculture\nMR. FRANCIS SCHIERMEIER\nEnvironmental Protection Agency\nDR. RONALD D. McPHERSON\nMR. ROBERT T. JASKE\nDepartment of Commerce\nFederal Emergency Management Agency\nCOL TED S. CRESS, USAF\nDepartment of Defense\nDR. SHELBY TILFORD\nNational Aeronautics and Space\nAdministration\nDR. HARRY MOSES\nDepartment of Energy\nDR. RICHARD S. GREENFIELD\nNational Science Foundation\nMR. LEWIS T. MOORE\nDepartment of the Interior\nMR. JAMES C. McLEAN, JR.\nNational Transportation Safety\nMR. WILLIAM M. KENDALL-JOHNSTON\nDepartment of State\nBoard\nMR. ROBERT A. KORNASIEWICZ\nMR. RICHARD J. HEUWINKEL\nU.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission\nFederal Aviation Administration\nDepartment of Transportation\nMR. DAVID TORNQUIST\nOffice of Management and Budget\nDR. JAMES A. ALMAZAN, Executive Secretary\nOffice of the Federal Coordinator for\nMeteorological Services and Supporting Research","QC\n959\n06\n5\n228\n1990\n1990\nFEDERAL COORDINATOR\nFOR\nMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH\n11426 Rockville Pike, Suite 300\nRockville, Maryland 20852\nNATIONAL HURRICANE OPERATIONS PLAN\nFCM-P12-1990 -\nApril 1990\n1990\nWashington, D.C.\nCommerce","CHANGE AND REVIEW LOG\nUse this page to record changes and notices of reviews.\nChange\nPage\nDate\nInitial\nNumber\nNumbers\nPosted\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\nChanges are indicated by a vertical line in the margin next to the change.\nReview\nComments\nInitial\nDate\nii","FOREWORD\nThis publication is the 28th edition of the National Hurricane Operations Plan\n(NHOP). It is a compilation of the procedures and agreements reached at the\n44th Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference (IHC), which was held at the U.S.\nAir Force Conference Center, Homestead Air Force Base, Florida, January 9-12,\n1990. Details of the conference can be found in the minutes published by this\noffice.\nThe conference is sponsored annually by the Working Group for Hurricanes and\nWinter Storms Operations, Committee for Basic Services of the Interdepart-\nmental Committee for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. It\nbrings together the cognizant Federal agencies to reach agreement on items of\nmutual interest and concern related to hurricane forecasting and warning\nservices. The host for the conference this year was Air Rescue Service,\nMcClellan Air Force Base, California.\nIt was gratifying to see the quality, quantity, and timeliness of tropical\ncyclone data provided to the National Hurricane Center from the aircraft\nequipped with the Improved Weather Reconnaissance System. With the scheduled\ninstallation of the new navigation system and altimeter all twelve WC-130's\nwill be fully capable of providing high density data before the end of the\n1990 hurricane season.\nRobert L. Carnahan\nFederal Coordinator for\nMeteorological Services and\nSupporting Research\niii","","NATIONAL HURRICANE OPERATIONS PLAN\nTABLE OF CONTENTS\nPage\nCHANGE AND REVIEW LOG\nii\nFOREWORD\niii\nLIST OF FIGURES\nvii\niX\nLIST OF TABLES\nCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION\n1-1\n1.1. General\n1-1\n1.2.\nScope\n1-1\nCHAPTER 2 RESPONSIBILITIES OF COOPERATING FEDERAL AGENCIES\n2-1\n2.1\nGeneral\n2-1\n2.2. DOC Responsibilities\n2-1\n2.3.\nDOD Responsibilities\n2-2\n2.4. DOT Responsibilities\n2-3\n2.5.\nAnnual Liaison with Other Nations\n2-3\n2.6. Air Traffic Control/Flight Operations Coordination\n2-4\nCHAPTER 3 GENERAL OPERATIONS AND PROCEDURES OF THE\nNATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE HURRICANE CENTERS\n3-1\n3.1. General\n3-1\n3.2. Products\n3-1\n3.3.\nDesignation of Tropical and Subtropical Cyclones\n3-5\n3.4.\nTransfer of Warning Responsibility\n3-8\n3.5.\nAlternate Warning Responsibilities\n3-9\n3.6.\nAbbreviated Communications Headings\n3-9\nCHAPTER 4 NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE\nPRODUCTS FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE\n4-1\n4.1. General\n4-1\n4.2. Observations\n4-1\n4.3. Marine Advisories\n4-1\nCHAPTER 5 AIRCRAFT RECONNAISSANCE\n5-1\n5.1. General\n5-1\n5.2. Responsibilities\n5-1\n5.3. Control of Aircraft\n5-1\n5.4. Reconnaissance Requirements\n5-2\n5.5.\nReconnaissance Planning and Flight Notification\n5-4\n5.6. Reconnaissance Effectiveness Criteria\n5-14\nV","5.7. Aerial Reconnaissance Weather Encoding, Reporting, and\nCoordination\n5-15\n5.8. Operational Flight Patterns\n5-19\n5.9. Aircraft Reconnaissance Communications\n5-23\nCHAPTER 6 SATELLITE SURVEILLANCE OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL CYCLONES\n6-1\n6.1. Satellites\n6-1\n6.2. National Weather Service (NWS) Support\n6-1\n6.3. NESDIS Synoptic Analysis Branch\n6-3\n6.4. AFGWC Support and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program\n(DMSP)\n6-6\n6.5.\nSatellites and Satellite Data Availability for the Current\nHurricane Season\n6-6\n6.6. Current Intensity and Tropical Classification Number\n6-6\nCHAPTER 7 SURFACE RADAR REPORTING\n7-1\n7.1. General\n7-1\n7.2. Procedures\n7-1\n7.3. Special Provisions\n7-2\nCHAPTER 8 NATIONAL DATA BUOY CENTER REPORTING STATIONS\n8-1\n8.1. General\n8-1\n8.2. Requests for Drifting Buoy Deployment\n8-1\n8.3. Communications\n8-9\nCHAPTER 9 MARINE WEATHER BROADCASTS\n9-1\n9.1. General\n9-1\n9.2. Broadcast Procedures\n9-1\nCHAPTER 10 PUBLICITY\n10-1\n10.1. News Media Releases\n10-1\n10.2. Distribution\n10-1\nAPPENDIX A ABBREVIATIONS\nA-1\nAPPENDIX B GLOSSARY\nB-1\nAPPENDIX C BIBLIOGRAPHY OF OFFICIAL INTERAGENCY AGREEMENTS\nC-1\nAPPENDIX D DISTRIBUTION\nD-1\nAPPENDIX E SAFFIR-SIMPSON HURRICANE SCALE\nE-1\nAPPENDIX F PHONETIC PRONUNCIATION LISTING\nF-1\nAPPENDIX G RECCO, MINOB, AND TEMP DROP CODES, TABLES\nAND REGULATIONS\nG-1\nAPPENDIX H TELEPHONE AND TELETYPE LISTING\nH-1\nvi","LIST OF FIGURES\nPage\nFigure\nTropical cyclone forecast centers' areas of\n1-1.\n1-2\nresponsibility\nHurricane Gilbert, September 13, 1988\n2-5\n2-1.\n4-3\nMarine advisory format\n4-1.\nHurricane Joan, October 22, 1988\n4-4\n4-2.\n5-5\n5-1.\nVortex data message\n5-6\n5-2.\nSupplementary vortex data message\nNHOP coordinated request for aircraft\n5-3.\n5-7\nreconnaissance\nWC-130 weather reconnaissance aircraft\n5-12\n5-4.\nTropical cyclone plan of the day format\n5-13\n5-5.\n5-16\nMission evaluation form\n5-6.\nFlight patterns ALPHA and modified ALPHA\n5-19\n5-7.\nRecommended pattern ALPHA execution\n5-21\n5-8.\nSuggested Patterns for Investigative Missions\n5-22\n5-9.\nSchematic of aircraft to satellite data link for NOAA P-3\n5-10.\n5-25\naircraft.\nSchematic of aircraft to satellite data link for USAF\n5-11.\n5-27\nWC-130 aircraft\nGOES central data distribution system\n6-4\n6-1.\nSample satellite tropical disturbance summary\n6-5\n6-2.\nvii","6-3.\nCenter fix data form and message format (satellite).\n6-8\n8-1.\nNDBC moored buoy locations in the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of\nMexico and Great Lakes\n8-5\n8-2.\nNDBC moored buoy locations in the Pacific Ocean\n8-6\n8-3.\nC-Man station locations in the coastal U. S.\n8-7\n8-4.\nA drifting data buoy.\n8-8\n8-5.\nDrifting data buoy deployment patterns.\n8-10\nG-1.\nReconnaissance code recording form\nG-2\nG-2.\nSample MINOB message\nG-6\nviii","LIST OF TABLES\nPage\nTable\n3-4\nWatch and warning break points\n3-1.\n3-6\nAtlantic tropical cyclone names\n3-2.\n3-7\nEastern Pacific tropical cyclone names\n3-3.\n3-7\nCentral Pacific tropical cyclone names\n3-4.\n3-8\nWestern Pacific tropical cyclone names\n3-5.\n5-8\nVortex data message entry explanation\n5-1.\nSurface pressure as a function of 850-hPa height\n5-20\n5-2.\n5-26\nRequirement for Aircraft Reconnaissance Data\n5-3.\n5-28\nASDL data transmission schedule\n5-4.\nSatellite and satellite data availability for the current\n6-1.\n6-2\nhurricane season\nCommunications headings for satellite tropical disturbance\n6-2.\n6-7\nsummaries.\nThe empirical relationship between the C.I. number and the\n6-3.\nmaximum wind speed and the relationship between the T-number\n6-7\nand the minimum sea-level pressure\n7-3\nParticipating radar stations\n7-1.\n8-2\nData buoy locations and configuration\n8-1.\n8-3\n8-2.\nC-MAN sites\nCode forms for moored data buoys, C-MAN stations,\n8-3.\n8-11\nand drifting buoys\n9-1\nMarine tropical cyclone forecast broadcast stations\n9-1.\nG-3\nReconnaissance code tables\nG-1.\nG-5\nReconnaissance code regulations\nG-2.\nG-7\nMINOB message format and breakdown\nG-3.\nG-8\nTEMP DROP code breakdown\nG-4.\niX","CHAPTER 1\nINTRODUCTION\n1.1. General. The tropical cyclone warning service is an interdepartmental\neffort to provide the United States and designated international recipients with\nforecasts, warnings, and assessments concerning tropical and subtropical weather\nsystems. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the Department\nof Commerce is responsible for providing forecasts and warnings for the Atlantic\nand Eastern and Central Pacific Oceans while the Department of Defense provides\nthe same services for the Western Pacific and Indian Ocean (see Figure 1-1.)\nInterdepartmental cooperation achieves economy and efficiency in the operation\nof the tropical cyclone warning service. This plan provides the basis for\nimplementing agreements of the Department of Commerce, Department of Defense,\nand the Department of Transportation reached at the annual Interdepartmental\nHurricane Conference (combined Atlantic and Eastern Pacific).\nThe\nInterdepartmental Hurricane Conference is sponsored by the Committee for Basic\nServices of the Interdepartmental Committee for Meteorological Services and\nSupporting Research to bring together cognizant Federal agencies and achieve\nagreement on items of mutual concern related to the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific\ntropical cyclone warning services.\n1.2. Scope. The procedures and agreements contained herein apply to the\nAtlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and North Pacific Ocean east of\nthe 180th meridian. This plan is intended to define the role of the individual\nagencies participating in the tropical cyclone warning service when more than\none agency is involved in the delivery of service in any specific area. When\na single agency is involved in any specific area, that agency's procedures should\nbe contained in internal documents and, to the extent possible, be consistent\nwith National Hurricane Operations Plan practices and procedures.\n1-1",".\n(Includes Caribbean,\n& Gulf of Mexico)\nISLANDS\n& ATLANTIC\nCANARY\nISLANDS\nAZORES,\n18\nFigure 1-1. Tropical cyclone forecast centers' areas of responsibility.\nMIAMI\n*\nNote: Places underlined are Tropical Cyclone Forecast Centers.\nWASHINGTON\na\nEASTERN PACIFIC\na\na\nWESTERN PACIFIC\nCENTRAL PACIFIC\nHONOLULU\nJTWC\nb.","CHAPTER 2\nRESPONSIBILITIES OF COOPERATING FEDERAL AGENCIES\n2.1. General. The Department of Commerce (DOC) is charged with the overall\nresponsibility to implement a responsive, effective national tropical cyclone\nwarning service. Many local, state, and Federal agencies play a vital role in\nthis system- - their cooperative efforts help ensure necessary preparedness actions\nare undertaken to minimize loss of life and destruction of property. The joint\nparticipation by the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of\nTransportation (DOT) with the Department of Commerce brings to bear those limited\nand expensive Federal resources considered essential for storm detection and\naccurate forecasting. This cooperative effort has proven to be a cost effective,\nhighly responsive endeavor to meet national requirements for tropical cyclone\nwarning information.\n2.2. DOC Responsibilities. The DOC will:\n2.2.1. Provide timely dissemination of forecasts, warnings, and all\nsignificant information regarding tropical and subtropical cyclones to\nappropriate agencies, general public, and marine and aviation interests.\n2.2.2. Through the National Weather Service (NWS) provide the following\nadditional support services to the DOD:\n2.2.2.1. Consult, as necessary, with DOD regarding their day-to-day\nrequirements for cyclone assessments and attempt to meet these requirements\nwithin the capabilities of the tropical cyclone warning service.\n2.2.2.2. Prepare, through the National Hurricane Center (NHC), and\ndistribute to DOD the coordinated DOC reconnaissance and other meteorological\ndata requirements to be provided by DOD on tropical or subtropical cyclones and\ndisturbances.\n2.2.2.3. Provide facilities, administrative support,\nand\ndissemination of weather observation data for Operating Location G (OL-G) 7th\nWeather Wing (7WW) as agreed to by DOC and DOD.\n2.2.2.4. Provide DOD with basic meteorological information, warnings,\nforecasts, and associated prognostic reasoning concerning location, intensity,\nand forecast movement of tropical and subtropical cyclones in the following\nmaritime areas and adjacent states and possessions of the United States:\n2.2.2.4.1. Atlantic Ocean (north of the equator including the\nCaribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico) - - advisories are the responsibility of the\nDirector, NHC, Miami, FL. The NHC will consult with the Naval Eastern\nOceanography Center, Norfolk, VA, prior to issuing initial and final advisories\nand prior to issuing any advisory that indicates a significant change in forecast\nof intensity or track from the previous advisory. Exchange of information is\n2-1","encouraged on subsequent warnings when significant changes are made or otherwise\nrequired.\n2.2.2.4.2. Eastern Pacific Ocean (north of the equator and east\nof 140°W -- advisories are the responsibility of the Director, NHC, Miami, FL\nThe NHC will consult with the Naval Western Oceanography Center (NAVWESTOCEANCEN)\nPearl Harbor, HI, prior to issuing initial and final advisories and prior to\nissuing any advisory that indicates a significant change in forecast of intensity\nor track from the previous advisory. Exchange of information is encouraged on\nsubsequent warnings when significant changes are made or otherwise required.\n2.2.2.4.3. Central Pacific Ocean (north of the equator between\n140°W and 180°) --advisories are the responsibility of the Director, Central\nPacific Hurricane Center (CPHC). Honolulu, HI. The CPHC will consult with the\nNAVWESTOCEANCEN and Detachment 4, 20th Weather Squadron, Hickam AFB, HI, prior\nto issuing initial and final advisories and prior to issuing any advisory that\nindicates a significant change in forecast of intensity or track from the\nprevious advisory. Exchange of information is encouraged on subsequent warnings\nwhen significant changes are made or otherwise required.\n2.2.3. Through the NWS, conduct an annual post-analysis for all tropical\ncyclones in the Atlantic and the Pacific regions east of 180° and prepare an\nannual hurricane report for issue to interested agencies.\n2.2.4. Through the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information\nService operate DOC environmental satellite systems capable of providing coverage\nof meteorological conditions in the tropics during the tropical cyclone season\nand monitor and interpret DOC satellite imagery. Obtain, as necessary, National\nAeronautics and Space Administration research and development satellite data and\nDOD operational satellite data for NWS operational use. Comply with NHC and CPHC\nsatellite data requirements.\n2.2.5. Through the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) develop, deploy, and\noperate environmental data buoy systems and automated coastal stations to support\ndata requirements of the NHC and CPHC.\n2.2.6. Through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)\nAircraft Operations Center (AOC). provide weather reconnaissance flights as\nspecified in Chapter 5, unless relieved of these responsibilities by the\nAdministrator of NOAA.\n2.3. DOD Responsibilities. The DOD will\n2.3.1. Provide NWS with timely dissemination of significant information\nreceived regarding tropical and subtropical cyclones.\n2.3.2. Provide NHC and CPHC current DOD requirements for tropical and\nsubtropical cyclone advisories.\n2.3.3. Meet DOC requirements for aircraft reconnaissance and other special\nobservations as agreed to by DOD and DOC (see Appendix C).\n2-2","2.3.4. Provide at NHC a 24-hr aircraft operation interface--Chief, Aerial\nReconnaissance Coordination, All Hurricanes (CARCAH)\n2.3.5. Designate OL-G, 7WW as the liaison to NHC and the military point of\ncontact for NHC to request special DOD observations in support of this plan,\ni.e., Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) fixes, additional upper\nair observations, etc.\n2.3.6. Provide broadcast facilities of radio station NAM for tropical storm\nand hurricane forecasts and warnings.\n2.3.7. Provide access to North American Aerospace Defense Command\nlong-range radar sites (see Chapter 7).\n2.3.8. Provide weather reconnaissance data monitor services to evaluate\nand disseminate reconnaissance reports.\n2.3.9. Provide, through Air Force Global Weather Central, Offutt AFB, NE,\nsurveillance support and fixes and/or intensity estimates to all United States\ntropical cyclone warning agencies through analysis of satellite imagery obtained\nprimarily from the DMSP system.\n2.4. DOT Responsibilities. The DOT will:\n2.4.1. Provide NWS with timely dissemination of significant information\nreceived regarding tropical and subtropical cyclones.\n2.4.2. Provide, through the Federal Aviation Administration, air traffic\ncontrol, communications, and flight assistance services.\n2.4.3. Provide the following through the U.S. Coast Guard:\npersonnel, vessel, and communication support to the NDBC for\ndevelopment, deployment, and operation of moored enviromental data\nbuoy systems;\nsurface observations to NWS from its coastal facilities and\nvessels;\ncommunications circuits for relay of weather observations to NWS\nin selected areas;\nprimary guard Automated Digital Network support to OL-G, 7WW; and\ncoastal broadcast facilities at selected locations for tropical\nstorm or hurricane forecasts and warnings.\n2.5. Annual Liaison with Other Nations. The DOD, DOC, and DOT will cooperate\nin arranging an annual trip to the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico area to\ncarry out a continuing and effective liaison of the warning service with the\ndirectors of meteorological services, air traffic control agencies, and disaster\npreparedness agencies of nations in those areas.\n2-3","2.6. Air Traffic Control/Flight Operations Coordination. The operations\nofficers of the principal flying units, the Assistant Manager for Traffic\nManagement, Traffic Management Branch, Air Traffic Control Command Center,\nCentral Flow Control Facility, Washington, D.C., and the assistant managers for\ntraffic management or assistant manager for military operations, as appropriate,\nat key air route traffic control centers (ARTCC) will maintain a close working\nrelationship on a continuing basis to ensure mission success under actual\ntropical storm conditions. This will involve visits to each other's facilities,\nfamiliarization flights, and telephone and teletype communications to improve\nthe understanding of each other's requirements and capabilities.\n2.6.1. The 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, the 815th Weather\nOperations Flight, and AOC operations officers will maintain a close working\nrelationship with the Air Traffic Control Command Center, Central Flow Control\nFacility, and the ARTCCs and the Fleet Aerial Control and Surveillance Facility\n(FACSFAC) for the coordination of weather reconnaissance flights in the Gulf of\nMexico and over the Caribbean Sea in particular, and in the United States in\ngeneral. The operations officers will:\n2.6.1.1. Request the assistance of the appropriate ARTCC/FACSFAC in\nsupport of the National Hurricane Operations Plan.\n2.6.1.2. Provide the current operations officer's name and telephone\nnumber to the appropriate ARTCC and FACSFAC.\n2.6.1.3. Publish the unit's telephone numbers (Federal Telephone\nSystem (FTS)/Automated Voice Network (AUTOVON (AV)/ Commercial) and teletype\naddress code for Service B (Appendix H).\n2.6.2. The Air Traffic Control Command Center, appropriate ARTCCs, and\nFACSFAC will maintain a close working relationship with the weather\nreconnaissance units and provide airspace and air traffic control assistance to\nthe extent possible. Those organizations will:\n2.6.2.1. Provide the current names and telephone numbers of points\nof contact to the flying units.\n2.6.2.2. Publish telephone numbers (FTS/AV/Commercial) and teletype\ncode for Service B (Appendix H).\n2-4","2131 13SE88 19A-1 04494 16401 MA19N82W-1\nFigure 2-1. Hurricane Gilbert, September 13, 1988\n2-5","CHAPTER 3\nGENERAL OPERATIONS AND PROCEDURES OF THE\nNATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE HURRICANE CENTERS\nGeneral. This chapter describes the products, procedures, and\n3.1.\ncommunications headers used by the National Hurricane Center (NHC) and the\nCentral Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC).\n3.2. Products.\n3.2.1. Tropical Weather Outlook (TWO). Tropical weather outlooks are issued\nby the NHC and CPHC during their respective hurricane seasons. The NHC writes\nTWOs in both the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific. They are transmitted at 0530,\n1130, 1730, and 2230 Eastern Local Time in the Atlantic and at 0400, 1000, 1600,\nand 2200 UTC in the Eastern Pacific. In the Central Pacific TWOs are transmitted\nby the CPHC at 1000 and 2200 UTC. The outlook briefly describes both stable and\npotentially unstable areas out to 48 hr. A tropical weather summary of Atlantic\ntropical cyclone activity will be prepared and issued at the end of each month\nduring the hurricane season.\n3.2.2. Tropical Cyclone Discussion.\n3.2.2.1. The NHC will issue a tropical cyclone discussion on\nAtlantic tropical cyclones at 0330, 0930, 1530, and 2130 UTC, and on Eastern\nPacific tropical cyclones at 0230, 0830, 1430, and 2030 UTC. Discussions will\nbe disseminated for inter-governmental use only and will contain preliminary\nprognostic positions and maximum wind speed forecasts up to 72 hr; will describe\nobjective techniques, synoptic features, and climatology used; and will provide\nreasons for track changes.\n3.2.2.2. The CPHC will issue a tropical cyclone discussion twice\ndaily not later than 0330 and 1530 UTC. The discussions will describe objective\ntechniques, synoptic features, and climatology used and will provide reasons for\ntrack changes.\n3.2.3. Public Advisories. Public advisories are issued by the NHC for all\ntropical cyclones in the Atlantic. In the Eastern Pacific, public advisories\nare issued by NHC for tropical cyclones that are expected to affect land within\n48 hr. In the Central Pacific, public advisories are issued by CPHC for all\ntropical cyclones within the area of responsibility. Scheduled public advisories\nare issued at the same time scheduled marine advisories are issued. However,\nwhen NHC is issuing advisories every three hours in the Atlantic, the 0400 UTC\npublic advisory will be issued at 0230 UTC to ensure that the latest information\nis available for the heavily-watched evening local news shows. Watch and warning\nbreak points are listed in Table 3-1. [Note: Public advisories use statute miles\nfor distance and miles per hour for speed. Nautical miles and knots may be added\nat the discretion of the centers.