{"Bibliographic":{"Title":"National hurricane operations plan","Authors":"","Publication date":"1988","Publisher":""},"Administrative":{"Date created":"08-16-2023","Language":"English","Rights":"CC 0","Size":"0000169549"},"Pages":["QC\n959\n.U6\nDEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\nN28\n1988\nOF\nOFCM\nSTATES\nOF\nOFFICE OF THE FEDERAL COORDINATOR FOR\nMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH\nLIBRARY\nMAY 12 1988\nNational Hurricane\nN.O.A.A.\nUS Dept of Commerce\nOperations Plan\nFCM-P12-1988\nWashington, D.C.\nMay, 1988","THE FEDERAL COMMITTEE FOR\nMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH (FCMSSR)\nDR. WILLIAM E. EVANS, Chairman\nMR. ROBERT H. MORRIS\nDepartment of Commerce\nFederal Emergency Management Agency\nMR. EWEN M. WILSON\nDR. LENNARD A. FISK\nDepartment of Agriculture\nNational Aeronautics and Space\nAdministration\nDR. RONALD L. KERBER\nDepartment of Defense\nDR. ROBERT W. CORELL\nNational Science Foundation\nDR. DAVID SLADE\nDepartment of Energy\nMR. WILLIAM G. LAYNOR\nNational Transportion Safety\nDR. WAYNE N. MARCHANT\nBoard\nDepartment of Interior\nDR. DENWOOD F. ROSS\nDR. LISLE A. ROSE\nU.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission\nDepartment of State\nMR. H. MATTHREW BILLS\nMR. NEAL A. BLAKE\nEnvironmental Protection Agency\nDepartment of Transportation\nMR. ROBERT L. CARNAHAN\nFederal Coordinator for Meteorology\nDR. JAMES A. ALMAZAN, Executive Secretary\nOffice of the Federal Coordinator for\nMeteorological Services and Supporting Research\nTHE INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE FOR\nMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH (ICMSSR)\nMR. ROBERT L. CARNAHAN, Chairman\nMR. RICHARD HAYES\nFederal Coordinator\nU. S. Coast Guard\nDepartment of Transportation\nDR. NORTON D. STROMMEN\nDepartment of Agriculture\nMR. WILLIAM H. KEITH\nEnvironmental Protection Agency\nDR. ELBERT W. FRIDAY, JR.\nDepartment of Commerce\nMR. ROBERT T. JASKE\nFederal Emergency Management Agency\nCOL TED S. CRESS, USAF\nDepartment of Defense\nDR. SHELBY TILFORD\nNational Aeronautics and Space\nDR. HARRY MOSES\nAdministration\nDepartment of Energy\nDR. RICHARD S. GREENFIELD\nMR. LEWIS T. MOORE\nNational Science Foundation\nDepartment of Interior\nMR. JAMES C. McLEAN, JR\nDR. LISLE A. ROSE\nNational Transportation Safety Board\nDepartment of State\nMR. ROBERT A. KORNASIEWICZ\nMR. JAMES C. DZUIK\nU.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission\nFederal Aviation Administration\nDepartment of Transportation\nDR. JAMES,A. ALMAZAN, Executive Secretary\nOffice of the Federal Coordinator for\nMeteorological Services and Supporting Research","QC\n959\nU6\nN28\n1988\nFEDERAL COORDINATOR\nFOR\nMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH\n11426 Rockville Pike, Suite 300\nRockville, Maryland 20852\nNATIONAL HURRICANE OPERATIONS PLAN\nLIBRARY\nFCM-P12-1988\nMay 1988\nN.O.A.A.\nWashington, D.C.\nU.S. Dept. of Commerce","CHANGE AND REVIEW LOG\nUse this page to record changes and notices of reviews.\nChange\nPage\nDate\nInitial\nNumber\nNumbers\nPosted\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n5\n7\n8\n9\n10\nChanges are indicated by a vertical line in the margin next to\nthe change.\nReview\nComments\nInitial\nDate\nii","FOREWORD\nThis publication is the 26th edition of the National\nHurricane Operations Plan (NHOP). It is a compilation of the\nprocedures and agreements reached at the 42nd Interdepartmental\nHurricane Conference ( (IHC), , which was held at the U.S. Air Force\nConference Center, Homestead Air Force Base, Florida, January\n12-15, 1988. Details of the conference can be found in the\nminutes published by this office.\nThe conference is sponsored annually by the Committee for\nBasic Services, Interdepartmental Committee for Meteorological\nServices and Supporting Research, and brings together the\ncognizant Federal agencies to reach agreement on items of mutual\ninterest and concern related to hurricane forecasting and warning\nservices. The host for the conference this year was\nHeadquarters, Air Weather Service, Scott Air Force Base,\nIllinois.\nThe significant changes in content in this edition of the\nNHOP reflect the change in forecasting and warning responsibility\nfor the Eastern Pacific. National Weather Service announced that\nthe National Hurricane Center would henceforth assume the\nresponsibililty for the Eastern Pacific. References to the\nEastern Pacific Hurricane Center have been removed. There was\nalso a significant update to procedures in Chapter 5, Aircraft\nReconnaissance. The section on satellite information available\nwas updated for the 1988 hurricane season.\nThis edition of the NHOP is in a different format than\nprevious ones. This is to bring it in line with the new format\nfor publications of the Office of the Federal Coordinator for\nMeteorological Services and Supporting Research. Some editorial\nchanges were necessary to put the Plan in the new format but\ncontent and intent of the wording was not changed. We hope you\nfind this edition easier to read and use.\nRobert L. Carnahan\nFederal Coordinator for\nMeteorological Services and\nSupporting Reseach\niii","I/12020","NATIONAL HURRICANE OPERATIONS PLAN\nTABLE OF CONTENTS\nPage\nii\nCHANGE AND REVIEW LOG\niii\nFOREWORD\nTABLE OF CONTENTS\nV\nviii\nLIST OF FIGURES\nLIST OF TABLES\nX\nCHAPTER 1.\nINTRODUCTION\n1-1\n1.1.\nGeneral\n1-1\n1.2. Scope\nRESPONSIBILITIES OF COOPERATING FEDERAL AGENCIES\nCHAPTER 2.\n2-1\n2.1.\nGeneral\n2-1\n2.2.\nDOC Responsibilities\n2.3.\nDOD Responsibilities\n2-3\n2.4.\nDOT Responsibilities\n2-4\nAnnual Liaison with Other Nations\n2-4\n2.5.\nAir Traffic Control/Flight Operations\n2.6.\n2-4\nCoordination\nGENERAL OPERATIONS AND PROCEDURES OF THE NATIONAL\nCHAPTER 3.\nWEATHER SERVICE HURRICANE CENTERS\n3-1\n3.1.\nGeneral\n3-1\n3.2.\nProducts\nDesignation of Tropical and Subtropical\n3.3.\n3-5\nCyclones\nTransfer of Warning Responsibility\n3-6\n3.4.\nAlternate Warning Responsibilities\n3-11\n3.5.\nAbbreviated Communications Headings\n3-11\n3.6.\nNATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE PRODUCTS FOR THE\nCHAPTER 4.\nDEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE\n4-1\n4.1. General\n4-1\n4.2.\nObservations\n4-1\nMarine Advisories\n4.3.\nV","CHAPTER 5.\nAIRCRAFT RECONNAISSANCE\n5.1.\nGeneral\n5-1\n5-1\n5.2.\nResponsibilities\n5.3.\nControl of Aircraft\n5-2\n5.4.\nReconnaissance Requirements\n5-2\nReconnaissance Planning and Flight\n5.5.\nNotification\n5-8\n5.6. Reconnaissance Effectiveness Criteria\n5-14\n5.7. Aerial Reconnaissance Weather Encoding,\nReporting, and Coordination\n5-15\nOperational Flight Patterns\n5-19\n5.8.\n5.9. Aircraft Reconnaissance Communications\n5-24\nSATELLITE SURVEILLANCE OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL\nCHAPTER 6.\nCYCLONES\n6.1. Satellites\n6-1\n6.2. National Weather Service Support\n6-1\nNESDIS Synoptic Analyis Branch\n6.3.\n6-3\n6.4.\nAFGWC Support and the Defense Meteor-\nological Satellite Program\n6-3\n6.5.\nSatellites and Satellite Data Availability\nfor the Current Hurricane Season\n6-5\n6.6. Current Intensity and Tropical Class-\nification Number\n6-5\nCHAPTER 7.\nSURFACE RADAR REPORTING\n7.1. General\n7-1\n7-1\n7.2. Procedures\n7.3. Special Provisions\n7-2\nNATIONAL DATA BUOY CENTER REPORTING STATIONS\nCHAPTER 8.\n8-1\n8.1. General\nRequests for Drifting Buoy Deployment\n8-1\n8.2.\n8-2\n8.3. Communications\nMARINE WEATHER BROADCASTS\nCHAPTER 9.\n9-1\n9.1. General\nBroadcast Procedures\n9-1\n9.2.\nCHAPTER 10.\nPUBLICITY\n10.1. News Media Releases\n10-1\n10.2.\nDistribution\n10-1\nAPPENDIX A.\nABBREVIATIONS\nA-1\nAPPENDIX B.\nGLOSSARY\nB-1\nAPPENDIX C. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF OFFICIAL INTERAGENCY\nC-1\nAGREEMENTS\nvi","APPENDIX D. DISTRIBUTION\nD-1\nAPPENDIX E. SAFFIR-SIMPSON HURRICANE SCALE\nE-1\nAPPENDIX F. PHONETIC PRONUNCIATION LISTING\nF-1\nAPPENDIX G. RECONNAISSANCE CODE FORM, TABLES, AND\nREGULATIONS\nG-1\nAPPENDIX H. TELEPHONE AND TELETYPE LISTING\nH-1\nvii","(9)\nLIST OF FIGURES\nFigure\nPage\n1-1. Tropical cyclone forecast centers' areas of\nresponsibility\n1-2\n2-1.\nTropical depression Greg and tropical storms Harvey\nand Irwin.\n2-6\n4-1.\nMarine advisory format\n4-3\n4-2.\nHurricane Emily, September 22, 1987\n4-5\n5-1.\nForm 3--Vortex data message.\n5-5\n5-2. Form 4--Supplementary vortex data message.\n5-9\n5-3.\nForm 1--NHOP coordinated request for aircraft\nreconnaissance\n5-11\n5-4.\nWC-130 weather reconnaissance aircraft.\n5-12\n5-5.\nForm 2--Tropical cyclone plan of the day format\n5-13\n5-6.\nForm 5--Mission evaluation form.\n5-16\n5-7. Flight patterns ALPHA and modified ALPHA.\n5-19\n5-8. Recommended pattern ALPHA execution.\n5-21\n5-9.\nFlight pattern DELTA.\n5-22\n5-10.\nOne-minute wind observations from a NOAA P-3\n5-23\n5-11.\nSchematic of aircraft to satellite data link\nfor NOAA P-3 aircraft.\n5-26\n5-12.\nSchematic of aircraft to satellite data link for\nUSAF WC-130 aircraft.\n5-28\n6-1.\nGOES central data distribution system.\n6-4\n6-2.\nSample satellite tropical disturbance summary\n6-6\nviii","6-3. Center fix data form and message format\n6-7\n(satellite)\n7-1. Radar view of Hurricane Allen, August 9, 1980.\n7-5\n8-4\n8-1. A drifting data buoy\n8-4\n8-2. Drifting data buoy deployment patterns.\n8-3. NDBC buoy locations\n8-5\n8-7\n8-4.\nC-MAN sites\nG-1. Reconnaissance code recording form.\nG-2\nix","LIST OF TABLES\nTable\nPage\n3-1.\nWatch and warning break points\n3-4\n3-2. Atlantic tropical cyclone names\n3-7\n3-3.\nEastern Pacific tropical cyclone names\n3-8\n3-4. Central Pacific tropical cyclone names\n3-9\n3-5. Western Pacific tropical cyclone names\n3-10\n5-1. Vortex data message entry explanation\n5-6\n5-2.\nASDL data transmission schedule.\n5-27\n6-1. Satellite and satellite data availability for the\ncurrent hurricane season\n6-2\n6-2.\nCommunications headings for satellite tropical\ndisturbance summaries\n6-8\n6-3.\nThe empirical relationship between the C.I. number\nand the maximum wind speed and the relationship\nbetween the T-number and the minimum sea-level\n6-8\npressure.\n7-1.\nParticipating radar stations.\n7-3\n8-1.\nData buoy locations and configuration\n8-3\n8-2.\nC-MAN sites\n8-6\n8-3.\nCode forms for moored data buoys, C-MAN stations,\nand drifting buoys\n8-8\n9-1. Marine tropical cyclone forecast broadcast\nstations\n9-1\nG-1.\nReconnaissance code tables\nG-3\nG-2.\nReconnaissance code regulations\nG-5\nX","CHAPTER 1\nINTRODUCTION\n1. General. The tropical cyclone warning service is an\ninterdepartmental effort to provide the United States and\ndesignated international recipients with forecasts, warnings,\nand assessments concerning tropical and subtropical weather\nsystems. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\nof the Department of Commerce is reponsible for providing\nforecasts and warnings for the Atlantic and Eastern and Central\nPacific Oceans while the Department of Defense provides the\nsame for the Western Pacific and Indian Ocean (see Figure 1-1. )\nInterdepartmental cooperation achieves economy and efficiency\nin the operation of the tropical cyclone warning service. This\nplan provides the basis for implementing agreements of the\nDepartment of Commerce, Department of Defense, and the\nDepartment of Transportation reached at the annual\nInterdepartmental Hurricane Conference (combined Atlantic and\nEastern Pacific). The Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference\nis sponsored by the Committee for Basic Services of the\nInterdepartmental Committee for Meteorological Services\nand\nSupporting Research to bring together cognizant Federal\nagencies and achieve agreement on items of mutual concern\nrelated to the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific tropical cyclone\nwarning services.\n1.2. Scope. The procedures and agreements contained herein\napply to the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and\n1\nNorth Pacific Ocean east of the 180th meridian. This plan is\nintended to define the role of the individual agencies\nparticipating in the tropical cyclone warning service when more\nthan one agency is involved in the delivery of service in any\nspecific area. When a single agency is involved in any\nspecific area, that agency's procedures should be contained in\ninternal documents and, to the extent possible, be consistent\nwith National Hurricane Operations Plan practices and\nprocedures.\n1-1","Figure 1-1. Tropical cyclone forecast centers areas of responsibility.\n& Gulf of Mexico)\n(Includes Caribbean,\nISLANDS\n& ATLANTIC\nCANARY\nISLANDS\nAZORES,\n1:\nMIAMI,..\nNote: Places underlined are Tropical Cyclone Forecast Centers.\n8\nWASHINGTON\nEASTERN PACIFIC\nsa\na\nWESTERN PACIFIC\nCENTRAL PACIFIC\nHONOLULU\nsoe\nJTWC","CHAPTER 2\nRESPONSIBILITIES OF COOPERATING FEDERAL AGENCIES\n2.1. General. The Department of Commerce (DOC) is charged with\nthe overall responsibility to implement a responsive, effective\nnational tropical cyclone warning service. Many local, , state,\nand Federal agencies play a vital role in this system - - their\ncooperative efforts help ensure necessary preparedness actions\nare undertaken to minimize loss of life and destruction of\nproperty. The joint participation by the Department of Defense\n(DOD) and the Department of Transportation (DOT) with the\nDepartment of Commerce brings to bear those limited and\nexpensive Federal resources considered essential for storm\ndetection and accurate forecasting. This cooperative effort has\nproven to be a cost effective, highly responsive endeavor to\nmeet national requirements for tropical cyclone warning\nI\ninformation.\n2.2. DOC Responsibilities. The DOC will\n2.2.1. Provide timely dissemination of forecasts,\nwarnings, and all significant information regarding tropical and\nsubtropical cyclones to appropriate agencies, general public,\nand marine and aviation interests.\nI\n2.2.2. Through the National Weather Service (NWS), provide\nthe following additional support services to the DOD:\n2.2.2.1. Consult, as necessary, with DOD regarding\ntheir day-to-day requirements for cyclone assessments and\nattempt to meet these requirements within the capabilities of\nthe tropical cyclone warning service.\nI\n2.2.2.2. Prepare, though the National Hurricane\nCenter (NHC), , and distribute to DOD the coordinated DOC\nreconnaissance and other meteorological data requirements to be\nprovided by DOD on tropical or subtropical cyclones and\n1\ndisturbances.\n2.2.2.3. Provide facilities, administrative support,\nand dissemination of weather observation data for Operating\nLocation G (OL-G), 7th Weather Wing (7WW) as agreed to by DOC\nand DOD.\n2-1","2.2.2.4. Provide DOD with basic meteorological\ninformation, warnings, forecasts, and associated prognostic\nreasoning concerning location, intensity, and forecast movement\nof tropical and subtropical cyclones in the following maritime\nareas and adjacent states and possessions of the United States:\n2.2.2.4.1. Atlantic Ocean (north of the equator\nincluding the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico)--advisories are\nI\nthe responsibility of the Director, NHC, Miami, FL. The NHC\nwill consult with the Naval Eastern Oceanography Center,\nNorfolk, VA, prior to issuing initial and final advisories and\nprior to issuing any advisory that indicates a significant\nchange in forecast of intensity or track from the previous\nadvisory. Exchange of information is encouraged on subsequent\nwarnings when significant changes are made or otherwise\nrequired.\n2.2.2.4.2. Eastern Pacific Ocean (north of the\nequator and east of 140°1 W) advisories are the responsibility\nof the Director, NHC. The NHC will consult with the Naval\nWestern Oceanography Center (NAVWESTOCEANCEN), Pearl Harbor, HI,\nprior to issuing initial and final advisories and prior to\nissuing any advisory that indicates a significant change in\nforecast of intensity or track from the previous advisory.\nExchange of information is encouraged on subsequent warnings\nwhen significant changes are made or otherwise required.\n2.2.2.4.3. Central Pacific Ocean (north of the\nequator between 140°W and 180° --advisories are the\nresponsibility of the Director, Central Pacific Hurricane Center\n(CPHC), Honolulu, HI. The CPHC will consult with the\nNAVWESTOCEANCEN and Detachment 4, 20th Weather Squadron, Hickam\nAFB, HI, prior to issuing initial and final advisories and prior\nto\nissuing any advisory that indicates a significant change in\nforecast of intensity or track from the previous advisory.\nExchange of information is encouraged on subsequent warnings\nwhen significant changes are made or otherwise required.\n2.2.3. Through the NWS, conduct an annual post analysis\nfor all tropical cyclones in the Atlantic and the Pacific\nregions east of 180 and prepare an annual hurricane report to\nissue to interested agencies.\n2.2.4. Through the National Environmental Satellite, Data,\nand Information Service operate DOC environmental satellite\nsystems capable of providing coverage of meteorological\nconditions in the tropics during the tropical cyclone season and\nI\nmonitor and interpret DOC satellite imagery. Obtain, as\n2-2","necessary, National Aeronautics and Space Administration\nresearch and development satellite and DOD operational satellite\ndata for NWS operational use. Comply with NHC and CPHC\nI\nsatellite data requirements.\n2.2.5. Through the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC),\ndevelop, deploy, and operate environmental data buoy systems to\nsupport data requirements of the NHC and CPHC.\n2.2.6. Through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration (NOAA) Office of Aircraft Operations (OAO),\nprovide weather reconnaissance flights as specified in Chapter\n5, unless relieved of these responsibilities by the\nAdministrator of NOAA.\nI\n2.3. DOD Responsibilities. The DOD will\n2.3.1. Provide NWS with timely dissemination of\nsignificant information received regarding tropical and\nsubtropical cyclones.\n2.3.2. Provide NHC and CPHC current DOD requirements for\ntropical and subtropical cyclone advisories.\n2.3.3. Meet DOC requirements for aircraft reconnaissance\nand other special observations as agreed to by DOD and DOC (see\nAppendix C) .\n2.3.4. Provide at NHC a 24-hr aircraft operation\ninterface - Chief, Aerial Reconnaissance Coordination, All\nHurricanes\n2.3.5. Designate OL-G, 7WW as the liaison to NHC and the\nmilitary point of contact for NHC to request special DOD\nobservations in support of this plan, i.e., Defense\nMeteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) fixes, additional upper -\nair observations, etc.\n2.3.6. Provide broadcast facilities of radio station NAM\nfor tropical storm and hurricane forecasts and warnings.\n2.3.7. Provide access to North American Aerospace Defense\nCommand long-range radar sites (see Chapter 7).\n2.3.8. Provide weather reconnaissance data monitor\nservices to evaluate and disseminate reconnaissance reports.\n2.3.9. Provide, through Air Force Global Weather Central,\nOffutt AFB, NE, surveillance support and fixes and/or intensity\n2-3","estimates to all United States tropical cyclone warning agencies\nthrough analysis of satellite imagery obtained primarily from\nthe DMSP system.