\n3-1","3.2.4. Marine Advisories. Marine advisories are issued by the NHC and the\nCPHC. See Section 4.3 for content and format of the advisories. Marine\nadvisories will be transmitted to high-seas shipping according to the details\nfound in Worldwide Marine Weather Broadcasts, jointly published by the U.S. Navy\nand National Weather Service. In the Atlantic, these advisories should be\ndistributed 30 min before their effective times of 0400, 1000, 1600, and 2200\nUTC. In the Pacific the advisories are scheduled for 0300, 0900, 1500, and 2100\nUTC for position times of 0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 UTC, respectively. Pacific\nadvisories should be transmitted 15 min before the effective time.\n3.2.5. Probability of Hurricane/Tropical Storm Conditions.\n3.2.5.1. The probability of the storm center passing within 50 mi\nto the right or 75 mi to the left of specific forecast points within 24, 36, 48,\nand 72 hr is included in the public and, on a trial basis, marine advisories\nfor all named storms, in the Atlantic, Caribbean, and the Gulf of Mexico.\nProbabilities may also be included for yet to be named storms that are developing\nrapidly near a coastline, dependent upon NHC assessment. Probabilities will not\nbe included on intermediate public advisories. The probabilities, which are\nbased on the official forecast track, will be issued when the 72-hr forecast\nposition approaches the coast and will continue until the hurricane or tropical\nstorm has made landfall and is not expected to reemerge over water. For storms\nforecast to parallel the coast, the maximum value over water points will be\nincluded. The NHC retains the right to discontinue issuance of probabilities\nearlier if other factors arise, such as difficulties with evacuation orders.\n3.2.5.2. The probabilities will be computed shortly after synoptic\ntimes for the periods 0-24, 24-36, 36-48, and 48-72 hr. A total probability for\nthe next 72 hr will be shown in the last column and represents a total of all\nforecast periods. If the probability of a storm hitting a coastal location\nwithin 48 hr is needed, add the 0-24, 24-36, and the 36-48 hr probabilities.\nIf the probability for a location is less than one percent, an \"X\" will be\nindicated in the table.\n3.2.5.3. When appropriate, specific probabilities will be computed\nfor the following locations:\nBrownsville, TX\nWest Palm Beach, FL\nCorpus Christi, TX\nFort Pierce, FL\nPort O'Connor, TX\nCocoa Beach, FL\nGalveston, TX\nDaytona Beach, FL\nPort Arthur, TX\nJacksonville, FL\nNew Iberia, LA\nSavannah, GA\nNew Orleans, LA\nMyrtle Beach, SC\nBuras, LA\nCharleston, SC\nGulfport, MS\nWilmington, NC\nMobile, AL\nCape Hatteras, NC\nPensacola, FL\nOcean City, MD\nPanama City, FL\nAtlantic City, NJ\nApalachicola, FL\nNorfolk, VA\nSt. Marks, FL\nNew York City, NY\nCedar Key, FL\nMontauk Point, NY\n3-2","Providence, RI\nTampa, FL\nNantucket, MA\nVenice, FL\nHyannis, MA\nFort Myers, FL\nBoston, MA\nMarco Island, FL\nPortland, ME\nKey West, FL\nBar Harbor, ME\nMarathon, FL\nEastport, ME\nMiami, FL\n28°N93°W\n29°N85°W\n28°N95°W\n29°N87°W\n27°N96°W\n28°N89°W\n25°N97°W\n28°N91°W\n3.2.6. Tropical Cyclone Updates. Tropical cyclone updates are brief\nstatements in lieu of or preceding special advisories to inform of significant\nchanges in a tropical cyclone or the posting or cancelling of watches and\nwarnings.\n3.2.7. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Tropical Cyclone Position Estimates.\nThe NHC may also issue hourly tropical cyclone position estimates when the\ntropical cyclone is under effective surveillance and within 200 nmi of land-based\nradar. These estimates, when issued, will be prepared a short time before each\nhour except at hours when advisories are issued. Position estimates disseminated\nto the public, DOD, and other Federal agencies will provide geographical\npositions in latitude and longitude and also by distance and direction from a\nwell-known point.\nSpecial Tropical Disturbance Statement. Special tropical\n3.2.8.\ndisturbance statements may be issued to furnish information on strong formative,\nnon-depression systems.\n3.2.9. Storm Summaries. Storm summaries are written by the National\nMeteorological Center after subtropical and tropical cyclones have moved inland\nand public advisories have been discontinued. Storm summaries will continue to\nbe numbered in sequence with public advisories on named storms. Also, these\nsummaries will reference the former storm's name and be issued as long as the\nremnants of the storm remain a serious flooding threat. Storm summaries will\nbe transmitted at 0500, 1100, 1700, and 2300 UTC.\n3.2.10. Satellite Interpretation Message. These are issued four\ntimes a day by the NHC and the National Meteorological Center in Washington to\ndescribe synoptic features and significant weather areas. Federal Aviation\nAdministration contractions are used.\n3.2.12. Tropical Weather Discussion. These are issued four times\na day by the NHC. They describe significant features from the latest surface\nanalysis and significant weather areas for the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean,\nand between the equator and 32°N in both the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific east\nof 140°W. Plain language is used.\n3-3","Table 3-1. Watch and Warning Break Points.\n1. Brownsville, TX\n48. Fort Pierce, FL\n2. Port Mansfield, TX\n49. Vero Beach, FL\n3. Baffin Bay, TX\n50. Sebastian Inlet, FL\n4. Corpus Christi, TX\n51. Cocoa Beach, FL\n5. Port Aransas, TX\n52. Titusville, FL\n6. Port O'Connor, TX\n53. New Smyrna, FL\n7. Matagorda, TX\n54. St. Augustine, F1\n8. Freeport, TX\n55. Fernandina Beach, FL\n9. High Island, TX\n56. Brunswick (Atlamaha Sound. GA)\n10. Port Arthur, TX\n57. Savannah, GA [GA/SC Border and\n11. Sabine Pass, TX\nSouthern Extent of Coastal\n12. Cameron, LA\nWaters Forecast (CWF)]\n13. Morgan City, LA\n58. Edisto Beach, SC\n14. Grand Isle, LA\n59. Cape Romain, SC\n15. Mouth of Mississippi River, LA\n60. Little River Inlet, SC (Northern\n16. Mouth of Pearl River, LA\nExtent of Columbia CWF and\n17. Gulfport, MS\nSouthern Extent of Raleigh CWF)\n18. Mobile, AL\n61. Cape Fear, NC\n19. Pensacola, FL\n62. Topsail Beach, NC\n20. Fort Walton Beach, FL\n63. Bogue Inlet, NC\n21. Panama City, FL\n64. Cape Lookout, NC\n22. Apalachicola, FL\n65. Ocracoke Inlet, NC\n23. Ochlockonee River, FL\n66. Cape Hatteras, NC\n24. St. Marks, FL\n67. Oregon Inlet, NC\n25. Aucilla River, FL\n(The inclusion of Pamlico and\n26. Steinhatchee River, FL\nAlbemarle Sounds should be on a\n27. Suwannee River, FL\ncase-by-case basis.)\n28. Cedar Key, FL\n68. Virginia Beach, VA (Northern\n29. Yankeetown, FL\nExtent of Raleigh CWF and Southern\n30. Bay Port, FL\nExtent of Washington CWF)\n31. Anclote Key, FL\n69. Chicoteague, VA\n32. Long Boat Key, FL\n70. Cape Henlopen, DE (Northern\n33. Venice, FL\nExtent of Washington CWF and\n33. Boca Grande, FL\nSouthern Extent of\n35. Fort Myers Beach, FL\nPhiladelpha CWF)\n36. Bonita Beach, FL\n(The inclusion of Chesapeake Bay\n37. Everglades City, FL\nand the Tidal Potomac should be on\n38. Flamingo, FL\na case-by-case basis.)\n39. Seven Mile Bridge, FL\n71. Manasquan, NJ (Northern Extent of\n40. Craig Key, FL\nPhiladelphia CWF and Southern\n40. Key Largo, FL\nExtent of New York CWF)\n42. Hallandale, FL\n(The inclusion of Delaware Bay\n43. Deerfield Beach, FL\nshould be on a case-by-case\n44. Boynton Beach, FL\nbasis.)\n45. Lake Worth, FL\n72. Fire Island Inlet, Long Island, NY\n46. Jupiter Inlet, FL\n73. Shinnecock Inlet, Long Island, NY\n47. Stuart, FL\n75. Port Jefferson Harbor, Long\nIsland, NY\n76. New Haven, CT\n3-4","77. Watch Hill, RI (Northeastern\nExtent of New York CWF and\nSouthwestern Extent of Boston CWF)\n78. Point Judith, RI\n79. Woods Hole, MA\n80. Chatham, MA\n81. Plymouth, MA\n82. Gloucester, MA\n83. Merrimack River, MA (Northern\nExtent of Boston CWF and Southern\nExtent of Portland CWF)\n84. Portsmouth, NH\n85. Portland, ME\n86. Rockland, ME\n87. Bar Harbor, ME\n88. Eastport, ME\n3.2.13. Tropical Disturbance Rainfall Estimates. As required, the\nNHC issues satellite based rainfall estimates for tropical disturbances and\ntropical cyclones within 36 hr of expected landfall for the Caribbean, the\nBahamas, and both coasts of Mexico.\n3.3. Designation of Tropical and Subtropical Cyclones.\nnumber\nwill\nbe\nassigned\nEach\ndepression\na\nof\nDepressions\n3.3.1.\nNumbering\nnumber\nThis\ndepression\nof\nthe\ncyclone.\nthroughout\nthe\nlife\nwill\nthat\nbe\nretained\nnamed\nis\nadvisories\ndisseminated\nbe\na\nhowever,\non\nFor\neach\nhurricane\nhurricane.\ntropical\nWhen\nforecast\nof\neach\ncalendar\nthe\nyear.\nONE\nbegin\nthe\nassigned\nto\nanother,\nwarning\npassed\nfrom\none\nretained.\n3.3.1 For the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico depression numbers:\nONE, TWO, THREE, will be assigned by the NHC after advising the Navy Eastern\nOceanography Center, Norfolk\n3.3.1.1. For the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico, depression\nnumbers with the suffix A, e.g., ONE-A, TWO-A, THREE-A, will be assigned by the\nNHC after advising the Navy Eastern Oceanography Center, Norfolk.\n3.3.1.2. For the Pacific east of 140° Meteorological Applications\n(WG/AMA) W, depression numbers, with the suffix E, e.g., ONE-E, TWO-E, THREE-E,\nwill be assigned by the NHC after advising the Navy Western Oceanography Center\n(NAVWESTOCEANCEN). Pearl Harbor.\n3.3.1.3. For the Pacific west of 14°W and east of 180°, depression\nnumbers, with suffix C, e.g., ONE-C, TWO-C, THREE-C, will be assigned after\nadvising the NAVWESTOCEANCEN, Pearl Harbor.\n3.3.2. Naming of Tropical Storms and Hurricanes.\n3-5","3.3.2.1. Atlantic and Eastern Pacific. A different set of names will\nbe used each year. After a set is used, it will drop to the end of the list to\nbe used again in six years. Names of significant hurricanes will be retired and\nreplaced. Lists of Atlantic and Eastern Pacific names are provided in Tables\n3-2 and 3-3, respectively.\n3.3.2.2.\nCentral Pacific. When a tropical depression intensifies\ninto a tropical storm or hurricane between 140°W and 180°, the depression number\nwill be discontinued and replaced by an appropriate name. The CPHC will select\nthe name from the list of Central Pacific names in Table 3-4. All of the names\nlisted in each column, beginning with column 1, will be used before going on to\nthe next column.\n3.3.2.3. Western Pacific. For the Pacific west of 180°, tropical\nstorms and typhoons are named by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), Guam.\nThe names listed in Table 3-5 are for information only.\nTable 3-2. Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Names.\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\nARTHUR\nANA\nANDREW\nARLENE\nALBERTO\nALLISON\nBERTHA\nBOB\nBONNIE\nBRET\nBERYL\nBARRY\nCESAR\nCLAUDETTE\nCHARLEY\nCINDY\nCHRIS\nCHANTAL\nDIANA\nDANNY\nDANIELLE\nDENNIS\nDEBBY\nDEAN\nEDOUARDO\nERIKA\nEARL\nEMILY\nERNESTO\nERIN\nFRAN\nFABIAN\nFRANCES\nFLOYD\nFLORENCE\nFELIX\nGUSTAV\nGLORIA\nGEORGES\nGERT\nGORDON\nGABRIELL\nHORTENSE\nHENRI\nHERMINE\nHARVEY\nHELENE\nHUMBERTO\nISIDORE\nISABEL\nIVAN\nIRENE\nISSAC\nIRIS\nJOSEPHINE\nJUAN\nJEANNE\nJOSE\nJOYCE\nJERRY\nKLAUS\nKATE\nKARL\nKATRINA\nKEITH\nKAREN\nLILI\nLARRY\nLISA\nLENNY\nLESLIE\nLUIS\nMARCO\nMINDY\nMITCH\nMARIA\nMICHAEL.\nMARILYN\nNANA\nNICHOLAS\nNICOLE\nNATE\nNADINE\nNOEL\nOMAR\nODETTE\nOTTO\nOPHELIA\nOSCAR\nOPAL\nPALOMA\nPETER\nPAULA\nPHILIPPE\nPATTY\nPABLO\nRENE\nROSE\nRICHARD\nRITA\nRAFAEL\nROXANNE\nSALLY\nSAM\nSHARY\nSTAN\nSANDY\nSEBASTIEN\nTEDDY\nTERESA\nTOMAS\nTAMMY\nTONY\nTANYA\nVICKY\nVICTOR\nVIRGINIE\nVINCE\nVALERIE\nVAN\nWILFRED\nWANDA\nWALTER\nWILMA\nWILLIAM\nWENDY\n3-6","Table 3-3. Eastern Pacific tropical cyclone names.\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\nADOLPH\nALMA\nANDRES\nAGATHA\nADRIAN\nALETTA\nBARBARA\nBORIS\nBLANCA\nBLAS\nBEATRIZ\nBUD\nCOSME\nCRISTINA\nCARLOS\nCELIA\nCALVIN\nCARLOTTA\nDALILIA\nDOUGLAS\nDELORES\nDARBY\nDORA\nDANIEL\nERICK\nELIDA\nENRIQUE\nESTELLE\nEUGENE\nEMILIA\nFLOSSIE\nFAUSTO\nFEFA\nFRANK\nFERNANDA\nFABIO\nGIL\nGENEVIEVE\nGUILLERMO\nGEORGETTE\nGREG\nGILMA\nHENRIETTE\nHERNAN\nHILDA\nHOWARD\nHILARY\nHECTOR\nISMAEL\nISELLE\nIGNACIO\nISIS\nIRWIN\nILEANA\nJULIETTE\nJULIO\nJIMENA\nJAVIER\nJOVA\nJOHN\nKIKO\nKENNA\nKEVIN\nKAY\nKNUT\nKRISTY\nLORENA\nLOWELL\nLINDA\nLESTER\nLIDIA\nLANE\nMANUEL\nMARIE\nMARTY\nMADELINE\nMAX\nMIRIAM\nNARDA\nNORBERT\nNORA\nNEWTON\nNORMA\nNORMAN\nOCTAVE\nODILE\nOLAF\nORLENE\nOTIS\nOLIVIA\nPRISCILLA\nPOLO\nPAULINE\nPAINE\nPILAR\nPAUL\nRAYMOND\nRACHEL\nRICK\nROSLYN\nRAMON\nROSA\nSERGIO\nSONIA\nSIMON\nSANDRA\nSEYMOUR\nSELMA\nTICO\nTRUDY\nTERRY\nTINA\nTODD\nTARA\nVELMA\nVANCE\nVIVIAN\nVIRGIL\nVERONICA\nVICENTE\nWINNIE\nWALLIS\nWALDO\nWINIFRED\nWILEY\nWILLA\nXINA\nXAVIER\nXINA\nXAVIER\nXINA\nXAVIER\nYORK\nYOLANDA\nYORK\nYOLANDA\nYORK\nYOLANDA\nZELDA\nZEKE\nZELDA\nZEKE\nZELDA\nZEKE\nIf over 24 tropical cyclones occur in a year, then the Greek alphabet will be\nused following ZEKE or ZELDA.\nTable 3-4. Central Pacific tropical cyclone names.\nCOLUMN 1\nCOLUMN 2\nCOLUMN 3\nCOLUMN 4\nName\nPronunciation\nName Pronunciation\nName Pronunciation\nName Pronunciation\nAKONI\nah-KOH-nee\nAKA\nAH-kah\nALIKA ah-LEE-kah\nANA\nAH-nah\nEMA\nEH-mah\nEKEKA\neh-KEH-kak\nELE\nEH-leh\nELA\nEH-lah\nHANA\nAH-nah\nHALI\nHAH-lee\nHUKO\nH00-koh\nHALOLA\nhah-LOH-lah\nIO\nEE-00\nINIKI\nee-NEE-kee\nIOKE\nee-OH-keh\nIUNE\nee-00-neh.\nKELI\nKEH-lee\nKEONI\nkeh-OH-nee\nKIKA\nKEE-kah\nKIMO\nKEE-moh\nLAH-lah\nLOH-keh\nLALA\nLI\nLEE\nLANA\nLAH-nah\nLOKE\nMOKE\nMOH-keh\nMELE\nMEH-leh\nMAKA\nMAH-kah\nMALIA\nmah-LEE-ah\nNELE\nNEH-leh\nNONA\nNOH-nah\nNEKI\nNEH-kee\nNIALA\nnee-AH-lah\nOKA\nOH-kah\nOLIWA\noh-LEE-vah\nOLEKA\noh-LEH-kah\nOKO\nOH-koh\nPEKE\nPEH-keh\nPAKA\nPAH-kah\nPENI\nPEH-nee\nPALI\nPAH-lee\nULEKI\n00-LEH-kee\nUPANA\n00-PAH-nah\nULIA\n00-LEE-ah\nULIKA\n00-LEE-kah\nWILA\nVEE-lah\nWENE\nWEH-neh\nWALI\nWAH-lee\nWALAKA\nwah-LAH-kah\n3-7","NOTE: Use Column 1 list of names until exhausted before going to Column 2,\netc. All letters in the Hawaiian language are pronounced including double or triple\nvowels.\nTable 3-5. Western Pacific tropical cyclone names.\nCOLUMN 1\nCOLUMN 2\nCOLUMN 3\nCOLUMN 4\nANGELA\nABE\nAMY\nAXEL\nBRIAN\nBECKY\nBRENDAN\nBOBBIE\nCOLLEEN\nCECIL\nCAITLIN\nCHUCK\nDAN\nDOT\nDOUG\nDEANNA\nELSIE\nED\nELLIE\nELI\nFORREST\nFLO\nFRED\nFAYE\nGAY\nGENE\nGLADYS\nGARY\nHUNT\nHATTIE\nHARRY\nHELEN\nIRMA\nIRA\nIVY\nIRVING\nJACK\nJEANA\nJOEL\nJANIS\nKORYN\nKYLE\nKINNA\nKENT\nLEWIS\nLOLA\nLUKE\nLOIS\nMARIAN\nMIKE\nMIREILLE\nMARK\nNATHAN\nNELL\nNAT\nNINA\nOFELIA\nOWEN\nORCHID\nOMAR\nPERCY\nPAGE\nPAT\nPOLLY\nROBYN\nRUSS\nRUTH\nRYAN\nSTEVE\nSHARON\nSETH\nSIBYL\nTASHA\nTIM\nTHELMA\nTED\nVERNON\nVANESSA\nVERNE\nVAL\nWINONA\nWALT\nWILDA\nWARD\nYANCY\nYUNYA\nYURI\nYVETTE\nZOLA\nZEKE\nZELDA\nZACK\nNOTE:\nNames will be assigned in rotation, alphabetically. When the last name, ZACK,\nhas been used the sequence will begin again with ANGELA.\nThis entire list was updated at the 1989 Tropical Cyclone Conference.\n3.4. Transfer of Warning Responsibility.\n3.4.1. When a tropical or subtropical cyclone approaches 140°W, the\ncoordinated transfer of warning responsibility from the NHC to the CPHC will\nbe made and the appropriate advisory issued.\n3.4.2. When a tropical or subtropical cyclone crosses 180°from east to\nwest, the coordinated transfer of warning responsibility from CPHC to JTWC\nthrough NAVWESTOCEANCEN, Pearl Harbor, will be made and the appropriate\nadvisory issued.\n3.4.3. When a tropical or subtropical cyclone crosses 180° from west to\neast, the coordinated transfer of warning responsibility from JTWC to CPHC\n3-8","will be made through NAVWESTOCEANCEN, Pearl Harbor. The JTWC will append the\nstatement, \"Next advisory by CPHC-HNL.\" to their last advisory.\n3.5. Alternate Warning Responsibilities. In the event of impending or actual\noperational failure of a hurricane forecast center, responsibilities will be\ntransferred to an alternate facility in accordance with existing directives\nand retained there until resumption of responsibility can be made. The\nNAVEASTOCEANCEN, Norfolk, will be advised by the NHC and Chief, Aerial\nReconnaissance Coordinator, All Hurricanes (CARCAH) of impending or actual\ntransfer of responsibility by the most rapid means available. Alternate\nfacilities are as follows:\nPRIMARY\nALTERNATE\nNHC\nNational Meteorological Center,\nCPHC\nMeteorological Operations\nDivision\nWashington, DC\nCPHC\nNHC\nCARCAH\nDetachment 1, 7th Weather Wing,\n(Det 1, 7WW) Keesler AFB, MS\n3.6. Abbreviated Communications Headings. Abbreviated communications\nheadings are assigned to advisories on tropical and subtropical cyclones and\nother advisories based on depression numbers or storm name and standard\ncommunication procedures. [Note: an abbreviated heading consists of three\ngroups with ONE space between the second and third groups. The first group\ncontains a data type indicator (e.g., WT for hurricane), a geographical\nindicator (e.g., NT for North Atlantic and Caribbean), and a number. The\nsecond group contains a location identifier of the message originator (e.g.,\nKMIA for Miami). The third group is a date-time group in UTC. An example of\na complete header is WTNT31 KMIA 180400.] Abbreviated communication headers\nfor the areas of reponsibility follow:\n3.6.1. Atlantic\nABNT20 KMIA\nTropical Weather Outlook\nABNT30 KMIA\nTropical Weather Summary (monthly)\nWTNT41-45 KMIA\nTropical Cyclone Discussion\nWTNT31-35 KMIA\nPublic Advisory\nIn the event of the operational failure of CARCAH, direct communication\nis authorized between Det 1, 7WW and the forecast facility. Contact Det 1, 7WW\nat AUTOVON (AV) 597-2544/Commercial (COM) 601-377-2544 or through the Keesler\nAFB Command Post at AV 597-4330/COM 601-377-4330.\n3-9","WTNT21-25 KMIA\nMarine Advisory\nMarine Subtropical Storm Advisory\nWWNT21-25 KMIA\nWWNT31-35 KMIA\nSubtropical Storm Advisory\nWTNT61 KMIA\nTropical Cyclone Update\nTropical Cyclone Position Estimate\nWTNT51 KMIA\nSpecial Tropical Disturbance Statement\nWONT41 KMIA\nTropical Cyclone Discussion for WMO\nWTXX90 KMIA\nRegion IV Stations\n3.6.2. Eastern and Central Pacific.\n3.6.2.1. All advisories on hurricanes, tropical storms, and\ndepressions are under WT abbreviated headings, as follows:\nABPZ30 KMIA\nTropical Weather Summary\nABPA30 PHNL\nTropical Weather Summary\nWTPZ21-25 KMIA\nMarine Advisory\nWTPA21-25 PHNL\nMarine Advisory\nWTPZ31-35 KMIA\nPublic Advisory\nWTPA31-35 PHNL\nPublic Advisory\n3.6.2.2. Depressions are numbered internally and storms are named\ninternally, but the number in the abbreviated headings does not relate to\neither the internal number of the depression or the name of the storm. The\nfirst cyclone would have 21 and 31 in the abbreviated headings, the second\ncyclone would have 22 and 32, the sixth cyclone would have 21 and 31, etc.\nThe abbreviated heading would not change when a depression was upgraded to\nstorm status.\nABPA20 PHNL\nTropical Weather Outlook\nABPZ20 KMIA\nTropical Weather Outlook\nWTPZ41-45 KMIA\nTropical Cyclone Discussion\nWTPA41-45 PHNL\nTropical Cyclone Discussion\nWTPZ51 KMIA\nTropical Cyclone Position Estimate\nWTPA51 PHNL\nTropical Cyclone Position Estimate\n3-10","WTPZ61 KMIA\nTropical Cyclone Update\nWTPA61 PHNL\nTropical Cyclone Update\nWOPZ41 KMIA\nSpecial Tropical Disturbance Statement\nWOPA41 PHNL\nSpecial Tropical Disturbance Statement\nWWPA21-25 PHNL\nMarine Subtropical Storm Advisory\nWWPZ21-25 KMIA\nMarine Subtropical Storm Advisory\nWWPA31-35 PHNL\nPublic Subtropical Storm Advisory\nWWPZ31-35 KMIA\nPublic Subtropical Storm Advisory\n3-11","CHAPTER 4\nNATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE\nPRODUCTS FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE\n4.1. General. The Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Commerce\n(DOC) weather forecasting, reconnaissance, and distribution agencies share\ntechnical information and some responsibilities. Mutually supportive\nrelationships have developed over the years and have resulted into a mutual\ndependency. Due to the nature and distribution of DOD resources and\noperations, the DOD requires certain meteorological information beyond that\navailable to the general public. Accordingly, the DOC provides DOD with\nspecial observations and advisories on tropical and subtropical storms\nthreatening DOD resources or operations.\n4.2. Observations. The National Hurricane Center (NHC) and Central Pacific\nHurricane Center (CPHC) will make available to DOD all significant tropical\nand subtropical cyclone observations that they receive.\n4.3. Marine Advisories.\n4.3.1. General. The NHC and CPHC will provide to DOD forecasts and\nrelated information for tropical and subtropical weather disturbances of\ndepression intensity or greater. Forecasts will include advice as to\nlocation, movement, intensity, and dimension of the disturbances. Marine\nadvisories will be disseminated through the National Weather Service (NWS)\ncommunications facility at Suitland, MD to the Automated Digital Weather\nSystem hub at Carswell AFB, TX for further relay to DOD agencies. The DOD\nforecasters, who must give advice concerning an imminent operational decision,\nmay contact the appropriate hurricane center forecaster (see Chapter 2) when\npublished marine advisories require elaboration. Telephone numbers for the\nhurricane centers are in Appendix H.\n4.3.2. Marine Advisory Issue Frequency. The first marine advisory will\nnormally be issued when meteorological data indicate that a tropical or\nsubtropical cyclone has formed. Subsequent advisories will be issued at 0400,\n1000, 1600, and 2200 UTC from the NHC (0300, 0900, 1500, and 2100 UTC from the\nNHC (for the Eastern Pacific)) and CPHC. Advisories will continue to be\nissued until the system degenerates below depression level. In addition,\nspecial advisories will be issued whenever the following criteria are met:\nConditions require a hurricane or tropical storm watch or\nwarning to be issued.\nA tropical depression becomes a tropical storm or vice versa.\nA tropical storm changes to a hurricane or vice versa.\nConditions require initiation or upgrading of an existing\ncoastal warning.\n4-1","A tornado threat develops or becomes non existent ends.\nAny other circumstances causing the hurricane forecaster to\nbelieve other significant changes have occurred.\nRemarks stating the reason for the special advisory or the relocation will be\nmandatory in all special advisories or advisories that include a relocated\nposition.\n[NOTE: Tropical cyclone updates are permitted without the requirement of a\nspecial advisory, including when coastal warnings are cancelled. However, in\nsome cases a special advisory may follow.]\n4.3.3. Marine Advisory Content. Marine advisories will contain\nappropriate information as shown in Figure 4-1. Advisories will contain 12-hr\nand 24-hr forecasts and 36-hr, 48-hr, and 72-hr outlooks valid from times\nbased on the latest 6-hourly synoptic time.\n4.3.4. Numbering of Advisories. All advisories will be numbered\nsequentially; e.g.,\nAdvisory Number 1 on Tropical Depression ONE\nAdvisory Number 2 on Tropical Depression ONE\nAdvisory Number 3 on Tropical Storm Anita\nAdvisory Number 4 on Hurricane Anita\nAdvisory Number 5 on Tropical Depression Anita.\nThe NHC and CPHC will append an alphabetic designator for intermediate\nadvisories (e.g., 20A).