\n2.4. DOT Responsibilities. The DOT will\n2.4.1. Provide NWS with timely dissemination of\nsignificant information received regarding tropical and\nsubtropical cyclones.\n2.4.2. Provide, through the Federal Aviation\nAdministration, air traffic control, communications, and flight\nassistance services.\n2.4.3. Provide through the U.S. Coast Guard\npersonnel, vessel, and communication support to the\nNDBC for development, deployment, and operation of moored\nenviromental data buoy systems;\nsurface observations to NWS from its coastal\nfacilities and vessels;\ncommunications circuits for relay of weather\nobservations to NWS in selected areas;\nprimary guard Automated Digital Network support to\nOL-G, 7WW; and\ncoastal broadcast facilities at selected locations\nfor tropical storm or hurricane forecasts and warnings.\n2.5. Annual Liaison with Other Nations. The DOD, DOC, and DOT\n1\nwill cooperate in arranging an annual trip to the Caribbean and\nthe Gulf of Mexico area to carry out a continuing and effective\nliaison of the warning service with the directors of\nmeteorological services, air traffic control agencies, and\ndisaster preparedness agencies of nations in those areas.\n2.6. Air Traffic Control/Flight Operations Coordination. The\noperations officers of the principal flying units and the\nassistant managers for traffic management at key air route\ntraffic control centers (ARTCC) will maintain a close working\nrelationship on a continuing basis to ensure mission success\nunder actual tropical storm conditions. This will involve\nvisits to each other's facilities, familiarization flights, and\ntelephone and teletype communications to improve the\nunderstanding of each other's requirements and capabilities.\n2.6.1. The 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, the 815th\nWeather Operations Flight, and 0A0 operations officers will\nmaintain a close working relationship with the appropriate ARTCC\nand the Fleet Aerial Control and Surveillance Facility (FACSFAC)\n2-4","for the coordination of weather reconnaissance flights in the\nGulf of Mexico and over the Caribbean Sea in particular, and in\nthe United States in general. The operations officers will\n2.6.1.1. Request the assistance of the appropriate\nARTCC/FACSFAC in support of the National Hurricane Operations\nPlan.\n2.6.1.2. Provide the current operations officer's\nname and telephone number to the appropriate ARTCC and FACSFAC.\n2.6.1.3. Publish the unit's telephone numbers\n(Federal Telephone System (FTS)/Automated Voice Network\n(AUTOVON (AV))/ Commercial) and teletype address code for\nService B (Appendix H).\n2.6.2. The Miami and Houston ARTCCs and appropriate\nFACSFAC will maintain a close working relationship with the\nweather reconnaissance units and provide airspace and air\nI\ntraffic control assistance to the extent possible. Those\norganizations will\n2.6.2.1. Provide the current names and telephone\nnumbers of points of contact to the flying units.\n2.6.2.2. Publish telephone numbers\n(FTS/AV/Commercial) and teletype code for Service B\n(Appendix H). .\nI\n2-5","GREG\nHARVEY\nIRWIN\nFigure 2-1.\nTropical depression Greg and tropical storms\nHarvey and Irwin in the Eastern Pacific,\nAugust 3, 1987, 2045 UTC.\n2-6","CHAPTER 3\nGENERAL OPERATIONS AND PROCEDURES OF THE\nNATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE HURRICANE CENTERS\n3.1. General. This chapter describes the products, procedures,\nand communications headers used by the National Hurricane Center\n(NHC) and the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC).\nI\n3.2. Products.\n3.2.1. Tropical Weather Outlook (TWO) Tropical weather\noutlooks are issued by the NHC and CPHC during their respective\nhurricane seasons. The NHC writes TWOs in both the Atlantic and\nEastern Pacific. The are transmitted at 0530, 1130, 1730, and\n2230 Eastern Local Time in the Atlantic and at 0500, 1100, 1700,\nand 2300 UTC in the Eastern Pacific. In the Central Pacific TWOs\nare transmitted by the CPHC at 0600 and 1800 UTC. The outlook\nbriefly describes both stable and potentially unstable areas out\nto 48 hr. A tropical weather summary of Atlantic tropical cyclone\nactivity will be prepared and issued at the end of each month\nduring the hurricane season.\n3.2.2. Tropical Cyclone Discussion.\n3.2.2.1. The NHC will issue a tropical cyclone\ndiscussion on Atlantic tropical cyclones at 0330, 0930, 1530, and\n2130 UTC, and on Eastern Pacific tropical cyclones at 0230, 0830,\n1430, and 2030 UTC. Discussions will be disseminated for\nintragovernmental use only and will contain preliminary prognostic\npositions up to 72 hr; will describe objective techniques,\nsynoptic features, and climatology used; and will provide reasons\nfor track changes.\n3.2.2.2. The CPHC will issue a tropical cyclone\ndiscussion twice daily not later than 0330 and 1530 UTC. The\ndiscussions will describe objective techniques, synoptic features,\nand climatology used and will provide reasons for track changes.\n3.2.3. Public Advisories. Public advisories are issued by\nthe NHC for all tropical cyclones in the Atlantic. In the Eastern\nPacific, public advisories are issued for tropical storms and\nhurricanes that are expected to affect the United States within\n48 hr. In the Central Pacific, public advisories are also issued\nfor all tropical cyclones within the area of responsibility.\n3-1","Scheduled public advisories are issued at the same time scheduled\nmarine advisories are issued. When no coastal warnings are\nincluded, the 0400 UTC public advisory will be issued at 0230 UTC\nby the NHC only. Watch and warning break points are listed in\nTable 3-1. [Note: Public advisories use statute miles for\ndistance and miles per hour for speed. Nautical miles and knots\nmay be added at the discretion of the centers. 7\n3.2.4. Marine Advisories. Marine advisories are issued by\nthe NHC and the CPHC. See Section 4.3 for content and format of\nthe advisories. Marine advisories will be transmitted to\nhigh-seas shipping according to the details found in Worldwide\nMarine Weather Broadcasts, jointly published by the U.S. Navy\nand National Weather Service. In the Atlantic, these advisories\nshould be distributed 30 min before their effective times of 0400,\n1000, 1600, and 2200 UTC. In the Pacific the advisories are\nscheduled for 0300, 0900, 1500, and 2100 UTC for position times of\n0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 UTC, respectively. Pacific advisories\nshould be transmitted 15 min before the effective time.\n3.2.5. Probability of Hurricane/Tropical Storm Conditions.\n3.2.5.1. The probability of the storm center passing\nwithin 50 mi to the right or 75 mi to the left of specific\nforecast points within 24, 36, 48, and 72 hr is included in the\npublic advisories for all named storms in the Atlantic, Caribbean,\nand the Gulf of Mexico. Probabilities may also be included for\nyet to be named storms that are developing rapidly near a\ncoastline, dependent upon NHC assessment. Probabilities will not\nbe included on intermediate public advisories. The probabilities,\nwhich are based on the official forecast track, will be issued\nwhen the 72-hr forecast position approaches the coast and will\ncontinue until the hurricane or tropical storm has made landfall\nand is not expected to reemerge over water. For storms forecast\nto paralled the coast, the maximum value over water points will be\nincluded. The NHC retains the right to discontinue issuance of\nprobabilities earlier if other factors arise, such as difficulties\nwith evacuation orders.\n3.2.5.2. The probabilities will be computed shortly\nafter synoptic times for the periods 0-24, 24-36, 36-48, and 48-72\nhr. A total probability for the next 72 hr will be shown in the\nlast column and represents a total of all forecast periods. If\nthe probability of a storm hitting a coastal location within 48 hr\nis needed, add the 0-24, 24-36, and the 36-48 hr probabilities.\nIf the probability for a location is less than one percent, an \"X\"\nwill be indicated in the table.\n3.2.5.3. When appropriate, specific probabilities will\nbe computed for the following locations:\n3-2","West Palm Beach, FL\nBrownsville, TX\nFort Pierce, FL\nCorpus Christi, TX\nCocoa Beach, FL\nPort 0' Connor, TX\nDaytona Beach, FL\nGalveston, TX\nJacksonville, FL\nPort Arthur, TX\nSavannah, GA\nNew Iberia, LA\nMyrtle Beach, SC\nNew Orleans, LA\nCharleston, SC\nBuras, LA\nWilmington, NC\nGulfport, MS\nCape Hatteras, NC\nMobile, AL\nOcean City, MD\nPensacola, FL\nAtlantic City, NJ\nPanama City, FL\nNorfolk, VA\nApalachicola, FL\nNew York City, NY\nSt. Marks, FL\nMontauk Point, NY\nCedar Key, FL\nProvidence, RI\nTampa, FL\nNantucket, MA\nVenice, FL\nHyannis, MA\nFort Myers, FL\nBoston, MA\nMarco Island, FL\nPortland, ME\nKey West, FL\nBar Harbor, ME\nMarathon, FL\nEastport, ME\nMiami, FL\n29° N 85°W\n28°N\n930W\n28°N\n95°W\n29° N\n87°W\n27°N\n95°W\n28° N\n89°W\n25°N\n97°W\n28°\n91°W\nN\n3.2.6. Tropical Cyclone Updates. Tropical cyclone updates\nare brief statements in lieu of or preceding special advisories to\ninform of significant changes in a tropical cyclone or the posting\nor cancelling of watches and warnings.\n3.2.7. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Tropical Cyclone Position\nEstimates. The NHC may also issue hourly tropical cyclone\nposition estimates when the tropical cyclone is under effective\nsurveillance and within 200 nmi of land-based radar. These\nestimates, when issued, will be prepared a short time before each\nhour except at hours when advisories are issued. Position\nestimates disseminated to the public, DOD, and other Federal\nagencies will provide geographical positions in latitude and\nlongitude and also by distance and direction from a well-known\npoint.\n3.2.8. Special Tropical Disturbance Statement. Special\ntropical disturbance statements may be issued to furnish\ninformation on strong formative, non-depression systems.\n3.2.9. Storm Summaries. Storm summaries are written by the\nNational Severe Storms Forecast Center after subtropical and\ntropical cyclones have moved inland and public advisories have\n3-3","Table 3-1. Watch and warning break points.\n1. Brownsville, TX\n48. Vero Beach, FL\n2. Port Mansfield, TX\n49. Sebastian Inlet, FL\n3. Baffin Bay, TX\n50. Cocoa Beach, FL\n4. Corpus Chisti, TX\n51. Titusville, FL\n5. Port Aransas, TX\n52. New Smyrna, FL\n6. Port 0'Connor, TX\n53. St. Augustine, F1\n7. Matagorda, TX\n54. Fernandina Beach, FL\n8. Freeport, TX\n55. Brunswick (Atlamaha Sound), GA\n9. High Island, TX\n56. Savannah, GA\n10. Port Arthur, TX\n57. Edisto Beach, SC\n11. Sabine Pass, TX\n58.\nCape Romain, SC\n12. Cameron, LA\n59. Little River Inlet, SC\n13. Morgan City, LA\n60. Cape Fear, NC\n14. Grand Isle, LA\n61. Topsail Beach, NC\nMouth of Mississippi River, LA\n15.\n62. Bogue Inlet, NC\n16. Mouth of Pearl River, LA\n63.\nCape Lookout, NC\n17.\nGulfport, MS\n64. Ocracoke Inlet, NC\n18.\nMobile, AL\n65.\nCape Hatteras, NC\n19. Pensocola, FL\n66.\nOregon Inlet, NC\n20.\nFort Walton, FL\n67. Albemarle Sound, NC\n21. Panama City, FL\n68. Virginia Beach, VA\n22. Apalachicola, FL\n69.\nCape Charles, VA\n70. North Chesapeake Bay, MD\n23.\nSt. Marks, FL\n24. Aucilla River, FL\n71. South Chesapeake Bay, MD\n72. Chincoteague, VA\n25.\nSteinhatchee River, FL\n26.\nSuwannee River, FL\n73.\nCape Henlopen, DE\n74. Fenwick Island, DE\n27.\nCedar Key, FL\n28.\nYankeetown, FL\n75. Cape May, NJ\n29.\nBay Port, FL\n76. Brigatine, NJ\n30. Anclote Key, FL\n77. Sandy Hook, NJ\n31. Long Boat Key, FL\n78. Manasquan, NJ\n79. Fire Island, LI, NY\n32.\nVenice, FL\n33. Boca Grande, FL\n80. Montauk Point, LI, NY\n34. Fort Myers, FL\n81. Port Jefferson Harbor, LI, NY\n35. Bonita Beach, FL\n82. New Haven, CT\n36. Everglades City, FL\n83. Watch Hill, RI\n37. Flamingo, FL\n84. Point Judith, RI\n38. Seven Mile Bridge, FL\n85. Woods Hole, MA\n39. Craig Key, FL\n86. Chatham, MA\n87. Plymouth, MA\n40.\nKey Largo, FL\n41. Hallandale, FL\n88. Gloucester, MA\n42. Deerfield Beach, FL\n89. Merrimack River, MA\n43. Boyton Beach, FL\n90. Portsmouth, NH\n91. Portland, ME\n44.\nLake Worth, FL\n45. Jupiter Inlet, FL\n92. Rockland, ME\n46.\nStuart, FL\n93. Bar Harbor, ME\n94. Eastport, ME\n47.\nFort Pierce, FL\n3-4","been discontinued. Storm summaries will continue to be numbered\nin sequence with public advisories on named storms. Also, these\nsummaries will reference the former storm's name and be issued as\nlong as the remnants of the storm remain a serious flooding\nthreat. Storm summaries will be transmitted at 0500, 1100, 1700,\nand 2300 UTC.\n3.2.10. Satellite Tropical Distrubance Statement. These are\nissued twice a day by the CPHC to describe significant weather in\nthe tropical regions of the Central Pacific. World Meteorological\nOrganization contractions are used.\n3.2.11. Satellite Interpretation Message. These are issued\nfour times a day by the NHC and Weather Service Forecast\nOffices (WSF0), in Washington and San Francisco to describe\nsynoptic features and significant weather areas. Federal Aviation\nAdministration contractions are used.\n3.2.12 Tropical Weather Discussion. These are issued four\ntimes a day by the NHC. They describe significant features from\nI\nthe latest surface analysis and significant weather areas for the\nGulf of Mexico, the Caribbean, and between the equator and 32 N in\nboth the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific east of 140 W. Plain\nlanuage is used.\n3.2.13. Tropical Disturbance Rainfall Estimates. As\nrequired, the NHC issues satellite based rainfall estimates for\nI\ntropical disturbances and tropical cyclones within 36 hr of\nexpected landfall for the Caribbean, the Bahamas, and both coasts\nof Mexico.\n3.3. Designation of Tropical and Subtropical Cyclones.\n3.3.1. Numbering of Depressions. Each depression will be\nassigned a number that will be retained throughout the life of the\ncyclone. This depression number will not, however, be\ndisseminated on advisories after a depression is named as a\ntropical storm or hurricane or is numbered as a subtropical storm.\nI\nFor each hurricane center's area, numbering will begin with 01 at\nthe start of each calendar year. When forecast responsibility\nis\npassed from one warning center to another, the assigned number\nwill be retained.\n3.3.1.1. For the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of\nMexico, depression numbers with the suffix A, e.g., 1A, 2A, will\nI\nbe assigned by the NHC after advising the Navy Eastern\nOceanography Center, Norfolk.\n3-5","3.3.1.2. For the Pacific east of 140 depression\nnumbers, with the suffix E, e.g., 1E, 2E, 3E, will be assigned by\nI\nthe NHC after advising the Navy Western Oceanography Center\n(NAVWESTOCEANCEN), Pearl Harbor.\n3.3.1.3. For the Pacific west of 140 W and east of\no\n180 , depression numbers, with suffix C, e.g., 10, 2C, 3C, will be\nassigned after advising the NAVWESTOCEANCEN, Pearl Harbor.\n3.3.2. Naming of Tropical Storms and Hurricanes.\n3.3.2.1. Atlantic and Eastern Pacific. A different set\nof names will be used each year. After a set is used, it will\ndrop to the end of the list to be used again in six years. Names\nof significant hurricanes will be retired and replaced. Lists of\nAtlantic and Eastern Pacific names are provided in Tables 3-2 and\n3-3, respectively.\n3.3.2.2. Central Pacific. When a tropical depression\nintensifies into a tropical storm or hurricane between 140 W and\n180° the depression number will be discontinued and replaced by\nan appropriate name. The CPHC will select the name from the list\nof Central Pacific names in Table 3-4. All of the names listed in\neach column, beginning with column 1, will be used before going on\nto the next column.\n3.3.2.3. Western Pacific. For the Pacific west of\no\n180° tropical storms and typhoons are named by the Joint Typhoon\nWarning Center (JTWC) Guam. The names listed in Table 3-5 are\nfor information only.\n3.3.3. Numbering of Subtropical Storms. When a system\nbecomes a subtropical storm, it will be assigned a storm number to\nindicate its sequence of occurence among subtropical storms for\nthat area. Numbering will begin with \"1\" and be consecutive,\nreturning to \"1\" each new year.\n3.4. Transfer of Warning Responsibility,\n3.4.1. When a tropical or subtropical cyclone approaches\n140°W, the coordinated transfer of warning responsibility from the\no\nI\nNHC to the CPHC will be made and the appropriate advisory issued.\n3.4.2. When a tropical or subtropical cyclone crosses 180 o\nI\nfrom east to west, the coordinated transfer of warning\nresponsibility from CPHC to JTWC through NAVWESTOCEANCEN, Pearl\nHarbor, will be made and the appropriate advisory issued.\nI\n3-6","PHILIPPE\nKATRINA\nOPHELIA\nARLENE\nDENNIS\nHARVEY\n1993\nCINDY\nEMILY\nFLOYD\nIRENE\nLENNY\nMARIA\nTAMMY\nVINCE\nWILMA\nBRET\nGERT\nJOSE\nNATE\nRITA\nSTAN\nDANIELLE\nVIRGINIE\nCHARLEY\nFRANCES\nGEORGES\nHERMINE\nRICHARD\nANDREW\nTable 3-2. Atlantic tropical cyclone names.\nBONNIE\nJEANNE\nNICOLE\nWALTER\n1992\n----\nMITCH\nPAULA\nSHARY\nTOMAS\nEARL\nIVAN\nKARL\nLISA\nOTTO\nCLAUDETTE\nNICHOLAS\nFABIAN\nISABEL\nODETTE\nTERESA\nVICTOR\n1991\nDANNY\nERIKA\nGRACE\nHENRI\nLARRY\nMINDY\nPETER\nWANDA\nJUAN\nKATE\nROSE\nANA\nBOB\nSAM\nHORRTENSE\nJOSEPHINE\nEDOUARD\nISIDORE\nWILFRED\nARTHUR\nBERTHA\nGUSTAV\nPALOMA\n1990\n....\nCESAR\nDIANA\nKLAUS\nMARCO\nSALLY\nTEDDY\nVICKY\nFRAN\nNANA\nLILI\nOMAR\nRENE\nGABRIELLE\nSEBASTIEN\nALLISON\nCHANTAL\nMARILYN\nROXANNE\n1989\nBARRY\nFELIX\nJERRY\nKAREN\nPABLO\nTANYA\nWENDY\nDEAN\nERIN\nHUGO\nIRIS\nLUIS\nNOEL\nOPAL\nVAN\nFLORENCE\nALBERTO\nERNESTO\nGILBERT\nMICHAEL\nWILLIAM\nVALERIE\nHELENE\nLESLIE\nNADINE\nRAFAEL\n1988\nBERYL\nCHRIS\nDEBBY\nKEITH\nOSCAR\nISAAC\nPATTY\nSANDY\nJOAN\nTONY","If over 24 tropical cyclones occur in a year, then the Greek alphabet will\nFERNANDA\nVERONICA\nBEATRIZ\nADRIAN\nCALVIN\nEUGENE\nHILARY\n1993\nIRWIN\nLIDIA\nNORMA\nPILAR\nRAMON\nSELMA\nWILEY\nZELDA\nDORA\nGREG\nJOVA\nKNUT\nOTIS\nTODD\nXINA\nYORK\nMAX\nTable 3-3. Eastern Pacific tropical cyclone names.\nGEORGETTE\nMADELINE\nWINIFRED\nESTELLE\nSEYMOUR\nYOLANDA\nAGATHA\nHOWARD\nJAVIER\nLESTER\nNEWTON\nORLENE\nROSLYN\nVIRGIL\nXAVIER\n1992\n....\nCELIA\nDARBY\nFRANK\nPAINE\nBLAS\nISIS\nTINA\nZEKE\nKAY\nGUILLERMO\nDELORES\nENRIQUE\nIGNACIO\nPAULINE\nANDRES\nBLANCA\nCARLOS\nJIMENA\nSANDRA\nVIVIAN\n1991\nHILDA\nKEVIN\nLINDA\nMARTY\nTERRY\nWALDO\nZELDA\nFEFA\nNORA\nOLAF\nRICK\nXINA\nYORK\nGENEVIEVE\nCRISTINA\nDOUGLAS\nNORBERT\nYOLANDA\nFAUSTO\nHERNAN\nISELLE\nLOWELL\nRACHEL\nWALLIS\nXAVIER\nbe used following ZEKE or ZELDA.\n1990\nBORIS\nELIDA\nJULIO\nKENNA\nMARIE\nODILE\nSIMON\nTRUDY\nVANCE\nALMA\nPOLO\nZEKE\nHENRIETTE\nPRISCILLA\nJULIETTE\nBARBARA\nDALILIA\nFLOSSIE\nRAYMOND\nADOLPH\nISMAEL\nLORENA\nMANUEL\nOCTAVE\nWINNIE\n1989\nCOSME\nERICK\nNARDA\nSONIA\nVELMA\nZELDA\nKIKO\nTICO\nXINA\nYORK\nGIL\nCARLOTTA\nVICENTE\nYOLANDA\nALETTA\nDANIEL\nEMILIA\nHECTOR\nKRISTY\nMIRIAM\nNORMAN\nOLIVIA\nSERGIO\nXAVIER\n1988\nFABIO\nGILMA\nWILLA\nJOHN\nLANE\nROSA\nPAUL\nTARA\nZEKE\nBUD\nIVA","PRONUNCIATION\nNOTE: Use Column 1 list of names until exhausted before going to Column 2, etc.