\n4-2","MIATCMAT3\nTTAAOO KMIA 251535\nHURRICANE GLORIA MARINE ADVISORY NUMBER 34\nNATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MIAMI FL\n16002 WED SEP 25 1985\nWATCH/WARMING SECTION*\nHURRICANE CENTER LOCATED NEAR 27. IN 73.1W AT 25/16002\nPOSITION ACCURATE WITHIN 20 NAUTICAL MILES BASED ON AIR FORCE\nRECONNAISSANCE AND SATELLITE.\nPRESENT MOVEMENT TOWARD THE NORTHWEST OR 315 DEGREES AT 13 KT.\nMAX SUSTAINED WINDS 130 KT WITH GUST TO 150 KT.\nRADIUS OF 64 KT WINDS 75NE 50SE 50SW 75NW.\nRADIUS OF 50 KT WINDS 100NE 75SE 75SW 100NW.\nRADIUS OF 34 KT WINDS 200NE 150SE 150SW 200NW.\nRADIUS OF 12 FT SEAS OR HIGHER 200NE 150SE 150SW 200NW.\nREPEAT CENTER LOCATED AT 27. 1 N 93.1W AT 25/16002.\nFORECAST VALID 26/0000Z 28.5N 74.5W.\nMAX SUSTAINED WINDS 130 KT WITH GUSTS TO 150 KT.\nRADIUS OF 50 KT WINDS 100NE 75SE 755w 100NW.\nRADIUS OF 34 KT WINDS 200NE 150SE 150SW 200NW.\nFORECAST VALID 26/12002 31.0N 76.0W.\nMAX SUSTAINED WINDS 130 KT WITH GUSTS TO 150 KT.\nRADIUS OF 50 KT WINDS 100NE 75SE 75SW 100NW.\nRADIUS OF 34 KT WINDS 200NE 150SE 150SW 200NW.\nFORECAST VALID 27/0000Z 35.0N 75.5W.\nMAX SUSTAINED WINDS 110 KT WITH GUSTS TO 130 KT.\nRADIUS OF 50 KT WINDS 100NE 75SE 75SW 100NW.\nRADIUS OF 34 KT WINDS 200NE 150SE 150SW 200NW.\nSTORM TIDE SECTION*\nHEAVY PRECIPITATION SECTION*\nTHE FOLLOWING FORECAST SHOULD BE USED ONLY FOR GUIDANCE\nPURPOSES BECAUSE ERRORS MAY EXCEED A FEW HUNDRED MILES.\nFORECAST VALID 27/1200Z 39.0N 75.0W.\nMAX SUSTAINED WINDS 80 KT WITH GUSTS TO 95 KT.\nRADIUS OF 50 KT WINDS SONE 50SE 255W 25NW.\nFORECAST VALID 28/12002 16.0N.73.OW.\nMAX SUSTAINED WINDS 40 KT NEAR CENTER.\nREQUEST FOR 3 HOURLY SHIP REPORTS WITHIN 300 MILES OF 27.1N 73.1W.\nNEXT ADVISORY AT 25/22002.\n*\n* For this example, probabilities have not been included.\nFigure 4-1.\nMarine advisory format\n4-3","0601 220C88 39E-4ZA 01621 20321 MF2\nFigure 4-2.\nHurricane Joan, October 22, 1988\n4-4","CHAPTER 5\nAIRCRAFT RECONNAISSANCE\n5.1. General. All Department of Commerce (DOC) tropical and subtropical\ncyclone aircraft reconnaissance needs will be requested and provided in\naccordance with the procedures of this chapter. As outlined in the U.S. Air\nForce (USAF)/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Memorandum\nof Understanding (see Appendix C), DOC has identified a requirement for, and\nthe Department of Defense (DOD) maintains aircraft to support, up to five\nsorties per day. Requirements exceeding five sorties will be accomplished on\na \"resources permitting\" basis. Congress has directed the DOD to maintain a\ncombined active and reserve Air Force flying hour program of 1600 hours in\nsupport of hurricane reconnaissance coverage. In times of national emergency\nor war, some or all DOD reconnaissance resources may not be available to\nfulfill DOC needs.\n5.2. Responsibilities.\n5.2.1. The DOD is responsible for:\n5.2.1.1. Providing operational aircraft for vortex fixes and\ndata, synoptic tracks, and investigative flights in response to DOC needs.\n5.2.1.2. Developing operational procedures to deploy data buoys\nto satisfy DOC needs.\n5.2.2. The DOC is responsible for aircraft operations that may be\nrequested to:\n5.2.2.1. Augment USAF operational aircraft reconnaissance with\nhigh-density, high-accuracy (HD/HA) data when storms are within 24 hours of\nlandfall of the continental United States.\n5.2.2.2. Augment USAF aircraft reconnaissance when DOC needs\nexceed the capabilities of DOD resources. This includes the provision of\nquick response to National Hurricane Center (NHC) requests for reconnaissance\non developing tropical cyclones (normally east of 80°W) from August 1 through\nSeptember 30 on a resources permitting basis.\n5.2.2.3. Assume responsibility for hurricane reconnaissance over\nforeign airspace that may be restricted for military operations.\n5.2.2.4. Conduct research flights that assume an operational\nresponsibility to the hurricane centers.\n5.3. Control of Aircraft. Operational control of aircraft flying tropical\nand subtropical cyclone reconnaissance will remain with the operating agencies\nof DOD or DOC as appropriate.\n5-1","5.4. Reconnaissance Requirements.\n5.4.1. Meteorological Parameters. Data needs in priority order are as\nfollows:\nGeographical position of the flight level vortex center (vortex\nfix) and relative position of the surface center, if known.\nCenter sea-level pressure determined by dropsonde or\nextrapolation from within 1,500 ft of the sea surface or from\nthe computed 850-hPa height.\nMinimum 700 or 850-hPa height, if available.\nWind profile data for surface and flight level.\nTemperature at flight level.\nSea-surface temperature.\nDew-point temperature at flight level.\n5.4.2. Required Meteorological Reconnaissance Data, Ranges, and\nRequired reconnaissance data accuracies are as follows:\nAccuracies.\n5.4.2.1. Geographic position.\nAircraft position: within 3 nmi\nStorm surface center (wind/pressure) : within 6 nmi\nFlight level storm center (wind/pressure) : within 6 nmi\n5.4.2.2. Wind direction.\nSurface: within 10 deg\nFlight level for winds greater than 20 kt: within 5 deg\n5.4.2.3. Wind speed.\nSurface: within 10 kt\nFlight level: within 4 kt\n5.4.2.4. Pressure height.\nSurface: within 2 hPa\nFlight level above 500 hPa: within 20 m\nFlight level at or below 500 hPa: within 10 m\n5.4.2.5. Temperature.\nSea surface: within 1°C\n0\nFlight level: within 1°C\n0\n5-2","5.4.2.6. Dew-point temperature.\nRange from -20°C to +40°C: within 1°C\n0\nLess than -20°C: within 3°C\n0\n5.4.2.7. Absolute altitude: within 10 m\n5.4.2.8. Vertical sounding.\nPressure: within 2 hPa\n0\nTemperature: within 1°C\nDew-point temperature:\nRange of -20°C to +40°C: within 1°C\nLess than -20°C: within 3°C\nWind direction: within 10 deg\n0\nWind speed: within 5 kt\n5.4.2.9. NOTE: Present weather reconnaissance capabilities do\nnot completely satisfy these requirements; data will be collected as close to\nstated requirements as possible.\n5.4.3. Required Frequency and Content of Observations. Requirements are\nsummarized in Table 5-3.\n5.4.3.1. Horizontal observations. Standard RECCO Section 1 or\nSection 3, plus 4ddff and 9ViTwTwTw, if applicable, (9-groups are not required\nfor WC-130s in the storm or invest area). Section 3 RECCO will not be used if\nHD/HA data are being transmitted. The format is as specified in Military\nAirlift Command Regulation (MACR) 105-25, Weather Reconnaissance Observations,\nand Appendix G of the NHOP.\n5.4.3.1.1. Enroute. Horizontal observations will be taken and\ntransmitted every 200 nmi over water enroute to and from the storm area. Data\nfrom the 500-hPa level are preferred, if possible, otherwise other levels are\nacceptable. If an automated system is not in use, encode observations every\n15 min when over water within 15 degrees of the tasked coordinates, and\ntransmit hourly.\n5.4.3.1.2. Fix missions. One horizontal observation is\nrequired midway between the outbound leg and inbound leg of the Alpha and\nmodified Alpha flight patterns. This is not required if HD/HA data are\navailable.\n5.4.3.1.3. Invest missions. See para 5.8.2.\n5.4.3.2. High-density/high-accuracy data. The HD/HA data include\ntime, latitude, longitude, flight level wind, pressure altitude, radar\naltitude, D-value, flight-level wind speed and direction, temperature, and\ndew-point temperature. Minobs also include radar, altitude, and peak winds.\nThese observations are collected every minute (MINOBS) and transmitted to NHC\n5-3","every 20 min (WC-130) or 30 min (WP-3). See Appendix G for the format of the\nMINOBS or para 5.9.4.1. for the ASDL data format.\n5.4.3.3. Vortex and supplemental vortex observations. Vortex and\nsupplemental vortex observations are collected, encoded, and transmitted in\naccordance with NHOP pattern requirements (see para 5.7.). Supplementary\nvortex observations are not required when HD/HA data are transmitted. See\nFigures 5-1 and 5-2 for data formats. [NOTE: Non-automated systems are\nmarginal in satisfying these requirements. Data will be collected as close to\nstated requirements as possible, and will be considered satisfactory as long\nas observations are accomplished every 30 min.)\n5.4.3.4. Vertical observations. The frequency of vertical\nobservations enroute to and from the storm or invest area will be\napproximately every 400 nmi over water in accordance with MACR 105-25, unless\notherwise specified. The frequency will be as specified (NHOP flight patterns\nor TCPOD) within the tasked area. The format for all vertical observations is\nWMO TEMP DROP code (FM 37-VII). See Appendix G for the format.\n5.4.4. High Density/High Accuracy Requirements. The DOC requires rapid\nacquisition and transmission of tropical cyclone data, especially within the\nlast 24-hr period prior to landfall. Since only a limited number of aircraft\ncurrently have a high-density, high-accuracy (HD/HA) capability, DOC\nreconnaissance requests should specify which tropical cyclone reconnaissance\nsorties should use HD/HA aircraft. The HD/HA aircraft will be provided on a\n\"resources permitting\" basis only.\n5.4.5. High Level Synoptic Track Profile Data Requirements. When\nrequired, the NHC will request mid-tropospheric reconnaissance data on the\nperiphery of systems approaching the United States. The NHC will provide a\nspecific track profile including control point and control time to Chief,\nAerial Reconnaissance Coordination, All Hurricanes (CARCAH) for coordination\nwith the reconnaissance units.\n5.5. Reconnaissance Planning and Flight Notification.\n5.5.1. DOC Requests for Aircraft Reconnaissance Data.\n5.5.1.1. The National Hurricane Center (NHC) will coordinate with\nthe Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC) to determine a list of the total\nDOC requirements for data on tropical and subtropical cyclones or disturbances\nfor the next 24-hr period (0500 to 0500 UTC) and an outlook for the succeeding\n24-hr period. This coordinated request will be provided to CARCAH as soon as\npossible, but not later than 1630 UTC each day in the format of Figure 5-3.\nAmendments will be provided as required.\n5-4","VORTEX DATA MESSAGE\nMANOP HEADING (PRECEDENCE IMMEDIATE\nMISSION IDENTIFIER AND OBSERVATION NUMBER\n(ABBREVIATED) (DETAILED) VORTEX DATA MESSAGE\nA\nZ\nDATE AND TIME OF FIX\nDEG\nMIN $\nLATITUDE OF VORTEX FIX\nB\nDEG\nMIN W\nLONGITUDE OF VORTEX FIX\nC\nMB\nM\nMINIMUM HEIGHT AT STANDARD LEVEL\nD\nKT\nESTIMATE OF MAXIMUM SURFACE WIND OBSERVED\nE\nDEG\nNM\nBEARING AND RANGE FROM CENTER OF MAXIMUM SURFACE WIND\nF\nDEG\nKT\nMAXIMUM FLIGHT LEVEL WIND NEAR CENTER\nG\nDEG\nNM\nBEARING AND RANGE FROM CENTER OF MAXIMUM FLIGHT LEVEL WIND\nMINIMUM SEA LEVEL PRESSURE COMPUTED FROM DROPSONDE OR EXTRAPOLA-\nH\nMB\nTED FROM WITHIN 1500 FT OF SEA SURFACE\nMAX FLT LVL TEMPYPRESSURE ALT OUTSIDE EYE\nI\nC/\nM\nJ\nC\nMAX FLT LVL TEMP/PRESSURE ALT INSIDE EYE\nM\nK\nC /\nC\nDEWPOINT TEMP/SEA SURFACE TEMP INSIDE EYE\nL\nEYE CHARACTER Closed well, poorly defined, open SW, etc.\nEYE SHAPE/ORIENTATION/DIAMETER Code eye shope as C - Circular CO - Con.\ncentric; E Elliptical. Transmit orientation of major exis in tens of degrees, i.e.,\n01-010 to 190 17-170 to 350. Transmit diameter in neutical miles. Examples: C8-\nCircular eye 8 miles in diameter E09/15/5 - Elliptical eye, major axis 090-270, length\nM\nof major exis 15 5 NM, length of minor oxis SNM. CO8-14 - Concentric eye, diemeter\ninner eye 8 NM, outer eye 14 NM.\nMIN N S\nDEG\nCONFIRMATION OF FIX: Coordinates and Time\nN\nDEG\nMIN w\nZ\nFIX DETERMINED BY/FIX LEVEL FIX DETERMINED BY: 1 - Penetration 2-\nReder; 3 Wind; 4 Pressure, 5 - Temperature. FIX LEVEL(Indicate surface center\no\nif visible; indicate both surface and flight level centers only when same): 0- Surface,\n1- 1500 ft; 8 850 mb, 7 - 700 mb; 5 - 500 mb; 4 - 400 mb, 3 - 300 mb; 2 -\n200 mb, 9- Other.\nP\nNM\nNAVIGATION FIX ACCURACY/METEOROLOGICAL ACCURACY\nQ\nREMARKS\nINSTRUCTIONS: Items A through G (and H when extrepolated) are transmitted from the eircreft immediately following the fis.\nThe remainder of the message is transmitted es seen es available for scheduled fixer and of the ARWO's discretion for\nunscheduled (intermediate) fixes.\nFigure 5-1. Vortex data message.\n5-5","SUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGE\nMANOP HEADING (completed by monitere only)\n14\nUR\nMISSION IDENTIFIER AND OBSERVATION NUMBER (completed by might meleorelegial and monitor)\nAF\nSUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGE\nLEGEND\n4461\n(1HMH)\n(ddf)()\n01\n1\n1\n1\n01 INDICATOR FOR DATA COLLECTED\nAPPROXIMATELY 108 - FROM STORM\n02\n2\n2\nCENTER (IN COUND) OR APPROKIMATE-\n2\nLY 15 New FROM CENTER (OUTBOUND)\n03\n3\n3\n3\nOTHER INDICATORS 182/2. 03/3...) FOR\nDATA AT APPROXIMATELY 18 NM INTER-\nVALS INSOUND OR OUTBOUND FROM\n04\n4\n4\n4\nSTORM CENTER. INDICATORS MAY BE\nEXPANDED BEYOND 67 100, 09....) AS\nNECESSARY AT APPEOXIMATELY is NM\n05\n5\n5\n5\nINTERVALS.\n06\n6\n6\nMF = INDICATOR FOR MAXIMUM FLIGHT\n6\nLEVEL WIND DESERVED\n# = SPEED OF WIND - KNOTS\n07\n7\n7\n7\ndd = TRUE DIRECTION OF FLIGHT LEVEL\nWIND SPEED IN TENS OF DEGREES\nTTTd u TEMP/DESPOINT IN DEGREES\nCELSIUS: ADD so FOR NEGA-\nTIVE VALUES\nIMMH PRESSURE HEIGHT DATA 100 RECCO\nFORMAT\n444\nLATITUDE - DEGREES/TENTHS\nLobel\n(fin\nLONGITUDE IN DEGREES/\nMF\nM\nMF\nTENTNS\nOBS 01 AT:\nOBS 01 SFC WNO\n= DATA UNKNOWN/WOBTAINABLE\nOBS\nAT\n2\n2\n)\n(|HMH)\n(ddff)\n01\n1\n1\n1\nSAMPLE MESSAGE\nURNT 10 KMIA 241708\n02\n2\n2\n2\nAF 966 6411 FREDERIC OB 14\nSUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGE\n01178 10099 83107 10908 M627\n03\n3\n3\n3\n02177\n20095\n23100\n20908\n38042\n03178\n30891\n32092\n30807\n36052\n04177\n80887\n63080\n4\n40907\n38070\n04\n4\n4\n05178\n83070\n50808\n36088\n06 176\n60880\n63000\n61010\n35108\n05\n5\n5\n5\n07178\n70877\n73002\n71211\n38120\nMF178\nMOST7\nMF120\noss 01 AT 15302 oss 07 AT 1600Z\n06\n6\n6\n6\nOBS 01 SFC WND 36028\n01177\n10872\n13000\n11010\n18120\n02178\n20068\n23070\n21009\n17098\n07\n7\n7\n7\n03178\n30962\n23088\n30909\n19080\n04177\n60858\n43093\n40908\n17050\n05177\n50854\n$3102\n50908\n17048\n06 178\n60850\n63188\n60905\n18031\n07177\n70844\n73114\n70002\n18025\n(646)\nto 4 be\n(III)\nMF177 M0872 MF 120\nMF\nM\nMF\nOBS 01 AT 16302 oss 87 AT 17002\noss 07 SFC WIND 16025\noss 01 AT:\nOBS 07 SFC WND:\nOBS\nAT\nREMARKS HEAVY RAM OUTBOUND\n2\nREMARKS (and of message)\nPREPARED BY:\nTRANSMISSION TIME\nFigure 5-2. Supplementary vortex data message.\n5-6","NHOP COORDINATED REQUEST FOR AIRCRAFT RECONNAISSANCE\nOriginal\nAmendment\n(Check One)\nI.\nATLANTIC REQUIREMENTS\nHIGH\nDENS\nSTORM NAME\nFIX OR ON\nNHC\nDEPRESSION #\nSTATION\nCOORDI-\nFLIGHT\nFCST\nACCY\nPRI-\nSUSPECT AREA\nTIME\nNATES\nPATTERN\nMVMT\nREQT\nORITY\nSUCCEEDING DAY OUTLOOK\nREMARKS\nII. EASTERN AND CENTRAL PACIFIC REQUIREMENTS\nHIGH\nDENS\nNHC\nSTORM NAME\nFIX OR ON\nDEPRESSION #\nACCY\nPRI-\nSTATION\nCOORDI-\nFLIGHT\nFCST\nREQT\nORITY\nSUSPECT AREA\nTIME\nNATES\nPATTERN\nMVMT\nSUCCEEDING DAY OUTLOOK\nREMARKS\nIII.\nDISTRIBUTION\nA. TO CARCAH BY 1630z OR AMEND AT ANY TIME\nFCSTR INIT\nB. DATE\nTIME\nFigure 5-3. NHOP coordinated request for aircraft reconnaissance.\n5-7","Table 5-1. Vortex data message entry explanation.\nDATA ITEM\nENTRY\nMISSION IDENTIFIER As determined in Chapter 5, paragraph 5.7.6.\nOBSERVATION NUMBER A two-digit number determined by the sequential order in\nwhich the observation is transmitted from the aircraft.\n(ABBREVIATED)\nAn abbreviated message has at least item ALPHA\n(DETAILED) VORTEX\nthrough GOLF, item HOTEL (when extrapolated\nDATA MESSAGE\nfrom flight level) and a maximum flight level wind remark\nin item QUEBEC.\nA (ALPHA)\nDate and time (UTC) of the flight level center fix. If the\nflight level center cannot be fixed and the surface center\nis visible, enter the time of the surface center fix.\nB (BRAVO)\nThe latitude and longitude of the center fix associated\nwith item ALPHA. NOTE: If the surface center is fixable,\nenter bearing and range from the center in item QUEBEC,\ne.g., SFC CNTR 270/15 NMI, if the centers are separated by\nover 5 nmi.\nC (CHARLIE)\nIndicate the standard atmospheric surface e. g., 850 hPa or\n700 hPa.\nThe minimum height of the standard surface observed inside\nthe center. If at 1,500 ft or below or not within 1,500 ft\nof a standard surface, enter NOBS (not observed) or NA.\nD (DELTA)\nThe maximum surface wind observed during the inbound leg\nassociated with this fix.\nE (ECHO)\nBearing and range of the maximum surface wind observed\n(item DELTA) from the coordinates reported in item BRAVO.\nF (FOXTROT)\nThe maximum flight level wind observed during the inbound\nleg associated with this fix.\nG (GOLF)\nBearing and range of the maximum flight level wind observed\n(item FOXTROT) from the coordinates reported in item BRAVO.\n5-8","Table 5-1. Vortex data message entry explanation (continued)\nThe minimum sea level pressure (SLP) to the nearest\nH (HOTEL)\nhectopascal observed at the coordinates reported in item\nBRAVO. Preface the SLP with \"EXTRAP\" (extrapolated) when\nthe data are not derived from dropsonde or when the SLP is\nextrapolated from a dropsonde that terminated early.\nClarify the difference in remarks (e.g., SLP EXTRAPOLATED\nFROM BELOW 1500 FEET/850 HPA/DROPSONDE)\nMAX FLT LVL TEMP--This temperature is taken just outside\nI (INDIA)\nthe central region of a cyclone (i.e., just outside the\neyewall or just beyond the maximum wind band). This\ntemperature may not be the highest recorded on the inbound\nleg but is representative of the environmental temperature\njust outside the central region of the storm.\nPRESSURE ALT Pressure altitude data (meters) are taken at\nthe same location as the maximum temperature data reported\nin item INDIA\nMAX FLT LVL TEMP--The maximum temperature observed within 5\nJ (JULIET)\nnmi of the center fix coordinates. If a higher temperature\nis observed at a location more than 5 nmi away from the\nflight level center (item BRAVO), it is reported in item\nQUEBEC including bearing and distance from the flight level\ncenter.\nPRESSURE ALT--Pressure altitude data (meters) are taken at\nthe same location as the maximum temperature data reported\nin item JULIET.\nThese data Dewpoint temperature/sea surface temperature are\nK (KILO)\ncollected at the same location as the maximum temperature\nreported in item JULIET. Enter \"NOBS\" if not observed or\nNA.\nOnly report if at least 50 percent of the center has an\nL (LIMA)\neyewall, otherwise enter \"NOBS\" or NA\nClosed wall--if the center has 100 percent coverage with\nno eyewall weakness.\nOpen XX--if the center has 50 percent or more but less\nthan 100 percent coverage. State the direction of the\neyewall weakness.\nSelf explanatory. Report only if item LIMA is reported,\nM (MIKE)\notherwise enter \"NOBS\" or NA.\nFlight level center coordinates (same as item BRAVO).\nN (NOVEMBER)\n5-9","Table 5-1. Vortex Data Message Entry Explanation (Continued)\n0 (OSCAR)\nFix determined by: Always report 1. Report 2 if radar\nindicates curvature or banding consistent with fix\nlocation. Report 3 if recorded or observed winds indicate\na closed center. Report 4 if the fix pressure is at least\nlower than any all reported on the inbound leg. Report 5\nif the fix temperature is at least higher than any reported\non the inbound leg.\nFix level: Report 0 alone if fix is made solely on surface\nwinds. Report 0 and the flight-level code if the centers\nare within 5 nmi of each other.\nP (PAPA)\nNavigational and meteorological accuracy are reported as\nthe upper limit of probable error. Meteorological accuracy\nis normally reported as one-half of the diameter of the\nlight and variable wind center.\nQ (QUEBEC)\nRemarks to enhance the data reported above. The aircraft\ncrew should report the maximum flight level winds observed\nand the time of observation on their latest pass through\nany of the four quadrants during the mission in the remarks\nsection of the detailed/abbreviated vortex message.\n5.5.1.2. From the above coordinated DOC request, CARCAH will\npublish the Tropical Cyclone Plan of the Day (TCPOD). When DOC reconnaissance\nneeds exceed DOD and DOC resources, CARCAH will coordinate with the NHC to\nestablish priorities of requirements.\n5.5.1.3. The following reconnaissance requests can be anticipated\nfor a forecast or actual storm location:\n5.5.1.3.1. The Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean,\nEastern and Central Pacific:\nup to four 6-hourly fixes per day when a storm is\nwithin 500 nmi of landfall west of 55°W and north\nof 08°N\nup to eight 3-hourly fixes per day when a storm is\nforecast to be within 300 nmi of the U.S. coast,\nHawaiian Islands, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, DOD\ninstallations, and other DOD assets when specified.\n5.5.1.3.2. Investigative flights may be requested for\ndisturbances in areas defined in paragraph 5.5.1.3.1., above, i.e., one or two\n5-10","flights per day dependent upon proximity of landfall and upon known or\nsuspected stage of development.\n5.5.1.3.3. Exceptions may be made when additional\nreconnaissance is essential to carry out warning responsibilities.\n5.5.2. DOD Reconnaissance Aircraft Responsiveness.\n5.5.2.1. Notification of requirements must precede\ntasked-on-station time by at least 16 hours plus enroute time to the area of\nconcern.\n5.5.2.2. The \"Succeeding Day Outlook\" portion of the TCPOD\nprovides advance notification of requirements and authorizes units to\npreposition aircraft to forward operating locations. For missions requiring\nprepositioning, the \"Succeeding Day Outlook\" may not provide adequate advance\nnotification. In this situation, an \"Additional Day Outlook\" may be included\nin the TCPOD to authorize units to preposition aircraft.\n5.5.2.3. When circumstances preclude the appropriate notification\nlead time, the requirement will be levied as \"resources permitting\". When a\n\"resources permitting\" requirement is levied in an amendment, the NHC will\nindicate the priority of all existing or remaining requirements.\n5.5.2.4. If a storm develops unexpectedly and could cause a\nserious threat to lives and property within a shorter time than provided for\nin the paragraphs above, CARCAH will contact the reconnaissance units, or\nhigher headquarters, as appropriate, and request assistance in implementing\nemergency procedures not covered in this plan. The NHC and CPHC directors\nhave authority to declare an emergency.\n5.5.3. Reconnaissance Tropical Cyclone Plan of the Day.\n5.5.3.1. Preparation. The CARCAH will coordinate the TCPOD\n(Figure 5-5) daily during the period from June 1 to November 30 and at other\ntimes during the year as required. Transmitted TCPODs will be serially\nnumbered each season.\n5.5.3.1.1. The CARCAH will coordinate the TCPOD with the\nNHC, 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, 815th Weather Operations Flight,\nand the Aircraft Operations Center before publication.\n5.5.3.1.2. The TCPOD will list all DOC and DOD required\ntropical and subtropical cyclone reconnaissance operational missions. The\nremarks section of the TCPOD will include appropriate comments whenever\nresearch and operational flights overlap.\n5.5.3.1.3. The DOD-required tropical or subtropical\ncyclone reconnaissance missions in the Atlantic or the Pacific west to 180 o\nwill be identified in the TCPOD as USN or USAF requirements.\n5-11","be identified (i.e., No Change, Change Added, or cancer)\nU.S.AIR FORCE\nFigure\n5-4.\nWC-130 weather reconnaissance aircraft\n5-12","TROPICAL CYCLONE PLAN OF THE DAY FORMAT\n-ATLANTIC, EASTERN, AND CENTRAL PACIFIC OCEANS--\nFM OL-G, 7WW CORAL GABLES FL/CARCAH\nTO (MAC-APPROVED ADDRESSEES)/INOAA-APPROVER ADDRESSEES)\nSUBJECT TROPICAL CYCLONE\nRECON POD FROM\nZ (MONTH) (YEAR) TO\nZ (MONTH) (YEAR) FOLLOWS\nI. ATLANTIC\n(STORM NAME, DEPRESSION, SUSPECT AREA) or (NEGATIVE RECON REQUIREMENTS)\n1.\nFLIGHT ONE (NHC PRIORITY, if applicable)\nA.\nZ\nFIX TIMES/ON STATION TIMES\n(Resources Permitting if applicable)\nZ\nMISSION IDENTIFIER\nB.\nC.\nZ\nETD\nD.\nDEPARTURE STATION\nE.\nFORECAST POSITION/STORM NAME\nF.\nDESTINATION STATION\nG.\nFLIGHT PATTERN\nH.\nFORECAST MOVEMENT\nI.\nREMARKS\nFLIGHT TWO (if applicable, same as FLIGHT ONE)\n2. (SECOND SYSTEM, if applicable, same as in 1. above)\n3. OUTLOOK FOR SUCCEEDING DAY (NHC PRIORITY, if applicable)\nA. POSSIBLE\n(Unit)\nON STATION REQUIREMENT NEAR (Location)\nAT\n(Time) Z.\nII. EASTERN AND CENTRAL PACIFIC (Same as in ATLANTIC)\nFigure 5-5. Tropical Cyclone Plan of the Day Format.\n5-13","5.5.3.2. Dissemination. The TCPOD will be made available to\nappropriate agencies that provide support to or control of reconnaissance\naircraft or are a part of the tropical cyclone warning service. Under normal\ncircumstances, the TCPOD will be disseminated by 1800 UTC each day.\nAmendments will be disseminated as required.\n5.5.3.3. NOTE: the TCPOD will not be disseminated by message on\nweekends or holidays if there are no current-day or succeeding-day\nreconnaissance requirements. The CARCAH, however, will still coordinate with\nconcerned agencies by telephone as in paragraph 5.5.3.1.1., above.\n5.5.4. Air Traffic Control (ATC) Clearances.\n5.5.4.1. Air traffic control agencies will provide air traffic\ncontrol separation between all aircraft operating on storm missions and\nbetween storm aircraft and nonparticipating aircraft operating on instrument\nflight rules within controlled airspace. Mission commanders are reminded that\nnonparticipating aircraft may be operating near storm areas; thus, adherence\nto ATC clearances is mandatory for safety. The CARCAH will indicate in the\nTCPOD if clearance into warning areas is required.\n5.5.4.2. When storm aircraft cannot maintain assigned altitudes\ndue to turbulence, ATC should be advised. Normal vertical separation of 1,000\nft at flight level (FL) 290 and below and 2,000 ft above FL 290 will be\nprovided by ATC to aircraft operating in the storm area. Unless otherwise\ncoordinated with ATC, the altitudes between storm-mission aircraft may be used\nby ATC for nonparticipating aircraft. Any procedure desired by storm-mission\naircraft commanders that is outside these parameters must be coordinated with\nthe appropriate ATC facility.\n5.5.4.3. Dropsonde releases will be coordinated with the\nappropriate Air Route Traffic Control Center and participating aircraft if\nwithin controlled airspace, and with participating aircraft only, if outside\ncontrolled airspace. Contact between participating aircraft will be made\nusing the frequencies listed in paragraph 5.9.3.\n5.6. Reconnaissance Effectiveness Criteria.\n5.6.1. General. Specified reconnaissance times are established to allow\nsufficient time for the forecaster to analyze the data before issuing an\nadvisory. Every effort should be made to obtain data at scheduled times. The\nfollowing criteria will be used to assess reconnaissance mission\neffectiveness:\n5.6.1.1. Tropical cyclone fix mission\n5.6.1.1.1. ON-TIME. The fix is made not earlier than 1 hr\nbefore nor later than 1/2 hr after scheduled fix time.\n5.6.1.1.2. EARLY. The fix is made from 1 hr before\nscheduled fix time to one-half of the time interval to the preceding scheduled\nfix, not to exceed 3 hr.\n5-14","5.6.1.1.3. LATE. The fix is made within the interval from\n1/2 hr after scheduled fix time to one-half of the time interval to the\nsucceeding scheduled fix, not to exceed 3 hr.\n5.6.1.1.4. MISSED. Data are not obtained within the\nparameters specified for on-time, early, or late.\n[NOTE: Appropriate credit will be given when the aircraft arrives in the\nrequested area but is unable to locate a center due to storm dissipation or\nrapid movement. Credit will also be given for radar fixes if penetration is\nnot possible due to geographic or other flight restrictions.\n5.6.1.2. Tropical cyclone investigative missions.\n5.6.1.2.1. ON-TIME. An observation must be taken within\n250 nmi of the specified coordinates by the scheduled time.\n5.6.1.2.2. LATE. An observation is taken within 250 nmi\nof the specified coordinates after the scheduled time but not later than the\nscheduled time plus 2 hr.\n5.6.1.2.3. MISSED. When the aircraft fails to be within\n250 nmi of the specified coordinates by the scheduled time plus 2 hr.\n5.6.2. The NHC or CPHC will provide CARCAH a written assessment of the\nreconnaissance mission anytime its timeliness or quality is outstanding or\nsubstandard (see Figure 5-6). Requirements levied as \"resources permitting\"\nwill not be assessed for timeliness, but may be assessed for quality of data\ngathered.\n5.6.3. The CARCAH will maintain monthly and seasonal reconnaissance\nsummaries detailing missions actually flown to satisfy NHC-levied\nrequirements.\n5.7. Aerial Reconnaissance Weather Encoding, Reporting, and Coordination.\n5.7.1. Vortex Data. The detailed vortex data message (Form 3, Figure\n5-1) will be prepared with all observed vortex fix information for all\nscheduled fixes. For intermediate fixes, either an abbreviated or detailed\nvortex data message may be transmitted, depending upon availability of\ninformation and forecaster requirements.\n5.7.2. Center Fix Data. When proximity to unfriendly territory, air\ntraffic control restriction, or other factors prevent actual penetration of\nthe vortex by the reconnaissance aircraft, it is permissible to fix the\ncyclone by radar. All aircraft radar fix reports will be made in plain text\nand appended to a RECCO observation taken at fix time or to a supplementary\nvortex data message completed up to the time of the radar fix, e.g., RADAR\nCENTER FIX 21.5N 83.0W, POOR RADAR PRESENTATION, NAV ACCURACY 5NMI. The\n5-15","MISSION EVALUATION FORM\nDATE:\nTO:\nOL-G, 7WW/CARCAH\nFROM:\n(Director, NHC, CPHC)\nSUBJECT: Mission\nEvaluation\n(Mission Identifier)\nPUBLISHED REQUIREMENTS:\nPermission Coordinates (As Updated Prior to TKO)\nN\nW\nFlight Pattern\nMission Requirements Times\nRECONNAISSANCE MISSION PERFORMANCE:\nFlight Flown:\nCompletely\nPartially\nOther\nHorizontal Data Coverage:\nComplete\nTimely\nAccurate\nIncomplete\nUntimely\nInaccurate\nVertical Data Coverage:\nComplete\nTimely\nAccurate\nIncomplete\nUntimely\nInaccurate\nRequirements Accomplished:\nOn Time\nEarly\nLate\nMissed\nRemarks:\nOVERALL MISSION EVALUATION:\nOutstanding\nSatisfactory\nUnsatisfactory\nEquipment:\nAccuracy:\nTimeliness:\nProcedures:\nCompleteness:\nRemarks:\nFigure 5-6. Mission evaluation form.\n5-16","remark stating the type of radar fix and quality of the radar presentation is\nin accordance with Chapter 7, paragraph 7.2.2.\n5.7.3. Supplementary Vortex Data. Penetration and collection of\nsupplementary vortex data will normally begin at a radius of approximately 105\nnmi from the center as determined by the flight meteorologist. The required\nsupplementary vortex data are as shown in Figure 5-2 (Form 4). Supplementary\nvortex data are not required when HD/HA data are received or available at\nCARCAH or NHC.\n[NOTE:\nPresent\nweather\nreconnaissance\nequipment\nis\ninadequate\nfull\nto\nprovide\ndata\nfor\n15\nnmi\nsupplementary\nvortex\nbe\ncollected\nrequirements\nas\nIf a fix is not possible and supplementary\nthe\ndata have been collected, transmit the inbound leg as a complete\nvortex\nobservation and add clarifying remarks, e.g., \"FIX NOT MADE, CLOSED\nCIRCULATION NOT FOUND, INVESTIGATIVE PROFILE BEGUN AT 23/1522Z.\n5.7.4. Mission Coordination. Mission coordination for all missions will\nbe accomplished through CARCAH. Meteorological discussions for Central\nPacific missions may be accomplished directly with the CPHC; however, any\nchanges to tasking will be accomplished through CARCAH.\n5.7.5. Post-flight Debriefing. Unless otherwise directed, the flight\nmeteorologist will provide either an airborne or post-flight debriefing to the\nappropriate hurricane center to ensure all observations were received and\nunderstood.\n5.7.6. Mission Identifier. Each reconnaissance report will include the\nmission identifier as the opening text of the message. -Regular weather and\nhurricane reconnaissance messages will include the five-digit agency/aircraft\nindicator followed by the CARCAH assigned mission-storm system indicator.\nElements of the mission identifier follow:\nAgency/Aircraft\nMission Storm System\nIndicator\nAgency + Aircraft\nNumber of\nDepression number\nLocation\nStorm\nNumber*\nmissions\nor XX if not a\nA,C,E\nname or\nthis storm\ndepression or\nwords\nsystem\ngreater\nCYCLONE or\nINVEST\n*AF plus last 3 digits of tail number\n*NOAA plus last digit of aircraft registration number\nA # Atlantic, C *** Central Pacific, E # Eastern Pacific\n5-17","-EXAMPLES-\nAF985 01XXA INVEST\n(USAF aircraft 985 on the first mission to\ninvestigate a suspect area.)\nAF987 0503C CYCLONE\n(USAF aircraft 987 on the fifth mission on\ndepression number 3. Invest or fix as\nspecified in TCPOD.)\nNOAA2 0701A AGNES\n(NOAA aircraft 42RF on the seventh mission\nto fix depression number 1, which has\nacquired the name AGNES.)\n5.7.7. Observation Numbering and Content.\n5.7.7.1. The first weather observation will have appended as\nremarks the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) four-letter\nidentifier for the departure station, time of departure, and estimated time of\narrival (ETA) at the coordinates or storm.\n-EXAMPLE-\nAF966 0308A EMMY OB 01\n97779 TEXT TEXT\nDPTD KBIX AT 10/2100Z ETA 31.5N 75.0W AT 11/0015Z\n5.7.7.2. All observations (RECCO, vortex, supplemental, and\ndropsonde) from the first to the last will be numbered sequentially. The\nImproved Weather Reconnaissance System (IWRS) will automatically number MINOBS\nsequentially, but separately from other observations. When an aircraft is\ndiverted from its original mission to fulfill NHC requirements, conclude the\noriginal mission by using the last report remark. The next observation from\nthe diverted aircraft will be labeled 0B 01, will use the CARCAH-assigned\nmission identifier, and will include time of diversion and ETA of coordinates\nof interest.\n-EXAMPLE-\nAF968 01XXA INVEST OB 01\n97779 TEXT\nDPTD AF968 1005A CINDY MISSION AT 05/1235Z ETA 18N 85W AT 05/1630Z\n5.7.7.3. Append to the final weather observation a remark that\nincludes ETA, destination, number of observations (excluding MINOBS), and\nmonitor(s) that copied the observations.\n-EXAMPLE-\nAF913 0317A JOAN OB 16\n97779 TEXT TEXT\nETA KBIX 15/2030Z, LAST REPORT, OBS 01 THRU 16 TO KMIA.\n5-18","5.8. Operational Flight Patterns. This section includes operational flight\npatterns that provide vortex and peripheral data on tropical and subtropical\ncyclones including two 6-hourly and intermediate fixes.\nFLIGHT PATTERN\nMODIFIED\n1\nNORTH\n'ALPHA\"\n\"ALPHA\"\nNORTH\n2\n8\n2\n3\n4\nFLIGHT SEQUENCE\n6\n4\n1-3-4-2-3-1-2-4-1\nFLIGHT SEQUENCE\nOR2-4-1-3-4-2-3-1-2\nOR 3 1 - 2 4 1 3 4 2\n1-5-6-2-3-7-8-4-5-1\nOR 4 2 3 1 - 2 4 - 1 3 4\n5\n3\nFigure 5-7. Flight patterns ALPHA and modified ALPHA.\n5.8.1. Flight Pattern ALPHA Operational Details\n5.8.1.1. Flight levels will normally be at 1, ,500 ft, 850 hPa, or\n700 hPa, depending on data requirements and flight safety. The flight\nsequence is shown in the figure. The pattern sequence can be entered at any\npoint and then repeated for the mission duration. See Figure 5-7.\n5.8.1.2. Reconnaissance code (section 1 plus 4ddff) is required\nfor each transit of a triangle (A) position in Figure 5-8. These data are\ntransmitted immediately. Groups with the indicator 4 are included in\nobservations only when surface winds are discernible. Open circle (o)\npositions indicate the beginning or ending of supplementary vortex data on\ninbound or outbound radials.\n5.8.1.3. Supplementary vortex data are required for each radial\nflown inbound or outbound. Transmit data to the appropriate monitor at the\nend of each pair of inbound or outbound legs flown. When HD/HA data are\navailable at CARCAH or NHC, the supplementary vortex data message is not\nrequired from the aircraft. The CARCAH or NHC will prepare and disseminate\nthe supplementary vortex data message, as appropriate.\n5.8.1.4. On each transit of the center a fix will be made and a\nvortex data message completed. If it is a scheduled fix, the detailed vortex\ndata message will be completed using data gathered on the inbound track since\nthe previous fix and will be transmitted immediately. If it is an\n5-19","intermediate (nonscheduled) fix, an abbreviated vortex data message using data\ngathered on the inbound track since the previous fix may be prepared in lieu\nof the detailed message and transmitted immediately. Center dropsonde data\nwill also be provided for scheduled fixes made at 700 hPa or above. The\ndropsonde will be released at the flight-level center coordinates (item BRAVO\nof the vortex data message). When making a fix from 850 hPa, extrapolate\nsea-level pressure using Table 5-2 or an approved computer program.\n5.8.1.5. Dropsonde data, when required in the periphery of the\nstorm will be determined on a case-by-case basis and coordinated through the\nTCPOD.\nTable 5-2. Surface Pressure as a Function of 850-hPa Height for\nNormal Tropical Temperature in Summer.\n850-hPa Ht\nSfc Press\n850-hPa Ht\nSfc Press\n850-hPa Ht\nSfc Press\n(meters)\n(hPa)\n(meters)\n(hPa)\n(meters)\n(hPa)\n1626\n1025\n1403\n999\n1183\n974\n1618\n1024\n1394\n998\n1174\n973\n1609\n1023\n1386\n997\n1165\n972\n1601\n1022\n1377\n996\n1156\n971\n1592\n1021\n1368\n995\n1147\n970\n1584\n1020\n1359\n994\n1138\n969\n1575\n1019\n1351\n993\n1129\n968\n1567\n1018\n1342\n992\n1120\n967\n1558\n1017\n1333\n991\n1111\n966\n1550\n1016\n1324\n990\n1102\n965\n1541\n1015\n1316\n989\n1093\n964\n1532\n1014\n1307\n988\n1084\n963\n1524\n1013\n1298\n987\n1075\n962\n1515\n1012\n1289\n986\n1066\n961\n1507\n1011\n1280\n985\n1057\n960\n1498\n1010\n1272\n984\n1048\n959\n1489\n1009\n1263\n983\n1039\n958\n1481\n1008\n1254\n982\n1030\n957\n1472\n1007\n1245\n981\n1021\n956\n1464\n1006\n1236\n980\n1012\n955\n1455\n1005\n1227\n979\n1003\n954\n1446\n1004\n1218\n978\n993\n953\n1438\n1003\n1209\n977\n984\n952\n1429\n1002\n1201\n976\n975\n951\n1421\n1001\n1192\n975\n966\n950\n1412\n1000\nLog P(Sfc) = 0.00005Z = Log 850, where Z = 850hPa height in meters\n5-20","5. 8.1.6. The entry and exit track should be on one of the\ncardinal directions (see recommended pattern \"A\" execution, Figure 5-8).\nPrior to starting an inbound or an outbound track the aircrew should evaluate\nall available data, e.g., radar presentation, satellite photo, and select a\ncourse within plus or minus 20 deg of the cardinal direction. Once started on\nthe course, every effort should be made to maintain a straight track and the\ntasked altitude unless flight safety becomes a factor.\n5.8.1.7. Lack of an automated data collection system on DOD\naircraft may preclude complete and timely satisfaction of all requirements.\nNORTH\n105 NM\nLegend\nO2\nDETAILED VORTEX DATA\nD\nPLUS CENTER DROP\nentry\nDETAILED/ABBREVIATED\nVORTEX DATA\nSUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA\nRECCO (SECTION 1)\nDIRECTION OF FLIGHT\nFigure 5-8. Recommended pattern ALPHA execution\n5.8.2. Investigative Missions. An investigative mission is tasked on\ntropical disturbances to determine the existence or non-existence of a closed\ncirculation, supply reconnaissance observations in required areas, and locate\nthe vortex center, if any.\n5.8.2.1. Flight level will normally be at or below 1,500 ft\nabsolute altitude but may be adjusted as dictated by data requirements,\nmeteorological conditions, or flying safety factors. During day or night\noperations when flying safety conditions dictate, an 850-hPa or higher\naltitude may be flown.\n5.8.2.2. Reconnaissance observations (Section 1 or 3, plus 4ddff\nand 9ViTwTwTw if applicable - see para 5.4.3.1.) are required approximately\nevery 15 minutes and at major turn points. Section 3 observations will be\nappended to the next RECCO Section 1 observation and data will be transmitted\nat least every 30 minutes. If HD/HA data are available, transmit a Section 1\nobservation approximately every 15 minutes. The 4-or-9 group will not be\nreported if data are unavailable.\n5-21","FCST\nFCST\n60nm\nCNTR\nCNTR\nACTUAL\n8\nACTUAL\nCNTR\nACTUAL\nCNTR\nCNTR\no\nFCST\nCNTR\nX - PATTERN\nBOX PATTERN\nDELTA PATTERN\nFigure 5-9. Suggested Patterns for Investigative Missions\n5.8.2.3. A detailed vortex data message is required if a vortex\nfix is made.\n5.8.2.4. A closed circulation is supported by at least one\nsustained wind reported in each quadrant of the cyclone. Surface winds are\npreferred.\n5.8.2.5. Suggested patterns are the X, Box, or Delta patterns,\nbut the flight meteorologist may choose any approach. See Figure 5-9. Turns\nare usually made to take advantage of tailwinds whenever possible.\n5.8.2.5.1. On the X pattern, the aircraft is turned to head\ndirectly towards the center, as indicated by the surface or flight level\nwinds. The aircraft is flown through the calm center until winds from the\nopposite direction occur (second quandrant). The aircraft is then turned to\na\ncardinal heading until a windshift occurs (third quandrant). Finally, the\naircraft is turned towards the center and flown straight through the center to\nthe last quadrant.\n5.8.2.5.2. On the Box pattern, the aircraft is flown on cardinal\nheadings around the suspected center. The track resembles three sides of a\nsquare.\n5.8.2.5.3. On the Delta pattern, the aircraft is flown on a\ncardinal heading to pass 60nm from the forecasted center. After observing a\nwind shift (second quadrant) the aircraft is turned to pass through the center\nuntil winds from the opposite direction occur (third quadrant). Finally, the\n5-22","aircraft is turned on a cardinal heading (parallel to the initial heading) to\npick up the fourth quadrant winds.\nIf data indicate that the aircraft is far north of any existing\ncirculation, the pattern is extended as shown by the dashed lines. Note: the\ndepicted pattern may be converted to a mirror image if entry is made from a\ndifferent direction.\n5.9. Aircraft Reconnaissance Communications.\n5.9.1. General. The USAF and NOAA aircraft will normally transmit\nreconnaissance observations via the Air Force Satellite Communications System\n(AFSATCOM), Aircraft-to-Satellite Data Link, or high frequency (HF) radio\nphone patch. Flight meteorologists should attempt to make voice contact\nfollowing\nthe\nCARCAH\nthe\nfix\nand\nperiodically\nthroughout\nthe\nespecially invests contact CARCAH following the first fix, and\nperiodically through the mission.\n5.9.2. Air-to-Ground Communications (HF Radio). The weather\nreconnaissance crew will relay weather data via direct telephone patch to the\nweather data monitor. Monitors will evaluate these reports and disseminate\nthem to either the Automated Digital Weather Switch or the weather\ncommunications facility at Suitland, Maryland. When requested, aeronautical\nstations will provide a discrete frequency for misson use, if possible.\nSpecific radio procedures and terminology will comply with Allied\nCommunications Publication 125, Standard Telephone and Radio Procedures.\nBecause of the perishable nature and potential operational impact of weather\ndata, USAF has authorized the use of IMMEDIATE precedence for transmission of\nhurricane reconnaissance data. Data will be routed as follows:\nPrimary. Direct phone patch between the aircraft and Miami\nWeather Monitor (Atlantic and Eastern Pacific) or Hickam\nWeather Monitor (Letterman) (Central Pacific).\nSecondary. Direct phone patch between the aircraft\n0\nand any weather monitor.\n5.9.3. Air-to-Air Communications. When more than one reconnaissance\naircraft is known to be operating in a particular area of interest, the\nfollowing frequencies will be used for airplane-to-airplane communications and\ncoordination unless otherwise directed by air traffic control:\nPrimary: VHF 123.05 MHz\nSecondary: UHF 304.8 MHz\nBack-up: HF 4701 KHz USB\n5.9.4. Aircraft-to-Satellite Data Link (ASDL) Equipped Aircraft.\nAircraft equipped with ASDL have the option to utilize the ASDL system using\nthe following procedures (See Figure 5-10):\n5.9.4.1. Data format. The following format will be used for data\ntransmission by the ASDL system.\n5-23","One minute observation--all locations\n(Message Header)\n(Date/Time)\nURNT40 KMIA\n291630\n(Platform Identifier)\n(Date/Time-NESDIS)\n15C9419C\n23012 3220\n(Mission Identifier)\nNOAA2 0401A ANA\n(Time) (Latitude) (Longitude) (Press Alt) (D Value)\n1233 2803\n08037\n0617\n0436\n(Wind) (Temperature) (Dew Point)\n213010 +138\n+096\n(End of Message)\nNNNN\nRECCO Observation--Atlantic Area\n(Message Header)\n(Date/Time)\nURNT40 KMIA\n291630\n(Platform Identifier)\n(Date/Time-NESDIS)\n15C9419C\n23012 3220\n(Observation MANOP Heading)\nURNT11 KMIA\n(Mission Identifier)\nNOAA2 0401A ANA OB 03\n(RECCO Text)\n97779 12428 93275\n(End of Message)\nNNNN\nRECCO Observation--Eastern and Central Pacific. This is\nthe same as the one above except that the observation\nMANOP heading is URPN11 KMIA. [NOTE: 11 is used for\nroutine tropical cyclone observations; 12 is used for\nvortex reports, etc.]\n(Message Header)\n(Date/Time)\nURPN11 KMIA\n291630\n(Platform Identifier)\n(Date/Time-NESDIS)\n15C9419C\n23012 3220\n(Observation MANOP Heading)\nUPRN11 KMIA\n(Mission Identifier)\nNOAA2 0401A ANA OB 03\n(RECCO Text)\n97779 12428 93275\n(End of Message)\nNNNN\n5-24","ASDL UPLINK - 405 MHz\n(RECON DATA)\n(GOES A-B)\nASDL DOWNLINK\n1614 MHz\n(ASDL = AIRCRAFT TO SATELLITE\nDATA LINK)\nUSER CALL IN CIRCUITS\n(NHC)\nGROUND TRACKING STATION\nFigure 5-10. Schematic of aircraft to satellite data link for NOAA P-3 aircraft\n5-25","5.9.4.2. Data tranmission schedule. To aid the transmission of\ndata from several aircraft through one circuit, each aircraft will be assigned\na specific block of time within the 30-minute interval for transmission of its\ndata. The schedule is shown in Table 5-3.\nTABLE 5-3. Requirement for Aircraft Reconnaissance Date\nRECCO\nVORTEX\nSVM*\nVERTICAL\nHD/HA\nNon-HD/HA\nDetailed or\nNon-HD/HA\nTEMP DROP\nSect 1\nSect 1 & 3\nAbbreviated\nonly\nSoundings\nENROUTE\nEvery\nEvery 15 min\n200 nm\nwithin 15°\nNA\nNA\n400 nm\nXmt: Hourly\nINVEST\nEvery 15 mins and\nAfter\nOutbound\nNA\nat major turn pts\nclosing the\nLeg\nXmt: 30 mins\nCirculation\nFIX\nMidway\nOne SVN\"\nTASKED FIX:\nEach scheduled\nbetween\nDetailed\nafter\nfix and as\nNone\noutbound\nINTERMEDIATE\neach fix\ntasked.\n& inbound\nFIX: Detailed\nOthers at crew\nlegs\nor Abbrev\ndiscretion\n*SVM - Supplementary Vortex Data Message\n5-26","hurricane season, each ASDL-equipped aircraft will perform a ground or\nairborne test of the equipment and data ground handling procedures to\ndetermine the equipment reliability, transmission errors, and time lapse\nbetween transmission of the data from the aircraft and receipt of the data by\nthe hurricane forecaster. Test data will be forwarded to the Chairman,\nWorking Group for Hurricane and Winter Storms Operations.\n5.9.5. Improved Weather Reconnaissance System (IWRS) Equipped Aircraft.