\nHALOLA hah-LOH-lah\nWALAKA wah-LAH-kah\nALL letters in the Hawaiian language are pronounced including double or triple\nmah-LEE-ah\nnee-AH-lah\n00-LEE-kah\nee-00-neh\nCOLUMN 4\nKIMO KEE-moh\nLOH-keh\nPAH-lee\nAH-nah\nEH-lah\nOH-koh\nTable 3-4. Central Pacific tropical cyclone names.\nMALIA\nNIALA\nULIKA\nNAME\nIUNE\nLOKE\nPALI\nANA\nELA\nOKO\nNAME PRONUNCIATION\nALIKA ah-LEE-kah\noh-LEH-kah\nee-OH-keh\nULIA 00-LEE-ah\nCOLUMN 3\nH00-koh\nKEE-kah\nLAH-nah\nMAH-kah\nNEH-kee\nPEH-nee\nWALI WAH-lee\nEH-leh\nOLEKA\nHUKO\nKIKA\nIOKE\nLANA\nMAKA\nNEKI\nPENI\nELE\nNAME PRONUNCIATION\nEKEKA eh-KEH-kak\nINIKI ee-NEE-kee\nKEONI keh-OH-nee\nOLIWA oh-LEE-vah\nUPANA 00-PAH-nah\nCOLUMN 2\nHALI HAH-lee\nMELE MEH-leh\nNOH-nah\nPAKA PAH-kah\nWENE WEH-neh\nAH-kak\nLEE\nNONA\nAKA\nLI\nNAME PRONUNCIATION\nAKONI ah-KOH-nee\nULEKI 00-LEH-kee\nCOLUMN 1\nHAH-nah\nKEH-lee\nLAH-lah\nMOH-keh\nNEH-leh\nPEH-keh\nVEE-lah\nEH-mah\nOH-kah\nEE-00\nvowels\nHANA\nLALA\nKELI\nMOKE\nNELE\nPEKE\nWILA\nEMA\nOKA\nIO\n3-9","COLUMN 4\nFABIAN\nNELSON\nODESSA\nWINONA\nAGNES\nCLARA\nDOYLE\nELSIE\nMAMIE\nBILL\nIRMA\nJEFF\nRUBY\nSKIP\nTESS\nGAY\nHAL\nKIT\nLEE\nPAT\nVAL\nTable 3-5. Western Pacific tropical cyclone names.\nCOLUMN 3\nPHYLLIS\nVANESSA\nGERALD\nWARREN\nBETTY\nDINAH\nFREDA\nHOLLY\nKELLY\nMAURY\nOGDEN\nSUSAN\nALEX\nCARY\nJUNE\nLYNN\nNINA\nTHAD\nIAN\nROY\nED\nCOLUMN 2\nFORREST\nGEORGIA\nHERBERT\nCARMEN\nNORRIS\nORCHID\nSPERRY\nTHELMA\nVERNON\nELLEN\nMARGE\nPERCY\nWYNNE\nABBY\nRUTH\nBEN\nDOM\nIDA\nJOE\nKIM\nLEX\nCOLUMN 1\nBRENDA\nGORDON\nIRVING\nCECIL\nELLIS\nNANCY\nPEGGY\nROGER\nSARAH\nWAYNE\nANDY\nFAYE\nHOPE\nJUDY\nLOLA\nOWEN\nVERA\nDOT\nKEN\nMAC\nTIP\n3-10","3.4.3. When a tropical or subtropical cyclone crosses 180 o\nfrom west to east, the coordinated transfer of warning responsi-\nbility from JTWC to CPHC will be made through NAVWESTOCEANCEN,\nPearl Harbor. The JTWC will append the statement, \"Next advisory\nby CPHC-HNL. to their last advisory.\n3.5. Alternate Warning Responsibilities. In the event of\nimpending or actual operational failure of a hurricane forecast\ncenter, responsibilities will be transferred to an alternate\nfacility in accordance with existing directives and retained\nthere until resumption of responsibility can be made. The\nNAVEASTOCEANCEN, Norfolk, will be advised by the NHC and Chief,\nAerial Reconnaissance Coordinator, All Hurricanes (CARCAH) of\nimpending or actual transfer of responsibility by the most rapid\nmeans available. Alternate facilities are as follows:\nI\nALTERNATE\nPRIMARY\nNational Meteorological Center,\nNHC\nMeteorological Operations\nDivision\nWashington, DC\n(Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf\nof Mexico)\nWSFO, San Francisco\n(Eastern Pacific)\nWSFO, San Francisco\nCPHC\nDetachment 1, 7th Weather Wing,\nCARCAH*\n(Det 1, 7WW) Keesler AFB, MS\n*In the event of the operational failure of CARCAH, direct\ncommunication is authorized between Det 1, 7WW and the forecast\nfacility. Contact Det 1, 7WW at AUTOVON (AV) 868-2544/Commercial\n(COM) 601-377-2544 or through the Keesler AFB Command Post at AV\n868-4330/COM 601-377-4330.\n3.6. Abbreviated Communications Headings. Abbreviated\ncommunications headings are assigned to advisories on tropical and\nsubtropical cyclones and other advisories based on depression\nI\nnumbers or storm name and standard communication procedures.\n[Note: an abbreviated heading consists of three groups with ONE\nspace between the second and third groups. The first group\ncontains a data type indicator (e. .g., WT for hurricane) a\ngeographical indicator (e.g., NT for North Atlantic and Caribbean), ,\nI\nand a number. The second group contains a loction identifier of\nthe message originator (e.g., KMIA for Miami). The third group is\n3-11","a date-time group in UTC. An example of a complete header is\nWTNT31 KMIA 180400. 9 Abbreviated communication headers for the\nareas of reponsibility follow:\n3.6.1. Atlantic\nABNT20 KMIA\nTropical Weather Outlook\nNOOKINO\nABNT30 KMIA\nTropical Weather Summary (monthly)\nWTNT41-45 KMIA\nTropical Cyclone Discussion\nWTNT31-35 KMIA\nPublic Advisory\nWTNT21-25 KMIA\nMarine Advisory\nWWNT21-25 KMIA\nMarine Subtropical Storm Advisory\nWWNT31-35 KMIA\nSubtropical Storm Advisory\nWTNT61 KMIA\nTropical Cyclone Update\nWTNT51 KMIA\nTropical Cyclone Position Estimate\nWONT41 KMIA\nSpecial Tropical Disturbance Statement\nWTXX90 KMIA\nTropical Cyclone Discussion for WMO\nRegion IV Stations\n3.6.2. Eastern and Central Pacific.\n3.6.2.1. All advisories on hurricanes, tropical storms,\nand depressions are under WT abbreviated headings as follows:\nABPZ30 KMIA\nTropical Weather Summary\nABPA30 PHNL\nTropical Weather Summary\nWTPZ21-25 KMIA\nMarine Advisory\nWTPA21-25 PHNL\nMarine Advisory\nWTPZ31-35 KMIA\nPublic Advisory\nWTPA31-35 PHNL\nPublic Advisory\n3.6.2.2. Depressions are numbered internally and\nstorms are named internally, but the number in the abbreviated\nheadings does not relate to either the internal number of the\ndepression or the name of the storm. The first cyclone would have\n3-12","21 and 31 in the abbreviated headings, the second cyclone would\nhave 22 and 32, the sixth cyclone would have 21 and 31, etc.\nThe\nabbreviated heading would not change when a depression was\nupgraded to storm status.\nABPA20 PHNL\nTropical Weather Outlook\nABPZ20 KMIA\nTropical Weather Outlook\nWTPZ41-45 KMIA\nTropical Cyclone Discussion\nWTPA41-45 PHNL\nTropical Cyclone Discussion\nWTPZ51 KMIA\nTropical Cyclone Position Estimate\nWTPA51 PHNL\nTropical Cyclone Position Estimate\nWTPZ61 KMIA\nTropical Cyclone Update\nWTPA61 PHNL\nTropical Cyclone Update\nSpecial Tropical Disturbance Statement\nWOPZ41 KMIA\nWOPA41 PHNL\nSpecial Tropical Disturbance Statement\nWWPA21-25 PHNL\nMarine Subtropical Storm Advisory\nWWPZ21-25 KMIA\nMarine Subtropical Storm Advisory\nWWPA31-35 PHNL\nPublic Subtropical Storm Advisory\nWWPZ31-35 KMIA\nPublic Subtropical Storm Advisory\n3-13","CHAPTER 4\nNATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE\nPRODUCTS FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE\n4.1. General. The Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department\nof Commerce (DOC) weather forecasting, reconnaissance, and distri- -\nbution agencies share technical information and some responsibities.\nMutually supportive relationships have developed over the years\nand have resulted into a mutual dependency. Due to the nature and\ndistribution of DOD resources and operations, the DOD requires\ncertain meteorological information beyond that available to the\ngeneral public. Accordingly, the DOC provides DOD with special\nobservations and advisories on tropical and subtropical storms\nthreatening DOD resources or operations.\n4.2. Observations. The National Hurricane Center (NHC) and\nCentral Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC) will make available to DOD\nall significant tropical and subtropical cyclone observations that\nthey receive.\n4.3. Marine Advisories.\n4.3.1. General. The NHC and CPHC will provide to DOD\nI\nforecasts and related information for tropical and subtropical\nweather disturbances of depression intensity or greater.\nForecasts will include advice as to location, movement, intensity,\nand dimension of the disturbances. Marine advisories will be\ndisseminated through the National Weather Service (NWS)\ncommunications facility at Suitland, MD to the Automated Digital\nWeather System hub at Carswell AFB, TX for further relay to DOD\nagencies. The DOD forecasters, who must give advice concerning an\nimminent operational decision, may contact the appropriate\nhurricane center forecaster (see Chapter 2) when published marine\nadvisories require elaboration. Telephone numbers for the\nhurricane centers are in Appendix H.\n4.3.2. Marine Advisory Issue Frequency. The first marine\nadvisory will normally be issued when meteorological data indicate\nthat a tropical or subtropical cyclone has formed. Subsequent\nadvisories will be issued at 0400, 1000, 1600, and 2200 UTC from\nthe NHC (0300, 0900, 1500, and 2100 UTC from the NHC (for the\nEastern Pacific) and CPHC). Advisories will continue to be issued\nuntil the system degenerates below depression level. In addition,\n4-1","special advisories will be issued whenever the following criteria\nare met. Remarks stating the reason for the special advisory or\nthe relocation will be mandatory in all special advisories or\nadvisories that include a relocated position.\nConditions require a hurricane or tropical storm watch\nor warning to be issued.\nA tropical depression becomes a tropical storm or vice\nversa.\nA tropical storm changes to a hurricane or vice versa.\nConditions require initiation or upgrading of an\nexisting coastal warning.\nA tornado threat develops or becomes non-existant.\nAny other circumstances causing the hurricane\nforecaster to believe other significant changes have occurred.\n[NOTE: Tropical cyclone updates are permitted without the\nI\nrequirement of a special advisory, including when coastal warnings\nare cancelled. However, in some cases a special advisory may\nI follow. 7\n4.3.3. Marine Advisory Content. Marine advisories will\ncontain appropriate information as shown in Figure 4-1.\nAdvisories will contain 12- and 24-hr forecasts and 36-, 48-,\nand 72-hr outlooks valid from times based on the latest 6-hourly\nsynoptic time.\n4.3.4. Numbering of Advisories. All advisories will be\nnumbered sequentially in the Eastern and Central Pacific; e.g.,\nAdvisory Number 1 on Tropical Depression 1,\nAdvisory Number 2 on Tropical Depression 1,\nAdvisory Number 3 on Tropical Storm Anita,\nAdvisory Number 4 on Hurricane Anita,\nAdvisory Number 5 on Tropical Depression Anita.\nIn the Pacific the NHC and CPHC will append an alphabetic\nI\ndesignator for intermediate advisories (e.g., 20A) In the\nAtlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico, advisories will be\nnumbered consecutively beginning with each new depression.\nSpecial advisories will be numbered, but intermediate advisories\nwill not be numbered. When the depression is numbered as a\nsubtropical storm then named, the advisory numbering will revert\nto 1 and start again, e.g.:\nAdvisory Number 1 on Tropical Depression 1,\nAdvisory Number 2 on Tropical Depression 1,\n4-2","MIATCMAT3\nTTAA00 KMIA 251535\nHURRICANE GLORIA MARINE ADVISORY NUMBER 34\nNATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MIAMI FL\n1600Z WED SEP 25 1985\nWATCH/WARNING SECTION*\nHURRICANE CENTER LOCATED NEAR 27.1N 73.1W AT 25/1600Z.\nPOSITION ACCURATE WITHIN 20 NAUTICAL MILES BASED ON AIR FORCE\nRECONNAISSANCE AND SATELLITE.\nPRESENT MOVEMENT TOWARD THE NORTHWEST OR 315 DEGREES AT 13 KT.\nMAX SUSTAINED WINDS 130 KT WITH GUSTS TO 150 KT.\nRADIUS OF 64 KT WINDS 75NE 50SE 50SW 75NW.\nRADIUS OF 50 KT WINDS 100NE 75SE 75SW 100NW.\nRADIUS OF 34 KT WINDS 200NE 150SE 150SW 200NW.\nRADIUS OF 12 FT SEAS OR HIGHER 200NE 150SI 150SW 200NW.\nREPEAT CENTER LOCATED AT 27.1N 73.1W AT 25/1600z.\nFORECAST VALID 26/0000Z 28.5N 74.5W.\nMAX SUSTAINED WINDS 130 KT WITH GUSTS TO 150 KT.\nRADIUS OF 50 KT WINDS 100NE 75SE 75SW 100NW.\nRADIUS OF 34 KT WINDS 200NE 150SE 150SW 200NW.\nFORECAST VALID 26/1200Z 31.0N 76.0W.\nMAX SUSTAINED WINDS 130 KT WITH GUSTS TO 150 KT.\nRADIUS OF 50 KT WINDS 100NE 75SE 75SW 100NW.\nRADIUS OF 34 KT WINDS 200NE 150SE 150SW 200NW.\nSTORM TIDE SECTION\nHEAVY PRECIPITATION SECTION*\nTHE FOLLOWING FORECASTS SHOULD BE USED ONLY FOR GUIDANCE\nPURPOSES BECAUSE ERRORS MAY EXCEED A FEW HUNDRED MILES.\nFORECAST VALID 27/0000Z 35. ON 75.5W.\nMAX SUSTAINED WINDS 110 KT WITH GUSTS TO 130 KT.\nRADIUS OF 50 KT WINDS 100NE 75SE 75SW 75NW.\nRADIUS OF 34 KT WINDS 200NE 150SE 150SW 100NW.\nFORECAST VALID 27/1200Z 39.0 75.0W.\nMAX SUSTAINED WINDS 80 KT WITH GUSTS TO 95 KT.\nRADIUS OF 50 KT WINDS 50NE 50SE 25SW 25NW.\nFORECAST VALID 28/1200Z 46.0N 73.0W.\nMAX SUSTAINED WINDS 40 KT NEAR CENTER.\nREQUEST FOR 3 HOURLY SHIP REPORTS WITHIN 300 MILES OF 27.1N 73.1W.\nNEXT ADVISORY AT 25/2200Z.\nNOTE PROBABILITIES OF HURRICANE/TROPICAL STORM CONDITIONS ARE\nAVAILABLE IN THE PUBLIC HURRICANE ADVISORY. SEE AFOS HEADER\nCCCTCPAT3 OR WMO HEADER WTNT33 KMIA.\n**\n* To be used when appropriate\nAtlantic only\nFigure 4-1. Marine advisory format.\n4-3","Advisory Number 1 on Tropical Storm Bert,\nAdvisory Number 2 on Hurricane Bert,\nAdvisory Number 3 on Tropical Storm Bert,\nAdvisory Number 4 on Tropical Depression Bert.\nIn both the Atlantic and the Pacific, once the storm system is\nnamed, however, that name will be retained on marine advisories\nuntil no further advisories are issued on that storm system.\nAdvisory numbering will continue sequentially.\n4 - 4","Figure 4-2. Hurricane Emily, September 22, 1987, 1831 UTC.\n4-5","CHAPTER 5\nAIRCRAFT RECONNAISSANCE\n5.1. General. All Department of Commerce (DOC) tropical and\nsubtropical cyclone aircraft reconnaissance needs will be\nrequested and provided in accordance with the procedures of this\nchapter. As outlined in the U.S. Air Force (USAF)/National\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Memorandum of\nUnderstanding (see Appendix C) , DOC has identified a requirment\nI\nfor, and the Department of Defense (DOD) maintains aircraft to\nsupport, up to five sorties per day. Requirements exceeding five\nsorties will be accomplished on a \"resources permitting\" basis.\nCongress has directed the DOD to maintain a combined active and\nreserve Air Force flying hour program of 1600 hours in support of\nhurricane reconnaissance coverage. In times of national emergency\nor war, some or all DOD reconnaissance resources may not be\navailable to fulfill DOC needs.\n5.2. Responsibilities.\n5.2.1. The DOD is responsible for:\n5.2.1.1. Providing operational aircraft for vortex\nfixes and data, synoptic tracks, and investigative flights in\nI\nresponse to DOC needs.\n5.2.1.2. Developing operational procedures to deploy\ndata buoys to satisfy DOC needs.\n5.2.2. The DOC is responsible for aircraft operations that\nI\nmay be requested to:\n5.2.2.1. Augment USAF operational aircraft recon-\nnaissance with high-density, high-accuracy - data when storms\nare within 24 hr of landfall of the continental United States.\n5.2.2.2. Augment USAF aircraft reconnaissance when DOC\nneeds exceed the capabilities of DOD resources. This includes the\nprovision of quick response to National Hurricane Center (NHC)\nrequests for reconnaissance on developing tropical cyclones\n(normally east of 80° W) from August 1 through September 30 on a\nresources permitting basis.\n5-1","5.2.2.3. Assume responsibility for hurricane reconnaissance\nover foreign airspace that may be restricted for military\noperations.\n5.2.2.4. Conduct research flights that assume an\noperational responsibility to the hurricane centers.\n5.3. Control of Aircraft. Operational control of aircraft flying\ntropical and subtropical cyclone reconnaissance will remain with\nthe operating agencies of DOD or DOC as appropriate.\n5.4. Reconnaissance Requirements.\n5.4.1. Meteorological Parameters. Data needs in priority\norder are as follow:\nGeographical position of the flight level vortex\ncenter (vortex fix) and relative position of the surface center if\nknown\nCenter sea-level pressure determined by dropsonde or\nextrapolation from within 1,500 ft of the sea surface or from the\ncomputed 850-hPa height.\nMinimum 700 or 850-hPa height, if available\nWind profile data for surface and flight level\nTemperature at flight level\nSea-surface temperature\nDew-point temperature at flight level.\n5.4.2. Required Meteorological Reconnaissance Data, Ranges,\nand Accuracies. Required reconnaissance data accuracies are as\nfollows:\n5.4.2.1. Geographic position.\nAircraft position: within 3 nmi\nI\nStorm surface center (wind/pressure) : within 6\nnmi\nFlight level storm center (wind/pressure) :\nwithin 6 nmi\n5.4.2.2. Wind direction.\nSurface: within 10 deg\nFlight level for winds greater than 20 kt:\nwithin 5 deg\n5-2","5.4.2.3. Wind speed.\nSurface: within 10 kt\nFlight level: within 4 kt\n5.4.2.4. Pressure height.\nSurface: within 2 hPa\nFlight level above 500 hPa: within 20 m\nFlight level at or below 500 hPa: within 10 m\n5.4.2.5. Temperature.\nSea surface: within 1°C\nFlight level : within 1°C\n5.4.2.6. Dew-point temperature.\nRange from -20°C to +40°C; within 1°C\nLess than -20°C: within 3°C\n5.4.2.7. Absolute altitude: within 10 m\n5.4.2.8. Vertical sounding.\nPressure: within 2 hPa\nTemperature: within 1°C\nDew-point temperature:\nRange of -20°C to +40°C : within 1°C\nLess than -20°C: within 3°C\nWind direction: within 10 deg\nWind speed: within 5 kt\n5.4.2.9. NOTE: Present weather reconnaissance\ncapabilities do not completely satisfy these requirements; data\nwill be collected as close to stated requirements as possible.\n5.4.3. Required Frequency and Content of Observations.\n5.4.3.1. Automated systems.\n5.4.3.1.1. Time, latitude, longitude, flight-level\npressure altitude, radar altitude, D value, wind speed, wind\ndirection, dew-point temperature, height of standard pressure\nsurface: every minute. Observations are transmitted every\none-half hour.\n5.4.3.1.2. Standard reconnaissance code (RECCO)\nand vortex observations as required.\n5-3","5.4.3.2. Standard (non-automated) systems. [See\nparagraph 5.8.2 and Appendix G for investigative mission\nobservation data format. 1\n5.4.3.2.1. Horizontal observations. RECCO code\nSection 1 or Section 3 plus 4ddff and 9V i TwTwTw (4 and 9 groups\nif\napplicable) : every 15 min enroute to and from the storm within\n15 deg from the tasked coordinates over water. Data from the\n500-hPa level are preferred. The RECCO observations are trans-\nmitted hourly enroute to and from the storm. Standard RECCO\nencoding and transmission is in accordance with Military Airlift\nCommand Regulation (MACR) 105-25, Weather Reconnaissance\nObservations, outside of 15 deg from tasked coordinates.\nHorizontal observation data collection frequency, format, and\ntransmission are to be as specified (National Hurricane Operations\nPlan (NHOP) flight patterns) within the tasked area.\n5.4.3.2.2. Vertical observations. The frequency\nof observations enroute to and from the tasked coordinates will be\nin accordance with MACR 105-25 unless otherwise specified. The\nI\nfrequency will be as specified (NHOP flight patterns) within the\ntasked area. The format for all vertical observations is World\nMeteorological Organization TEMP DROP code ( FM 37-VII).\n5.4.3.2.3. Vortex and supplementary vortex\nobservations are collected, encoded, and transmitted in accordance\nwith NHOP pattern requirements. See Figures 5-1 and 5-2 for data\nformats.\n5.4.3.2.4. NOTE: Present weather reconnaissance\nI\ncapabilities are marginal in satisfying these requirements; data\nwill be collected as close to stated requirements as possible.\nWhile the crews will attempt to meet customer requirements, it is\nunderstood that observations will not be considered unsatisfactory\nas long as they are accomplished every 30 min.\n5.4.4. High Density/High Accuracy Requirements. The DOC\nrequires rapid aquisition and transmission of tropical cyclone\ndata, especially within the last 24-hr period prior to landfall.