\nThe USAF aircraft equipped with IWRS will use the AFSATCOM data link with\nground stations at NHC and at Keesler AFB, MS to relay data to the NHC and the\nAWN. Figure 5-11 depicts these communication links.\nAFSATCOM\nAFSATCOM\nWC-130\nwith IWRS\nADWS\nCARSWELL\nNHC\nKeesler AFB\n(Primary)\n(Backup)\nFigure 5-11. Schematic of aircraft to satellite data link for USAF WC-130 aircraft\n5-27","Table 5-4. ASDL data transmission schedule.\nTIME PERIOD\nTRANSMITTER\n0 - + 5\n+ 5 - +10\nOAO 42RF P-3(A)\n+10 - +15\n0AO 43RF P-3(B)\n+15 - +20\n+20 - +25\n+25 - +30\n+30 - +35\n+35 - +40\nOAO 42RF P-3(A)\n+40 - +45\n0AO 43RF P-3(B)\n+45 - +50\n+50 - +55\nRadar\n+55 - +60\nRadar\n[NOTE: Because only 4 min 28 sec of each 5-min time block can be used for\ndata transmission, roughly 1/2 min is left in each transmission block. This\nschedule is designed to eliminate diagnostic statements that would appear at\nthe NESDIS computer if data from specific sources arrived at the computer at\nunscheduled times.\n5-28","CHAPTER 6\nSATELLITE SURVEILLANCE OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL CYCLONES\n6.1. Satellites.\n6.1.1. Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES). The\nGOES system currently consists of ONE operational spacecraft, GOES-7 at 108°W.\nThe GOES-7 will move to 98°W in late spring of 1990 and return to 108° in\nNovember 1990. The principal GOES products are one-half hourly pictures with\nimplanted grids automatically applied to all sectors. During daylight hours,\napproximately 1-, 2-, and 4-km resolution fixed standard sectors are produced.\nDuring the night (and during daylight) the same geographical coverage standard\nsectors are produced with 7-km resolution in infrared (IR) The IR data may\nbe enhanced to emphasize various features. Also, 14-km resolution sectors of\nwater vapor are available half-hourly. Floating sectors, which are scheduled\nby\nthe\nSatellite\nField\nFacilities\n(SFDF),\nproduced\nto\naugment\nare\nthe standard sector coverage. All products are delivered in near real time to\nthe National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service's (NESDIS)\nSynoptic Analysis Branch (SAB) the Satellite Field Distribution Facilities\n(SFDF's) and Weather Service Forecast Offices (see Table 6-1).\n6.1.2. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administation (NOAA)\nPolar-orbiting Satellites. These Advanced Television Infrared Observation\nSatellites (NOAA Series) cross the United States twice daily near the\nequatorial crossing times indicated in Table 6-1. Data are available via\ndirect readout--high resolution picture transmission (HRPT) or automatic\npicture transmission (APT) or central processing. Data from the Advanced\nVery High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) are available on a limited basis\nthrough the GOES distribution system (Figure 6-1). The Air Force Global\nWeather Central (AFGWC), Offutt AFB, NE, receives global NOAA imagery data\ndirect from central readout sites on a pass-by-pass basis. Data are processed\nin mapped and unmapped form for use internally.\n6.2. National Weather Service (NWS) Support.\n6.2.1. Station Contacts. The GOES imagery is available in support of\nthe surveillance of tropical and subtropical cyclones at specific NWS offices.\nSatellite meteorologists can be contacted at these offices; telephone numbers\nare in Appendix H.\n6-1","Table 6-1. Satellite and satellite data availability for\nthe\ncurrent hurricane season.\nSATELLITE TYPE OF DATA LOCAL TIME\nPRODUCTS\nGOES-7\nVAS\nEvery 30 min\n1. 1-, 2-, and 4-km\n24 hr/day)\nresolution visible standard\nLimited scan\nsectors covering Western,\nfor short-\nMidwest, and Eastern\ninterval viewing\nUnited States.\navailable.)\n2. 7-km resolution\nequivalent IR stan-\ndard sectors for U.S.\n(night)\n3. Equivalent IR-\nenhanced imagery.\n4. Floating sectors at\n12 , and 4 km resolution\n(visible) (equivalent to\nkm resolution IR)\n4. Full disc IR (day\nand night)\n5. 14-kn resolution\nwater vapor sectors (day\nand night)\n6. Wind analysis\n7. Cloud top heights\n8. VDUC-derived products:\nDeep-layer mean wind, wind\nanalysis, and moisture imagery\n9. Moisture analysis\nNOAA-10\nAVHRR\n0734/1934\n1. Mapped imagery\nGAC and LAC\n2. Unmapped imagery (all\n(recorded)\ndata types) at DMSP sites.\nHRPT and APT\n3. Sea-surface temperatue\n(direct)\nanalysis\nTOVS\n4. Soundings\nNOAA-11\nGAC and LAC 1343/0143\n(recorded)\nHRPT and APT\n(direct)\nTOVS\n6-2","Table 6-1. Satellite and satellite data availability for the\ncurrent hurricane season (continued).\nSATELLITE TYPE OF DATA LOCAL TIME\nPRODUCTS\nDMSP F-8 Operational 0611/1811\n1. AFGWC 1.5 nmi\nresolution visual and\nLinescan\nSystem (OLS)\ninfrared imagery.\n(recorded and\n2. Hickam Direct Read-\ndirect)\nout 0.3 and 1.5 nmi\nMicrowave temp-\nresolution visual and\nerature sounder\ninfrared imagery.\n(SSM/T)\n3. SSM/T data trans-\n(recorded)\nmitted to NESDIS via\nMicrowave imager\nshared processing.\n(SSM/I)\n4. SSM/I data\n(recorded)\nvalidation ongoing.\nDMSP F-9\nOLS imagery\n0930/2130\n(recorded and\ndirect)\nSSM/T (recorded)\n6.2.2. Products. There are four types of satellite products issued by\nthe centers and their alternates. Chapter 3 describes these products, their\ncommunications headings, and their schedules. The products are:\nSatellite tropical disturbance summaries\nSatellite interpretation messages\nTropical weather discussions\nTropical disturbance rainfall estimates\n6.2.3. Satellite Tropical Disturbance Summary. The Miami, San\nFrancisco, and Honolulu SFDFs distribute satellite summaries (see Figure 6-2\nfor an example) twice daily at the times indicated in Table 6-2. These\ndescribe significant weather in tropical regions of the Atlantic, Eastern\nPacific, and Central Pacific (north and south between 140°W and 100°W),\nrespectively.\n6.3. NESDIS Synoptic Analysis Branch (SAB). The SAB operates 24 hr a day to\nprovide satellite support to the National Meteorological Center. The SAB also\ndistributes twice daily a satellite tropical disturbance summary for the\nIndian Ocean and provides winds and moisture analyses to NMC and NHC.\nTelephone numbers for the SAB are in Appendix H.\nFIGURE 6-1\n6-3","WALLOPS ISLAND, VA\nRTIR\nCOMMAND AND\nACQUISITION\nSTATION\nDATA\nD\nDCS DATA\nVAS\nRAW\nGRIDS\nDCPR\nRTIR TO KMKC\nRTIR TO KMIA\nTLM\nGOES 7\nSTRETCH VAS\nCOMMANDS\nSPACECRAFT TELEMETRY\nWEFAX\nMARLOW HEIGHTS,\nWORLD WEATHER\nDCPI\nSPACECRAFT COMMANDS\nCENTRAL DATA\nOPERATIONAL DATA\nSTATION STATUS\nDISTRIBUTION\nGOES SOURCE DATA\nBUILDING\nFigure 6-1. GOES central data distribution system\nFACILITY\nMD\nMETEOSAT\nOPERATIONS\nSATELLITE\nCONTROL\nWEFAX\nCENTER\nFULL DUPLEX VOICE GRADE CIRCUITS\nKWAL AVHRR, WEFAX\nSTRETCHED\nVAS\nSTRETCH\nGRIDDED\nSUITLAND, MD\nVAS\nCOMPUTER\nCOMPLEX\nCENTRAL\nINGEST\n(FACSIMILE)\nNOAA\nVAS\nGOES 6\nWEFAX\nCABLES DIRECT TO CDDF\n5 AVHRR\n2 AVHRR\nGMS\n24*\n5\n4\n2\nPANC\nKSFO\nSFDF\nKMKC\nKWBC\nSFDF\nSFDF\nSFDF\nSFDF\nSFDF\nPHNL\nKMIA\nX\n2\n1","ABXX15 KMIA 210800Z\nSATELLITE TROPICAL DISTURBANCE SUMMARY\nALL MOVEMENTS AND TRENDS 24 HOURS UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED\nEAST PACIFIC GOES WEST IR NITE 210745Z\nTROPICAL STORM SUSAN. SEE LATEST NHC ADVISORY. *\nITC 2 TO 4 DEGS WIDE XTNDG FM 6N 80W TO 11N 116W IS BRKN TO\nOCNLY OVC WITH HVST ACTIVITY ARND 11N 116W. SCTD ACTV ITC FM 9N\n116W TO 12N 134W 2 DEG WIDE WAS BKN YDA. BRKN TO OVC AREA 3 TO\n5 DEG IN DIA IS MDTLY ACTV CNTRD NEAR 11N 116W HAS MVD W 5 DEG\nWITH LTL CHG.\nATLANTIC GOES EAST IR NITE 210630Z\nNO TROPICAL STORMS OBSERVED\nITC 3 TO 5 DEG WIDE FM 10N 20W TO 14N 50W IS MSTLY BRKN AND\nMDTLY ACTV WITH LTL GHG. BRKN ACTV ITC FM 14N 50W TO 17N 57W 4\nDEG WIDE HAS INCREASED IN WIDTH.\n*Whenever a tropical system is located in the Atlantic,\nCaribbean, Eastern, or Central Pacific, Part 1 will carry the\nfollowing statement: \"See latest (NHC or CPHC) advisory(ies).\" =\nFigure 6-2. Sample satellite tropical disturbance summary\n6-5","6.4. AFGWC Support and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP).\nThe AFGWC uses all available meteorological satellite data when providing fix\ninformation. The DMSP will provide coverage of tropical and subtropical\ncyclones whenever possible. Data covering the National Hurricane Operations\nPlan areas of interest are received centrally at AFGWC and locally at the\ndirect readout site at Detachment 4, 20th Weather Squadron, Hickam AFB, HI.\n6.4.1. North Atlantic and Central Pacific Surveillance. The AFGWC\nreadouts will augment NESDIS surveillance for the North Atlantic and Central\nPacific. The AFGWC will transmit teletype bulletins describing the location\nand intensity classification of the system, in the format shown in Figure 6-3,\nto the National Hurricane Center (NHC) or Central Pacific Hurricane Center, as\nappropriate, on organized disturbances evident at the tropical classification\none (T-1) or higher.\n6.4.2. Eastern Pacific Surveillance. If the NHC determines the coverage\nfrom available NESDIS satellites should be supplemented, it will request data\nfrom AFGWC.\n6.5. Satellites and Satellite Data Availability for the Current Hurricane\nSeason. Table 6-1 lists satellite capabilities for the current hurricane\nseason.\n6.6. Current Intensity and Tropical Classification Number. The current\nintensity (C.I.) number relates directly to the intensity of the storm. The\nempirical relationship between the C.I. number and a storm's wind speed is\nshown in Table 6-3. The C.I. number is same as the tropical classification\nnumber (T-number) during the development stages of a tropical cyclone, but is\nheld higher than the T-number while a cyclone is weakening. This is done\nbecause a lag is often observed between the time a storm pattern indicates\nweakening has begun and the time when the storm's intensity decreases. An\nadded benefit from this rule is the stability it adds to the analysis when\nshort-period fluctuations in the cloud pattern occur. In practice, the C.I.\nnumber is not lowered until the T-number has shown weakening for 12 hours or\nmore.\n6-6","Table 6-2. Communications headings for satellite tropical disturbance\nsummaries.\nHEADING\nTIME ISSUED\nOCEANIC AREA\nTYPE OF DATA\nTCI010 KWBC\n1100 UTC\nIndian Ocean\nVIS\nTCI011 KWBC\n2300 UTC\nIndian Ocean\nIR Day\nTCPW11 PHNL\n1000 UTC\nWestern Pacific\nIR Night\n(north and south)\nof 100°E to 175°W)\nTCPW10 PHNL\n2200 UTC\nWestern Pacific\nVIS/IR Day\n(north and south)\nof 100°E to 175°W)\nTCPA11 PHNL\n1000 UTC\nCentral Pacific\nIR Night\n(north and south)\nof 175°W to 140°W)\nTCPA10 PHNL\n2200 UTC\nCentral Pacific\nVIS/IR Day\n(north and south)\nof 175°W to 140°W)\nTCPW11 PHNL\n0500 UTC\nWestern Pacific\nVIS\n(north and south)\nof 170°E)\nTable 6-3. The empirical relationship between the C.I. number and the maximum\nwind speed and the relationship between the T-number and the\nminimum sea-level pressure.\nC.I. NUMBER\nMAXIMUM\nT-NUMBER\nMINIMUM SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE\nWIND SPEED\n(Atlantic)\n(NW Pacific)\n1\n25 kt\n1\n1.5\n25\n1.5\n2\n30\n2\n1009 hPa\n1003 hPa\n2.5\n35\n2.5\n1005\n999\n3\n45\n3\n1000\n994\n3.5\n55\n3.5\n994\n988\n4\n65\n4\n987\n981\n4.5\n77\n4.5\n979\n973\n5\n90\n5\n970\n964\n5.5\n102\n5.5\n960\n954\n6\n115\n6\n948\n942\n6-7","MESSAGE HEADING:\nTPNT OCCC\nA\nA. Designator of tropical cyclone category including\nCYCLONE DESIGNATOR\nname/number. When a cloud system has not yet\nbeen designated by name/number enter TROPICAL\nDISTURBANCE.\nSample entry: TROPICAL STORM AMY (15)\nB\nB.\nDate and nodal crossing time in Zulu, round time\nDATE/TIME (2) OF FIX\nto nearest minute. Sample entry: 2523032\nC\nC.\nLatitude to nearest tenth of degree (N or s),\nLATITUDE OF POSITION\nfollowed by checksum. Sample entry: 29.9N/O\nD\nD. Longitude to nearest tenth of degree followed by\nLONGITUDE OF POSITION\nchecksum. Sample entry: 56.7 W/8\nE\nE. Enter Position Code number (PCN) and source of\nPOSITION CODE NUMBER\ndata (DMSP, NOAA 2, etc.) . Spell out PCN number.\nSelect PCN number from code below:\nGEOGRAPHICAL GRIDDING\nEPHEMERIS GRIDDING\nONE:\neye fix\nTWO:\neye fix\nTHREE:\nwell defined\nFOUR:\nwell defined\ncirculation\ncirculation\ncenter\ncenter\nFIVE:\npoorly defined\nSIX:\npoorly\ncirculation\ndefined\ncenter\ncirculation\ncenter\nSample entry: ONE/DMSP\nF\nF. Dvorak classification for storm intensity as\nDVORAK CLASSIFICATION\ndescribed in NOAA technical Memorandum NESS 45\nand 1WW/TN-81/C01. Dvorak classification will be\nmade once each day and must be based on visual\ndata. If a new Dvorak classification number\ncannot be derived, use the last reported number.\nInclude in parenthesis the date and nodal time of\nthe data on which the Dvorak analysis is based.\nSample entry: T 4.5/4.5/D1.0/25HRS (252305Z)\nG\nG. Include information, as appropriate, on data type,\nREMARKS\neye characteristics, spiral rainbands, unexpected\nchanges in storm movement, departures from Dvorak\n(modelled) intensities, etc.\nFigure 6-3. Center fix data form and message format (satellite)\n6-8","CHAPTER 7\nSURFACE RADAR REPORTING\n7.1. General. Radar observations of tropical cyclones will be made at\nDepartment of Defense (DOD), National Weather Service (NWS), and Federal\nAviation Administration (FAA) radar facilities and at other cooperating radar\nfacilities according to established agreements with NWS.\n7.2. Procedures.\n7.2.1. Radar observations of tropical cyclones will be made in\naccordance with the Federal Meteorological Handbook (FMH)-7, Part A, Weather\nRadar Observations. Stations that normally transmit hourly radar weather\nobservations (network stations) will include tropical cyclone features in\nroutine reports at 35 minutes past the hour (H+35) and will make and transmit\nspecial observations at H+10 whenever an eye or center is observed. It is\nhighly desirable for stations that do not normally transmit hourly reports\n(local warning radars) to make and transmit a radar observation whenever an\neye, center, or spiral band is observed. The local warning radar sites may\ntransmit only abbreviated special observations, defined in FMH-7, at H+10 and\nH+35. The Air Weather Service (AWS) units at MacDill AFB and Tyndall AFB,\nFlorida will take and transmit radar reports, to include tropical cyclone\nfeatures, at H+10 and H+35 whenever an eye or center is observed. All other\nAWS radar units will take and transmit such reports at H+35.\n7.2.2. If the central region of a storm is defined by an identifiable\nwall cloud, the radar fix is reported as an EYE. If the central region is\nrecognizable, but not well-defined by a wall cloud, it is reported as a\n\"center\". When the eye or center is only occasionally recognizable or some\nother central region uncertainty exists, the eye or center is reported as\n\"psbl eye\" or \"psbl center\". Remarks stating the degree of confidence will be\nincluded with eye fixes only and will be classified as either \"good,\" \"fair,\"\nor \"poor.\" A \"good\" fix is reported when the eye is symmetrical--virtually\nsurrounded by wall cloud; a \"poor\" fix is reported when the eye is\nasymmetrical-- less than 50 percent surrounded by wall cloud; a \"fair\" fix is\nreported to express a degree of confidence between \"good\" and \"poor.\"\n7.2.3. Timely transmission of tropical cyclone radar reports is\nessential. Normally, radar reports are transmitted over the Automation of\nField Operations and Service System or the CONUS Meteorological Data System\ncircuit equipment. Radar facilities not having weather transmission\ncapability may call the nearest National Weather Service Office collect.\n7-1","7.3. Special Provisions.\n7.3.1. If NWS network radars (WSR-57s and selected WSR-74s) and DOD\nweather radar facilities are colocated (within 25 nmi), the NWS radar will\nhave the primary responsibility for making and transmitting tropical cyclone\nradar reports; DOD will provide backup service. If a radar facility is less\npowerful than the WSR-57 and is collocated with a North American Aerospace\nDefense Command (NORAD) long-range radar facility, the NORAD long-range radar\nfacility will have the primary responsibility for making and transmitting\ntropical cyclone radar reports provided it is manned by a qualified weather\nradar operator. The less powerful radar facility will provide backup service.\nAny backup radar facility, however, may transmit radar reports as desired.\n7.3.2. If radar reports are needed from NORAD long-range radar\nfacilities, NWS will dispatch weather radar specialists to those facilities to\nmake and transmit tropical cyclone radar observations. The DOD has authorized\nthe Director, NWS, to dispatch NWS radar specialists to NORAD sites during\ncritical hurricane threats to make and transmit hurricane radar observations.\nSpecific procedures regarding notification, access to sites, clearances, etc.,\nas agreed to by DOD and NWS will be the responsibility of the Warning and\nForecast Branch, Office of Meteorology, NWS Headquarters, and will be strictly\nadhered to.\n7.3.3. Air Weather Service staff weather officers providing support to\nNORAD long-range radar units act as coordinators for visits. These\ncoordinators are the listed below. Telephone numbers are in Appendix H.\nParticipating radar sites are listed in Table 7-1.\nCommander, Detachment (Det) 9, 3rd Weather\nSquadron (WS) for the Southeast Air Defense\nSector, Tyndall AFB, FL.\nCommander, Det 8, 26 WS, for the Northeast Air\nDefense Sector, Griffiss AFB, NY.\nCommander, Det 4, 20 WS, Hawaii Regional\nOperations Control Center (ROCC). Hickam AFB, HI,\n7.3.4. The radar used depends upon the location of the hurricane; the\none in use will be properly identified.\n7-2","Table 7-1. Participating Radar Stations.\nLATITUDE\nLONGITUDE\nTYPE RADAR\nLOCATION\nNATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE RADARS\n29°44'N\n84°59'W\nApalachicola, FL\nWSR-57\n39°27'N\n74°35'W\nAtlantic City, NJ\nWSR-57\n30°32'N\n91°90'W\nBaton Rouge, LA#\nWSR-74C\n25°54'N\n97°26'W\nBrownsville, TX\nWSR-57\n35°16'N\n75°33'W\nCape Hatteras, NC\nWSR-57\nWSR-57\n32°54'N\n80°02'W\nCharleston, SC\n41°39'N\n69°57'W\nWSR-74S\nChatham, MA\n27°46'N\n97°30'W\nCorpus Christi, TX\nWSR-74C\n29°11,N\n81°03'W\nDaytona Beach, FL\nWSR-57\n29°18'N\n94°48'W\nGalveston, TX\nWSR-57\n90°05'W\n32°19'N\nJackson, MS\nWSR-57\n24°33'N\n81°45'W\nKey West, FL\nWSR-57\n30°07'N\n93°13'W\nLake Charles, LA\nWSR-57\n34°03'N\n118°27'W\nLos Angeles, CA#\nWSR-74C\n80°17'W\nMiami, FL\nWSR-57\n25°43'N\n88°15'W\nMobile, AL#\nWSR-74C\n30°41'N\n116°25'W\nMt Laguna, CA\nFPS-7\n32°53'N\n73°59'W\nNew York City, NY\nWSR-57\n40°46'N\n76°25'W\nWSR-74S\n38°17'N\nPatuxent, MD\n87°19'W\nPensacola, FL\nWSR-57\n30°21'N\n43°39'N\n70°18'W\nPortland, ME\nWSR-57\n65°46'W\nFPS-67*\n18°16'N\nSan Juan, PR\n33°45'N\n118°20'W\nSan Pedro, CA\nARSR\n32°08'N\n81°12'W\nSavannah, GA\nWSR-74C\n30°17'N\n89°49'W\nSlidell, LA\nWSR-57\n82°24'W\nWSR-57\n27°42'N\nTampa, FL\n28°51'N\n96°55'W\nVictoria, TX#\nWR-100-5\n36°57'N\n79°00'W\nVolens, VA\nWSR-74S\n31°15'N\n82°24'W\nWaycross, GA\nWSR-57\n26°41'N\n80°06'W\nWest Palm Beach, FL#\nWSR-74S\n34°16'N\n77°55'W\nWilmington, NC\nWSR-57\n7-3","DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE\nAndrews AFB, MD\nFPS-77\n38°48'N\n76°53'W\nBarksdale AFB, LA\nFPS-77\n32°30'N\n93°40'W\nBermuda NAS\nFPS-106\n32°22'N\n64°41'W\nCape Canaveral AFS, FL\nFPQ-212\n28°28'N\n80°33'W\nChase Field NAS, TX\nFPS-106\n28°22'N\n97°40'W\nCherry Point MCAS, NC\nFPS-106\n34°54'N\n76°53'W\nCorpus Christi NAS, TX\nFPS-106\n27°42'N\n97°16'W\nEglin AFB, FL\nFPS-77\n30°29'N\n86°31'W\nHomestead AFB, FL\nFPS-77\n25°29'N\n80°23'W\nHoward AFB, CZ\nFPQ-21\n08°55'N\n79°36'W\nHurlburt Field, FL\nFPQ-21\n30°26'N\n86°41'W\nJacksonville NAS, FL\nFPS-106\n30°14'N\n81°41'W\nKeesler AFB, MS\nFPS-77\n30°24'N\n88°55'W\nMacDill AFB, FL\nFPS-77\n27°51'N\n82°30'W\nMcGuire AFB, NJ\nFPS-77\n40°00'N\n74°36'W\nNew Orleans NAS, LA\nFPS-106\n29°50'N\n90°01'W\nNorfork NAS, VA\nFPS-106\n36°56'N\n76°18'W\nPope AFB, NC\nFPQ-21\n35°12'N\n79°01,W\nRandolph AFB, TX\nFPS-77\n29°32'N\n98°17'W\nRobins AFB, GA\nFPS-77\n32°38'N\n83°36'W\nSeymour Johnson AFB, NC\nFPS-77\n35°20'N\n77°58'W\nGuantanamo Bay, Cuba\nFPS-106\n19°54'N\n75°10'W\nRoosevelt Roads, PR\nFPS-106\n18°15'N\n65°38'W\nHickam AFB HI\nFPQ-21\n20°19'N\n157°55'W\nNORAD SITES\nNortheast Air Defense Sector\nOLAF, 23ADS, Patrick AFB, FL**\n28°13'N\n80°6'W\nOLAD, 23ADS, Ft Lonesome, FL**\n27°36'N\n82°6'W\nOLAJ, 23ADS, Key West NAS, FL\n24°35'N\n81°1'W\n678 RS, Tyndall, AFB, FL**\n30°05'N\n85°7'W\n701 RS, Ft Fisher AFS, NC\n33°59'N\n77°55'W\nOLAC, 23ADS, Jedburg, SC\n33°06'N\n80°12'W\nSoutheast Air Defense Sector\n762 RS, North Truro AFS, MA\n42°02'N\n70°03'W\n772 RS, Gibbsboro AFS, NJ\n39°49'N\n74°57'W\nOLAA, 24ADS, Suffolk, NY\n40°54'N\n72°42'W\nOLAE, 24ADS, Bucks Harbor, ME\n44°38'N\n67°24'W\nHawaii ROCC\n150 AC&WS, Kokee, AFS, HI\n22°09'N\n159°39'W\n169 AC&WS, Mt Kaala AFS, HI\n21°30'N\n158°08'W\n7-4","COOPERATING SITES\nNASA\n89°07'W\nBay St Louis, MS\nCPS-9\n30°42'N\nWallops Station, VA\nMPS-19\n37°50'N\n75°29'W\nSPS-12\n37°56'N\n75°28'W\nFPS-16\n37°50'N\n75°29'W\nFPQ-6\n37°52'N\n75°31'W\nUniversities\nMIT\nCPS-9\n42°42'N\n71°06'W\nM-33\n42°42'N\n71°06'W\n96°21'W\nTexas A&M\nCPS-9\n30°37'N\nUniv of Miami\nSP-1M\n25°43'N\n80°17'W\nCPS-68\n25°43'N\n80°17'W\n*FAA-USN joint-use radar, **Remoted to FAA ARTCC, #Local Warning Radar\n7-5","CHAPTER 8\nNATIONAL DATA BUOY CENTER REPORTING STATIONS\n8.1. General.\n8.1.1. The National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) maintains automated\nreporting stations in the Gulf of Mexico, off the east and west coasts of the\nUnited States, and at coastal land areas, and in Micronesia Also, a\nstockpile of four rapid response drifting data buoys is available for aerial\ndeployment in the event of emergencies. These data acquisition systems obtain\nmeasurements of meterological and oceanographic parameters for operations and\nresearch purposes. Moored buoy station locations and configurations are given\nin Table 8-1. The locations of Coastal Marine Automated Network (C-MAN)\nstations are listed in Table 8-2 and shown in\nFigure\n8\nFigures\n4\n8-1\nthrough\n8-3 show the locations of all moored buoys and C-MAN stations. The status and\ncapability of stations can be obtained from the Data Systems Division, NDBC\nBldg. 1100, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529\n8.1.2. Moored buoy and C-MAN stations routinely acquire, store, and\ntransmit data every hour. Data obtained operationally include sea-level\npressure, wind speed and direction, air temperature. Sea-surface temperature\nand wave spectral data are measured by all moored buoys and a limited number\nof C-MAN stations.\n8.1.3. Drifting buoys are available in two types called Wind Speed\nDirection (WSD) and Air Sea Interaction Drifter (ASID). A WSD buoy measures\nsea-level pressure, wind speed and direction, air temperature, and sea-surface\ntemperature. An ASID buoy measures the same parameters except for wind\ndirection and can be configured with a subsurface thermistor array to measure\nhydrostatic pressure and subsurface ocean temperature. See Figure 8-4.\n8.2. Requests for Drifting Buoy Deployment. The Department of Commerce (DOC)\nthrough the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration (NOAA) will\ninitiate a request through the Office of the Federal Coordinator for\nMeteorological Services and Supporting Research to the U.S. Air Force (USAF)\nfor each desired aerial deployment of drifting data buoys for a pre-storm\narray in the Atlantic or Pacific Oceans. Normally, USAF C-130 or C-141\naircraft are tasked for this mission; the 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron\nor the 815th Weather Operations Flight are not capable of deploying drifting\ndata buoys. Requests for deployment should allow at least a 30-day lead time.\nFor deployments in advance of a U.S. land-threatening hurricane, a 36- to\n48-hr notification is required. All requests will include specifics regarding\nonloading base, accompanying technicians, desired pickup times, offload\npoints, reimbursement funding, and any other pertinent data.\n8-1","Table 8-1. Data buoy locations and configuration.\nMOORED BUOYS IN THE GULF OF MEXICO\nSTATION ID\nLOCATION BUOY SIZE\nSENSOR HEIGHT ANEMOMETER HEIGHT\n42001\n25.9°N 89.7°W\n10 m\n10 m\n42002\n26.0°N 93.5°W\n10 m\n10 m\n42003\n25.9°N 85.9W\n10 m\n10 m\n42007\n30.1°N 88.8*W\n12 m\n10 m\n42015 *\n30.2°N 88.2°W\n3 m\n5 m\n42016 *\n30.2°N 88.1°W\n3 m\n5 m\nMOORED BUOYS IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN\n41001\n34.9°N 73.0°W\n6 m\n5 m\n41002\n32.2°N 75.3°W\n6 m\n5 m\n41006\n29.3°N 77.4°W\n6 m\n5 m\n41008 *\n30.7°N 81.1°W\n3 m\n5 m\n41009 *\n28.5°N 80.2°W\n3 m\n5 m\n41010 *\n28.9°N 78.5*W\n10 m\n10 m\n44004\n38.5°N 70.1°W\n6 m\n5 m\n44005\n42.7°N 68.6*W\n6 m\n5 m\n44007\n43.5°N 70.1°W\n12 m\n14 m\n44008\n40.5°N 69.5°W\n12 m\n14 m\n44009\n38.5°N 74.6°W\n12 m\n14 m\n44011\n41.1°N 66.6°W\n6 m\n5 m\n44012\n38.8°N 74.6°W\n12 m\n14 m\n44013\n42.4°N 70.8°W\n12 m\n14 m\nMOORED BUOYS IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN (SOUTH of 45°N)\n32302*\n18.0°S 85.1°W\n3 m\n5 m\n46002\n42.5*N 130.4*W\n6 m\n5 m\n46006\n40.8*N 137,7°W\n12 m\n10 m\n46011*\n34.9°N 120.9°W\n10 m\n10 m\n46012*\n37.4*N 122.7°W\n10 m\n10 m\n46013*\n38.2°N 123.3°W\n10 m\n10 m\n46014*\n39.2\"N 124.0°W\n6 m\n5 m\n46022*\n40.8*N 124.5°W\n6 m\n5 m\n46023*\n34.3°N 120.7°W\n10 m\n10 m\n46025*\n33.7°N 119.1°W\n6 m\n5 m\n46026\n37.8°N 122.7°W\n12 m\n13.8 m\n46027\n41.8°N 124.4°W\n3 m\n6.6 m\n46028*\n35.8*N 121.9°W\n6 m\n5 m\n46030*\n40.4*N 124.5°W\n3 m\n5 m\n46040*\n44.8*N 124.3°W\n3 m\n5 m\n46042*\n36.8*N 122.4°W\n3 m\n5 m\n51001\n23.4°N 162.3°W\n6 m\n5 m\n51002\n17.2°N 157.8°W\n6 m\n5 m\n51003\n19.2°N 160.8°W\n6 m\n5 m\n51004\n17.5°N 152.6°W\n6 m\n5 m\n8-2","Table 8-2. C-MAN sites.\nSTATION ID\nLOCATION\nSTATION NAME\nC-MAN SITES IN THE GULF OF MEXICO\nBURL1\n28.9°N 89.4°W\nSouthwest Pass, LA\nCSBF1\n29.7°N 85.4°W\nCape San Blas, FL\nDPIA1\n30.3°N 88.1°W\nDauphin Island, AL\nGDCL1*\n27.8°N 93.1°W\nGarden Banks Block\n236A\nGrand Isle, LA\nGDIL1\n29.3°N 90.0°W\n*MPCL1\n29.4°N 88.6°W\nMain Pass Block 133C\nPTAT2\n27.8°N 97.1°W\nPort Arkansas, TX\nSRST2\n29.7°N 94.1°W\nSabine, TX\nVENF1\n27.1°N 82.5°W\nVenice, FL\nC-MAN SITES IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN\nALSN6\n40.5°N 73.8°W\nAmbrose Light, NY\nBUZM3\n41.4°N 71.0°W\nBuzzards Bay, MA\nCHLV2\n36.9°N 75.7°W\nChesapeake, Light, VA\nCLKN7\n34.6°N 76.5°W\nCape Lookout, NC\n35.2°N 75.3°W\nDSLN7\nDiamond Shoals, NC\n32.7°N 79.9°W\nFBIS1\nFolly Island, SC\n33.5°N 77.6°W\nFPSN7\nFrying Pan Shoals, NC\n43.0°N 70.6°W\nIOSN3\nIsle of Shoals, NH\nLKWF1\n26.6°N 80.0°W\nLake Worth, FL\nMDRM1\n44.0°N 68.1°W\nMt Desert Rock, ME\nMISMI\n43.8°N 68.9°W\nMantinicus Rock, ME\nMLRF1\n25.0°N 80.4°W\nMolasses Reef, FL\nSAUF1\n29.9°N 81.3°W\nSt. Augustine, FL\nSMKF1\n24.6°N 81.1°W\nSombrero Key, FL\nSPGF1\n26.7°N 79.0°W\nSettlement Point, GBI\nSVLS1\n32.0°N 80.7°W\nSavannah Light, FL\nTPLM2\n38.9°N 76.4°W\nThomas Point, MD\nC-MAN SITES IN THE EASTERN PACIFIC OCEAN ( SOUTH OF 45°N)\nCAR03\n43.3°N 124.4°W\nCape Arago, OR\nDESW\n47.7°N 124.5°W\nDestruction Island, WA\nFFIA2\n57.3°N 133.6°W\nFinger Light, AK\nNWP03\n44.6°N 124.1°W\nNewport, OR\nPTAC1\n39.0°N 123.7°W\nPoint Arena, CA\nPTCG1\n34.6°N 120.7°W\nPoint Arguello, CA\nSISWI\n48.3°N 122.8°W\nSmith Island, WA\n8-3","TTIWI\n48.4°N 124.7°W\nTatoosh Island, WA\nWPOWT\n47.7°N 122.4°W\nWest Point, WA\nC-MAN SITES IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC OCEAN\nENIPS\n11.4°N 162.4\"E\nEnewetak, Atoll,\nMarshall, Is.\nFARPS: *\n8.6°N 144.6°E\nFaraulep, Caroline Is.\nUJAP2\n8.9°N 165.7*E\nUjae Atoll, Marshall, Is.\n* Temporary site established in support of other programs.\n8-4","NDBC MOORED BUOYS\nDEVELOPMENTAL (NDBC)\nATLANTIC BASIN\nDIRECTIONAL WAVES\nOTHER AGENCIES\nUSCG LNB/ELB\nNWS BUOYS\nFigure 8-1. NDBC moored buoy locations in the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico\no\n70°\n80°\nD\nand Great Lakes","\"80's\nFigure 8-2. NDBC moored buoy locations in the Pacific Ocean\n500\n1300\n400\nPERU\n80°\nNDBC MOORED BUOYS\n20°\nDEVELOPMENTAL (NDBC)\n10°\n90°\nPACIFIC BASIN\nDIRECTIONAL WAVES\nOTHER AGENCIES\nUSCG LNB/ELB\n100°\nNWS BUOYS\n110°","E-6\nE-8\nB-4\nB-2\nE-13\nE-7\nB-8\nE-12\nE-11\nB-7\nE-5\nB-6\nE-10\nS-11\nE-9\nFigure 8-3. C-Man station locations in the coastal U.S.\nS-6\nS-8\nE-3\nE-14\nS-9\nE-4\nS-5\nE\nS-13\nE-2\nB-5 ST GEORGE REEF. CA\nS-10\nB.1 COLUMBIA RIVER. OR\n8.3 SAN FRANCISCO. CA\n8-6 DELAWARE BAY, DE\nS-1\nB-9 BLUNTS REEF. CA\nB-7 FIVE FATHOM. NJ\nB.4 NANTUCKET. MA\nB-2 PORTLAND. ME\nCENTRAL\n8.8 BOSTON. MA\nS-14 S-12\nDEPOT\nC-3\nC-5\nS-3\nC-4\nNO. BUOY\n.\n1\nC-MAN SITES\nS-7\nC-1\nS-15\nC-2\nS-2\nE-9 FRYING PAN SHOALS LS. NC\nE-6 MOUNT DESERT ROCK. ME\nE-11 DIAMOND SHOALS LS. NC\nE-2 SOUTH BASS ISLAND OH\nS-11 SETTLEMENT POINT. GBI\nE.13 BUZZARDS BAY LS. MA\nS-4\nS-3 SOUTHWEST PASS. LA\nE-7 ISLES OF SHOALS NH\nE-5 CHESAPEAKE LS. VA\nE-8 MATINICUS ROCK. ME\nS-8 MOLASSES REEF FL\nS-14 CHEVRON MP133. LA\nS-12 DAUPHIN ISLAND AL\nS.15 CHEVRON GB236. LA\nE-3 GALLOO ISLAND NY\nE-10 CAPE LOOKOUT. NC\nE-14 THOMAS POINT. MD\nS-1 CAPE SAN BLAS. FL\nS-13 SOMBRERO KEY. FL\nS.4 PORT ARANSAS. TX\nS-9 SAVANNAH L S., GA\nS-5 ST AUGUSTINE. FL\nE.4 FOLLY ISLAND. SC\nE-12 AMBROSE LS. NY\nS-6 LAKE WORTH. FL\nS-7 GRAND ISLE. LA\nE.1 DUNKIRK. NY\nS-2 SABINE. TX\nS-10 VENICE. FL\nNO. STATION\nW6 DESTRUCTION ISLAND, WA\nW-5 TATOOSH ISLAND. WA\nW-4 POINT ARGUELLO. CA\nC-4 PASSAGE ISLAND. WI\nC-5 STANNARD ROCK. MI\nC-1 ROCK OF AGES, MI\nW-1 SMITH ISLAND. WA\nC-2 DEVILS ISLAND. WI\nW-8 POINT ARENA, CA\nW-7 CAPE ARAGO, OR\nW-2 WEST POINT. WA\nC-3 SHEBOYGAN, WI\nA-1\nW-3 NEWPORT OR\nS - SOUTHERN\nNO. STATION\nW - WESTERN\nE - EASTERN\nC - CENTRAL\nA - ALASKAN\nB - LNB/ELB\nA-1 FIVE FINGER, AK\nW-2\nW-1\nNO. STATION\nW-5\nW-6\nW-3\nB-1\nW-4\nW-7\nB-3\nW-8\nB-5\nB-9","STATION ID\nLOCATION\nBUOY SIZE ANEMOMETER HEIGHT\nWMO 5 digit\nVariable\nASID or\nm\nidentifier\nWSD\nassigned\nimmediately\nbefore-deployment\nTemporary sites established in support of other programs.\nFigure 8-4. A drifting data buoy.\n8-8","8.2.1. The National Hurricane Center forecasters would issue an alert or\noutlook for a possible request for drifting buoy deployment 48 hr prior to the\nplanned deployment. A formal request for deployment would be issued 24 hr\nprior to the event. At this point either a cancellation or an extension of\nthe alert would be issued. Decisions would normally be made by 0900 EDT.\n8.2.2. The DOC desires the deployment of up to four drifting buoys\nbetween 100 and 180 nmi from the storm center, depending on the dynamics of\nthe storm system. The DOC would ensure the buoys and mission-related DOC\npersonnel are available for pickup by Department of Defense aircraft. The\nspecific DOC request for placement of the buoys would depend on several\nfactors, including\nCharacteristics of the storm including size,\nintensity, and velocity.\nStorm position relative to the coast and population\ncenters.\n8.2.3. The final deployment position will be provided prior to the flight\ncrew briefing. Two examples of possible buoy deployment patterns are shown in\nFigure 8-5.\n8.3. Communications. Moored buoy and C-MAN data are transmitted by\nultra-high frequency communications via the Geostationary Operational\nEnvironmental Satellite to the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and\nInformation Service and then are relayed on to the National Weather Service\nTelecommunications Gateway (NWSTG) and the National Meteorological Center\n(NMC) for processing and dissemination. Moored buoy data are formatted into\nthe World Meteorological Organization (WMO) FM 13-IX ship code, and C-MAN data\nare formatted into C-MAN code, which is very similar to the WMO FM 12-IX\nsynoptic code. These codes are The ship code is defined in Federal\nMeteorological Handbook 2, Surface Synoptic Codes. The C-MAN code is\ncontained in the C-MAN Users Guide, which is available from NDBC Data\nSystems. Drifting buoy data are telemetered through the NOAA polar orbiting\nsatellites to the U.S. ARGOS Global Processing Center, Landover Maryland, for\nprocessing. These data are formatted by Service ARGOS into the WMO FM 14-IX\n(DRIBU) code defined in the WMO Manual on Codes, Volume I, and then are routed\nto NMC over the Global Telecommunications Service for distribution and\ndissemination to users in the United States and overseas\n8-9","x\nX\nx\n25 nmi\n15 nmi\n55 nmi\n95 nmi\nProjected path\nof storm\nPattern A\nX\n15 nmi\n15 nmi\nX\n45 nmi\n45 nmi\nProjected path\nof storm\nPattern B\nFigure 8-5. Drifting data buoy deployment patterns.\n8-10","Table 8-3. Code forms for moored data buoys, C-MAN stations, and drifting buoys.\nCODE FORM FM 13 IX (SHIP) REPORT OF SYNOPTIC\nSURFACE OBSERVATION FROM A SEA STATION (AUTOMATIC WEATHER STATION)\nYYGGi\n99LaLaLa\nM.M.M:M:\nQchololoLo\nirix///\n/ddff\n1SnTTT\n(2sg)\n5appp\n1PwaPwaHwaHwa 70 HwaHwaHwa\n22200\nOsnTwTwTw\n912ff\n(oofff)\n333\n4ddfmfm\n(9GGgg)\n555\n11fff\n22fff\n3GGgg\nU.S. NATIONAL CODE FORM (C-MAN LAND STATION CODE)\nMODIFIED CODE FORM FM 12-IX\nCMAN YYGGi\niRR 1xhVV\nNddff\n(00fff)\n1STTT 4PPPP 5appp 6RRRt\nXXXXnt\n222/1\nOsnTwTwTw\n1PwaPwaHwaHwa 70HwaHwaHwa\n912ff\n(oofff)\n333\n22fff\n3GGgg\n4ddfmfmfm 9GGgg\n555\n11fff\n(TIDE1111)\nCODE FORM FM 14-IX (DIRBU)\nREPORT OF A DRIFTING BUOY OBSERVATION\nMiMiMiMi\nYYMMJJ\nGGggi\nQcLaLaLaLa\nLoLoLoLoLo\n(1PPPP)\n(2snTwTw)\n(3ddff)\n(4sTTT)\n(5appp)\nZnZnTnTnTn\n888\nZOZOTOTOTO\nZnZnTnTnTn\n999zz\n(00000)\n61616\n(1QpQ2QTwQ4) (20nQL//)\n(QcLaLaLaLa\nLoLoLoLoLo) (8ViViViVi)\nor\n(HLVBVBdBdB)\n(9idZdZdZd)\n69696\n333\nAibwnbnbnb\n8-11","CHAPTER 9\nMARINE WEATHER BROADCASTS\n9.1. General. The Department of Defense (DOD) and Department of Transportation\n(DOT) are responsible for broadcasting marine tropical cyclone advisories issued\nby the National Hurricane Center and the Central Pacific Hurricane Center.\nTable 9-1 lists the stations involved. The broadcasts are for the purpose of\nproviding warnings to meet international obligations in the Department of\nCommerce area of forecast responsibility given in Chapter 2.\n9.2. Broadcast Procedures. The DOT and DOD will arrange for broadcast of all\nmarine tropical cyclone advisories immediately upon receipt. The latest tropical\ncyclone forecast will be transmitted according to the schedule and on the\nfrequencies given in Worldwide Marine Weather Broadcasts. The latest position\nestimate will be used by DOT and DOD along with the latest forecast for storms\non which postions estimates are being issued. The broadcasts will be made in\nboth voice and continuous wave (CW) mode.\nTable 9-1. Marine tropical cyclone forecast broadcast stations.\nSTATION CALL LETTERS\nAGENCY\nLOCATION\nNMW\nDOT\nAstoria, OR\nNMF\nDOT\nBoston, MA\nNMO\nDOT\nHonolulu, HI\nNMQ\nDOT\nChannel Island, CA\nNMA\nDOT\nMiami, FL\nNMG\nDOT\nNew Orleans, LA\nNAM\nDOD\nNorfolk, VA\nNMN\nDOT\nPortsmouth, VA\nNMC\nDOT\nSan Francisco, CA\nNMR\nDOT\nSan Juan, PR\n9-1","CHAPTER 10\nPUBLICITY\n10.1.\nNews Media Releases.\nNews media releases, other than warnings and\nadvisories, for the purpose of informing the public of the operational and\nresearch activities of the Departments of Commerce, Defense, and Transportation\nshould reflect the joint effort of these agencies by giving due credit to the\nparticipation of other agencies.\n10.2. Distribution. Copies of these releases should be forwarded to the\nfollowing agencies.\nNOAA Office of Public Affairs\n6010 Executive Boulevard\nRockville, MD 20852\nCommander, Naval Oceanography Command\nStennis Space Center, MS 39529\nHq Military Airlift Command (MAC/PA)\nScott AFB, IL 62225-5000\nHq Air Force Reserve (AFRES/PA)\nRobins AFB, GA 31093\nChief, Environmental Services Division (J-3)\nThe Joint Chiefs of Staff\nWashington, DC 20318-3000\nFederal Aviation Administration (AAT-150)\n800 Independence Avenue, SW\nWashington, DC 20591\nFederal Coordinator for Meteorological\nServices and Supporting Research\nSuite 300, 11426 Rockville Pike\nRockville, MD 20852\n10-1","APPENDIX A\nABBREVIATIONS\nAB\nData type header for Tropical Weather Outlook\nADWS Automated Digital Weather System\nAES\nAtmospheric Environmental Service (Canada)\nAFB\nAir Force Base\nAFGWC Air Force Global Weather Central\nAFOS Automation of Field Operations and Services\nAFRES Air Force Reserve\nAFS Air Force Station\nAFSATCOM Air Force Satellite Communications System\nAFTN Aeronautical Fixed Telecommuncations Network\nAPT Automatic Picture Transmission\nARGOS ARGOS, Inc., , a French data collection system\nARTCC Air Route Traffic Control Center\nARWO Aerial Reconnaissance Weather Officer\nASDL Aircraft-to-Satellite Data Link\nASID Air-Sea Interaction Drifter\nATC Air Traffic Control\nAUTOVON Automated Voice Network (DOD)\nAV AUTOVON\nAVHRR Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer\nAWS\nAir Weather Service\n-C-\nCARCAH Chief, Aerial Reconnaissance Coordination,\nAll Hurricanes (OL-G, 7WW)\nCDDF Central Data Distribution Facility (NESDIS)\nC.I. Current Intensity\nC-MAN Coastal-Marine Automated Network\nCOM\nCommercial (telephone)\nCONUS Continental United States\nCOMEDS CONUS Meteorological Data System (USAF)\nCPHC Central Pacific Hurricane Center\nCW\nContinuous Wave\n°C\ndegree/degrees Celsius\n-D-\nDA\nDaylight Ascending\nDAF\nDepartment of the Air Force\nDCS\nData Collection System\ndeg\ndegree (latitude or longitude)\nDet\nDetachment\nDMSP\nDefense Meteorological Satellite Program\nDOC\nDepartment of Commerce\nDOD\nDepartment of Defense\nDOT\nDepartment of Transportation\nA-1","DPTD\ndeparted\nDRIBU\nDrifting Buoy Code\nDROP\nDropsonde/dropwindsonde\nDTG\nDate/Time Group\n-E-\nEDT\nEastern Daylight Time\nETA\nEstimated Time of Arrival\nETD\nEstimated Time of Departure\n-F-\nFAA\nFederal Aviation Administration\nFACSFAC\nFleet Aerial Control and Surveillance Facility\nFCM\nFederal Coordinator for Meteorological\nServices and Supporting Research\nFCMSSR\nFederal Committee for Meteorological\nServices and Supporting Research\nFCST\nforecast\nFCSTR\nforecaster\nFL\nFlight Level\nFLT LVL\nFlight Level\nFMH\nFederal Meterological Handbook\nft\nfoot/feet\nFTS\nFederal Telephone System\n-G-\nGAC\nGlobal Area Coverage\nGOES\nGeostationary Operational Environmental\nSatellite\nGMS\nGeostationary Meteorological Satellite\nGTS\nGlobal Telecommunications System\n-H-\nHA\nHigh Accuracy\nHD\nHigh Density\nHF\nHigh Frequency\nhPa\nhectopascal/hectopascals\nh\nhour/hours\nHNL\nHonolulu (CPHC)\nHRPT\nHigh Resolution Picture Transmission\n-I-\n-\nICAO\nInternational Civil Aviation Organization\nICMSSR\nInterdepartmental Committee for Meteorological\nServices and Supporting Research\nID\nidentification\nIFR\nInstrument Flight Rules\nA-2","INIT\ninitials\nIR\nInfrared\nIWRS\nImproved Weather Reconnaissance System\n-J-\nJTWC\nJoint Typhoon Warning Center\n-K-\nkm\nkilometer/kilometers\nKBIX\nICAO identifier for Keesler AFB, MS\nKMHR\nICAO identifier for Mather AFB, CA (Mather Mon#\nKMIA\nICAO identifier for Miami, FL (NHC)\nKMKC\nICAO identifier for Kansas City, MO WSFO\nKNEW\nICAO identifier for New Orleans, LA WSFO\nKSFO\nICAO identifier for San Francisco, CA\nkt\nknot/knots\nKWAL\nICAO identifier for Wallops Island, VA\n-L-\nLAC\nLocal Area Coverage\nLF\nLight Fine (satellite data terminology)\nLI\nLong Island\nLS\nLight Smooth (satellite data terminology)\n-M-\nmeter/meters\nm\nMAC\nMilitary Airlift Command (USAF)\nMACR\nMAC Regulation\nMANOP\ncommunications header\nMAX\nmaximum\nMB\nmillibars\nMETEOSAT\nEuropean Space Agency meteorological satellite\nmin/MIN\nminute\nMINOB\nMinute Observation (IWRS)\nMOU\nMemorandum of Understanding\nmph\nmile/miles per hour\nMVMT\nmovement\n-N-\nNASA\nNational Space and Aeronautics\nAdministration\nNAVEASTOCEANCEN\nNaval Eastern Oceanography Center\nNAVOCEANCOM\nNaval Oceanography Command\nNAVOCEANCOMDET\nNaval Oceanography Command Detachment\nNAVOCEANCOMFAC\nNaval Oceanography Command Facility\nNAVWESTOCEANCEN\nNaval Western Oceanography Center\nNDBC\nNational Data Buoy Center\nA-3","NESDISNational Environmental Satellite, Data,\nand Information Service\nNHC\nNational Hurricane Center\nNHOP National Hurricane Operations Plan\nNLT Not Later Than\nNMC National Meterological Center\nnmi nautical mile/miles\nNOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration\nNORAD North American Aerospace Defense Command\nNSSFC National Severe Storms Forecast Center\nNSTL National Space Technology Laboratories (NASA)\nNWS National Weather Service\n-0-\nOAC\nOceanic Aircraft Coordinator (USN)\nOAO\nOffice of Aircraft Operations (NOAA)\nOBS\nobservation\nOFCM Office of the Federal Coordinator for\nMeterological Services and Supporting Research\nOL-G\nOperating Location G, 7th Weather Wing (CARCAH)\n-P-\nPA\nPublic Affairs\nPANC ICAO identifier for Anchorage, AK\nPCN\nPosition Code Number\nPHNL ICAO identifier for Honolulu, HI\nPOD Plan of the Day\n-R-\nRECCO Reconnaissance Code\nRECON reconnaissance\nREQT requested\nROCC Regional Operational Control Center\nRTIR\nReal-Time Infrared\n-S-\nSAB\nSynoptic Analysis Branch\nSFC\nsurface\nSFDF\nSatellite Field Distribution Facility\nSLP\nSea Level Pressure\nSSH\nMission Sensor Infrared Temperature\nSounder (DMSP)\nSSIR\nMission Sensor Infrared\nSSM/I Mission Sensor Microwave Imager\nSSM/T Mission Senson Microwave Temperature Sounder\nSST\nSea Surface Temperature\nA-4","-T-\n-\nTCD\nTropical Cylone Discussion\nTCPOD\nTropical Cyclone Plan of the Day\nTD\nTropical Depression\nTEMP temperature\nTEMP\ntemporary\nTEMP DROP Dropwindsonde Code\nTF\nThermal Fine\nTKO takeoff\nT-number Tropical classification number\nTOVS\nTIROS-N Operational Vertical Sounder\nTS\nThermal Smooth\nTWO\nTropical Weather Outlook\n- -U-\nUHF\nUltra High Frequency\nUS/U.S.\nUnited States\nUSAF\nUnited States Air Force\nUSCG\nUnited States Coast Guard\nUSN\nUnited States Navy\nUTC\nUniversal Coordinated Time\n-V-\nVAS\nVISSR Atmospheric Sounder\nVDUC VAS Data Utilization Center\nVIS Visible\nVISSR Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer\nVTPR\nVertical Temperature Profile Radiometer\n-W-\nWEFAX\nWeather Facsimile\nWMO\nWorld Meteorological Organization\nWND\nwind\nWO\nData type header for special tropical\ndisturbance statements\nWRS\nWeather Reconnaissance Squadron\nWS\n(National) Weather Service\nWS\nWeather Squadron\nWSD\nWind Speed and Direction (data bouy)\nWSFO\nWeather Service Forecast Office\nWSR\nWeather Surveillance Radar\nWT\nData type header for hurricane bulletins\nWW\nWeather Wing (USAF)\nData type header for subtropical storm bulletia\nWW\n-X-\nXMTD\ntransmitted\n-Z-\nZ\nZulu (UTC)\nA-5","APPENDIX B\nGLOSSARY\nAgency. Any Federal agency or organization participating in the tropical cyclone\nwarning service.\nCenter Fix. The location of the center of a tropical or subtropical cyclone\nobtained by means other than reconnaissance aircraft penetration. See also\nVortex Fix.\nCyclone. An atmospheric closed circulation rotating counter-clockwise in the\nNorthern Hemisphere.\nEye. The relatively calm center of the tropical cyclone that is more than one\nhalf surrounded by wall cloud.\nEye Wall. An organized band of cumuliform clouds immediately surrounding the\ncenter of a tropical cyclone. Eye wall and wall cloud are used synonymously.\nHigh Density/High Accuracy (HD/HA) Data. Those data provided by automated\nairborne systems--WP- or WC-130s equipped with the Improved Weather\nReconnaissance System.\nHurricane/Typhoon. A warm-core tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained\nsurface wind speed (1-min mean) is 64 kt (74 mph) or more.\nHurricane Season. The portion of the year having a relatively high incidence\nof hurricanes. The seasons for the specific areas are as follows:\nAtlantic, Caribbean,\nand Gulf of Mexico\nJune 1 to November 30\nEastern Pacific\nMay 15 To November 30\nCentral Pacific\nJune 1 to November 30\nHurricane Warning Offices. The designated hurricane warning offices follow:\nNational Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida\nCentral Pacific Hurricane Center, Honolulu, HI\nHurricane Warning. A warning that sustained winds of 64 kt (74 mph) or higher\nassociated with a hurricane are expected in a specified coastal area in 24 hr\nor less. A hurricane warning can remain in effect when dangerously high water\nor a combination of dangerously high water and exceptionally high waves\ncontinue, even though winds may be less than hurricane force.\nHurricane Watch. An announcement for specific coastal areas that a hurricane\nor an incipient hurricane condition poses a possible threat, generally within\n36 hr.\nB-1","Miles. The term \"miles\" used in this plan refers to nautical\nmiles (nmi) unless otherwise indicated.\nMission Identifier. The nomenclature assigned to tropical and subtropical\ncyclone aircraft reconnaissance missions for weather data identification. Its\nan agency-aircraft indicator followed by a Chief, Aerial Reconnaissance\nCoordination, All Hurricanes (CARCAH) assigned mission-system indicator.\nPresent Movement. The best estimate of the movement of the center of a tropical\ncyclone at a given time and at a given position. This estimate does not\nreflect the short-period, small-scale oscillations of the cyclone center.\nReconnaissance Aircraft Sorties. A flight that meets the requirements of the\ntropical cyclone plan of the day.\nRelocated. A term used in an advisory to indicate that a vector drawn from the\npreceding advisory position to the latest known position is not necessarily\na reasonable representation of the cyclone's movement.\nStorm Surge. An abnormal rise in sea level accompanying a hurricane or other\nintense storm, and whose height is the difference between the observed level\nof the sea surface and the level that would have occurred in the absence of\nthe cyclone. Storm surge is usually estimated by subtracting the normal or\nastronomic tide from the observed storm tide.\nStorm Tide. The actual level of sea water resulting from the astronomic tide\ncombined with the storm surge.\nSubtropical Cyclone. A low pressure system that develops over subtropical waters\nthat initially has a non-tropical circulation but in which some elements of\ntropical cyclone cloud structure are present.\nSubtropical Depression. A subtropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained\nsurface wind speed (1-min mean) is 33 kt (38 mph) or less.\nSubtropical Storm. A subtropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface\nwind speed (1-min mean) is 34 kt (39 mph) or greater.\nSynoptic Track. Weather reconnaissance mission flown to provide vital\nmeteorological information in data sparce ocean areas as a supplement to\nexisting surface, radar, and satellite data. Synoptic flights better define\nthe upper atmosphere and aid in the prediction of tropical cyclone development\nand movement.\nTropical Cyclone. A warm-core, nonfrontal low pressure system of synoptic scale\nthat develops over tropical or subtropical waters and has a definite organized\nsurface circulation.