\nSince only a limited number of aircraft currently have a high- -\ndensity, high-accuracy (HD/HA) capability, DOC reconnaissance\nrequests should specify which tropical cyclone reconnaissance\nsorties should use HD/HA aircraft. The HD/HA aircraft will be\nprovided on a \"resources permitting\" basis only.\n5.4.5. High Level Synoptic Track Profile Data Requirements.\nWhen required, the NHC will request mid-tropospheric reconnais-\nsance data on the periphery of systems approaching the United\nStates. The NHC will provide a specific track profile including\nI\n5-4","VORTEX DATA MESSAGE\nMANOP HEADING (PRECEDENCE IMMEDIATE\nMISSION IDENTIFIER AND OBSERVATION NUMBER\n(ABBREVIATED) (DETAILED) VORTEX DATA MESSAGE\nA\nZ\nDATE AND TIME OF FIX\nDEG\nMIN S\nLATITUDE OF VORTEX FIX\nB\nDEG\nMIN E W\nLONGITUDE OF VORTEX FIX\nC\nMB\nM\nMINIMUM HEIGHT AT STANDARD LEVEL\nD\nKT\nESTIMATE OF MAXIMUM SURFACE WIND OBSERVED\nE\nDEG\nNM\nBEARING AND RANGE FROM CENTER OF MAXIMUM SURFACE WIND\nF\nDEG\nKT\nMAXIMUM FLIGHT LEVEL WIND NEAR CENTER\nG\nDEG\nNM\nBEARING AND RANGE FROM CENTER OF MAXIMUM FLIGHT LEVEL WIND\nMINIMUM SEA LEVEL PRESSURE COMPUTED FROM DROPSONDE OR EXTRAPOLA-\nH\nMB\nTED FROM WITHIN 1500 FT OF SEA SURFACE\nI\nC/\nM\nMAX FLT LVL TEMPYPRESSURE ALT OUTSIDE EYE\nJ\nC/\nM\nMAX FLT LVL TEMP/PRESSURE ALT INSIDE EYE\nK\nC/\nC\nDEWPOINT TEMP/SEA SURFACE TEMP INSIDE EYE\nL\nEYE CHARACTER: Closed wall, poorly defined, open SW, etc.\nEYE SHAPE/ORIENTATION/DIAMETER. Code eye shape as: C - Circular; CO - Con-\ncentric; E Elliptical. Transmit orientation of major axis in tens of degrees, i.e.,\n01-010 to 190; 17-170 to 350. Transmit diameter in neutical miles. Examplea: C8-\nCircular eye 8 miles in diameter. E09/15/5 Elliptical eye, major axis 090-270, length\nM\nof major exis 15 NM, length of minor axis 5NM. COB-14 - Concentric eye, diameter\ninner eye 8 NM, outer eye 14 NM.\nMIN N S\nDEG\nCONFIRMATION OF FIX: Coordinates and Time\nN\nDEG\nMIN E w\nZ\nFIX DETERMINED BY/FIX LEVEL FIX DETERMINED BY: 1 - Penetration; 2-\nReder; 3 - Wind; 4 - Pressure; 5 - Temperature. FIX LEVEL (Indicate surface center\no\nif visible; indicate both surface and flight level centers only when same): 0 Surface;\n1 1500 ft; 8- 850 mb; 7 - 700 mb; 5 - 500 mb; 4 - 400 mb; 3 - 300 mb; 2 -\n200 mb; 9- Other.\nP\nNM\nNAVIGATION FIX ACCURACY/METEOROLOGICAL ACCURACY\nQ\nREMARKS\nINSTRUCTIONS: Items A through G (end H when extrapolated) are transmitted from the aircraft immediately following the fix.\nThe remainder of the message is transmitted es soon as available for scheduled fixes and at the ARWO's discretion for\nunscheduled (intermediate) fixes.\nFigure 5-1. Form 3 --Vortex - Data Message.\n5-5","Table 5-1. Vortex data message entry explanation\nDATA ITEM\nENTRY\nMISSION IDENTIFIER As determined in Chapter 5, paragraph 5.7.6.\nOBSERVATION NUMBER A two digit number determined by the\nsequential order in which the observation is\ntransmitted from the aircraft.\n(ABBREVIATED)\nAn abbreviated message has at least item ALPHA\n(DETAILED) VORTEX\nthrough GOLF and item HOTEL (when\nDATA MESSAGE\nextrapolated).\nA (ALPHA)\nDate and time (UTC) of the flight level center\nfix. If the flight level center cannot be\nfixed and the surface center is visible, enter\nthe time of the surface center fix.\nB (BRAVO)\nThe latitude and longitude of the center fix\nassociated with item ALPHA. NOTE: If the\nsurface center is fixable, enter bearing and\nrange from the center in item QUEBEC, e.g.,\nSFC CNTR 270/15 NMI.\nC (CHARLIE)\nIndicate the standard atmospheric surface\ne.g., 850 hPa or 700 hPa.\nThe minimum height of the standard surface\nobserved inside the center. If at 1,500 ft or\nor below or not within 1,500 ft of a standard\nsurface, enter NOBS (not observed).\nD (DELTA)\nThe maximum surface wind observed during the\ninbound leg associated with this fix.\nE (ECHO)\nBearing and range of the maximum surface wind\nobserved (item DELTA) from the coordinates\nreported in item BRAVO.\nF (FOXTROT)\nThe maximum flight level wind observed during\nthe inbound leg associated with this fix.\nG (GOLF)\nBearing and range of the maximum flight level\nwind observed (item FOXTROT) from the\ncoordinates reported in item BRAVO.\n5-6","Table 5-1. Vortex data message entry explanation (continued)\nThe minimum sea level pressure (SLP) to the\nH (HOTEL)\nnearest hectopascal observed at the\ncoordinates reported in item BRAVO. Preface\nthe SLP with \"EXTRA\" (extrapolated) when the\ndata are not derived from dropsonde or when\nthe SLP is extrapolated from a dropsonde that\nterminated early. Clarify the difference in\nremarks (e. g. SLP EXTRAPOLATED FROM BELOW\n1500 FEET/850 HPA/DROPSONDE)\nMAX FLT LVL TEMP - This temperature is taken\nI (INDIA)\njust outside the central region of a cyclone\n(i.e., just outside the eyewall or just beyond\nthe maximum wind band).\nPRESSURE ALT - Pressure altitude data (meters)\nare taken at the same location as the maximum\ntemperature data reported in item INDIA\nMAX FLT LVL TEMP The maximum temperature\nJ (JULIET)\nobserved within 5 nmi of the center fix coord-\ninates. If a higher temperature is observed\nat a location more than 5 nmi away from the\nflight level center (item BRAVO), it is\nreported in item QUEBEC including bearing and\ndistance form the flight level center.\nPRESSURE ALT - - Pressure altitude data (meters)\nare taken at the same location as the maximum\ntemperature data reported in item JULIET.\nThese data are collected at the same location\nK (KILO)\nas the maximum temperature reported in item\nJULIET. Enter \"NOBS\" if not observed.\nOnly report if at least 50 percent of the\nL (LIMA)\ncenter has an eyewall, otherwise enter \"NOBS. 11\nClosed wall-if the center has 100 percent\ncoverage with no eyewall weakness.\nOpen XX if the center has 50 percent or\nmore but less than 100 percent coverage.\nState the direction of the eyewall weakness.\nSelf explanatory. Report only if item LIMA\nM (MIKE)\nis reported, otherwise enter \"NOBS.\"\n5-7","Table 5-1. Vortex data message entry explanation (continued)\nN (NOVEMBER)\nFlight level center coordinates (same as\nitem BRAVO) .\n0 (OSCAR)\nAs currently stated.\nP (PAPA)\nNavigational and meteorological accuracy are\nreported as the upper limit of probable error.\nMeteorological accuracy is normally reported\nas one-half of the diameter of the light and\nvariable wind center.\nQ (QUEBEC)\nRemarks to enhance the data reported above.\nThe aircraft crew should report the maximum\nflight level winds observed and the time of\nobservation on their latest pass through any\nof the four quadrants during the mission in\nthe remarks section of the detailed/\nabbreviated vortex message.\ncontrol point and control time to Chief, Aerial Reconnaissance\nCoordinator, All Hurricanes (CARCAH) for coordination with the\nreconnaissance units.\n5.5. Reconnaissance Planning and Flight Notification.\n5.5.1. DOC Requests for Aircraft Reconnaissance Data.\n5.5.1.1. The National Hurricane Center (NHC) will\ncoordinate with the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC) to\ndetermine a list of the total DOC requirements for data on\ntropical and subtropical cyclones or disturbances for the next\n24-hr period (0500 to 0500 UTC) and an outlook for the succeeding\n24-hr period. This coordinated request will be provided to CARCAH\nas soon as possible, but not later than 1630 UTC each day in the\nformat of Figure 5-3). Amendments will be provided as required.\n5.5.1.2. From the above coordinated DOC request,\nCARCAH will publish the Tropical Cyclone Plan of the Day (TCPOD)\nWhen DOC reconnaissance needs exceed DOD and DOC resources, CARCAH\nwill coordinate with the NHC to establish priorities of\nrequirements.\n5-8","SUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGE\nMANOP HEADING (completed by monitors only)\n14\nUR\nMISSION IDENTIFIER AND OBSERVATION NUMBER (completed by Hight meteorologial and monitor)\nAF\nLEGEND\nSUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGE\n(444)\n(Lobal\n(1HHH)\n(TTT &\n(ddfff)\n1\n01 INDICATOR FOR DATA COLLECTED\n01\n1\n1\nAPPROXIMATELY 105 MM FROM STORM\nCENTER (INBOUND) OR APPROXIMATE-\n2\n02\n2\n2\nLY IS MM FROM CENTER (OUTBOUND)\nOTHER INDICATORS (02/2, 03/3...) FOR\n03\n3\n3\n3\nDATA AT APPROXIMATELY is NM INTER-\nVALS INSOUND OR OUTBOUND FROM\n4\nSTORM CENTER. INDICATORS MAY BE\n04\n4\n4\nEXPANDED BEYOND 07 100, 09....) AS\nNECESSARY AT APPROXIMATELY 15 NM\n5\n05\n5\n5\nINTERVALS.\nMF = INDICATOR FOR MAXIMUM FLIGHT\n06\n6\n6\n6\nLEVEL WIND OBSERVED\nH = SPEED OF WIND ⑉ KNOTS\n07\n7\n7\n7\ndd = TRUE DIRECTION OF FLIGHT LEVEL\nWIND SPEED IN TENS OF DEGREES\nTTT T = TEMP/DEWPOINT IN DEGREES\nCELSIUS: ADD so FOR NEGA-\nTIVE VALUES\nIHHH = PRESSURE HEIGHT DATA IN RECCO\nFORMAT\n444 LATITUDE IN DEGREES/TENTHS\n(LLL)\n(fff)\n= LONGITUDE IN DEGREES/\nTENTHS\nMF\nMF\nOBS 01 AT:\nOBS 01 SFC WNO:\n= DATA UNKNOWN/UNOBTAINABLE\nOBS\nAT\nZ\nZ\n(446)\n(L. L 4\n(jHHH)\n(ddff)\nSAMPLE MESSAGE\n01\n1\n1\n1\nURNT 12 KMIA 241703\nAF 966 0411 FREDERIC OB 14\n2\n02\n2\n2\nSUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGE\n01178\n10899\n13107\n10908\n36027\n02177\n20895\n23100\n20908\n35042\n03\n3\n3\n3\n03178\n30891\n33092\n30807\n36052\n04177\n40887\n43088\n40907\n35070\n4\n4\n04\n4\n05178\n50883\n$3070\n$0908\n36088\n06178\n60880\n63000\n61010\n35108\n07178\n70877\n73882\n71211\n35120\n05\n5\n5\n5\nMF178\nM0877\nMF120\nOBS 01 AT 15302 OBS 07 AT 1600Z\nOBS 01 SFC WND 36028\n06\n6\n6\n6\n01177\n10872\n13000\n11010\n18120\n02178\n20868\n23070\n21009\n17096\n03178\n30862\n23088\n30909\n18080\n7\n7\n07\n7\n04177\n40858\n43093\n40908\n17050\n05177\n50854\n$3102\n50908\n17048\n06178\n60850\n63108\n60905\n18031\n07177\n70844\n73114\n70902\n18025\n(464)\n(fff)\nMF177\nM0872\nMF 120\nOBS 01 AT 16302 OBS 07 AT 17002\nMF\nM\nMF\nOBS 07 SFC WIND 16025\nOBS 01 AT:\nOBS 07 SFC WND\nREMARKS HEAVY RAIN OUTSOUND\nOBS\nAT\n2\nREMARKS (and of message)\nPREPARED BY:\nTRANSMISSION TIME\nForm 4--Supplementary Vortex Data Message.\nFigure\n5-2.\n5-9","5.5.1.3. The following reconnaissance requests can be\nanticipated for a forecast or actual storm location:\n5.5.1.3.1. The Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico,\nCaribbean, Eastern and Central Pacific:\nup to four 6-hourly fixes per day when a\nstorm is within 500 nmi of landfall west of 55 W and north of 08 o N\nup to eight 3-hourly fixes per day when a\nstorm is forecast to be within 300 nmi of the U. S. coast, Hawaiian\nIslands, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, DOD installations, and other\nDOD assets when specified.\n5.5.1.3.2. Investigative flights may be requested\nfor disturbances in areas defined in paragraph 5.5.1.3.1., above,\ni.e., one or two flights per day dependent upon proximity of\nlandfall and upon known or suspected stage of development.\n5.5.1.3.3. Exceptions may be made when additional\nreconnaissance is essential to carry out warning responsibilities.\n5.5.2. DOD Reconnaissance Aircraft Responsiveness.\n5.5.2.1. Notification of requirements must precede\ntasked-on-station time by at least 16 hr plus enroute time to the\nI\narea of concern.\n5.5.2.2. The \"Succeeding Day Outlook\" portion of the\nTCPOD provides advance notification of requirements and authorizes\nunits to preposition aircraft to forward operating locations. For\nmissions requiring prepositioning, the \"Succeeding Day Outlook\"\nmay not provide adequate advance notification. In this situation,\nan \"Additional Day Outlook\" may be included in the TCPOD to\nauthorize units to preposition aircraft.\n5.5.2.3. When circumstances preclude the appropriate\nnotification lead time, the requirement will be levied as\n\"resources permitting. When a \"resources permitting\" requirement\nis levied in an amendment, the NHC will indicate the priority of\nall existing or remaining requirements.\n5.5.2.4. If a storm develops unexpectedly and could\ncause a serious threat to lives and property within a shorter time\nframe than provided for in the paragraphs above, CARCAH will\ncontact the reconnaissance units, or higher headquarters, as\nappropriate, and request assistance in implementing emergency\nprocedures not covered in this plan. The NHC and CPHC directors\nhave authority to declare an emergency.\n5-10","NHOP COORDINATED REQUEST FOR AIRCRAFT RECONNAISSANCE\nOriginal\nAmendment\n(Check One)\nI. ATLANTIC REQUIREMENTS\nHIGH\nSTORM NAME\nFIX OR ON\nDENS\nNHC\nDEPRESSION #\nSTATION\nCOORDI-\nFLIGHT\nFCST\nACCY\nPRI-\nSUSPECT AREA\nTIME\nNATES\nPATTERN\nMVMT\nREQT\nORITY\nSUCCEEDING DAY OUTLOOK\nREMARKS\nII. EASTERN AND CENTRAL PACIFIC REQUIREMENTS\nHIGH\nSTORM NAME\nFIX OR ON\nDENS\nNHC\nDEPRESSION #\nSTATION\nCOORDI-\nFLIGHT\nFCST\nACCY\nPRI-\nSUSPECT AREA\nTIME\nNATES\nPATTERN\nMVMT\nREQT\nORITY\nSUCCEEDING DAY OUTLOOK\nREMARKS\nIII.\nDISTRIBUTION\nA.\nTO CARCAH BY 1630z OR AMEND AT ANY TIME\nB. DATE\nTIME\nFCSTR INIT\nFigure 5- - 3. . Form 1 - - NHOP - coordinated request for\naircraft reconnaissance.\n5-11 -","5.5.3. Reconnaissance Tropical Cyclone Plan of the Day.\n5.5.3.1. Preparation. The CARCAH will coordinate the\nTCPOD (Figure 5-5) daily during the period from June 1 to November\n30 and at other times during the year as required. Transmitted\nTCPODs will be serially numbered each season.\n5.5.3.1.1. The CARCAH will coordinate the TCPOD\nwith the NHC, 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, 815th\nWeather Operations Flight, and the Office of Aircraft Operations\nbefore publication.\n5.5.3.1.2. The TCPOD will list all DOC and DOD\nI\nrequired tropical and subtropical cyclone reconnaissance\noperational missions. The remarks section of the TCPOD will\ninclude appropriate comments whenever research and operational\nflights overlap.\n5.5.3.1.3. The DOD-required tropical or\nI\nsubtropical cyclone reconnaissance missions in the Atlantic or\nthe Pacific west to 180° will be identified in the TCPOD as USN\nor USAF requirements.\n5.5.3.1.4. Amendments to the TCPOD will be\npublished only when requirements change. When amended, the impact\non each listed flight will be identified (i.e., No Change, Change\nAdded, or Cancel)\n40563\nU.S.AIR FORCE\nFigure 5-4. WC-130 weather reconnaissance aircraft.\n5-12","TROPICAL CYCLONE PLAN OF THE DAY FORMAT\n--ATLANTIC, EASTERN, AND CENTRAL PACIFIC OCEANS--\nFM OL-G, 7WW CORAL GABLES FL/CARCAH\nTO (MAC-APPROVED ADDRESSEES)/(NOAA-APPROVED ADDRESSEES)\nSUBJECT TROPICAL CYCLONE\nRECON POD FROM\nZ (MONTH) (YEAR) TO\nZ (MONTH) (YEAR) FOLLOWS\nI. ATLANTIC\n1. (STORM NAME, DEPRESSION, SUSPECT AREA) or (NEGATIVE RECON REQUIREMENTS)\nFLIGHT ONE (NHC PRIORITY, if applicable)\nA.\nZ\nFIX TIMES/ON STATION TIMES\n(Resources Permitting if applicable)\nZ\nB.\nMISSION IDENTIFIER\nC.\nZ\nETD\nD.\nDEPARTURE STATION\nE.\nFORECAST POSITION/STORM NAME\nF.\nDESTINATION STATION\nG.\nFLIGHT PATTERN\nH.\nFORECAST MOVEMENT\nI.\nREMARKS\nFLIGHT TWO (if applicable, same as FLIGHT ONE)\n2.\n(SECOND SYSTEM, if applicable, same as in 1. above)\n3. OUTLOOK FOR SUCCEEDING DAY (NHC PRIORITY, if applicable)\nA. POSSIBLE\n(Unit)\nON STATION REQUIREMENT NEAR (Location)\nAT (Time) Z.\nII. EASTERN AND CENTRAL PACIFIC (Same as in ATLANTIC)\nFigure 5-5. - Form 2 --Tropical - - Cyclone Plan of the Day format.\n5 -13","5.5.3.2. Dissemination. The TCPOD will be made\navailable to appropriate agencies that provide support to or\ncontrol of reconnaissance aircraft or are a part of the tropical\ncyclone warning service. Under normal circumstances, the TCPOD\nwill be disseminated by 1800 UTC each day. Amendments will be\ndisseminated as required.\n5.5.3.3. NOTE: the TCPOD will not be disseminated by\nmessage on weekends or holidays if there are no current-day or\nsucceeding-day reconnaissance requirements. The CARCAH, however,\nwill still coordinate by telephone with concerned agencies as in\nparagraph 5.5.3.1.1. above.\n5.5.4. Air Traffic Control (ATC) Clearances.\n5.5.4.1. Air traffic control agencies will provide air\ntraffic control separation between all aircraft operating on storm\nmissions and between storm aircraft and nonparticipating aircraft\noperating on instrument flight rules within controlled airspace.\nMission commanders are reminded that nonparticipating aircraft may\nbe operating near storm areas; thus, adherence to ATC clearances\nis mandatory for safety. The CARCAH will indicate in the TCPOD if\nclearance into warning areas is required.\n5.5.4.2. When storm aircraft cannot maintain assigned\naltitudes due to turbulence, ATC should be advised. Normal\nvertical separation of 1,000 ft at flight level (FL) 290 and below\nand 2,000 ft above FL 290 will be provided by ATC to aircraft\noperating in the storm area. Unless otherwise coordinated with\nATC, the altitudes between storm-mission aircraft may be used by\nATC for nonparticipating aircraft. Any procedure desired by\nstorm-mission aircraft commanders that is outside these parameters\nI\nmust be coordinated with the appropriate ATC facility.\n5.5.4.3. Dropsonde releases will be coordinated with\nthe appropriate Air Route Traffic Control Center and participating\naircraft if within controlled airspace, and with participating\naircraft only, if outside controlled airspace. Contact between\nparticipating aircraft will be made using the frequencies listed\nin paragraph 5.9.3.\nI\n5.6. Reconnaissance Effectiveness Criteria.\n5.6.1. General. Specified reconnaissance times are\nestablished to allow sufficient time for the forecaster to analyze\nthe data before issuing an advisory. Every effort should be made\nto obtain data at scheduled times. The following criteria will be\nused to assess reconnaissance mission effectiveness:\n5-14","5.6.1.1. Tropical Cyclone Fix Mission\n5.6.1.1.1. ON-TIME. The fix is made not earlier\nthan 1 hr before nor later than 1/2 hr after scheduled fix time.\n5.6.1.1.2. EARLY. The fix is made from 1 hr\nbefore scheduled fix time to one-half of the time interval to the\npreceding fix, not to exceed 3 hr .\n5.6.1.1.3. LATE. The fix is made within the\nI\ninterval from 1/2 hr after scheduled fix time to one-half of the\ntime interval to the succeeding scheduled fix, not to exceed 3 hr.\n5.6.1.1.4. MISSED. Data are not obtained within\nthe parameters specified for on-time, early, or late.\n[NOTE: Appropriate credit will be given when the aircraft arrives\nI\nin the requested area but is unable to locate a center due to\nstorm dissipation or rapid movement. Credit will also be given\nfor radar fixes if penetration is not possible due to geographic\nor other flight restrictions.\n5.6.1.2. Tropical Cyclone Investigative Missions.\n1\n5.6.1.2.1. ON-TIME. An observation must be taken\nwithin 250 nmi of the specified coordinates by the scheduled time.\n5.6.1.2.2. LATE. An observation is taken within\n250 nmi of the specified coordinates after the scheduled time but\nnot later than the scheduled time plus 2 hr.\n5.6.1.2.3. MISSED. When the aircraft fails to be\nwithin 250 nmi of the specified coordinates by the scheduled time\nplus 2 hr.\n5.6.2. The NHC or CPHC will provide CARCAH a written\nassessment of the reconnaissance mission anytime its timeliness or\nquality is outstanding or substandard (see Figure 5-6). Require-\nments levied as \"resources permitting\" will not be assessed for\ntimeliness, but may be assessed for quality of data gathered.