\nTropical Cyclone Plan of the Day. A coordinated mission plan that tasks\noperational weather reconnaissance requirements during the next 0500 to 0500\nUTC day or as required, describes reconnaissance flights committed to satisfy\nB-2","both operational and research requirements, and identifies possible\nreconnaissance requirements for the succeeding 24-hr period.\nTropical Depression. A tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface\nwind speed (1-min mean) is 33 kt (38 mph) or less.\nTropical Disturbance. A discrete tropical weather system of apparently organized\nconvection--generally 100 to 300 mi in diameter--originating in the tropics\nor subtropics, having a nonfrontal migratory character, and maintaining its\nidentity for 24 hr or more. It may or may not be associated with a detectable\nperturbation of the wind field.\nTropical Storm. A tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind\nspeed (1-min mean) ranges from 34 kt (39 mph) to 63 kt (73 mph).\nTropical Storm Warning. A warning for tropical storm conditions including\nsustained winds within the range of 39 to 73 mph (34 to 63 kt) that are\nexpected in a specified coastal area within 24 hr or less.\nTropical Storm Watch. An announcement that a tropical storm poses or tropical\nstorm conditions pose a threat to coastal areas generally within 36 hr. A\ntropical storm watch should normally not be issued if the system is forecast\nto attain hurricane strength.\nTropical Wave. A trough or cyclonic curvature maximum in the trade-wind\neasterlies. The wave may reach maximum amplitude in the lower middle\ntroposphere or may be the reflection of an upper tropospheric cold low or\nequatorial extension of a middle latitude trough.\nTropical Weather System. A designation for one of a series of tropical weather\nanomalies. As such, it is the basic generic designation, which in successive\nstages of intensification, may be classified as a tropical disturbance, wave,\ndepression, storm, or hurricane.\nTyphoon/Hurricane. A warm-core tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained\nsurface wind speed (1-min mean) is 64 kt (74 mph) or more.\nVortex Fix. The location of the surface and/or flight level center of a tropical\nor subtropical cyclone obtained by reconnaissance aircraft penetration. See\nCenter Fix, also.\nWall Cloud. An organized band of cumuliform clouds immediately surrounding the\ncenter of a tropical cyclone. Wall cloud and eye wall are used synonymously\nB-3","APPENDIX C\nBIBLIOGRAPHY OF OFFICIAL INTERAGENCY AGREEMENTS\nThe following references are pertinent to the agreed interagency responsibilities\ndesignated in this plan:\nMemorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the Department of the Air Force\n(DAF) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),\ndated March 16, 1976. The purpose of this MOU is to establish policies,\nprinciples, and procedures under which the DAF will provide aircraft\nweather reconnaissance to NOAA.\nMemorandum of Understanding between the Military Airlift Command (MAC) and\nthe Director of Operations, Logistics and Emergency Planning (NOAA), dated\nOctober 12, 1976. The purpose of this MOU is to establish procedures by\nwhich NOAA will reimburse MAC and the Air Force Reserve for airborne\nweather reconnaissance.\nC-1","APPENDIX D\nDISTRIBUTION\nDEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE\nRegional Office of Audits\n1\nDOC Budget Office\n1\nNATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION\nAsst Administrator for Satellite and\nInformation Services (E)\n2\nAsst Administrator for Ocean Svcs and Coastal Zone\n1\nManagement\nDirector, Office of Public Affairs, NOAA (PA)\n2\nAsst Administrator for Weather (W)\n1\nDirector, Office of Meteorology (W/OM)\n1\nChief, International Activities Division (W/OM3)\n1\nChief, Warning and Forecast Branch (W/OM11)\n20\nDirector, AOML Hurricane Research Division (R/E/AO)\n5\nChief, Aviation Services Branch (W/OM13)\n1\nChief, Services Development Branch (W/OM23)\n1\nDirector, Office of Hydrology (W/OH)\n1\nDirector, National Climate Program (CP)\n1\nDirector, Office of Climate\nand Atmospheric Research (R/CAR)\n1\nDirector, Office of NOAA Corps (NC)\n1\nDirector, Program Development\nand Coordination Staff (R/PDC)\n1\nNOAA Library (E/A122)\n4\nDirector, National Meteorological Center (W/NMC)\n5\nChief, Meteorological Operations Division (W/NMC3)\n2\nChief, Development Division, NMC (W/NMC2)\n1\nChief, Satellite Services Division (E/SP2)\n1\nWFSO, Washington, DC\n5\nDirector, National Data Bouy Center\n23\nDirector, National Hurricane Center\n20\nDirector, NWS Eastern Region\n0\nDirector, NWS Central Region\n16\nDirector, NWS Southern Region\n50\nDirector, NWS Western Region\n15\nDirector, NWS Pacific Region\n15\nChief, Library Div MASC (MC5)\n2\nWFSO, Boston, MA\n5\nWFSO, San Jaun, PR\n5\nWFSO, Redwood City, CA\n5\nWFS0, New Orleans, LA\n5\nD-1","WFSO, Miami, FL\n1\nAdmin Office, Office of Aircraft Operations\n20\nDirector, Environmental Research Laboratories (R/E)\n4\nChief, Information Services Division, National\nClimatic Data Center (E/CC4)\n2\nNOAA Budget Officer, Office of Management and Budget\n1\nDEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE\nDEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE\nHQ USAF/XOORF\n2\nHQ USAF/XOOR\n1\nHQ USAF/PRPFM\n1\nHQ USAF/REO\n3\nHQ MAC/XPPT/XPQS/DOOS\n3\nHQ AFRES/DOOM\n3\nHQ 4AF/D00\n2\nHQ 23 AF/DO/DOC/DOO\n2\nHQ 41 RWRW/DOO ARS/D00\n2\n53 WRS/DO\n2\nHQ 403 TAW/DO\n2\n815 TAS/DO\n2\n815 WOF/DOW\n20\nHQ AWS/CSE\n70\nOL-G, - 7WW/CARCAH\n20\nDet 1, 7WW/CC\n30\n3350 TCHTG/TTMU\n1\nGL (AFSC)/LY\n1\nDEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY\nHQ Department of the Army/DAMI POI\n2\nDEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY\nCommandant of the Marine Corps (DCS/Aviation)\n7\nOceanographer of the Navy\n2\nCommander, Naval Oceanography Command\n100\nCommander in Chief (02M) U.S. Pacific Fleet\n1\nCommanding Officer, NAVOCEANCOMCEN/JTWC Guam\n3\nCommanding Officer, NAVOCENCOMFAC, San Diego\n1\nUSCINCPAC (J37)\n1\nCOMTHIRDFLT\n1\nCINCLANTFLT/OAC\n1\nCommander, Naval Air Systems Command\n2\nCOMFITMATAEWWINGLANT, NAS OCEANA, VA\n1\nCommanding Officer, NAVEASTOCEANCEN\n5\nCommanding Officer, NAVOCEANCOMFAC, Jacksonville, FL\n2\nCommanding Officer, NAVWESTOCEANCEN, Pearl Harbor, HI\n6\nOfficer in Charge, NAVOCEANCOMDET, Barbers Pt, HI\n1\nOfficer in Charge, NAVOCEANCOMDET, FPO Miami, FL\n1\nD-2","Commanding Officer, NAVOCEANCOMFAC, FPO New York, NY\n1\nOFFICE OF THE JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF\nThe Joint Staff (J-3(ESO))\nOICS/J3/ESD\nDEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION\nFEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION\nAir Traffic Operations Service ATO-1 (ATO 100)\n40\n40\nAir Traffic Requirements Service ATR-1\n3\nFAA-AIA 101\n3\nFAA AMC 100 AOP-4\n2\nMiami AIFSS (QAS)\n5\nFAA ATO 120, NWS\nEach FAA Air Route Traffic Control Centers\n3\n(TMO/NWS/MLS)\nU.S. COAST GUARD\n3\nCommandant, USCG Headquarters (G-010)\n1\nCommandant, USCG (FLAGPLOT)\n2\nCommander, Atlantic Area, USCG\n1\nCommander, First Coast Guard District\nCommander, (OPC) Third Coast Guard District\n2\nCommander, Fifth Coast Guard District\n2\nCommander, (RE) Seventh Coast Guard District\n3\nCommander, Eighth Coast Guard District\n3\n1\nCommanding Officer, Otis AFB, MA\nCommanding Officer, USCG Air Station, Clearwater, FL\n1\nCommanding Officer, USCG Air Station, Opa Locka , FL\n1\nCommanding Officer, USCG Air Station, Corpus Christi, TX\n1\nCommanding Officer, USCG Air Station, Floyd Bennett\n1\nField, Brooklyn, NY\nCommanding Officer, USCG Air Station, New Orleans, LA\n1\nCommanding Officer, USCG Air Station, Elizabeth City, NJ\n1\n2\nCommander, Pacific Area, USCG\nCommander, Eleventh Coast Guard District\n1\nCommander, Twelfth Coast Ruard District\n1\n2\nCommander, Fourteeth Coast Guard District\nCommanding Officer, USCG Air Station, McClellan AFB, CA\n1\nCommanding Officer, USCG Air Station, Barbers Point, HI\n1\nCommanding Officer, USCG Air Station, Kodiak, AK\n1\nCommanding Officer, USCG Reserve Training Center\n1\nDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE\n1\nWorld Agriculture Outlook Board\nDEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR\n1\nChief, Science and Technology Staff\nD-3","DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR\nChief, Science and Technology Staff\n1\nBureau of Reclamation, Office of Liaison\n1\nEngineering and Research\nDEPARTMENT OF STATE\nOffice of Advanced Technology\n1\nNATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION\nDirector, Meteorology Program\n1\nDirector, Atmospheric Sciences Division\n1\nNATIONAL SPACE AND AERONAUTICS ADMINISTRATION\nDirector, Atmospheric Sciences Division, MSFC\n1\nOTHER U.S.\nRoddenbery Memorial Library, Cairo, GA\n1\nCongressional Research Service, Library of Congress\n1\nCWP Project Office, JPL\n1\nUniversity of Chicago Library, The Joseph\n1\nRegenstein Library\nSouth Florida Water Management District\n1\nNatural Hazards Research and Applications Information\n1\nCenter, Institute of Behavioral Science\nDr. William Gray, Department of Atmospheric\n1\nSciences, Colorado State University\nMr. Jerry Hill, CCM\n1\nGOVERNMENT OF CANADA\nDirector, Canadian Meteorological Centre, (AES)\n1\nDownsview, ON\nMeteorological Operations Division, Canadian\n1\nMeteorological Centre, (AES), Dorval, QU\nOfficer in Charge, METOC Centre, Maritime Command\n1\nHeadquarters, Halifax, NS\nBase Meteorological Officer, CFB Greenwood, NS\n1\nBase Meteorological Officer, CFB Summerside, PEI\n1\nMaritime Weather Centre (AES), Bedford NS\n1\nUNITED KINGDOM\nAssistant Director, Head of Defence Services,\n1\nMeteorological Office\nD-4","APPENDIX E\nSAFFIR-SIMPSON HURRICANE SCALE**\nCATEGORY ONE HURRICANE WEAK\n: 75-95 mph (65-82 kt) at standard anemometer elevations.\nWinds\nDamage is primarily to shrubbery, trees, foliage, and\nF-scale is 1.0-1.4.\nunanchored mobile homes. No real damage occurs to building structures. Some\ndamage is done to poorly constructed signs.\nStorm Surge: Nominally is 4-5 ft (1.2-1.5 m) above normal. Low-lying\ncoastal roads are inundated, minor pier damage occurs, some small craft in\nexposed anchorages break moorings.\nCATEGORY TWO HURRICANE -- MODERATE\nWinds: 96-110 mph (83-95 kt) at standard anemometer elevations.\nF-scale is 1.5-1.9. Considerable damage is done to shrubbery and tree foliage,\nsome trees are blown down. Major structural damage occurs to exposed mobile\nhomes. Extensive damage occurs to poorly constructed signs. Some damage is done\nto roofing material, windows, and doors; no major damage occurs to building\nstructures.\nStorm Surge: Nominally is 6-8 ft (1.8-2.4 m) above normal. Coastal\nroads and low-lying escape routes inland are cut by rising water 2-4 hr before\narrival of center. Considerable pier damage occurs, marinas are flooded. Small\ncraft in unprotected anchorages break moorings. Evacuation of some shoreline\nresidences and low-lying island areas is required.\nCATEGORY THREE HURRICANE -- STRONG\nWinds: 111-130 mph (96-113 kt) at standard anemometer elevations.\nF-scale is 2.0-2.4. Damage occurs to shrubbery and trees: foliage is blown off\ntrees, large trees are blown down. Practically all poorly constructed signs are\nblown down, some roofing material damage occurs, some window and door damage\noccurs, and some structural damage occurs to small residences and utility\nThe Saffir-Simpson Hurricane (SSH) Scale does not apply to the Pacific\nIslands\nDefinition of a sustained wind (from Fujita and Simpson, 1972). A\nsustained wind is one that persists for the minimum time period to\nestablish optimal dynamic forces on a nominal building structure.\nT. Fujita, 1971: \"Proposed Characteristics of Tornadoes and Hurricanes\nby Area and Intensity,\" University of Chicago (SMRP) Research Paper No.\n91.\nE-1","buildings. Mobile homes are destroyed. There is a minor amount of curtainwall\nfailure.\nStorm Surge: Nominally is 9-12 ft (2.7-3.7 m) above normal. Serious\nflooding occurs at the coast with many smaller structures near the coast\ndestroyed. Larger structures are damaged by battering of floating debris.\nLow-lying escape routes inland are cut by rising water 3-5 hr before the center\narrives. Terrain continuously lower than 5 ft (1.5 above sea level may be\nflooded inland 8 mi (12.9 km) or more. Evacuation of low-lying residences within\nseveral blocks of the shoreline may be required.\nCATEGORY FOUR HURRICANE -- VERY STRONG\nWinds: 131-155 mph (114-135 kt) at standard anemometer elevations.\nF-scale is 2.5-2.9. Shrubs and trees are blown down, all signs are down.\nExtensive roofing material damage occurs, extensive window and door damage\noccurs, complete failure of roof structures occurs on many small residences, and\ncomplete destruction of mobile homes occurs. Some curtainwalls experience\nfailure.\nStorm Surge: Nominally is 13-18 ft (3.9-5.5 m) above normal. Terrain\ncontinuously lower than 10 ft (3 m) above sea level may be flooded inland as far\nas 6 mi (9.7 km). Major damage occurs to lower floors of structures near the\nshore due to flooding and battering action. Low-lying escape routes inland may\nbe cut by rising water 3-5 hr before the storm center arrives. Major erosion\nof beach areas occurs. Massive evacuation of all residences within 500 yds (457\nm) of the shoreline may be required and of single-story residences on low ground\nwithin 2 mi (3.2 km) of the shoreline.\nCATEGORY FIVE HURRICANE -- DEVASTATING\nWinds: Greater than 155 mph (135 kt) at standard anemometer elevation.\nF-scale is 3.0 or greater. Shrubs and trees are down, roofing damage is\nconsiderable, all signs are down. Very severe and extensive window and door\ndamage occurs. Complete failure of roof structures occurs on many residences\nand industrial buildings. Extensive glass failures occur, some complete\nbuildings fail, small buildings are overturned and blown over or away, and\ncomplete destruction of mobile homes occurs.\nStorm Surge: Height is nominally greater than 18 ft (5.5 m) above\nnormal. Major damage occurs to lower floors of all structures located less than\n15 ft (4.6 m) above sea level and within 500 yd (457 m) of the shoreline.\nLow-lying escape routes inland are cut by rising water 3-5 hr before the storm\ncenter arrives.\nMassive evacuations of residential areas situated on low ground within 5-10 mi\n(8-16 km) of the shoreline may be required.\nE-2","APPENDIX F\nPHONETIC PRONUNCIATION LISTING\nCARIBBEAN BASIN\nAB-a-ko\nAbaco\nang-GWIL-a\nAnguilla\nan-TEE-gua\nAntigua\nah-ROO-ba\nAruba\nan-TIL-leez\nAntilles\nuh-ZOHRZ\nAzores\nba-HAHM-ahs\nBahamas\nbar-B00-dah\nBarbuda\nbahr-rahn-KEE-yah\nBarranquilla\nba-ra-HO-na\nBarahona\nbahs-TER\nBasse-Terre\nber-MYOO-da\nBermuda\nbi-LUX-ee\nBiloxi\nBIM-i-ni\nBimini\nba-NAIR\nBonaire\nkahp ah-ee-SYAN\nCap Haitien\nkah-RAH-kahs\nCaracas\nkar-a-BE-an\nCaribbean\nKAS-trees\nCastries\nkay-MAHN\nCayman\nSHAR-lot a-MAHL-ye\nCharlotte Amalie\nkoh-soo-MEL\nCozumel\nkoor-a-SOH\nCuracao\ndom-i-NEE-ka\nDominica\nel-00-thera\nEleuthera\nek-soo-ma\nExuma\nFLO-rish\nFlores\nfor-de-FRAHNS\nFort de France\ngre-NAY-dah\nGrenada\nGWAH-deh-loop\nGuadaloupe\ngwaht-eh-MAH-1a\nGuatemala\nLEE-ward\nLeeward\nmar-a-KYE-boh\nMaracaibo\nMah-rah-KYE\nMaracay\nma-ree-GOH\nMarigot\nMAY-re-thah\nMerida\nmye-AM-ee\nMiami\nmon-TEE-go\nMontego\nmont-se-RAT\nMontserrat\nnik-a-RAH-gwah\nNicaragua\nOH-cho REE-os\nOcho Rios\no-RAHN-yuh-stat\nOranjestad\npar-a-MAR-i-boh\nParamaribo\npar-GWER-a\nParguera\nF-1","Pointe-a-Pitre\npwan - -ta-PEE-tr -\nPonce\nPON-sa\nPort-au-Prince\nport-oh-PRINS\nSaba\nSAH-ba\nSao Miguel (Azores)\nsoun ME-gel\nSt. Croix\nSAINT croy\nSt. Lucia\nSAINT L00-she-a\nSoufriere\nsoo-free-AR\nSurinam\nSOOR-i-nam\nTampico\ntam-PEE-ko\nTela\nTAY-lah\nTobago\nto-BAY-go\nYucatan\nyoo-ka-TAN\nF-2","APPENDIX G\nRECCO, MINOB, AND TEMP DROP CODES, TABLES\nAND REGULATIONS\nG-1","R\nE\nM\nA\nR\nK\nS\nINDICATOR\nVISION\nINFLIGHT\nTEMPERA\nDEGREES\nTable 23\nSURFACE\nTURE\nSEA\nAND\n24\n9\nv\nT\nT\nT\nCALL SIGN\nALTITUDE\nALTITUDE\nECHO WIDTH\nINDICATOR\nLENGTH OF\nTable 11\nTable 13\nCLOUD\nTable is\nINTENSITY\nOR DIAM\nTYPE\nTable 19\nMAJ AKIS\nCHARACT.\nTable \"\nOF ECHO\nTable 19\nTodo 22\nBASE\nER OF\nTOP\nOF\nOF\n\"CHO\n12\n23\nc\n.\nto\nh\nH\nH\na\n1\ne\nE\nALTITUDE\nALTITUDE\nINDICATOR\nTable 11\nTable 13\nTable 13\nBEARING\nDog. True)\nDISTANCE\nCLOUD\nTO ECHO\nCENTER\n(Tena of\nTable \"\nTable 20\nORIENTA\nTION OF\nELLIPSE\nTYPE\nECHO\nBASE\nTOP\nOF\nOF\nOF\n11\n22\nCEN\nTYPE AIRCRAFT\na\n.\nc\n,\nto\nh\nH\n8\no.\nd.\ns,\nd\nALTITUDE\nALTITUDE\nTow. \"\nTobo 12\nTable 12\nINDICATOR\nCLOUD\nALTITUDE\nOF TOP OF\nTYPE\nBASE OF\nSTRATUM\nSTRATUM\nALT OF\n(Note 12)\nBASE\nTable 11\n(Note 12)\nTable 12\nTOP\nOF\nICINO\nOF\nICING\n10\n21\nC\n\"s\nRECCO RECORDING FORM\nH1\nH.\nh\nINDICATOR ,\nmg\nhi\nS NINE OF 1C H1\nH1\nINDICATOR\nCLOUDS\nLAYERS\nAMOUNT\n(Note )\nTable 10\nTO BEGIN.\nINC Teblels\nCLOUD\nNR OF\nRATE OF\nTable 17\nOTSYANCE\nDISTANCE\nTO ENDING\nTYPE OF\nTable .0\nOF ICING\nTable 15\nOF\nICINE\nICING\n,\n20\n1\nN\nN\n,\nI,\n1,\nS.\nINDICATOR\nOF OCCUR.\nINDICATOR\nWe Table 15\nPOTENTIAL\nD-VALUE\nDISTANCE\nRENCE OF\n(Note 11)\nWEATHER\nINDEXTO\nBLP PER\nSIGNIFIC-\nANT WEA\nCHANGES\nTable 14\nDISTANT\nBEARING\nTable 16\nTable \"\nOF wd\nINDEX J\nGEO.\nHEIGH\nHote \")\nHHM\nTable\nOR\n19\n8\n/\nd\n.\nw.\n,\nH\nH\nH\nw\nd\nINDICATOR\nOF OCCUR\nDISTANCE\nRENCE OF\nwe Table):\nWHOLE °c\nSIGNIFIC-\nCHANGES\nWHOLE c\nANT WEA\nWEATHER\n(Note 11)\nTable on\nDISTANT\nTable 16\nBEARING\nTable \"\nERATURE\nPRESENT\nWEATHER\nTEMP.\n( Note \")\nTable \")\nOF \"d\n(Note 6)\nPOINT\n(Note ,\nDEW\n18\n7\nMISSION IDENTIFIER\nws\n.\n3.\nT\nT\nd\nTJ\nT\nSFC WIND\ndeg. true)\n(Tone of\nBURFACE\nTION OF\nDIRECTION\nDIREC\nAT FLIGHT\n(Note10)\ndog. true.)\nINDIC\nSPEED\n(knots)\nTOR\nWIND\n(Tone of\nLEVEL\nSPEED\nFLIGHT\nLEVEL\n(Knole)\nWHO\nWIND\nAT\n17\n6\n4\nMETEOROLOGIST\n.\nd\n.\n.\nd\nALTITUDE\n,\nALTITUDE\nTable \"\nTable 12\nTable 12\nCLOUD\nDECAMETER\nTYPE\nMETHOD OF\nTAINING\nBASE\nTOP\nPRESSURE\nREPORTED\nALTITUDE\nAIRCRAFT\nOF\nOF\nNEAREST\nTYPE OF\nTO THE\nTable .\nTable 7\n16\nWIND\nMIND\nOF\n5\n8\n.\n1\n+\nc\nH\nH\nALTITUDE\nALTITUDE\nTable 11\nTable 12\nd,\nde\nCLOUD\nTable 12\nTYPE\nBASK\nOF\nOF\nTOP\nDECREES\nBULENCE\nFLT COND\nLONGL\nTENTHS\n(Note 4)\nTable .\n(Note 5)\n15\nTUDE\nTable ,\nTUR-\nAND\n4\n.\nc\n+\nn\nH\nH\nORGANIZATION\nL.\nL.\n.\n.\nALTITUDE\nALTITUDE\n,\nTable 11\nTable 17\nCLOUD\nTable 12\nTYPE\nBASE\nLATITUDE\nTOP\nOF\nOF\nDEGREES\nDAY OF\nOCTANT\nTENTHS\nSUN-1\nWEEK\n14\nAND\nTable\n3\nT\nc\n+\nM\nh\nH\nINDICATION\nL.\nL.\nY\nTable 10\n.\n(Note )\nAMOUNT\nLAVERS\nCLOUDS\nNA OF\nCLOUD\n(Noteg)\nOBSERVA\nDKN POINT\n(Neuro and\nOF\nAftrustee)\nINDICA\n13\nfair. y\nTIME\nTION\n(ONT)\ntom\nOF\n2\nx.\nN.\n1\nN\nN\nId\ne\ne\n,\n.\nSPECIFYING\nINDICATOR\nOBSERVA-\nTYPE OF\nGROUP\nRECCO\nTable 1\nTION\n1\nREMARKS\nDATE\n,\nx\no\no\nN\nN\nU\nFigure\ncode\nrecording\n(AMS\nform\nForm","Table G-1. Reconnaissance code tables.\nTABLE\nXXX\nTABLE 1) C\nTABLE 6 d,\n0 Cirrus (Ci)\n222 Sec One Observation without radar\n0 Spot Wind\n1 Cirrocumulus (Cc)\ncapability\n1 Average Wind\n2 Cirrostratus (Cs)\n555 Sec Three (Intermediate) observation\n/ No wind reported\n3 Altocumulus (Ac)\nwith or without radar capability\n4 Altostratus (As)\n777 Sec One Observation with radar\nTABLE 7 d o\n5 Nimbostratus (Ns)\ncapability\n6 Stratocumulus (Sc)\n0 Winds obtained using doppler radar or\n7 Stratus (St)\nTABLE 2\ninertial systems\n8 Cumulus (Cu)\n1 Winds obtained using other navigation\n9 Cumulonimbus (Cb)\n0 No dew point capability/acft below\nequipment and/or techniques\n/ Cloud type unknown due\nNavigator unable to determine wind or\n10,000 meters\n/\nto darkness or other\n1 No dew point capability/acf at or above\nwind not compatible\nanalogous phenomena\n10,000 meters\n2 No dew point capability/acft below\nTABLE 8 w\n10,000 meters and flight lvl temp -50°c\nTABLE 12\n0 Clear\nor colder\n1 Scattered (trace to 4/8 cloud coverage)\n00 Less than 100\nNo dew point capability/acft at or above\n3\n2 Broken (5/8 to 7/8 cloud coverage)\n100 ft\n10,000 meters and flight lvl temp -50°C\n01\n02 200 fg\n3 Overcast/undercast\nor colder\n4 Fog, thick dust or haze\n03 300 ft\n4 Dew capability/acft below 10,000\n5 Drizzle\netc, etc\nmeters\n6 Rain (continous or intermitten: precip -\n49 4,900 ft\n5 Dew point capability/acft at or above\nfrom stratiform clouds)\n50 5,000 ft\n10,000 meters\n7 Snow or rain and snow mixed\n51_ 55 Not used\n6 Dew point capability/acft below 10,000\n8 Shower(s) (continous or intermittent\nmeters and flight lvl temp -50° C or\n56 6,000 ft\nprecip - from cumuliform clouds)\n57 7,000 ft\ncolder\n9 Thunderstorm(s)\n7 Dew point capability/ac of or above\netc, etc\n/ Unknown for any cause including dark -\n79 29,000ft\n10,000 meters and flight lvl temp -50°C\n80 30,000 ft\nor colder\nness\n81 35,000 ft\nTABLE 9\n82 40,000 ft\nTABLE 3 Q\netc, etc\n0 Sea level pressure in whole millibars\n0 0° -90° W\nNorthern\n89 Greater than 70,000 ft\n(thousands fig if any omitted)\n1 90° W - 180° W\nNorthern\n1 Altitude 200 mb surface in geopotential\n// Unknown\n2 180° - 90 E\nNorthern\ndecometers\nTABLE 13 d\n3 90° - 0° E\nNorthern\n(thousands lig if any omitted)\n2 Altitude 850 mb surface in geopotential\n4 Not Used\nmeters (thousands fig omitted)\n0 No report\n5 0° - 90° W\nSouthern\n3 Altitude 700 mb surface in geopotential\n1 NE\n7 NW\n6 90°-180° W\nSouthern\nmeters (thousands fig omitted)\n2 E\n8 N\n7 180° - 90° E\n4 Altitude 500 mb surface in geopotential\nSouthern\n3 SE\n9 all directions\n8 90° 0° E\n4 S\nSouthern\ndecameters\n5 Altitude 400 mb surface in geopotential\n5 SW\ndecametets\n6 H\nTABLE 4 B\n6 Altitude 300 mb surface in geopotential\nTABLE 14 Ws\n0 None\ndecameters\n7 Altitude 250 mb surface in geopotential\n1 Light turbulence\n2 Moderate turbulence in clear air, infre-\ndecameters (thousands lie if any omitted)\n0 No change\nD - Value in geopotential decameters;\nquent\n8\n1 Marked wind shift\n3 Moderate turbulence in clear air, frequent\nif negative 500 is added to HHH\n2 Beginning or ending of marked\n9 No absolute altitude available or geopo-\n4 Moderate turbulence in cloud, infrequent\nturbulence\ntential data not within 30 meters/4 mb\n5 Moderate turbulence in cloud, frequent\n3 Marked temperature change (not with\n6 Severe turbulence in clear air, infrequent\naccuracy requirements.\naltitude)\n7 Severe turbulence in clear air, frequent\n4 Precipitation begins or ends\nTABLE 10 N\n8 Severe turbulence in cloud, infrequent\n5 Change in cloud forms\ns\n9 Severe turbulence in cloud frequent\n6 Fog or ice fog bank begins or ends\n0 No additional cloud layers (place holder)\n7 Warm front\ni 1 okto or less, but not zero\nTABLE f\n8 Cold front\n(1/8 or less sky covered)\n9 Front, type not specified\n2 2 oktas (or 2/8 of sky covered)\n0 In the clear\n3 3 oktas (or 3/8 sky covered)\nTABLE 15 SbSeSs\n4 4 oktas (or 4/8 of sky covered)\n8 In and out of clouds\n5 5 oktas (or 5/8 of sky covered)\n9 In clouds all the time (continous IMC)\n0 No report\n6 6 oktas (or 6/8 of sky covered)\n/ Impossible to determine due to darkness\n1 Previous position\n7 7 oktas or more but not 8 oktas\n2 Present position\nor other cause\n8 8 oktas or sky completely covered\n3 30 nautical miles\n9 Sky obscured (place holder)\n4 60 nautical miles\n5 90 nautical miles\n6 120 nautical miles\n7 150 nautical miles\n8 180 nautical miles\n9 More than 180 noutical miles\n/ Unknown (not used for 5g)\nG-3","Table G-1. Reconnaissance code tables (continued).