\n5.6.3. The CARCAH will maintain monthly and seasonal\n1\nreconnaissance summaries detailing missions actually flown to\nsatisfy NHC-levied requirements.\n5.7. Aerial Reconnaissance Weather Encoding, Reporting. and\nCoordination.\n5.7.1. Vortex Data. The detailed vortex data message (Form\n3, Figure 5-1) will be prepared with all observed vortex fix\n5-15","MISSION EVALUATION FORM\nDATE:\nTO:\nOL-G, 7WW/CARCAH\n(Director, NHC, CPHC)\nFROM:\nSUBJECT: Mission\nEvaluation\n(Mission Identifier)\nPUBLISHED REQUIREMENTS:\nPermission Coordinates (As Updated Prior to TKO)\nN\nW\nFlight Pattern\nMission Requirements Times\nRECONNAISSANCE MISSION PERFORMANCE:\nFlight Flown:\nCompletely\nPartially\nOther\nHorizontal Data Coverage:\nComplete\nTimely\nAccurate\nIncomplete\nUntimely\nInaccurate\nVertical Data Coverage:\nComplete\nTimely\nAccurate\nIncomplete\nUntimely\nInaccurate\nRequirements Accomplished:\nOn Time\nEarly\nLate\nMissed\nRemarks:\nOVERALL MISSION EVALUATION:\nOutstanding\nSatisfactory\nUnsatisfactory\nEquipment:\nAccuracy:\nTimeliness:\nProcedures:\nCompleteness:\nRemarks:\nFigure 5-6. Form 5--Mission evaluation form.\n5-16","information for all scheduled fixes. For intermediate fixes,\neither an abbreviated or detailed vortex data message may be\ntransmitted, depending upon availablility of information and\nforecaster requirements.\n5.7.2. Center Fix Data. When proximity to unfriendly\nterritory, air traffic control restriction, or other factors\nprevent actual penetration of the vortex by the reconnaissance\naircraft, it is permissible to fix the cyclone by radar. All\naircraft radar fix reports will be made in plain text and appended\nto a RECCO observation taken at fix time or to a supplementary\nvortex data message completed up to the time of the radar fix,\ne.g., RADAR CENTER FIX 21.5N 83. OW, POOR RADAR PRESENTATION, NAV\nACCURACY 5NMI. The remark stating the type of radar fix and\nquality of the radar presentation is in accordance with Chapter 7,\nparagraph 7.2.2.\n5.7.3. Supplementary Vortex Data. Penetration and\ncollection of supplementary vortex data will normally begin at a\nradius of approximately 105 nmi from the center as determined by\nthe flight meteorologist. The required supplementary vortex data\nare as shown in Figure 5-2 (Form 4). [NOTE: Present weather\nreconnaissance equipment is inadequate to provide full data for\n15 nmi supplementary vortex data; data will be collected as close\nI\nto stated requirements as possible and within the capabilities of\nthe flight crew. 7\n5.7.4. . Mission Coordination. Mission coordination for all\nmissions will be accomplished through CARCAH. Meteorological\ndiscussions for Central Pacific missions may be accomplished\ndirectly with the CPHC; however, any changes to tasking will be\naccomplished through CARCAH.\n5.7.5. Post-flight Debriefing. Unless otherwise directed,\nthe flight meteorologist will provide either an airborne or\npost-flight debriefing to the appropriate hurricane center to\nensure all observations were received and understood.\n5.7.6. Mission Identifier. Each reconnaissance report will\ninclude the mission identifier as the opening text of the message.\nRegular weather and hurricane reconnaissance messages will include\nthe five-digit agency/aircraft indicator followed by the CARCAH-\nassigned mission-storm system indicator. Elements of the mission\nI\nidentifier follow:\n5-17","Agency/Aircraft\nMission Storm System\nIndicator\nIndicator\nAgency + Aircraft\nNumber of\nDepression number\nStorm\nNumber*\nmission\nor XX if not a\nname or\nthis storm\ndepression or\nwords\nsystem\nCYCLONE or\ngreater\nINVEST\n*AF plus last 3 digits of tail number\n*NOAA plus last digit of aircraft registration number\n-EXAMPLES-\nAF985 01XX INVEST\n(USAF aircraft 985 on the first mission to\ninvestigate a suspect area.)\nAF987 0503 CYCLONE\n(USAF aircraft 987 on the fifth mission on\ndepression number 3. Invest or fix as\nI\nspecified in TCPOD.)\nNOAA2 0701 AGNES\n(NOAA aircraft 42RF on the seventh mission\nto fix depression number 1, which has\nacquired the name AGNES. )\n5.7.7. Observation Numbering and Content.\n5.7.7.1. The first weather observation will have\nappended as remarks the International Civil Aviation Organization\n(ICAO) four-letter identifier for the departure station, time of\ndeparture, and estimated time of arrival (ETA) at the coordinates\nor storm.\n-EXAMPLE-\nI\nAF966 0308A EMMY 0B 01\n97779 TEXT TEXT\nDPTD KBIX AT 10/2100Z ETA 31.5N 75.0W AT\n11/0015Z\n5.7.7.2. All observations (RECCO, vortex, supplemental,\nand dropsonde) from the first to the last will be numbered\nsequentially. When an aircraft is diverted from its original\nmission to fulfill NHC requirements, conclude the original mission\nby using the last report remark. The next observation from the\ndiverted aircraft will be labeled 0B 01, will use the\nCARCAH-assigned mission identifier, and will include time of\ndiversion and ETA of coordinates of interest.\n5-18","I\n-EXAMPLE-\n-\nAF968 01XXA INVEST 0B 01\n97779 TEXT\nDPTD AF968 1005A CINDY MISSION AT 05/1235Z ETA 18N 85W AT 05/1630Z\n5.7.7.3. Appended to the final weather observation will\nbe\na last-report remark that will include destination, ETA, number\nof observations, and monitor (s) that copied the observations.\n-EXAMPLE-\nAF553 0308 EMMY 0B 16\nXXAA TEXT TEXT LAST REPORT ETA KBIX 11/0910Z OBS 01 THRU 10 AND\n12 THRU 16 KMIA 0B 11 KMHR\n5.8. Operational Flight Patterns. This section includes\noperational flight patterns that provide vortex and peripheral\ndata on tropical and subtropical cyclones including two 6-hourly\nand intermediate fixes.\nFLIGHT PATTERN\nMODIFIED\n1\n1\n\"ALPHA\"\nNORTH\n\"ALPHA\"\nNORTH\n2\n8\n2\n4\n3\nFLIGHT SEQUENCE\n4\n6\n1-3-4-2-3-1-2-4-1\nOR 2-4-1-3-4-2-3-1-2\nFLIGHT SEQUENCE\nOR 3-1-2-4-1-3-4-2-3\n1-5-6-2-3-7-8-4-5-1\nOR 14-2-3-1-2-4-1-3-4\n5\n3\nFigure 5-7. Flight patterns ALPHA and modified ALPHA.\n5-19","5.8.1. Flight Pattern ALPHA Operational Details\n5.8.1.1. Flight levels will normally be at 1,500 ft,\n850 hPa, or 700 hPa, depending on data requirements and flight\nsafety. The flight sequence is shown in the figure. The pattern\nsequence can be entered at any point and then repeated for the\nmission duration. See Figure 5-7.\n5.8.1.2. Reconnaissance code (section 1 plus 4ddff and\n9V iTwTwTw) is required for each transit of a triangle (A)\nposition. These data are transmitted immediately. Groups with\nthe indicator 4 or 9 are included in observations only when\nsurface winds are discernible or the flight is at low level. Open\ncircle (o) positions indicate the beginning or ending of supple-\nmentary vortex data on inbound or outbound radials.\n5.8.1.3. Supplementary vortex data are required for\neach radial flown inbound or outbound. Transmit data to the\nappropriate monitor at the end of each pair of inbound or outbound\nlegs flown.\n5.8.1.4. On each transit of the center a fix will be\nmade and a vortex data message completed. If it is a scheduled\nI\nfix, the detailed vortex data message will be completed using data\ngathered on the inbound track since the previous fix and will be\ntransmitted immediately. If it is an intermediate (nonscheduled)\nfix, an abbreviated vortex data message using data gathered on the\ninbound track since the previous fix may be prepared in lieu of\nthe detailed message and transmitted immediately. Center\ndropsonde data will also be provided for scheduled fixes made at\n700 hPa or above.\n5.8.1.5. Dropsonde data, when required in the periphery\nof the storm will be determined on a case-by-case basis and\ncoordinated through the TCPOD.\n5.8.1.6. The entry and exit track should be on one of\nthe cardinal directions (see recommended pattern \"A\" execution,\nFigure 5-8). Prior to starting an inbound or an outbound track\nthe aircrew should evaluate all available data, e.g., radar\npresentation, satellite photo, and select a course within plus or\nminus 20 deg of the cardinal direction. Once started on the\ncourse, every effort should be made to maintain a straight track\nand the tasked altitude unless flight safety becomes a factor.\n5.8.1.7. Lack of an automated data collection system on\nDOD aircraft may preclude complete and timely satisfaction of all\nrequirements.\n5-20","4\n3\nexit\nFigure 5-8. Recommended pattern ALPHA execution.\n2\nG\n1\nentry\nSUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA\nDETAILED VORTEX DATA\nDETAILED/ABBREVIATED\nNORTH\nDIRECTION OF FLIGHT\nPLUS CENTER DROP\nRECCO (SECTION 1)\nVORTEX DATA\nLegend\nS\n6\n105 NM\nD","5.8.2. Operational Flight Pattern DELTA. Operational flight\npattern Delta provides a suggested (but not the only) approach to\nI\nthe investigation of a disturbance to ascertain the existence or\nnonexistence of a closed circulation, supply RECCO observations in\nrequired areas, and locate the vortex center. This pattern is\nnormally not tasked when a closed circulation has been identified\nand scheduled fixes are required. See Figure 5-9 for the\npattern.\n5.8.2.1. Flight level will normally be at or below\n1,500 ft absolute altitude but may be adjusted as dictated by data\nrequirements, meteorological conditions, or flying safety factors.\nDuring day or night operations when flying safety conditions\ndictate, an 850-hPa or higher altitude may be flown.\n5.8.2.2. Reconnissance observations (Section 1 plus\n4ddff and 9V i TwTwTw) are required every 30 min. Reconnaissance\nobservations (Section 3 plus 4ddff and 9V T W T...T...) W W are required\napproximately every 15 min. Section 3 data are appended to the\nnext RECCO Section 1 observation. The 4 or 9 group will not be\nreported if data are not available.\n5.8.2.3. A detailed vortex data message is required if\na vortex fix is made.\nFORECAST\n45°\n60NMi\nCENTER\nACTUAL\nCENTER\nFigure 5-9. Flight pattern DELTA.\n5-22","1729\n870922I1\nEmily\n1806 N\n(min. ) (max. )\nPitch= 1.2, 2.2\n52\n49\nRoll= -2.0; 5.2\n46\n43\nTrack= 88.9, 91.4\n40\nDrift= -4.0; -2.7\n37\n35\nTilt= 2.7, 3.9\n1817\n32\n1712 Z\nAircraft Position:\n29\n16.9 N\n26\n69.1 W\n23\nAlt= 3000 M\n20\n183306 Z\n17\nWinds plotted\n15\nstorm relative\n180 X 188 km\ndBZ\nLower Fuselage\nPREPARED BY:\nHURRICANE\nRESEARCH DIVISION\n1643 N\nOF\nNOAA AOM MIAMI, FL\n1845 Z\nFigure 5-10. One-minute wind observations from a NOAA P-3\nweather reconnaissance aircraft--Hurricane - -\nEmily, September 22, 1987, 1833 UTC.\n5-23","5.8.2.4. The DELTA pattern is designed to provide the\nflexibility required in the investigation of a distrubance as\nfollows:\n5.8.2.4.1. The pattern is converted west-east to a\nmirror image if entry is to be made from the east.\n5.8.2.4.2. The length of the legs is to be\nadjusted during the pattern to coincide with cyclonic circulation\nwind shifts, i.e., turn points are selected by the flight\nmeteorologist after observing appropriate sustained wind shifts.\n5.8.2.4.3. If observed data indicate that the\naircraft is on the southern side of the circulation, the pattern\nis converted south-north to a mirror image pattern to enable\ninvestigation in the proper areas.\n5.8.2.4.4. If data indicate to the flight\nmeteorologist that the aircraft is far north of any existing\ncirulation, the pattern is extended (as shown by the dashed lines)\nto allow further investigation.\n5.8.2.4.5. If the location of the center becomes\nobvious, the pattern may be broken off to accomplish a vortex fix.\nForecast agencies may request changes in the pattern as dictated\nby their data requirements.\n5.9. Aircraft Reconnaissance Communications.\n5.9.1. General. The USAF and NOAA aircraft will normally\ntransmit reconnaissance observations via high frequency radio\nthrough USAF aeronautical stations to the appropriate weather\nreconnaissance data monitor. Monitors will evaluate these reports\nand disseminate them to either the Automated Digital Weather\nSystem, Carswell AFB, TX or the weather communications facility at\nSuitland, MD.\n5.9.2. Air-to-Ground Communications. The weather\nreconnaissance crew will relay weather data via direct telephone\npatch to the weather monitor through the appropriate USAF\naeronautical station listed in enroute flight publications. When\nrequested, aeronautical stations will provide a discrete frequency\nfor misson use, if possible. Specific radio procedures and\nterminology will comply with Allied Communications Publication\n125, Standard Telephone and Radio Procedures. Because of the\nperishable nature and potential operational impact of weather\ndata, USAF has authorized the use of IMMEDIATE precedence for\ntransmission of hurricane reconnaissance data. Data will be\nrouted as follows:\n5-24","Primary. Direct phone patch between the aircraft\nand Miami Weather Monitor (Atlantic and Eastern Pacific) or Hickam\nI\nWeather Monitor (Central Pacific).\nSecondary. Direct phone patch between the aircraft\nand any weather monitor.\n5.9.3. Air-to-Air Communications. When more than one\nreconnaissance aircraft is known to be operating in a particular\narea of interest, the following frequencies will be used for\nairplane-to-airplane communications and coordination:\nPrimary: VHF 123.05 MHz\nSecondary: UHF 304.8 MHz\nBack-up: HF 4701 KHz USB\n5.9.4. Aircraft-to-Satellite Data Link (ASDL) Equipped\nAircraft. Aircraft equipped with ASDL have the option to utilize\nthe ASDL system using the following procedures (See Figure 5-11) :\nI\n5.9.4.1. Data Format. The following format will be\nused for data transmission by the ASDL system.\nOne minute observation--all locations\n(Message Header)\n(Date/Time)\nURNT40 KMIA\n291630\n(Platform Identifier)\n(Date/Time-NESDIS)\n15C9419C\n23012 3220\n(Mission Identifier)\nNOAA2 0401 ANA\n(Time) (Latitude) (Longitude) (Press Alt) ( D Value)\n1233 2803\n08037\n06173\n+0436\n(Wind) (Temperature) (Dew Point)\n213010 +138\n+096\n(End of Message)\nNNNN\nRECCO Observation--Atlantic Area\n(Message Header)\n(Date/Time)\nURNT40 KMIA\n291630\n(Platform Identifier)\n(Date/Time-NESDIS) -\n15C9419C\n23012 3220\n(Observation MANOP Heading)\nURNT11 KMIA\n(Mission Identifier)\nNOAA2 0401 ANA 0B 03\n(RECCO Text)\n97779 12428 93275\n(End of Message)\nNNNN\n5-25","ASDL UPLINK - 405 MHz\n(RECON DATA)\n(GOES A-B)\nCOMMERCE\nDEPT\nASDL DOWNLINK\n1614 MHz\n(ASDL = AIRCRAFT TO SATELLITE\nDATA LINK)\nUSER CALL IN CIRCUITS\n(NHC)\nGROUND TRACKING STATION\nFigure 5-11. Schematic of aircraft-to-satellite data link\nfor NOAA P-3 aircraft.\n5-26","RECCO Observation--Eastern and Central Pacific.\nThis is the same as the one above except that the observation\nMANOP heading is URPN11 KMIA. [NOTE: 11 is used for routine\ntropical cyclone observations; 12 is used for vortex reports,\netc. 7\n(Message Header) (Date/Time)\nURPN11 KMIA\n291630\n(Platform Identifier)\n(Date/Time-NESDIS)\n15C9419C\n23012 3220\n(Observation MANOP Heading)\nUPRN11 KMIA\n(Mission Identifier)\nNOAA2 0401 ANA 0B 03\n(RECCO Text)\n97779 12428 93275\n(End of Message)\nNNNN\n5.9.4.2. Data Tranmission Schedule. To aid the\nI\ntransmission of data from several aircraft through one circuit,\neach aircraft will be assigned a specific block of time within the\n30-min interval for transmission of its data. The schedule is\nshown in Table 5-2.\n5.9.4.3. Data Transmission Test. Prior to the\n1\nbeginning of the hurricane season, each ASDL-equipped aircraft\nwill perform a ground or airborne test of the equipment and data\nground handling procedures to determine the equipment reliability,\ntransmission errors, and time lapse between transmission of the\ndata from the aircraft and receipt of the data by the hurricane\nforecaster. Test data will be forwarded to the Chairman, Working\nGroup for Hurricane and Winter Storms Operations.\nTable 5-2. ASDL data transmission schedule.\nTIME PERIOD\nTRANSMITTER\n0 - + 5\n+ 5 - +10\n0A0 42RF P-3 (A)\n+10 - +15\n0A0 43RF P-3 (B)\n+15 - +20\n+20 - +25\n+25 - +30\n+30 - +35\n+35 - +40\n0A0 42RF P-3 (A)\n+40 - +45\n0A0 43RF P-3 (B)\n+45 - +50\n+50 - +55\nRadar\n+55 - +60\nRadar\n5-27","[NOTE: : Because only 4 min 28 sec of each 5-min time block can be\nused for data transmission, roughly 1/2 min is left in each trans-\nmission block. This schedule is designed to eliminate diagnostic\nstatements that would appear at the NESDIS computer if data from\nspecific sources arrived at the computer at unscheduled time.)\n5.9.5. Improved Weather Reconnaissance System (IWRS)\nEquipped Aircraft. The USAF aircraft equipped with IWRS will use\nthe Air Force Satellite Communications System (AFSATCOM) data link\nwith Keesler AFB, MS to relay data to the NHC via the AWN. Figure\n5-12 depicts these communication links.\nAFSATCOM\n-....\nWC-130\nwith IWRS\nADWS\nCARSWELL\nKeesler AFB\nWx Monitor\nFigure 5-12. Schematic of aircraft-to-satellite data link\nfor USAF WC-130 aircraft.\n5-28","CHAPTER 6\nSATELLITE SURVEILLANCE OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL CYCLONES\n6.1. Satellites.\n6.1.1. Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite\n(GOES) The GOES system currently consists of two operational\nspacecraft, GOES-6 at 135 W (GOES WEST) and GOES-7 at 75°W (GOES\no\nEAST). The principal GOES products are one-half hourly pictures\nwith implanted grids automatically applied to all sectors.\nDuring daylight hours, approximately 1-, 2-, and 4-km resolution\nfixed standard sectors are produced. During the night (and\nduring daylight) the same geographical coverage standard sectors\nare produced with 7-km resolution in infrared (IR). The IR data\nmay be enhanced to emphasize various features. Also, 14-km\nresolution sectors of water vapor are available half-hourly.\nFloating sectors, which are scheduled by the Satellite Field\nService Stations (SFSS), are produced to augment the standard\nsector coverage. All products are delivered in near real time to\nthe National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information\nService's (NESDIS) Synoptic Analysis Branch (SAB), the SFSS's,\nand Weather Service Forecast Offices (see Table 6-1).\nI\n6.1.2. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administation\n(NOAA) Polar-orbiting Satellites. These Television Infrared\nObservation Satellites cross the United States twice daily near\nthe equatorial crossing times indicated in Table 6-1. Data are\navailable via direct readout--high resolution picture transmission\n(HRPT) or automatic picture transmission (APT) - - or central\nprocessing. Data from the Advanced Very High Resolution\nRadiometer (AVHRR) are available on a limited basis through the\nGOES distribution system (Figure 6-1). The Air Force Global\nWeather Central (AFGWC), Offutt AFB, NE, receives global NOAA\nimagery data direct from central readout sites on a pass-by-pass\nbasis. Data are processed in mapped and unmapped form for use\ninternally.\n6.2. National Weather Service (NWS) Support.\n6.2.1. Station Contacts. The GOES imagery is available in\nsupport of the surveillance of tropical and subtropical cyclones\nat specific NWS offices. Satellite meteorologists can be\ncontacted at these offices; phone numbers are in Appendix H.