\nTABLE 16 \" d\nTABLE 23 V\n0 No report\n1 Inflight visibility 0 to and including 1 nautical mile\n1 Signs of o tropical cyclone\n2 Inflight visibility greater than 1 and not exceeding 3 nautical miles\n2 Ugly threatening sky\n3 Inflight visibility greater than 3 nautical miles\n3 Duststorm or sandstorm\n4 Fog or ice fog\n5 Waterspout\n6 Cirrostratus shield or bank\n7 Altostratus or altocumulus shield or\nbank\n8 Line of hedvy cumulus\n9 Cumulonimbus heads or thunderstorms\nTABLE 17 1,\nRECCO SYMBOLIC FORM\nSECTION ONE (MANDATORY)\n7 Light\nQLCLOLO LoLoLoBf\n9XXX9 GGggi\n8 Moderate\n9 Severe\nddfff TTTdTdw /jHHH\n/ Unknown or contrails\nSECTION TWO (ADDITIONAL)\nTABLE 18 1,\n1knNsNsNs ChghsH,H,\n4ddff\n0 None\n6Ws5sWddw 78,1,565. 7hihi HiH; 8drdrs,O.\n1 Rime ice in clouds\n8EwE1ceie 9ViTwTwTw\n2 Clear ice in clouds\n3 Combination rime and clear ice in clouds\n4 Rime ice in precipitation\nSECTION THREE (INTERMEDIATE)\n5 Clear ice in precipitation\n6 Combination rime and clear ice in precip\n9XXX9 GGggid YQLaLaLa LoLoLoBfc pahadida\n7 Frost (icing in clear air)\nddfff TTTdTdw /jHHH\n8 Nonpersistent contrails (less than 1/4\nnautical miles long)\n9 Persistent contrails\nTABLE 19 Sr E w, E 1\n0 ONM\n5 50NM\n1 10NM\n6 60-80NM\n2 20NM\n7 80-100NM\n3 30NM\n8 100-150NM\n4 40NM\n9 Greater than 150NM\n/ Unknown\nTABLE 20 O.\n0 Circular\n1 NNE SSW\n2 NE SW\n3 ENE - WSW\n4 E- W\n5 ESE - WNW\n6 SE NW\n7 SSE - NNW\n8 S N\n/ Unknown\nTABLE 21 C e\n1 Scattered Area\n2 Solid Area\n3 Scattered Line\n4 Solid Line\n5 Scattered, all quadrants\n6 Solid, all quadronts\n/ Unknown\nTABLE 22\ne\n2 Weak\n5 Moderate\n8 Strong\n/ Unknown\nG-4","Reconnaissance code regulations.\nTable G-2.\n1. At the time of the observation the aircraft\n8. When is reported as a 9, HHH is\nobserving platform is considered to be located\nencoded as 111.\non the axis of a right vertical cylinder with\na radius of 30 nautical miles bounded by the\n9. If the number of cloud layers reported\nearth's surface and the top of the atmosphere.\nexceeds 3, kn in the first 1-group reports\nPresent weather, cloud amount and type, tur-\nthe total number of cloud layers. The sec-\nbulence, and other subjective elements are\nand 1-group reports the additional number\nreported as occuring within the cylinder.\nof layers being reported exclusive of those\nFlight level winds, temperature, dew point,\npreviously reported. In those cases where\nand geopotential values are sensed or computed\na cloud layer(s) is discernible, but a descrip -\nand reported as occuring at the center of the\ntive cloud picture of the observation circle is\nobservation circle. Radar echoes, significant\nnot posible, use appropriate remarks such as\nweather changes, distant weather, and icing\n\"clouds blo\" or As blo\" to indicate the\nare phenomeno that may also be observed/\npresence of lcouds. In such cases, coded\nreported. Code groups identifying these\nentries are not made for group 9. The sequence\nphenomena may be reported as necessary to\nin which cloud amounts are encoded depends\nadequately describe met conditions observed.\nupon type of cloud, cloud base, and vertical\nextent of the cloud. The cloud with the\n2. The intermediate observation (Section Three)\nlargest numerical value of cloud type code (C)\nis reported following Section One (or Section\nis reported first, regardless of coverage, base,\nTwo if appended to Section One) in the order\nor vertical extent. Among clouds of the same\nthat it was taken.\ncloud type code sharing o common base, the\ncloud of greatest vertical extent is reported\n3. Plain language remarks may be added as\nfirst. The summation principle is not used;\nappropriate. These remarks follow the last\neach layer is treated as though no other\nencoded portion of the horizontal or vertical\nclouds were present. The total amount of\nobservation and will clearly convey the in-\nclouds through one altitude shared by several\ntended message. Vertical observations will\nclouds will not exceed 8 oktas. Only use\nnot include meteorological remarks. These\ncode figure 0 as a place holder when you\nremarks must begin with a letter or word-\ncan determine that no additional cloud\nE.G. \"FL TEMP\" vice \"700 MB FL TEMP\"\nlayers exist. In case of undercast, over-\nThe last report plain language remarks are\ncast, etc., use code figure 9 as o place-\nmandatory, i.e., \"LAST REPORT. OBS\nholder.\n01 thru 08 to RJTY, OBS 09 and 10 to RPMK\"\n10. Due to limitations in the ability to\n4. The hundreds digit of longitude is omit-\ndistinguish sea state features representative\nted for longitudes from 100° to 180°.\nof wind speeds above 130 knots, surface wind\nspeeds in excess of 130 knots will not be\nencoded. Wind speeds of 100 to 130 knots\n5. Describe conditions along the route of flight\ninclusive will be encoded by deleting the\nactually experienced at flight level by aircraft.\nhundreds figure and adding 50 to dd. For\nwind speeds above 130 knots, dd is reported\nwithout adding 50 and ff is encoded as //\n6. TT, TdTd. When encoding negative tempera\nwith a plain language remark added, I.E.,\ntures, 50 is added to the absolute value of the\n-sfc wind above 130 knots.\ntemperature with the hundreds figure, if any,\nbeing omitted. A temperature of -52°C is\n11. Significant weather changes which have\ngiven as 02, the distinction between -52°C\nand 2°C being made from id. Missing unknown\noccurred since the last observation along\ntemperatures are reported as 11. When the\nthe track are reported for Ws.\ndew point is colder than -49.4°C, Code TdTd\nas // and report the actual value as a plain\n12. When aircraft encounters icing in level\nlanguage remark - E.G. DEW POINT -52°C.\nflight, the height at which the icing\noccurred will be reported for hihi. The\nHiHi will be reported as 11.\n7. When two or more types of w co-exist, the\ntype with the higher code figure will be re-\nported Code Figure 1, 2 and 3 are reported\nbased on the total cloud amount through a\ngiven altitude, above or below the aircraft,\nand when other figures are inappropriate. The\nsummation principle applies only when two or\nmore cloud types share a given altitude.\nG-5","URNT50 KBIX 132240\nAF966\nWX\nMINOB 17 KBIX\n2220\n05278\n09031\n05512\n5072\n305\n038\n171\n323\n040\n05436\n00000\n00000\n2221\n05270\n09031\n05511\n5085\n310\n033\n169\n323\n038\n05422\n00000\n00000\n2222\n05263\n09027\n05511\n5080\n306\n035\n169\n333\n037\n05426\n00000\n00000\n2223\n05256\n09027\n05235\n0149\n309\n035\n147\n349\n038\n05379\n00000\n00000\n2224\n05249\n09020\n04670\n0620\n294\n019\n109\n389\n026\n05379\n00000\n00000\n2225\n05241\n09017\n04056\n5107\n228\n005\n091\n417\n009\n05379\n00000\n00000\n2226\n05228\n08997\n03526\n5107\n136\n005\n063\n425\n006\n05379\n00000\n00000\n2227\n05221\n08995\n02980\n5107\n119\n006\n021\n405\n007\n05379\n00000\n00000\n2228\n05215\n08993\n02438\n5021\n095\n012\n014\n327\n017\n02684\n00000\n00000\n2229\n05209\n08991\n02004\n5024\n084\n017\n032\n007\n018\n01998\n00000\n00000\n2230\n05203\n08990\n01524\n5076\n081\n011\n002\n000\n017\n01467\n00000\n00000\n2231\n05198\n08988\n01183\n5058\n029\n008\n029\n031\n009\n01144\n00000\n00000\n2232\n05193\n08986\n01060\n5056\n034\n010\n058\n021\n011\n01024\n00000\n10000\n2233\n05188\n08985\n01042\n5038\n027 011\n850\n188\n013\n01023\n00000\n10000\n2234\n05183\n08982\n00806\n5020\n035\n013\n850\n182\n014\n00800\n00000\n10000\n2235\n05179\n08980\n00721\n5024\n038 010\n850\n176\n012\n00710\n00000\n10000\n2236\n05174\n08978\n00518\n0014\n059\n010\n104\n006\n011\n00532\n00000\n00000\n2237\n05171\n08974\n00449\n0017\n059\n010\n005\n019\n011\n00466\n00000\n00000\n2238\n05167\n08971\n00449\n0015\n028\n008\n007\n019\n010\n00462\n00000\n00000\n2239\n05163\n08971\n00460\n0018\n028 006\n009\n019\n007\n00476\n00000\n00000\nFigure G-2. Sample MINOB Message.\nG-6","Table G-3. MINOB Message Format.\nHHMM Lalala th Lalal th PPPPP DDDD WWW SSS TTT ddd MMM RRRRR FFFFF FFFFF\nThe time of observation in hours and minutes (UTC).\nHHMM:\nLalalath: The latitude of the observation in degrees, tenths, and\nhundredths. The latitude ranges from 0°to 180°, with 00000\nsignifying the North Pole, 18000 the South Pole. For example,\n20.25N would be encoded as 06975.\nLololoth: The longitude of the observation in degrees, tenths, and\nhundredths. The longitude value ranges from 0°to 359.99° with\n00000 signifying the Greenwich Meridian, 09000 signifying\n90.00W, and 27000 signifying 90.00°E.\nThe pressure altitude in meters.\nPPPPP:\nThe absolute value of the D-value in meters (a 5 occupies the\nDDDD:\nthousands place if the D-value is negative. For example, -34m\nis encoded as 5034.\nThe wind direction in degrees, with 0 being true north,\nWWW:\nincreasing clockwise.\nThe wind speed in knots.\nSSS:\nThe air temperature in degrees and tenths Celsius. The tenths\nTTT:\ndigit is even for temperatures at or above 0°C, odd for\ntemperatures below 0°C.\nThe dew point temperature, encoded the same way as air\nddd:\ntemperature.\nThe maximum wind speed in knots measured during the minute.\nMMM:\nThis is the peak wind speed averaged over a 10-sec period.\nRadar altitude in meters\nRRRRR:\nDefault status for the MINOB data. A \"1\" indicates the\nFFFFF:\nparameter is defaulted (suspect value) or based on a parameter\nthat is defaulted. A \"0\" indicates the value is not defaulted.\nThe fields (five digits each) indicate default for (in order)\n:\nlatitude, longitude, pressure altitude, D-value, wind direction,\nwind speed, air temperature, dew point, maximum wind speed,\nradar altimeter.\nG-7","Table G-4. TEMP DROP code breakdown\nCODE FORM:\nPART A\nSECTION 1 MiMiMjMj YYGGId 99LgLaLe QcholoLoLo MMMUL&ULO\nSECTION 2 99POPOPO TOTOTaoDoDo dodofoloto\nP1P1b1b1b1 T1TIT21D1D1\ndidififili\nPnPnbnbnhn TnTnTanDnDn\ndodnininin\nSECTION 3 88PtPiPt\nTiTiTaiDiDt\ndidistitis\nor\n88999\nSECTION 4 77PmPmPm\ndmdmimimim\n(4Vbvbvava)\nor\n66PmPmPm\nor\n77999\nPART A\nSECTION 1- IDENTIFICATION AND POSITION\nMiMi Identification letters of the report = XX\nMjMj Identification letters of the part of the report = AA\nYY. Day of the month (GMT) = 01, 02 etc. When wind data are included\n(Dropwindsonde observation), 50 is added to YY.\nGG. Actual time of the observation, to the Dearest whole hour (GMT).\nId Highest level for which wind is available. 7=700mbs, =500mbs, etc. If flight level is above a standard surface, for\nexample 495, report a 5 for 500MBs in the Id group. When DO winds are reported in any part of the message encode as upo\n99- Indicator for aircraft position\nLaLaLe Latitude, in tenths of a degree.\nQc Quadrant of the globe. The earth is divided by the Greenwich Meridian and the Equator into quadrants. The code\nfigure reported depends on the latitude and longitude of the observation position. i.e. 7= NW, 1 = NE, 3=SW, 5=SE.\nLOLOLOLO Longitude, in tenths of a degree.\nMMM. Marsden square. The number of the Marsden Square for aircraft position at the time of the observation is reported\nfor MMM. Always report three digits for MMM. with zeros reported for the hundreds and tens digits when re\nquired. When an observation is within a depicted 10 degree square, report the number of that square. Wben on\nan even 10 degree latitude or longitude circle, the Marsden Square for MMM is obtained by moving in the direc\ntion of larger latitude and/or longitude.\nEXAMPLE: assuming a position of 18.1N, 131.4W, MMM is 050; assuming a position of 30.0N, 140.0E. MMM\nis 130. At the equator or on the prime meridian, report the Marsden square compatible with the Qc reported\nULs Units digit in the reported latitude\nULo Units digit in the reported longitude\nG-8","Table G-4. TEMP DROP code breakdown (continued) .\nSECTION 2. SURFACE AND STANDARD ISOBARIC SURFACES\n99 Indicator for surface\nPOPOPO Pressure in whole millibars, thousands digits omitted (POPOPO is always surface level)\nPIPI. Pressure of mandatory standard isobaric surfaces in units of tens\nof millibars. (1000mbs=00, 850mbs=85, 700mbs=70, etc.)\nPnPa\nb1bih1. Height of the mandatory pressure level in geopotential metars or\ndecametars above the surface. Encoded in meters up to 601mbs; Encoded\nbobahn in decameters above 501mbs. Add 500 to hbb for negative 1000mb beights. Report 1000mb groups as 00/11 IIIII\nwhen surface pressure is less than 950mba.\nToTo Tens and units digit of air temperature (Dot rounded off) in degrees\nTITI Celsius, at specified levels beginning with surface.\nTDTD\nTso Approximate tenths value and sign (plus or minus) of the air\nTsl temperature. Even - plus Odd - minus\nTan\nDoDo Dewpoint depression (with respect to water) at standard isobaric\nDIDI surfaces beginning with surface level When the depression is 4.9C or\nless encode the units and tenths digits of the depression. Escode\nD2DD depressions of 5.0 through 5.4 as so; Encode depressions of 5.5 through 5.9 as 56. Dewpoint depressions of 6.0\nand above are encoded in tens and units with 50 added. Dewpoint depressions for relative humidities less than\n20% are accoded as 80. When air temperature is below -40°C report D2DD as two solidu\ndodo True direction trounded off to Dearest 5 degress) in tens of degrees,\ndidi from which the wind is blowing. (Dropwindsonde)\ndodn\nfafofo Wind speed in knots (Dropwindsoode)\n11818\nfainfo\nNOTE: When flight level is just above a mandatory surface (Dropwindsonde) and, in the operator's best meteorological\njudgement, the winds are representative of the winds at the mandatory surface, then the operator may encode the mands.\ntory surface winds using the data from flight level. If the winds are not representative, then oocode IIIII.\nSPATION J. DATA FOR LEVELS\n88- Indicator for tropopause data\nPiPiPi. Pressure at the tropopause level reported in whole millibars\nT&T:- Air temperature in whole degrees Celsius, at the tropopause level\nTat Approximate tenths value and sign (plus or minus) of the air temperature at the tropopause level\nD2Dt Dewpoint depression at the tropopause level\ndidi. True direction (rounded off to the Dearest 5 degrees), in tens of degrees, from which the wind is blowing at the tropopause\nlevel\nhisis Wind speed, in knots, at the tropopause level\n88999 Tropopause data Dot available.\nG-9","Table G-4. TEMP DROP code breakdown (continued) .\nSECTION 4. MAXIMUM WIND DATA\n66 Indicator that data for maximum wind level and for vertical wind abear follow (the of the wind sounding correspoods\nto the highest wind speed observed throughout the decent)\n97. Indicator that data for maximum wind level and for vertical wind shear follow (maximum wind level does not coincide\nwith the of the wind sounding.\nPmPmPm Pressure at maximum wind level in whole millibars\ndmdm.True wind direction (rounded off to Dearest 5 degrees). in lens of degrees, from which the maximum wind is blowing.\nminio Maximum wind speed in koots\n4. Indicator for vertical wind sheer data\nV8V8 Absolute value of vector difference between max wind and wind blowing 3000 feet ABOVE the level of maximum\nwind Reported to the nearest knot Use \"II\" if missing and 4 group is reported. A vector difference of 89 kools\nor more is reported with the code figure 99.\nAbsolute value of vector difference between max wind and wind blowing 3000 feet BELOW the level of maximum\nwind. Reported to the Dearest knot Use \"I'\" if missing and 4 group is reported. A vector difference of 99 koots\nor more is reported with the code figure 99.\nCODE FORM:\nPART B\nSECTION 1 MiMiMjMj YYGG/ 99LLL Qcholololo MMMUL&ULO\nSECTION 5 TOTOT20DODO\nD1D1P1P1P1\nT1T1T21D1D1\nDn5nPnPnPm\nTgTnTanDaDn\nSECTION 6 21212\ndodofofofo\nB1D1P1P1P1\ndid1firh\nBnDnPnPnPa\ndadnininia\nSECTION 9\n51515\n10166\n10167\n10190\n10191\nPART B\nSECTION 1. II)E:NTIFICATION AND INSITION\nMjMj Identification letters of the part of the report = BB\nto Filler figure for YYGG group\nAll other groups are the same as reported in Part A-Section 1\nSECTION 3- DATA FOR SIGNIFICANT TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY\nLEVELS\nnono Number of level. starting with surface level. Only surface level will\nBIDI be numbered as \"00\". When a mandatory level is also selected as\nsee significant, repeat the level in section 5. Encode significant levels\nBann to indicate missing data as and HM.\nG-10","TEMP DROP code breakdown (continued) .\nTable G - 4 .\nPOPOPO Pressure at specified levels in whole millibars, beginning with\nPIPIPI surface.\nPnP3Pn\nTemperature and humidity dats groups are reported in the same manner as the temperature and humidity data in PART\nA- Section 2.\nSECTION & DATA FOR SIGNIFICANT WIND LEVELS\n21212. Data for significant levels with respect to wind follow. Wind data groups are reported in the same manner as the\nwind data in PART A-Section 2\nSECTION g ADDITIONAL DATA GROUPS\n51518- Additional data in regional code follow.\n10166- Geopotantial data are doubtful between the following levels, PnPD PDP n. This code figure is used only when go\nopotential data are doubtful from a level to termination of the descent.\nNOTE: When radar altimeter is inoperative and surface reference is used, or if the ARWO advises that geopoten\ntial platform data is doubtful, a 10166 is reported for the entire run.\n10167- Temperature Data are doubtful between the following levels: 0P1P1P2P2\nThis code figure shall be reported when only temperature dats are doubtful for a portion(s) of the descent. If the\n10167 group is reported a 10166 will also be reported\nEXAMPLE: Temperature is missing from 540mbs to 510mbs. SLP is 1020mbs. The code would be 10166 00251\n10167 05451.\n10190- Extrapolated altitude dats follows:\n(1) When the sounding begins within 25 mbs below a standard surface, the beight of the surface is reported in\nthe format 10190 PaPabababa The temperature group is not reported.\nEXAMPLE: Assume the release was made from 310 mbs and the 300 mb height was 966 decameters. The last\nreported standard level in Part A is the 400 mb level The data for the 300 mb level is reported in Part B as 10190\n30966.\n(2) When the sounding does Dot reach surface, but terminates within 25 mbs of a standard surface, the beight\nof the standard surface is reported in Part A of the code in standard format and in Part B of the code in\nthe format 10190 PaPahnhnha (aircraft reference).\nEXAMPLE: Assume termination occurred at 980 mbs and the extrapolated height of the 1000 mb level was 115\nmeters. The 1000 mb level would be reported in Part A of the code as 00115 IIIII and in Part B as 10190 00115.\n10191- Extrapolated surface pressure precades. Extrapolated surface pressure is only reported when the termination oc\ncurs be :ween 850 mbs and surface pressure is reported in Part A as 99POPOPO IIIII and Part B as 00POPOPO IIIII.\nWhen surface pressure is extrapolated, the 10191 group is the last additional data group reported in Part B.\nG-11","APPENDIX H\nTELEPHONE AND TELETYPE LISTING\nAGENCY\nLOCATION\nTTY\nTELEPHONE\nDEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE\nAlternate NHC\nWashington, DC\nA C COM 301-763-8201\n(NMC, Met Ops Div)\nFTS\n763-8201\nCPHC\nHonolulu, HI\nC\nCOM 808-836-1801\nFTS\n546-2853\nCPHC Satellite\nHonolulu, HI\nC\nCOM 808-836-2776\nCoordinator\nNDBC\nNSTL, MS\nCOM 601-688-2836\n(Data Systems Div)\nFTS\n494-2836\n(See USCG entry)\nAV\n485-4411\nNESDIS SAB\nCamp Springs, MD\nA C COM 301-763-8444\nFTS\n763-8444\nNHC\nCoral Gables, FL\nABC\nCOM 305-350-4460\nFTS\n350-4460\nNHC Satellite\nCoral Gables, FL\nABC\nCOM 305-350-4460\nCoordinator\nFTS\n350-4460\nNMC Meteorological\nWashington, DC\nA C\nCOM 301-763-8201\nOperations Division\nFTS\n763-8201\nNWS Warning and Forecast\nWashington, DC\nCOM 301-427-8090\nBranch (Headquarters)\nFTS\n427-8090\n0A0\nMiami, FL\nCOM 305-526-2936\nFTS\n350-2936\nAV\n434-1600\nH-1","DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE\nAGENCY\nLOCATION\nTTY\nTELEPHONE\nAFGWC\nOffutt AFB, NE\nAB\nCOM 402-291-2586\nFTS\n866-2586\nAV\n271-2586\nCARCAH (OL-G, 7 WW)\nCoral Gables, FL\nABC\nCOM 305-666-4612\nFTS\n350-5547\nAV\n434-3420\nCINCLANTFLT OAC\nOceana, VA\nCOM 804-433-2851\next 233\nAV\n433-2851\next 233\nDet 1, 7 WW\nKeesler AFB, MS\nB\nCOM 601-377-2544\n(Alternate CARCAH)\nAV\n597-2544\nDet 4, 2 WS\nHickam AFB, HI\nB\nCOM 808-449-1634\n(Weather Monitor)\nAV 315-449-1634\nDet 4, 2 WS\nHickam AFB, HI\nB\nCOM 808-449-7638/7637\n(Hawaii ROCC/WE)\nAV 315-449-6262\nDet 7, 24 WS\nMather AFB, CA\nB\nCOM 916-364-4377\n(Weather Monitor)\nAV\n674-4377\nDet 8, 26 WS\nGriffiss AFB, NY\nB\nCOM 315-330-2410\n(Northeast Air Defense Sector/WE)\nAV\n587-2410\nDet 9, 3 WS\nTyndall AFB, MS\nB\nCOM 904-283-3215\n(Southeast Air Defense Sector/WE)\nAV\n523-3215\nKeesler AFB Command Post\nKeesler AFB, MS\nCOM 601-377-4330\nAV\n868-4330\nNAVEASTOCEANCEN\nNorfolk, VA\nB\nCOM 804-444-7750/3770\nFTS\n954-7750/3770\nAV\n564-7750/3770\nNAVWESTOCEANCEN\nPearl Harbor, HI\nB\nCOM 808-471-0353\nAV 315-430-0111\nask for 471-0004\nCOM 808-474-4856\nAV 315-474-4856\nNAVOCEANCOMCEN/JTWC\nGuam\nD\nCOM 671-344-4224\nAV\n344-4224\nFAX 671-477-6186\nH-2","53 WRS/DO\nKeesler AFB, MS\nCOM 601-377-4540\nAV\n597-4540\n815 WOF/DO\nKeesler AFB, MS\nB\nCOM 601-377-4318\n597-4318\n34 AWF\nKeesler AFB, MS\nB\nCOM 601-377-3207\n597-3207\nDEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION\nAGENCY\nLOCATION\nTTY\nTELEPHONE\nHeadquarters, Traffic\nWashington, DC\nE\nCOM 202-426-3636\nFlow Management Branch\nFTS\n267-3636\nAV\n851-1971\nHouston ARTCC\nHouston, TX\nD\nCOM 713-230-5560\nFTS\n527-5560\nAV\n729-1491\nMiami ARTCC\nMiami, FL\nD\nCOM 350-592-9753\nFTS\n820-1210\nAV\n894-1910\nKansas City ARTCC\nOlathe, KS\nFTS\n753-1225\nNew York ARTCC\nRonkonkoma, L.I., NY\nFTS\n663-3490\nWashington ARTCC\nLeesburg, VA\nFTS\n925-4440\nChicago ARTCC\nAurora, IL\nFTS\n388-9203\nCleveland ARTCC\nOberlin, OH\nFTS\n292-8119\nIndianapolis ARTCC\nIndianapolis, IN\nFTS\n332-0222\nMinneapolis ARTCC\nFarmington, MN\nFTS\n784-3237\nBoston ARTCC\nNashua, NH\nFTS\n834-6675\nDenver ARTCC\nLongmont, CO\nFTS\n323-4261\nSalt Lake City ARTCC\nSalt Lake City, UT\nFTS\n586-3128\nSeattle ARTCC\nAuburn, WA\nFTS\n390-5283\nAtlanta ARTCC\nHampton, GA\nFTS\n249-3656\nH-3","Jacksonville ARTCC\nHilliard, FL\nFTS\n965-1578\nMemphis ARTCC\nMemphis, TN\nFTS\n222-31#\nAlbuquerque ARTCC\nAlbuquerque, NM\nFTS\n476-059\nFt. Worth ARTCC\nEuless, TX\nFTS\n334-15B\nLos Angeles ARTCC\nPalmdale, CA\nFTS\n968-82B\nOakland ARTCC\nFreemont, CA\nFTS\n449-6475\nU.S. Coast Guard\nNew Orleans, LA\nCOM 504-589-6225\n(for after hours\nFTS\n682-6225\ncontact with NDBC)\nINTERDEPARTMENTAL\nAGENCY\nLOCATION\nTTY TELEPHONE\nOFCM\nRockville, MD\nCOM 301-770-3464\nFTS\n443-8704\nAV\n851-1460\nA TG7073\nB COMEDS\nC AFOS\nD AFTN\nE TTY Address is KCFC7D7X\nH-4\n-\nU.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1990-261-915 20603","WORKING GROUP FOR HURRICANE AND WINTER STORM OPERATIONS\nMR. STEPHEN W. HARNED, Chairman\nDepartment of Commerce\nNational Weather Service\nLTCOL THOMAS J. WITHERELL, USAF\nDepartment of Defense\nUnited States Air Force\nMR. KONSTANTINE NEZER\nDepartment of Transportation\nFederal Aviation Administration,\nMR. WILLIAM M. KENDALL-JOHNSTON\nDepartment of State\nMR. DANE CLARK\nDepartment of Commerce\nNational Environmental Satellite,\nData, and Information Service\nCDR DALE LIECHTY, USN\nDepartment of Defense (DOD)\nUnited States Navy\nMR. GLENN HAMILTON\nDepartment of Commerce\nNational Data Buoy Center\nCOL FLOYD F. HAUTH, USAF, Secretary\nOffice of the Federal Coordinator\nfor Meteorological Services and\nSupporting Research","3\n8398"]}