\n6-1","Table 6-1. Satellite and satellite data availability for the\ncurrent hurricane season.\nSATELLITE TYPE OF DATA LOCAL TIME\nPRODUCTS\nEvery 30 min\n1. 1-, 9 2-, and 4 - km\nGOES-6\nVAS\n(24 hr/day)\nresolution visible standard\nGOES-7\nsectors covering Western,\nLimited scan\nMidwest, and Eastern\nfor short- -\ninterval viewing United States.\navailable. )\n2. 7-km resolution\nequivalent IR stand-\nard sectors for U.S.\n(night)\n3. Equivalent IR-\nenhanced imagery.\n4. Floating sectors at 1- -\n2-, and 4-km resolution\n(visible) (equivalent to\n7-km resolution IR)\n5. Full disc IR (day\nand night)\n6. 14-km resolution\nwater vapor sectors (day\nand night)\n7. Wind analysis\n8. Cloud top heights\n9. VDUC-derived products:\nDeep layer mean wind, wind\nanalysis, and moisture\nimagery.\n10. Moisture analysis\nI\n1. Mapped imagery\nI NOAA-10\nAVHRR\n0740/1940\n2. Unmapped imagery (all\nGAC and LAC\ndata types) at DMSP sites.\n(recorded)\n3. Sea-surface temperature\nHRPT and APT\nanalysis\n(direct)\n4. Soundings\nTOVS\nGAC and LAC 1430/0230\nNOAA-9\n(recorded)\nHRPT and APT\n(direct)\nTOVS\n6-2","Table 6-1. Satellite and satellite data availability for the\ncurrent hurricane season (continued).\nSATELLITE TYPE OF DATA LOCAL TIME\nPRODUCTS\nDMSP F-8 Operational 0611/1811\n1. AFGWC 1.5 nmi\nresolution visual and\nLinescan\nSystem (OLS)\ninfrared imagery.\n(recorded and\n2. Hickam Direct Read-\ndirect)\nout 0.3 and 1.5 nmi\nresolution visual and\nMicrowave temp-\nerature sounder\ninfrared imagery.\n(SSM/T)\n3. SSM/T data trans-\n(recorded)\nmitted to NESDIS via\nMicrowave imager\nshared processing.\n(SSM/I)\n4. SSM/I data\n(recorded)\nvalidation ongoing.\nDMSP F-9\nOLS imagery 0930/2130\n(recorded and\ndirect)\nSSM/T (recorded)\n6.2.2. Products. There are four types of satellite\nproducts issued by the centers and their alternates. Chapter 3\ndescribes these products, their communications headings, and\ntheir schedules.\nSatellite tropical disturbance summaries\nSatellite interpretation messages\nTropical weather discussions\nTropical disturbance rainfall estimates\n6.2.3. Satellite Tropical Disturbance Summary. The Miami,\nSan Francisco, and Honolulu SFSSs distribute satellite summaries\n(see Figure 6-2 for an example) twice daily at the times\nindicated in Table 6-2. These describe significant weather in\ntropical regions of the Atlantic, Eastern Pacific, and Central\nPacific (north and south between 140 W and 100°W), respectively.\n6.3. NESDIS Synoptic Analysis Branch. The SAB operates 24 hr a\nI\nday to provide satellite support to the National Meteorological\nCenter. The SAB also distributes twice daily a satellite\ntropical disturbance summary for the Indian Ocean. Telephone\nnumbers for the SAB are in Appendix H.\n6.4. AFGWC Support and the Defense Meteorological Satellite\nProgram (DMSP). The AFGWC uses all available meteorological\nI\n6-3","WALLOPS ISLAND, VA\nEAST & WEST RTIR\nCOMMAND AND\nACQUISITION\nSTATION\nDATA\nDCS DATA\nVAS\nGOES EAST\nRAW\nGRIDS\nDCPR\nEAST & WEST RTIR TO KMKC\nEAST RTIR TO KMIA\nTLM\nSTRETCH VAS\nFigure 6-1. GOES central data distribution system.\nCOMMANDS\nSPACECRAFT TELEMETRY\nMARLOW HEIGHTS,\nWEFAX\nWORLD WEATHER\nSPACECRAFT COMMANDS\nDCPI\nCENTRAL DATA\nOPERATIONAL DATA\nDISTRIBUTION\nSTATION STATUS\nBUILDING\nWEFAX SOURCE DATA\nFACILITY\nMD\nMETEOSAT\nOPERATIONS\nSATELLITE\nKWAL AVHRR, EAST WEFAX\nCONTROL\nCENTER\nFULL DUPLEX VOICE GRADE CIRCUITS\nSTRETCHED\nVAS\nSTRETCH\nGRIDDED\nSUITLAND, MD\nVAS\nCOMPUTER\nE\nCOMPLEX\nCENTRAL\n(FACSIMILE)\nINGEST\nNOAA\nVAS\nGOES WEST\n*CABLES DIRECT TO CDDF\n5 AVHRR\nGMS\n2 AVHRR\n24*\n5\n4\n2\nPANC\nKSFO\nSFSS\nKMKC\nKWBC\nSFSS\nSFSS\nSFSS\nPHNL\nSFSS\nKMIA\nSFSS\n2\n1","satellite data when providing fix information. The DMSP will\nprovide coverage of tropical and subtropical cyclones whenever\npossible. Data covering the National Hurricane Operations Plan\nareas of interest are received centrally at AFGWC and locally at\nthe direct readout site at Hickam AFB, HI.\n6.4.1. North Atlantic and Central Pacific Surveillance.\nThe AFGWC readouts will augment NESDIS surveillance for the\nI\nNorth Atlantic and Central Pacific. The AFGWC will transmit\nteletype bulletins describing the location and intensity\nclassification of the system, in the format shown in Figure 6-3,\nI\nto the National Hurricane Center (NHC) or Central Pacific\nHurricane Center, as appropriate, on organized disturbances\nevident at the tropical classification one (T-1) or higher.\n6.4.2. Eastern Pacific Surveillance. If the NHC\ndetermines the coverage from available NESDIS satellites should\nbe supplemented, they will request the data from AFGWC.\n6.5. Satellites and Satellite Data Availability for the Current\nHurricane Season. Table 6-1 lists satellite capabilities for\nthe 1988 hurricane season.\n6.6. Current Intensity and Tropical Classification Number.\nThe current intensity (C.I.) number relates directly to the\nintensity of the storm. The empirical relationship between the\nC.I. number and a storm's wind speed is shown in Table 6-3. The\nI\nC.I. number is same as the tropical classification number\n(T-number) during the development stages of a tropical cyclone,\nbut is held higher than the T-number while a cyclone is\nweakening. This is done because a lag is often observed between\nthe time a storm pattern indicates weakening has begun and the\ntime when the storm's intensity decreases. An added benefit\nfrom this rule is the stability it adds to the analysis when\nshort-period fluctuations in the cloud pattern occur. In\npractice, the C.I. number is not lowered until the T-number has\nshown weakening for 12 hr or more.\n6-5","ABXX15 KMIA 210800Z\nSATELLITE TROPICAL DISTURBANCE SUMMARY\nALL MOVEMENTS AND TRENDS 24 HOURS UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED\nEAST PACIFIC GOES WEST IR NITE 210745Z\nTROPICAL STORM SUSAN. SEE LATEST NHC ADVISORY. *\nITC 2 TO 4 DEGS WIDE XTNDG FM 6N 80W TO 11N 116W IS BRKN TO\nOCNLY OVC WITH HVST ACTIVITY ARND 11N 116W. SCTD ACTV ITC FM 9N\n116W TO 12N 134W 2 DEG WIDE WAS BKN YDA. BRKN TO OVC AREA 3 TO\n5 DEG IN DIA IS MDTLY ACTV CNTRD NEAR 11N 116W HAS MVD W 5 DEG\nWITH LTL CHG.\nATLANTIC GOES EAST IR NITE 210630Z\nNO TROPICAL STORMS OBSERVED\nITC 3 TO 5 DEG WIDE FM 10N 20W TO 14N 50W IS MSTLY BRKN AND\nMDTLY ACTV WITH LTL GHG. BRKN ACTV ITC FM 14N 50W TO 17N 57W 4\nDEG WIDE HAS INCREASED IN WIDTH.\n*Whenever a tropical system is located in the Atlantic,\nCaribbean, Eastern, Western, or Central Pacific, Part 1 will\ncarry the following statement: \"See latest (NHC or CPHC)\nadvisory (ies) .\"\nFigure 6-2. Sample satellite tropical disturbance summary.\n6-6","MESSAGE HEADING:\nTPNT CCCC\nA\nA. Designator of tropical cyclone category including\nCYCLONE DESIGNATOR\nname/number. When a cloud system has not yet\nbeen designated by name/number enter TROPICAL\nDISTURBANCE.\nSample entry: TROPICAL STORM AMY (15)\nB\nB. Date and nodal crossing time in Zulu; round time\nDATE/TIME (z) OF FIX\nto nearest minute. Sample entry: 2523032\nC\nC. Latitude to nearest tenth of degree (N or s),\nLATITUDE OF POSITION\nfollowed by checksum. Sample entry: 29.9N/O\nD\nD.\nLongitude to nearest tenth of degree followed by\nLONGITUDE OF POSITION\nchecksum. Sample entry: 56.7 W/8\nE\nE. Enter Position Code number (PCN) and source of\nPOSITION CODE NUMBER\ndata (DMSP, NOAA 2, etc.). Spell out PCN number.\nSelect PCN number from code below:\nGEOGRAPHICAL GRIDDING\nEPHEMERIS GRIDDING\nONE:\neye fix\neye fix\nTWO:\nTHREE:\nwell defined\nFOUR:\nwell defined\ncirculation\ncirculation\ncenter\ncenter\nFIVE:\npoorly defined\nSIX:\npoorly\ncirculation\ndefined\ncenter\ncirculation\ncenter\nSample entry: ONE/DMSP\nF\nF. Dvorak classification for storm intensity as\nDVORAK CLASSIFICATION\ndescribed in NOAA technical Memorandum NESS 45\nand 1WW/TN-81/001. Dvorak classification will be\nmade once each day and must be based on visual\ndata. If a new Dvorak classification number\ncannot be derived, use the last reported number.\nInclude in parenthesis the date and nodal time of\nthe data on which the Dvorak analysis is based.\nSample entry: T 4.5/4.5/D1.0/25HRS (252305Z)\nG\nG. Include information, as appropriate, on data type,\nREMARKS\neye characteristics, spiral rainbands, unexpected\nchanges in storm movement, departures from Dvorak\n(modelled) intensities, etc.\nFigure 6-3. Center fix data form and message\nformat (satellite). .\n6-7","Table 6-2. Communications headings for satellite tropical\ndisturbance summaries.\nHEADING\nTIME ISSUED\nOCEANIC AREA\nTYPE OF DATA\nTCI010 KWBC\n1100 UTC\nIndian Ocean\nVIS\nTCI011 KWBC\n2300 UTC\nIndian Ocean\nIR Day\n1\nTCPW11 PHNL\n1000 UTC\nWestern Pacific\nIR Night\n(north and south\nof 100 E to 175 W)\nTCPW10 PHNL\n2200 UTC\nWestern Pacific\nVIS/IR Day\n(north and south\nof 100°E to 175 W)\nIR Night\nTCPA11 PHNL\n1000 UTC\nCentral Pacific\n(north and south\nof 175°W to 140 o W)\nTCPA10 PHNL\n2200 UTC\nCentral Pacific\nVIS/IR Day\n(north and south\nof 175°W to 140 W)\nTCPW11 PHNL\n0500 UTC\nWestern Pacific\nVIS\nI\n(north and south\nof 170° E)\nTable 6-3. The empirical relationship between the C.I. number\nand the maximum wind speed and the relationship\nbetween the T-number and the minimum sea-level\npressure.\nMINIMUM SEA-\nC.I. NUMBER\nMAXIMUM\nT-NUMBER MINIMUM SEA- -\nLEVEL PRESSURE LEVEL PRESSURE\nWIND SPEED\n(Atlantic)\n(NW Pacific)\n1\n25 kt\n1\n1.5\n25\n1.5\n1003 hPa\n2\n30\n2\n1009 hPa\n2.5\n1005\n999\n2.5\n35\n994\n3\n45\n3\n1000\n994\n988\n3.5\n55\n3.5\n4\n65\n4\n987\n981\n979\n973\n4.5\n77\n4.5\n5\n90\n5\n970\n964\n954\n5.5\n102\n5.5\n960\n942\n6\n115\n6\n948\n6-8","CHAPTER 7\nSURFACE RADAR REPORTING\n7.1. General. Radar observations of tropical cyclones will be\nmade at Department of Defense (DOD), National Weather Service\n(NWS), and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) radar facilities\nand at other cooperating radar facilities according to established\nagreements with NWS.\n7.2. Procedures.\n7.2.1. Radar observations of tropical cyclones will be made\nin accordance with the Federal Meteorological Handbook (FMH) - 7, ,\nI\nPart A, Weather Radar Observations. Stations that normally\ntransmit hourly radar weather observations (network stations) will\ninclude tropical cyclone features in routine reports at 35 min\npast the hour (H+35) and will make and transmit special\nobservations at H+10 whenever an eye or center is observed. It is\nhighly desirable for stations that do not normally transmit hourly\nreports (local warning radars) to make and transmit a radar\nobservation whenever an eye, center, or spiral band is observed.\nThe local warning radar sites may transmit only abbreviated\nspecial observations, defined in FMH-7, at H+10 and H+35. The Air\nWeather Service (AWS) units at MacDill AFB and Tyndall AFB,\nFlorida will take and transmit radar reports, to include tropical\ncyclone features, at H+10 and H+35 whenever an eye or center is\nobserved. All other AWS radar units will take and transmit such\nreports at H+ 35.\n7.2.2. If the central region of a storm is defined by an\nidentifiable wall cloud, the radar fix is reported as an EYE. If\nthe central region is recognizable, but not well defined by a wall\ncloud, it is reported as a \"center\". When the eye or center is\nonly occasionally recognizable or some other central region\nuncertainty exists, the eye or center is reported as \"psbl eye\" or\n\"psbl center\". Remarks stating the degree of confidence will be\nincluded with eye fixes only and will be classified as either\n\"good,\" \"fair, or \"poor.\" A \"good\" fix is reported when the eye\nis symmetrical--virtually surrounded by wall cloud; a 'poor\" fix\nis reported when the eye is asymmetrical--less than 50 percent\nsurrounded by wall cloud; a \"fair\" fix is reported to express a\ndegree of confidence between \"good\" and \"poor.\"\n7-1","7.2.3. Timely transmission of tropical cyclone radar reports\nis essential. Normally, radar reports are transmitted over the\nAutomation of Field Operations and Service System or the CONUS\nMeteorological Data System circuit equipment. Radar facilities\nnot having weather transmission capability may call the nearest\nNational Weather Service Office collect.\nI\n7.3. Special Provisions.\n7.3.1. If NWS network radars (WSR-57s and selected WSR-74s)\nand DOD weather radar facilities are collocated (within 25 nmi),\nthe NWS radar will have the primary responsibility for making and\ntransmitting tropical cyclone radar reports; DOD will provide\nbackup service. If a radar facility is less powerful than the\nWSR-57 and is collocated with a North American Aerospace Defense\nCommand (NORAD) long-range radar facility, the NORAD long-range\nradar facility will have the primary responsibility for making and\ntransmitting tropical cyclone radar reports provided it is manned\nI\nby a qualified weather radar operator. The less powerful radar\nfacility will provide backup service. Any backup radar facility,\nhowever, may transmit radar reports as desired.\n7.3.2. If radar reports are needed from NORAD long-range\nradar facilities, NWS will dispatch weather radar specialists to\nthose facilities to make and transmit tropical cyclone radar\nobservations. The DOD has authorized the Director, NWS, to\ndispatch NWS radar specialists to NORAD sites during critical\nhurricane threats to make and transmit hurricane radar\nI\nobservations. Specific procedures regarding notification, access\nto sites, clearances, etc., as agreed to by DOD and NWS will be\nthe responsibility of the Warning and Forecast Branch, Office of\nMeteorology, NWS Headquarters, and will be strictly adhered to.\n7.3.3. Air Weather Service staff weather officers providing\nsupport to NORAD long-range radar units act as coordinators for\nvisits. These coordinators are the listed below. Telephone\nnumbers are in Appendix H. Participating radar sites are listed\nin Table 7-1.\nCommander, Detachment (Det) 9, 3rd Weather Squadron\n(WS) for the Southeast Air Defense Sector, Tyndall AFB, FL.\nCommander, Det 8, 26 WS, for the Northeast Air Defense\nSector, Griffiss AFB, NY.\nCommander, Det 4, 20 WS, Hawaii Regional Operations\nControl Center (ROCC), Hickam AFB, HI,\n7.3.4. The radar used depends upon the location of the\nhurricane; the one in use will be properly identified.\n7-2","Table 7-1. Participating radar stations.\nTYPE RADAR\nLATITUDE\nLONGITUDE\nLOCATION\nNATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE RADARS\n29°44'N\n84°59'W\nApalachicola, FL\nWSR-57\n39027'N\n74°35'W\nAtlantic City, NJ\nWSR-57\n30°32'N\n91°90'W\nBaton Rouge, LA#\nWSR-74C\n25°54'N\n97°26'W\nBrownsville, TX\nWSR-57\n35°16'N\n75°33'W\nCape Hatteras, NC\nWSR-57\n32°54'N\n80°02'W\nCharleson, SC\nWSR-57\n69°57'W\n41039'N\nWSR-74S\nChatham, MA\n27°46'N\n97030'W\nCorpus Christi, TX\nWSR-74C\n29°11'N\n81°03'W\nDaytona Beach, FL\nWSR-57\n29018'N\n94°48'W\nGalveston, TX\nWSR-57\n90005'W\n32019'N\nWSR-57\nJackson, MS\n24033'N\n81°45'W\nWSR-57\nKey West, FL\n30°07'N\n93°13'W\nWSR-57\nLake Charles, LA\n34°03'N\n118°27'W\nLos Angeles, CA#\nWSR-74C\n25°43'N\n80°17'W\nWSR-57\nMiami, FL\n30°41'N\n88°15'W\nWSR-74C\nMobile, AL#\n32°53'N\n116°25'W\nMt Laguna, CA\nFPS-7\n40°46'N\n73°59'W\nNew York City, NY\nWSR-57\n38°17'N\n76°25'W\nWSR-74S\nPatuxant, MD\n87°19'W\n30°21'N\nWSR-57\nPensacola, FL\n70°18'W\n43°39'N\nWSR-57\nPortland, ME\n65°46'W\n18°16'N\nFPS-67*\nSan Jaun, PR\n33°45'N\n118°20'W\nSan Padro, CA\nARSR\n32008'N\n81°12'W\nWSR-74C\nSavannah, GA\n30°17'N\n89°49'W\nSlidell, LA\nWSR-57\n82°24'W\n27°42'N\nWSR-57\nTampa, FL\n28°51'N\n96°55'W\nVictoria, TX#\nWR-100-5\n79°00'W\n36°57'N\nWSR-74S\nVolens, VA\n31°15'N\n82°24'W\nWaycross, GA\nWSR-57\n26°41'N\n80006'W\nWest Palm Beach, FL#\nWSR-74S\n34°16'N\n77°55'W\nWilmington, NC\nWSR-57\nDEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE\n76°53'W\n38°48'N\nAndrews AFB, MD\nFPS-77\n93°40'W\n32 30'N\nBarksdale AFB, LA\nFPS-77\n64°41'W\n32022'N\nFPS-106\nBermuda NAS\n80°33'W\n28°28'N\n1\nCape Canaveral AFS, FL\nFPQ-21\n97°40'W\n28°22'N\nChase Field NAS, TX\nFPS-106\n76°53'W\n34°54'N\nCherry Point MCAS, NC\nFPS-106\n97°16'W\n27°42'N\nCorpus Christi NSA, TX\nFPS-106\n86°31'W\n30°29'N\nFPS-77\nEglin AFB, FL\n7-3","25°29'N\nHomestead AFB, FL\n80023'W\nFPS-77\nHoward AFB, CZ\nFPQ-21\n08°77'N\n79036'W\nHurlbert Field, FL\n30026'N\n86°41'W\nFPQ-21\nJacksonville NAS, FL\n30°14'N\n81°41'W\nFPS-106\nKeesler AFB, MS\n30024'N\nFPS-77\n88°55'W\nMacDill AFB, FL\n27°51'N\n82°30'W\nFPS-77\n4000'N\nMcGuire AFB, NJ\nFPS-77\n74 36'W\nNew Orleans NAS, LA\n29050'N\nFPS-106\n90°01'W\nNorfork NAS, VA\n36056'N\nFPS-106\n76°18'W\nI Pope AFB, NC\n35°12'N\n79°01'W\nFPQ-21\nRandolph AFB, TX\n29032'N\n98°17'W\nFPS-77\n32038'N\nRobins AFB, GA\n83°36'W\nFPS-77\nSeymour Johnson AFB, NC\n35020'N\n77°58'W\nFPS-77\n19°54'N\nGuantanamo Bay, Cuba\n75°10'W\nFPS-106\nRoosevelt Roads, PR\n18°15'N\nFPS-106\n65°38'W\n20°19'N\nHickam AFB, HI\nFPQ-21\n157°55'W\nNORAD SITES\nI\nNortheast Air Defense Sector\n28°13'N\n80°36'W\nOLAF, 23ADS, Patrick AFB, FL**\nOLAD, 23ADS, Ft Lonesome, FL**\n27°36'N\n82°06'W\nOLAJ, 23ADS, Key West NAS, FL\n24°35'N\n81°41'W\n678 RS, Tyndall, AFB, FL**\n30.05'N\n85°37'W\n33°59'N\n701 RS, Ft Fisher AFS, NC\n77°55'W\nOLAC, 23ADS, Jedburg, SC\n33°06'N\n80°12'W\nI Southeast Air Defense Sector\n42°02'N\n70°03'W\n762 RS, North Truro AFS, MA\n772 RS, Gibbsboro AFS, NJ\n39°79'N\n74°57'W\nOLAA, 24ADS, Sulfolk, NY\n40°54'N\n72°42'W\n44°38'N\nOLAE, 24ADS, Bucks Harbor, ME\n67°24'W\nHAWAII ROCC\n22009'N\n159°39'W\n150 AC&WS, Kokee, AFS, HI\n169 AC&WS, Mt Kaala AFS, HI\n21°30'N\n158°08'W\nCOOPERATING SITES\nNASA\n30°42'N\n89°07'W\nBay St Louis, MS\nCPS-9\nWallops Station, VA\nMPS-19\n37,50'N\n75°29'W\n37°56'N\nSPS-12\n75°28'W\n37°50'N\nFPS-16\n75°29'W\n37°52'N\nFPQ-6\n75°31'W\nUniversities\n42°42'N\n71006'W\nMIT\nCPS-9\n42°42'N\n71°06'W\nM-33\n30°37'N\nTexas A&M\n96°21'W\nCPS-9\n25°43'N\n80°17'W\nUniv of Miami\nSP-1M\nCPS-68\n25°43'N\n80°17'W\n*FAA-USN joint-use radar, **Remoted to FAA ARTCC, #Local Warning Radar\n7-4","Radar view of Hurricane Allen, August 9, 1980.\nFigure\n7-1.\n(NWS radar, Brownsville, TX)\n7-5","CHAPTER 8\nNATIONAL DATA BUOY CENTER REPORTING STATIONS\n8.1. General.\n8.1.1. The National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) maintains\nreporting stations in the Gulf of Mexico, off the east and west\ncoasts of the United States, and at coastal land areas. Also, a\nstockpile of four rapid response drifting data buoys are available\nfor aerial deployment in the event of emergencies. These data\nacquisition systems obtain measurements of meterological and\noceanographic parameters for operations and research purposes.\nMoored buoy station locations and configurations are given in\nTable 8-1. The location of Coastal Marine Automated Network\n(C-MAN) stations are listed in Table 8-2. The status and\ncapability of stations can be obtained from the Data\nSystems Division, NDBC.\n8.1.2. Reporting moored buoy and C-MAN stations routinely\nacquire, store, and transmit data every hour. Data obtained\noperationally include sea - level pressure, wind speed and\ndirection, air temperature, sea-surface temperature, and wave\nspectral data.\n8.1.3. Drifting buoys are available in two types called Wind\nSpeed Direction (WSD) and Air Sea Interaction Drifter (ASID). A\nWSD buoy measures sea-level pressure, wind speed and direction,\nair temperature, and sea-surface temperature. An ASID buoy\nmeasures the same parameters and can be configured with a\nI\nsubsurface thermistor array to measure hydrostatic pressure and\nsubsurface ocean temperature. See Figure 8-1.\n8.2. Requests for Drifting Buoy Deployment. The Department of\nCommerce (DOC) through the National Atmospheric and Oceanic\nAdministration (NOAA) will initiate a request through the Office\nof the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and\nSupporting Research to the U.S. Air Force (USAF) for each desired\naerial deployment of drifting data buoys for a pre - -storm array in\nthe Atlantic or Pacific Oceans. Normally, USAF C-130 or C-141\naircraft are tasked for this mission; the 53rd Weather\nReconnaissance Squadron or the 815th Weather Operation Flight are\nnot capable of deploying drifting data buoys. Requests for\ndeployment should allow at least a 30-day lead time. For\ndeployments in advance of a U.S. 1and-threatening hurricane,\n8-1","a 36 - to 48-hr notification is required. All requests will\ninclude specifics regarding onloading base, accompanying\ntechnicians, desired pickup times, offload points, reimbursement\nfunding, and any other pertinent data.\n8.2.1. The National Hurricane Center forecasters would issue\nan alert or outlook for a possible request for drifting buoy\ndeployment 48 hr prior to the planned deployment. A formal\nrequest for deployment would be issued 24 hr prior to the event.\nAt this point either a cancellation or an extension of the alert\nwould be issued. Decisions would normally be made by 0900 EDT.\n8.2.2. The DOC desires the deployment of up to four drifting\nbuoys between 100 and 180 nmi from the storm center, depending on\nthe dynamics of the storm system. The DOC would ensure the buoys\nand mission-related DOC personnel are available for pickup by\nDepartment of Defense aircraft. The specific DOC request for\nplacement of the buoys would depend on several factors, including\nCharacteristics of the storm including size,\nintensity, and velocity.\nStorm position relative to the coast and population\ncenters.\n8.2.3. The final deployment position will be provided prior\nto the flight crew briefing. Two examples of possible buoy\ndeployment patterns are shown in Figure 8-2.\n8.3. Communications. Moored buoy and C-MAN data are transmitted\nby ultra-high frequency communications via the Geostationary\nOperational Environmental Satellite to the National Enviromental\nSatellite, Data, and Information Service and then are relayed on\nto the National Meteorlogical Center (NMC) for processing and\ndissemination. Moored buoy data are formatted into the World\nMeteorological Organization (WMO) FM 13-VII ship code, and C-MAN\ndata are formatted into C-MAN code, which is very similar to the\nWMO FM 12-VIII synoptic code. These codes are defined in Federal\nMeteorlogical Handbook 2, Surface Synoptic Codes. Drifting buoy\ndata are telemetered through the NOAA polar orbiting satellites to\nthe U.S. ARGOS Processing Center, Landover Maryland, for\nprocessing. These data are formatted by Service ARGOS into the\nWMO FM 14-VIII (DRIBU) code defined in the WMO Manual on Codes,\nVolume I, and then are routed to NMC over the Global\nTelecommunications Service for distribution and dissemination to\nusers in the United States. For emergency purposes, NDBC operates\na portable satellite ground station at the National Space\nTechnology Laboratories, MS to acquire and distribute drifting\nbuoy data in real time to operational users.\n8-2","Table 8-1. Data buoy locations and configuration.\nSENSOR HEIGHT\nSTATION ID\nLOCATION\nBUOY SIZE\nMOORED BUOYS IN THE GULF OF MEXICO\n25.90 N 89.7°W\n42001\n10 m\n10 m\n26.00 N 93.50W\n42002\n10 m\n10 m\nI\n26.00 N 85.9°W\n42003\n10 m\n10 m\n30.10 N 88.9°W\n42007\n12 m\n10 m\n30.1° N 88.2°W\n42015 *\n3 m\n5 m\nMOORED BUOYS IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN\n34.90 N 72.9°W\n6 m\n5 m\n41001\n32.30 N 75.30h\n41002\n6 m\n5 m\n29.30 N 77.4°W\n41006\n6 m\n5 m\n30.70 N 81.1°W\n41008 *\n3 m\n5 m\n38.50 N 70.60W\n44004\n3 m\n5 m\n42.70 N 68.30W\n44005\n6 m\n5 m\n36.20 N 75.50W\n44006 *\n6 m\n5 m\n43.50 N 70.1°W\n12 m\n13 m\n44007\n40.50 N 69.5°W\n44008\n12 m\n13 m\n38.50 N 74.60W\n12 m\n13 m\n44009\n41.1° N 66.60W\n44011\n6 m\n5 m\n38.8 N 74.60W\n12 m\n13 m\n44012\n42.4° N 70.8°1\n12 m\n13 m\n44013\nMOORED BUOYS IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN\n34.90 N 120.9°W\n46011 *\n10 m\n10 m\n34.3 N 120.70W\n10 m\n10 m\n46023 *\n33.70 N 119.1°W\n10 m\n46025 *\n10 m\nI\n23.4 N 162.30\n51001\n6 m\n5 m\n17.20 N 157.8°W\n51002\n6 m\n5 m\n19.20 N 160.8°W\n51003\n6 m\n5 m\n17.50 N 152.5°W\n51004\n6 m\n5 m\n20.4° N 156.1°W\n51005 *\n3 m\n5 m\nI\nDRIFTING BUOYS\nBUOY SIZE\nANEMOMETER HEIGHT\nSTATION ID\nLOCATION\nWMO 5-digit\nVariable\nASID or\n1 m\nidentifier\nWSD\nassigned\nimmediately\nbefore deployment\n* Temporary sites established in support of other programs.\n8-3","Figure 8-1. A drifting data buoy.\nx\nx\nX\n25 nmi\n15 nmi\n55 nmi\n95 nmi\nProjected path\nof storm\nPattern A\nX\n15 nmi\n15 nmi\nx\nX\n45 nmi\n45 nmi\nProjected path\nof storm\nPattern B\nFigure 8-2. Drifting buoy deployment patterns.\n8-4","SO\nCANADA\n80°\nMICH\n50°\no\n85°\nO\n90\nNDBC buoy locations.\nWIS\n90°\n45°\n95°\n110°\nFigure 8-3.\n1200\ne\n1300\no\no\nPERU\nDEVELOPMENTAL - NDBC\n80°\nPERMANENT - NWS\n20\nA\n90°\n10°\nOTHER AGENCIES\nLNB/ELB - NWS\nSTATIONS\n0°\nESTABLISHED\nPLANNED\n1001\nCATEGORY\nSTATUS\n110","Table 8-2. C-MAN sites.\nSTATION ID\nLOCATION\nSTATION NAME\nC-MAN SITES IN THE GULF OF MEXICO\nI\n28.90 N 89.4°W\nBURL1\nSouthwest Pass, LA\n29.70 N 85.40W\nCSBF1\nCape San Blas, FL\n30.30 N 89.90 W\nDPIA1\nDauphin Island, AL\n29.30 N 89.90W\nGDIL1\nGrand Isle, LA\n29.40 N 88.60W\nMPCL1 *\nMain Pass Block 133C\n27.801 N 97.1°W\nPTAT2\nPort Aransas, TX\n29.70 N 94.1°W\nSRST2\nSabine, TX\nC-MAN SITES IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN\n40.50 N 73.8°W\nALSN6\nAmbrose Light, NY\n41.401 N 71.0°W\nBUZM3\nBuzzards Bay, MA\n36.90 N 75.70 W\nCHLV2\nChesapeake, Light, VA\n34.60 N 76.50W\nCLKN7\nCape Lookout, NC\n35.20 N 75.30 W\nDSLN7\nDiamond Shoals, NC\n32.70 N 79.90 W\nFBIS1\nFolly Island, SC\n33.50 N 77.60 W\nFPSN7\nFrying Pan Shoals, NC\n43.00 N 70.60 W\nIOSN3\nI\nIsle of Shoals, NH\n26.60 N 80.00 W\nLKWF1\nLake Worth, FL\n44.001 N 68.10 W\nMDRM1\nMt Desert Rock, ME\n43.80 N 68.90 W\nMISM1\nMantinicus Rock, ME\n25.00N 80.4°1 W\nMLRF1\nMolasses Reef, FL\n29.90 N 81.3°W\nSAVF1\nSt. Augustine, FL\n30.4°N 81.4°W\nSJLF1\nSt Johns Light, FL\n26.701 N 79.00W\nSPGF1\nSettlement Point, GBI\n32.0°N 80.7°W\nSVLS1\nI\nSavannah Light, FL\n24.6°1 N 81.1°W\nSMKF1\nSombrero Key, FL\n38.90 N 76.4°W\nTPLM2\nThomas Point, MD\nC-MAN SITE IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN\n34.6°1 N 120.7°W\nPTCG1\nPoint Arguello, CA\n* Temporary site established in support of other programs.\n8-5","E-6\nAHC-914) Rev. H\n8/67\nE-8\n084\nB-2\nE-7\nB-8\nE-13\nE-12\nE-11\n8-7\nE-5\n8-6\nE-10\nS-11\nE-9\nS-6\nS-8\nE-3\nE-14\nS-9\nE-4\nS-5\nE-1\nB-5 St. George Reef, CA\nS.13\nOR\nB-3 San Francisco, CA\nB-6 Delaware Bay, DE\nB-7 Five Fathom, NJ\nE-2\nB-9 Blunts Reef, CA\nB-1 Columbia River,\nS-10\nB-4 Nantucket, MA\nB-2 Portland, ME\nB-8 Boston, MA\nS-1\nCENTRAL\nNo. Station\nDEPOT\nC-3\nS-12\nC-5\nS-3\nC-4\nC-MAN sites.\nS-7\nC-1\n:\nC-2\nE-9 Frying Pan Shoals L.S., NC\nS-2\nE-11 Diamond Shoals L.S., NC\nE-6 Mount Desert Rock. ME\nE-2 South Bass Island. OH\nE-13 Buzzards Bay L.S., MA\nS-11 Settlement Point, GBI\nE-5 Chesapeake L.S.. VA\nE-8 Matinicus Rock. ME\nE-7 Isles of Shoals, NH\nS-3 Southwest Pass, LA\nS-1 Cape San Blas. FL\nE-10 Cape Lookout. NC\nS-8 Molasses Reef, FL\nS-12 Dauphin Island, AL\nE-14 Thomas Point. MD\nS-9 Savannah L.S., GA\nS-4\nE-3 Galloo Island, NY\nE-12 Ambrose L.S., NY\nS-13 Sombrero Key. FL\nS-5 St. Augustine, FL\nS.4 Port Aransas. TX\nE-4 Folly Island, SC\nS-6 Lake Worth, FL\nS-7 Grand Isle, LA\nE-1 Dunkirk. NY\nS-2 Sabine, TX\nS-10 Venice. FL\nFigure 8-4.\nNo. Station\nW-6 Destruction Island, WA\nW-5 Tatoosh Island, WA\nW-4 Point Arguello, CA\nC-4 Passage Island, MI\nC-5 Stannard Rock, MI\nW-1 Smith Island, WA\nC-1 Rock of Ages, MI\nW-2 West Point, WA\nW-7 Cape Arago. OR\nW-8 Point Arena, CA\nC-2 Devils Island, WI\nC-3 Sheboygan, WI\nA-1\nW-3 Newport, OR\nNo. Station\nA-1 Five Finger, AK\nS - Southern\nB - LNB/ELB\nW-2\nW - Western\nA - Alaskan\nE - Eastern\nC - Central\nW-1\nNo. Station\nW-5\nW-6\nW-3\nB-1\nW-4\nW-7\nB-3\n8.5\nW-8\nB-9\n8","Table 8-3. Code forms for moored data buoys, C-MAN stations, and\ndrifting buoys.\nCODE FORM FM 13-VII (SHIP)\nREPORT OF SYNOPTIC SURFACE OBSERVATION FROM A SEA STATION\n(AUTOMATIC WEATHER STATION)\nMiMiMjMj Aibwnbnbnb YYGGi 99LaLaLa Oclolololo\nirix111 /ddff 1shTTT 4PPPP 5appp\n22200 OsnTwTw 1PwaPwaHwaHwa\n333\n921ff 925ff 926dd\nU.S. NATIONAL CODE FORM (C-MAN LAND STATION CODE)\n(MODIFIED CODE FORM FM12-VIII)\nCMAN YYGGi\nNddff (00fff) 1shTTT 4PPPP 5appp 6RRRt\n222/1 OsnTwTwTw 1PwaPwaHwaHwa 70HwaHwaHwa\n333\n921ff\n555 11fff 22fff 3GGgg 4ddfmfmfm 9GGgg\nCODE FORM FM 14-VIII (DIRBU)\nREPORT OF A DRIFTING BUOY OBSERVATION\nMiMiMjMj\nYYMMJJ GGggi OcLaLaLaLa Lololololo\n(1PPPP) (2snTwTw) (3ddff) (4snTTT) (5appp)\n888 Z1Z1T1T1T1\nZnZnTnTn\n. . .\n999zz\nZnZnTnTnTn\n. . .\n(00000)\n61616 (1QpQ2QTWQ4) (20nQL//)\nLololoLoLo)\n(9id7d7dZd)\n69696\n333\nAibwnbnbnb\n8-8","CHAPTER 9\nMARINE WEATHER BROADCASTS\n9.1. General. The Department of Defense (DOD) and Department of\nTransportation (DOT) are responsible for broadcasting marine\ntropical cyclone advisories issued by the National Hurricane\nCenter and the Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Table 9-1 lists\nthe stations involved. The broadcasts are for the purpose of\nproviding warnings to meet international obligations in Department\nof Commerce area of forecast responsibility given in Chapter 2.\n9.2. Broadcast Procedures. The DOT and DOD will arrange for\nI\nbroadcast of all marine tropical cyclone advisories immediately\nupon receipt. The latest tropical cyclone forecast will be\ntransmitted according to the schedule and on the frequencies given\nin Worldwide Marine Weather Broadcasts. The latest position\nestimate will be used by DOT and DOD along with the latest\nforecast for storms on which postions estimates are being issued.\nThe broadcasts will be made in both voice and continuous wave (CW)\nmode.\nTable 9-1. Marine tropical cyclone forecast broadcast stations.\nSTATION CALL LETTERS\nAGENCY\nLOCATION\nNMW\nDOT\nAstoria, OR\nNMF\nDOT\nBoston, MA\nNMO\nDOT\nHonolulu, HI\nNMQ\nDOT\nChannel Island, CA\nNMA\nDOT\nMiami, FL\nNMG\nDOT\nNew Orleans, LA\nNAM\nDOD\nNorfolk, VA\nNMN\nDOT\nPortsmouth, VA\nNMC\nDOT\nSan Francisco, CA\nNMR\nDOT\nSan Juan, PR\n9-1","CHAPTER 10\nPUBLICITY\n10.1. News Media Releases. News media releases, other than\nwarnings and advisories, for the purpose of informing the public\nof the operational and research activities of the Departments of\nCommerce, Defense, and Transportation should reflect the joint\neffort of these agencies by giving due credit to the\nparticipation of other agencies.\n10.2. Distribution. Copies of these releases should be\nforwarded to the following agencies.\nNOAA Office of Public Affairs\n6010 Executive Boulvard\nRockville, MD 20852\nCommander, Naval Oceanography Command\nNSTL, MS 39529\nHq Military Airlift Command (MAC/PA)\nScott AFB, IL 62225-5000\nHq Air Force Reserve (AFRES/PA)\nRobins AFB, GA 31093\nChief, Environmental Services Division (J-3)\nThe Joint Chiefs of Staff\nWashington, DC 20301-5000\nFederal Aviation Administration (AAT-150)\n800 Independence Avenue, SW\nWashington, DC 20591\nFederal Coordinator for Meteorological\nServices and Supporting Research\nSuite 300, 11426 Rockville Pike\nRockville, MD 20852\n10-1","APPENDIX A\nABBREVIATIONS\n-A- -\nAB\nData type header for Tropical Weather Outlook\nAutomated Digital Weather System\nADWS\nAtmospheric Environmental Service (Canada)\nAES\nAFB\nAir Force Base\nAFGWC\nAir Force Global Weather Central\nAFRES\nAir Force Reserve\nAFS\nAir Force Station\nAir Force Satellite Communications System\nAFSATCOM\nAeronautical Fixed Telecommuncations\nAFTN\nNetwork\nAPT\nAutomatic Picture Transmission\nARGOS\nARGOS, Inc. a French data collection system\nARTCC\nAir Route Traffic Control Center\nAerial Reconnaissance Weather Officer\nARWO\nAircraft-to-Satellite Data Link\nASDL\nASID\nAir-Sea Interaction Drifter\nATC\nAir Traffic Control\nAutomated Voice Network (DOD)\nAUTOVON\nAV\nAUTOVON\nAdvanced Very High Resolution Radiometer\nAVHRR\nAWS\nAir Weather Service\n-C-\nChief, Aerial Reconnaissance Coordinator,\nCARCAH\nAll Hurricanes (OL-G, 7WW)\nCentral Data Distribution Facility (NESDIS)\nCDDF\nC.I.\nCurrent Intensity\nCoastal-Marine Automated Network\nC-MAN\nCommercial (telephone)\nCOM\nCONUS\nContinental United States\nCPHC\nCentral Pacific Hurricane Center\nCW\nContinuous Wave\n0\ndegree/degrees Celcius\nC\nA-1","-D-\nDA\nDaylight Ascending\nDepartment of the Air Force\nDAF\nData Collection System\nDCS\ndegree (latitude or longitude)\ndeg\nDet\nDetachment\nDefense Meteorological Satellite Program\nDMSP\nDepartment of Commerce\nDOC\nDepartment of Defense\nDOD\nDepartment of Transportation\nDOT\nDPTD\ndeparted\nDrifting Buoy Code\nDRIBU\nDropsonde/dropwindsonde\nDROP\n-E-\nEastern Daylight Time\nEDT\nEstimated Time of Arrival\nETA\nEstimated Time of Departure\nETD\n-F-\nFederal Aviation Administration\nFAA\nFleet Aerial Control and Surveillance Facility\nFACSFAC\nFederal Coordinator for Meteorological\nFCM\nServices and Supporting Research\nFederal Committee for Meteorological\nFCMSSR\nServices and Supporting Research\nFCST\nforecast\nFCSTR\nforecaster\nFlight Level\nFL\nFLT LVL\nFlight Level\nFederal Meterological Handbook\nFMH\nfoot/feet\nft\nFederal Telephone System\nFTS\n-G-\nGlobal Area Coverage\nGAC\nGeostationary Operational Environmental\nGOES\nSatellite\nGeostationary Meteorological Satellite\nGMS\nGlobal Telecommunications System\nGTS\nA-2","-H-\nHA\nHigh Accuracy\nHD\nHigh Density\nHF\nHigh Frequency\nhPa\nhectopascal/hectopascals\nhr\nhour/hours\nHNL\nHonolulu (CPHC)\nHRPT\nHigh Resololution Picture Transmission\n-I-\nICAO\nInternational Civil Aviation Organization\nICMSSR\nInterdepartmental Committee for Meteorological\nServices and Supporting Research\nID\nidentification\nIFR\nInstrument Flight Rules\nINIT\ninitials\nIR\nInfrared\nIWRS\nImproved Weather Reconnaissance System\n-J-\nJTWC\nJoint Typhoon Warning Center\n-K-\nkm\nkilometer/kilometers\nKBIX\nICAO identifier for Keesler AFB, MS\nKMHR\nICAO identifier for Mather AFB, CA (Mather Monitor)\nKMIA\nICAO identifier for Miami, FL (NHC)\nKMKC\nICAO identifier for Kansas City, MO WSFO\nKNEW\nICAO identifier for New Orleans, LA WSFO\nKSFO\nICAO identifier for San Francisco, CA\nkt\nknot/knots\nKWAL\nICAO identifier for Wallops Island, VA\n-L-\nLAC\nLocal Area Coverage\nLF\nLight Fine\nLI\nLong Island\nLS\nLight Smooth\nA-3","-M-\nmeter/meters\nm\nMilitary Airlift Command (USAF)\nMAC\nMAC Regulation\nMACR\ncommunications header\nMANOP\nMAX\nmaximum\nmillibars\nMB\nEuropean Space Agency meteorological satellite\nMETEOSAT\nmin/MIN\nminute\nMemorandum of Understanding\nMOU\nmile/miles per hour\nmph\nMVMT\nmovement\n-N-\nNational Space and Aeronautics\nNASA\nAdministration\nNaval Eastern Oceanography Center\nNAVEASTOCEANCEN\nNaval Oceanography Command Detachment\nNAVOCEANCOMDET\nNaval Western Oceanography Center\nNAVWESTOCEANCEN\nNational Data Buoy Center\nNDBC\nNational Environmental Satellite, Data,\nNESDIS\nand Information Service\nNational Hurricane Center\nNHC\nNational Hurricane Operations Plan\nNHOP\nNot Later Than\nNLT\nNational Meterological Center\nNMC\nnautical mile/miles\nnmi\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric\nNOAA\nAdministration\nNorth American Aerospace Defense Command\nNORAD\nNational Space Technology Laboratories (NASA)\nNSTL\nNational Weather Service\nNWS\n-0- -\nOffice of Aircraft Operations (NOAA)\n0A0\nobservation\nOBS\nOffice of the Federal Coordinator for\nOFCM\nMeterological Services and Supporting Research\nOperating Location G, 7th Weather Wing (CARCAH)\nOL-G\n-P-\nPublic Affairs\nPA\nA-4","PANC\nICAO identifier for Anchorage, AK\nPCN\nPosition Code Number\nPHNL\nICAO identifier for Honolulu, HI\nPOD\nPlan of the Day\n-R-\nRECCO\nReconnaissance Code\nRECON\nreconnaissance\nREQT\nrequested\nROCC\nRegional Operational Control Center\nRTIR\nReal-Time Infrared\n-S-\nSAB\nSynoptic Analysis Branch\nSFC\nsurface\nSFSS\nSatellite Field Service Station\nSLP\nSea Level Pressure\nSSH\nMission Sensor Infrared Temperature\nSounder (DMSP)\nSSIR\nMission Sensor Infrared\nSSM/I\nMission Sensor Microwave Imager\nSSM/T\nMission Senson Microwave Temperature Sounder\nSST\nSea Surface Temperature\n-T-\nTCD\nTropical Cylone Discussion\nTCPOD\nTropical Cyclone Plan of the Day\nTD\nTropical Depression\nTEMP\ntemperature\nTEMP\ntemporary\nTF\nThermal Fine\nTKO\ntakeoff\nT-number\nTropical classification number\nTOVS\nTIROS-N Operational Vertical Sounder\nTS\nThermal Smooth\nTWO\nTropical Weather Outlook\n-U-\nUHF\nUltra High Frequency\nUS/U.S.\nUnited States\nUSAF\nUnited States Air Force\nUSCG\nUnited States Coast Guard\nA-5","USN\nUnited States Navy\nUTC\nUniversal Coordinated Time\n-V-\nVAS\nVISSR Atmospheric Sounder\nVDUC\nVAS Data Utilization Center\nVIS\nVisible\nVISSR\nVisible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer\nVTPR\nVertical Temperature Profile Radiometer\n-W-\nWEFAX\nWeather Facsimile\nWMO\nWorld Meteorological Organization\nWND\nwind\nWO\nData type header for special tropical\ndisturbance statements\nWRS\nWeather Reconnaissance Squadron\nWS\n(National) Weather Service\nWS\nWeather Squadron\nWind Speed and Direction (data bouy)\nWSD\nWSFO\nWeather Service Forecast Office\nWSR\nWeather Surveillance Radar\nWT\nData type header for hurricane bulletins\nWeather Wing (USAF)\nWW\nWW\nData type header for subtropical storm bulletins\n-X-\nXMTD\ntransmitted\n-Z-\nZulu (UTC)\nZ\nA-6","APPENDIX B\nGLOSSARY\nAgency. Any Federal agency or organization participating in\nthe tropical cyclone warning service.\nCenter Fix. The location of the center of a tropical or sub-\ntropical cyclone obtained by means other than reconnaissance\naircraft penetration. See also Vortex Fix.\nI\nCyclone. An atmospheric closed circulation rotating counter-\nclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere.\nEye. The relatively calm center of the tropical cyclone that\nis more than one half surrounded by wall cloud.\nEye Wall. An organized band of cumuliform clouds immediately\nsurrounding the center of a tropical cyclone. Eye wall and\nwall cloud are used synonymously.\nHurricane/Typhoon. A warm core tropical cyclone in which the\nmaximum sustained surface wind speed (1-min mean) is 64 kt\n(74 mph) or more.\nHurricane Season. The portion of the year having a relatively\nhigh incidence of hurricanes. The seasons for the specific\nareas are as follows:\nAtlantic, Caribbean,\nand Gulf of Mexico\nJune 1 to November 30\nEastern Pacific\nMay 15 To November 30\nCentral Pacific\nJune 1 to November 30\nHurricane Warning Offices. The designated hurricane warning\noffices follow:\nNational Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida\nCentral Pacific Hurricane Center, Honolulu, HI\nHurricane Warning. A warning that sustained winds of 64 kt\n(74 mph) or higher associated with a hurricane are expected\nin a specified coastal area in 24 hr or less. A hurricane\nwarning can remain in effect when dangerously high water or\na combination of dangerously high water and exceptionally\nhigh waves continue, even though winds may be less than\nhurricane force.\nB-1","Hurricane Watch. An announcement for specific coastal areas\nthat a hurricane or an incipient hurricane condition poses a\npossible threat, generally within 36 hr.\nMiles. The term \"miles\" used in this plan refers to nautical\nmiles (nmi) unless otherwise indicated.\nI\nMission Identifier. The nomenclature assigned to tropical and\nsubtropical cyclone aircraft reconnaissance mission for\nweather data identification. Its an agency-aircraft indicator\nfollowed by a Chief, Aerial Reconnaissance Coordination, All\nHurricanes (CARCAH) assigned mission-system - indicator.\nPresent Movement. The best estimate of the movement of the\ncenter of a tropical cyclone at a given time and at a given\nposition. This estimate does not reflect the short-period,\nsmall-scale oscillations of the cyclone center.\nReconnaissance Aircraft Sorties. A flight that meets the\nrequirements of the tropical cyclone plan of the day.\nRelocated. A term used in an advisory to indicate that a\nvector drawn from the preceding advisor position to the\nlatest known position is not necessarily a resonable\nrepresentation of the cyclone's movement.\nStorm Surge. An abnormal rise in sea level accompanying a\nhurricane or other intense storm, and whose height is the\ndifference between the observed level of the sea surface\nand the level that would have occurred in the absence of\nthe cyclone. Storm surge is usually estimated by\nsubtracting the normal or astronomic tide from the observed\nstorm tide.\nStorm Tide. The actual level of sea water resulting from the\nastronomic tide combined with the storm surge.\nSubtropical Cyclone. A low pressure system that develops over\nsubtropical waters that initially has a non-tropical\ncirculation but in which some elements of tropical cyclone\ncloud structure are present.\nSubtropical Depression. A subtropical cyclone in which the\nmaximum sustained surface wind speed (1-min mean) is 33 kt\n(38 mph) or less.\nSubtropical Storm. A subtropical cyclone in which the maximum\nsustained surface wind speed (1-min mean) is 34 kt (39 mph)\nor greater.\nB-2","Synoptic Track. Weather reconnaissance mission flown to\nprovide vital meteorological information in data sparce\nocean areas as a supplement to existing surface, radar, and\nsatellite data. Synoptic flights better define the upper\natmosphere and aid in the prediction of tropical cyclone\ndevelopment and movement.\nTropical Cyclone. A warm core, nonfrontal low pressure system\nof synoptic scale that develops over tropical or subtropical\nwaters and has a definite organized surface circulation.\nTropical Cyclone Plan of the Day. A coordinated mission plan\nthat tasks operational weather reconnaissance requirements\nduring the next 0500 to 0500 UTC day or as required,\nI\ndescribes reconnaissance flights committed to satisfy both\noperational and research requirements, and identifies\npossible reconnaissance requirements for the succeeding\n24-hr period.\nTropical Depression. A tropical cyclone in which the maximum\nsustained surface wind speed (1-min mean) is 33 kt (38 mph)\n1\nor less.\nTropical Disturbance. A discrete tropical weather system of\napparently organized convection--generally 100 to 300 mi in\nI\ndiameter originating in the tropics or subtropics, having a\nnonfrontal migratory character, and maintaining its identity\nfor 24 hr or more. It may or may not be associated with a\ndetectable perturbation of the wind field.\nTropical Storm. A tropical cyclone in which the maximum\nsustained surface wind speed (1-min mean) ranges from 34 kt\n(39 mph) to 63 kt (73 mph).\nTropical Wave. A trough or cyclonic curvature maximum in the\ntrade-wind easterlies. The wave may reach maximum amplitude\nin the lower middle troposphere or may be the reflection of\nan upper tropospheric cold low or equatorial extension of a\nmiddle latitude trough.\nTropical Weather System. A designation for one of a series of\ntropical weather anomalies. As such, it is the basic\ngeneric designation, which in successive stages of\nintensification, may be classified as a tropical\ndisturbance, wave, depression, storm, or hurricane.\nTyphoon/Hurricane. A warm core tropical cyclone in which the\nmaximum sustained surface wind speed (1-min mean) is 64 kt\n(74 mph) or more.\nB-3","Vortex Fix. The location of the surface and/or flight level\ncenter of a tropical or subtropical cyclone obtained by\nreconnaissance aircraft penetration. See Center Fix, also.\nI\nWall Cloud. An organized band of cumuliform clouds immediately\nsurrounding the center of a tropical cyclone. Wall cloud\nand eye wall are used synonymously.\nB-4","APPENDIX C\nBIBLIOGRAPHY OF OFFICIAL INTERAGENCY AGREEMENTS\nThe following references are pertinent to the agreed interagency\nresponsibilities designated in this plan:\nMemorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the Department\nof the Air Force (DAF) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric\nAdministration (NOAA), , dated March 16, 1976. The purpose of\nthis MOU is to establish policies, principles, and procedures\nunder which the DAF will provide aircraft weather reconnaissance\nto NOAA.\nMemorandum of Understanding between the Military Airlift\nCommand (MAC) and the Director of Operations, Logistics and\nEmergency Planning (NOAA), dated October 12, 1976. The purpose\nof this MOU is to establish procedures by which NOAA will\nreimburse MAC and the Air Force Reserve for airborne weather\nreconnaissance.\nC-1","APPENDIX D\nDISTRIBUTION\nDEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE\nRegional Office of Audits\n1\nDirector, AOML Hurricane Research Division\n5\nDOC Budget Office\n1\nNATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION\nAsst Administrator for Ocean Svcs and Coastal Zone\n1\nManagement\nDirector, Office of Public Affairs, NOAA\n2\nAsst Administrator for Weather\n1\nDirector, Office of Meteorology\n1\nChief, International Activities Division\n1\nChief, Warning and Forecast Branch\n20\nChief, Aviation Services Branch\n1\n1\nChief, Services Development Branch\nDirector, Office of Hydrology\n1\n1\nDirector, National Climate Program\nDirector, Office of Climate and Atmospheric Research\n1\nDirector, Office of NOAA Corps\n1\nDirector, Program Development and Coordination Staff\n1\n4\nNOAA Library\nDirector, National Meteorological Center\n5\nChief, Meteorological Operations Division\n2\nChief, Development Division\n1\nChief, Satellite Services Division\n1\n5\nWFSO, Washington\n23\nDirector, National Data Bouy Center\n20\nDirector, National Hurricane Center\n50\nDirector, NWS Eastern Region\n16\nDirector, NWS Central Region\n50\nDirector, NWS Southern Region\n50\nDirector, NWS Western Region\nDirector, NWS Pacific Region\n50\n1\nChief, Library Div MASC\n5\nWFSO, Boston, MA\n5\nWFSO, San Jaun, PR\n5\nWFSO, Redwood City, CA\n5\nWFSO, New Orleans, LA\nD-1","Admin Office, Office of Aircraft Operations\n20\nDirector, Environmental Research Laboratories\n4\nChief, Information Services Division, National\n2\nClimatic Data Center\nNOAA Budget Officer, Office of Management and Budget\n1\nDEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE\nDEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE\nHQ USAF/XOORF\n2\nHQ USAF/XOORZ\n1\nHQ USAF/REO\n3\nHQ MAC/XPPT/XPQS/D0OS\n3\nHQ AFRES/DOOM\n3\nHQ 4AF/DOO\n2\nHQ 23 AF/DO/DOC\n2\nHQ 41 RWRW/DOO\n2\n53 WRS/DO\n2\nHQ 403 TAW/DO\n2\n815 TAS/D\n2\n815 WOF\n20\nHQ AWS/CSE\n45\nDet 2, AWS/CC\n1\nAWS Technical Library\n1\n1WW/DO\n5\n2WW/DN\n2\n3WW/DO\n19\n5WW/DO\n34\nAFGWC/DO\n4\n2WS/DO\n3\nDet 10, 2WS/CC\n2\nDet 11, 2WS/CC\n2\nOL-A, 7WW/OIC\n5\nOL-G, 7WW/CARCAH\n20\nDet 1, 7WW/CC\n30\n3350 TCHTG/TTMU\n1\nAFGL/LY\n1\nDEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY\nHq Department of the Army/DAMI-IS\n2\nDEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY\nCommandant of the Marine Corps (DCS/Aviation)\n7\nOceanographer of the Navy\n2\nCommander, Naval Oceanography Command\n100\nCommander in Chief (02M) U.S. Pacific Fleet\n1\nCINCLANTFLT/OAC\n1\nD-2","Commander, Naval Air Systems Command\n2\nCOMFITMATAEWWINGLANT\n1\nCommanding Officer, NAVEASTOCEANCEN\n5\nCommanding Officer, NAVOCEANCOMFAC, Jacksonville\n2\nCommanding Officer, NAVWESTOCEANCEN\n5\nOfficer in Charge, NAVOCEANCOMDET, Barbers Pt, HI\n1\nOfficer in Charge, NAVOCEANCOMDET, FPO Miami, FL\n1\nCommanding Officer, NAVOCEANCOMFAC, FPO New York, NY\n1\nOFFICE OF THE JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF\nOJCS/J3/ESD\n6\nDEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION\nFEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION\nAir Traffic Service (AAT-134)\n100\nFAA APM-640\n1\nMiami AIFSS (QAS)\n2\nU.S. COAST GUARD\nCommandant, USCG Headquarters (G-010)\n3\nCommandant, USCG (FLAGPLOT)\n1\nCommander, Atlantic Area, USCG\n2\nCommander, First Coast Guard District\n1\nCommander, (OPC) Third Coast Guard District\n2\nCommander, Fifth Coast Guard District\n2\nCommander, (RE) Seventh Coast Guard District\n3\nCommander, Eighth Coast Guard District\n3\nCommanding Officer, Otis AFB, MA\n1\nCommanding Officer, USCG Air Station, Clearwater, FL\n1\nCommanding Officer, USCG Air Station, Opa Locka FL\n1\nCommanding Officer, USCG Air Station, Corpus Christi, TX 1\nCommanding Officer, USCG Air Station, Floyd Bennett\n1\nField, Brooklyn, NY\nCommanding Officer, USCG Air Station, New Orleans, LA\n1\nCommanding Officer, USCG Air Station, Elizabeth City, NJ\n1\nCommander, Pacific Area, USCG\n2\nCommander, Eleventh Coast Guard District\n1\nCommander, Fourteeth Coast Guard District\n1\nCommanding Officer, USCG Air Station, McClellan AFB, CA\n1\nCommanding Officer, USCG Air Station, Barbers Point, HI\n1\nCommanding Officer, USCG Air Station, Kodiak, AK\n1\nD-3","DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE\nWorld Agriculture Outlook Board\n1\nDEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR\nChief, Science and Technology Staff\n1\nBureau of Reclamation, Office of Liaison\n1\nEngineering and Research\nDEPARTMENT OF STATE\nOffice of Advanced Technology\n1\nNATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION\nDirector, Meteorology Program\n1\nDirector, Division of Atmospheric Science\n1\nNATIONAL SPACE AND AERONAUTICS ADMINISTRATION\nDirector, Atmospheric Sciences Division, MSFC\n1\nOTHER U.S.\nRoddenbery Memorial Library, Cairo, GA\n1\nCongressional Research Service, Library of Congress\n1\nCWP Project Office\n1\nUniversity of Chicago Library, The Joseph\n1\nRegenstein Library\nSouth Florida Water Management District\n1\nNatural Hazards Research and Applications Information\n1\nCenter, Institute of Behavioral Science\nDr. William Gray, Department of Atmospheric\n1\nSciences, Colorado State University\nMr. Jerry Hill, CCM\n1\nGOVERNMENT OF CANADA\nDirector, Canadian Meteorological Centre, (AES)\n1\nDownsview, ON\nMeteorolical Operations Division, Canadian\n1\nMeteorological Centre, (AES)\nDorval, QU\nOfficer in Charge, METOC Centre, Maritime Command\n1\nHeadquarters, Halifax, NS\nBase Meteorological Officer, CFB Greenwood, NS\n1\nBase Meteorological Officer, CFB Summerside, PEI\n1\nMaritime Weather Centre (AES), Bedford NS\n1\nD-4","UNITED KINGDOM\nAssistant Director, Head of Defence Services,\n1\nMeteorological Office\nD-5\n-","APPENDIX E\n1\nSAFFIR-SIMPSON HURRICANE SCALE\nONE\nWinds 2. :\n75-95 mph (65-82 kt) at standard anemometer\nelevations. F-scale is 1.0-1.4. Damage is primarily to\nI\nshubbery, trees, foliage, and unanchored mobile homes. No\nreal damage occurs to building structures. Some damage is\ndone to poorly constructed signs.\nStorm Surge: Nominally is 4-5 ft (1.2-1.5 m) above\nnormal. Low-lying coastal roads are inundated, minor pier\ndamage occurs, some small craft in exposed anchorages break\nmoorings.\nTWO\nWinds: 96-110 mph (83-95 kt) at standard anemometer\nelevations. F-scale is 1.5-1.9. Considerable damage is done\nto shrubbery and tree foliage, some trees are blown down.\nMajor structural damage occurs to exposed moblile homes.\nExtensive damage occurs to poorly constructed signs. Some\ndamage is done to roofing material, windows, and doors; no\nmajor damage occurs to building structures.\nStorm Surge: Nominally is 6-8 ft (1.8-2.4 m) above\nnormal. Coastal roads and low-lying escape routes inland are\ncut by rising water 2-4 hr before arrival of center.\nConsiderable pier damage occurs, marinas are flooded. Small\ncraft in unprotected anchorages break moorings. Evacuation\nof some shoreline residences and low-lying island areas is\nrequired.\nTHREE\nWinds: 111-130 mph (96-113 kt) at standard anemometer\nelevations. F-scale is 2.0-2.4. Damage occurs to shrubbery\nand trees: foliage is blown off trees, large trees are blown\ndown. Practically all poorly constructed signs are blown\ndown, some roofing material damage occurs, some window and\ndoor damage occurs, and some structural damage occurs to\nE-1","small residences and utility buildings. Mobile homes are\ndestroyed. There is a minor amount of curtainwall failure.\nStorm Surge: Nominally is 9-12 ft (2.7-3.7 m) above\nnormal. Serious flooding occurs at the coast with many\nsmaller structures near the coast destroyed. Larger\nstructures are damaged by battering of floating debris.\nLow-lying escape routes inland are cut by rising water 3-5 hr\nbefore the center arrives. Terrain continuously lower than 5\nft (1.5 m) above sea level may be flooded inland 8 mi (12.9 m)\nmore. Evacuation of low-lying residences within several\nor\nblocks of the shoreline may be required.\nFOUR\nWinds: 131-155 mph (114-135 kt) at standard anemometer\nelevations. F-scale is 2.5-2.9. Shrubs and trees are blown\ndown, all signs are down. Extensive roofing material damage\noccurs, extensive window and door damage occurs, complete\nfailure of roof structures occurs on many small residences,\nand complete destruction of mobile homes occurs. Some\ncurtainwalls experience failure.\nStorm Surge: Nominally is 13-18 ft (3.9-5.5 m) above\nnormal. Terrain continuously lower than 10 ft (3 m) above\nsea level may be flooded inland as far as 6 mi (9.7 km).\nMajor damage occurs to lower floors of structures near the\nshore due to flooding and battering action. ow-lying escape\nroutes inland may be cut by rising water 3-5 hr before\n|\nthe storm center arrives. Major erosion of beach areas\noccurs. Massive evacuation of all residences within 500 yds\n(457 m) of the shoreline may be required and of single-story\nresidences on low ground within 2 mi (3.2 km) of the\nshoreline.\nFIVE\nWinds: Greater than 155 mph (135 kt) at standard\nanemometer elevation. F-scale is 3.0 or greater. Shrubs and\ntrees are down, roofing damage is considerable, all signs are\ndown. Very severe and extensive window and door damage\noccurs. Complete failure of roof structures occurs on many\nresidences and industrial buildings. Extensive glass\nfailures occur, some complete buildings fail, small buildings\nare overturned and blown over or away, and complete\ndestruction of mobile homes occurs.\nStorm Surge: Height is nominally greater than 18 ft\n(5.5 m) above normal. Major damage occurs to lower floors of\nall structures located less than 15 ft (4.6) m) above sea\nlevel and within 500 yd (457 m) of the shoreline. Low-lying\nE-2","escape routes inland are cut by rising water 3-5 hr before\nthe storm center arrives.\nMassive evacuations of residential areas situated on low\nground within 5-10 mi (8-16 km) of the shoreline may be\nrequired.\nI\nThe Saffir - Simpson Hurricane (SSH) Scale does not apply to\nthe Pacific Islands.\n2\nDefinition of a sustained wind (from Fujita and Simpson,\n1972). A sustained wind is one that persists for the\nminimum time period to establish optimal dynamic forces on\na nominal building structure.\n3\nT. Fujita, 1971: \"Proposed Characteristics of Tornadoes\nand Hurricanes by Area and Intensity,\" University of\nChicago (SMRP) Research Paper No. 91.\nE-3","APPENDIX F\nPHONETIC PRONUNCIATION LISTING\nCARIBBEAN BASIN\nAbaco\nAB-a-ko\nAnguilla\nang-GWIL-a\nAntigua\nan-TEE-gua\nAruba\nah-R00-ba\nAntilles\nan-TIL-leez\nAzores\nuh-ZOHRZ\nBahamas\nba-HAHM-ahs\nBarbuda\nbar-B00-dah\nBarranquilla\nbahr-rahn-KEE-yah\nBarahona\nba-ra-HO-na\nBasse-Terre\nbahs-TER\nBermuda\nber-MYOO-da\nBiloxi\nbi-LUX-ee\nBimini\nBIM-i-ni\nBonaire\nba-NAIR\nCap Haitien\nkahp ah-ee-SYAN\nCaracas\nkah-RAH-kahs\nCaribbean\nkar-a-BE-an\nCastries\nKAS-trees\nCayman\nkay-MAHN\nCharlotte Amalie\nSHAR-lot a-MAHL-ye\nCozumel\nkoh-soo-MEL\nCuracao\nkoor-a-SOH\nDominica\ndom-i-NEE-ka\nEleuthera\nel-00-thera\nExuma\nek-s00-ma\nFlores\nFLO-rish\nFort de France\nfor-de-FRAHNS\nGrenada\ngre-NAY-dah\nGuadaloupe\nGWAH-deh-loop\nGuatemala\ngwaht-eh-MAH-1a\nLeeward\nLEE-ward\nMaiacaibo\nmar-a-KYE-boh\nMaracay\nMah-rah-KYE\nMarigot\nma-ree-GOH\nMerida\nMAY-re-thah\nMiami\nmye-AM-ee\nF - 1","Montego\nmon-TEE-go\nmont-se-RAT\nMontserrat\nnik-a-RAH-gwah\nNicaragua\nOcho Rios\nOH-cho REE-OS\no-RAHN-yuh-stat\nOranjestad\npar-a-MAR-i-boh\nParamaribo\npar-GWER-a\nParguera\nPointe-a-Pitre\npwan-ta-PEE-tr\nPON-sa\nPonce\nPort-au-Prince\nport-oh-PRINS\nSAH-ba\nSaba\nSao Miguel (Azores)\nsoun ME-gel\nSt. Croix\nSAINT croy\nSAINT L00-she-a\nSt. Lucia\nsoo-free-AR\nSoufriere\nSOOR-i-nam\nSurinam\ntam-PEE-ko\nTampico\nTAY-1ah\nTela\nto-BAY-go\nTobago\nyoo-ka-TAN\nYucatan\nF-2","APPENDIX G\nRECONNAISSANCE CODE FORM, TABLES,\nAND REGULATIONS\nG - 1","R\nE\nM\nA\nR\nK\ns\nINDICATOR\nVISIBILITY\nTEMPERA.\nDEGREES\nINFLIGHT\nTable 23\nSURFACE\nTENTHS\nTURE\nSEA\nAND\n24\n9\nV.\nT\nT\nT\nECHO WIDTH\nCALL SIGN\nALTITUDE\nALTITUDE\nINDICATOR\nLENGTH OF\nINTENSITY\nCHARACT.\nTable 11\nTable 12\nTable 1's\nOR DIAM\nTable 19\nMAJ AXIS\nTable 21\nOF ECHO\nTable 22\nCLOUD\nTable 19\nER OF\nTYPE\nBASE\nTOP\nECHO\nOF\nOF\n12\n23\ns\nc\n,\nw\nh\nh\nH\nH\n,\n8\n1\ni.\nE\nE\nINDICATOR\nDISTANCE\nALTITUDE\nALTITUDE\nDog. True)\nORIEN TA-\nTable 11\nBEARING\n(Tena of\nTO ECHO\nTable 20\nTable 12\nTable 12\nCENTER\nTable 19\nTION OF\nELLIPSE\nCLOUD\nECHO\nTYPE\nBASE\nTOP\nOF\nOF\nOF\n22\n11\nCEN\nTYPE AIRCRAFT\n&\n0.\ns\n+\n8\nS,\nc\nH\nd.\nr\nh\nh\nH\nd\nALTITUDE\nALTITUDE\nTable 11\nINDICATOR\nALTITUDE\nOF TOP OF\nTable 12\nTable 12\nCLOUD\nBASE OF\nSTRATUM\nALT OF\n(Note 12)\nTable 12\nSTRATUM\n(Note 12)\nTable 12\nTYPE\nBASE\nICING\nTOP\nICING\nOF\nOF\n10\n21\nRECCO RECORDING FORM\nC\nhs\ns\nH,\nH,\nh\nSh NING OF ICH,\nHi\n7\nh,\nh,\nINDICATOR\nINDICATOR\nTO BEGIN-\nINC Table 15\nCLOUDS\nDISTANCE\nDISTANCE\nTO ENDING\nAMOUNT\nLAYERS\n(Note 9.\n(Note 9)\nTable 10\nRATE OF\nTable 17\nTYPE OF\nTable sb\nOF ICING\nTable 15\nCLOUD\nNR OF\nICING\nICING\nOF\n9\n20\ns\n1\n7\nI,\n1,\nS.\nN\nN\nOF OCCUR.\nWa Table 15\nINDICATOR\nDISTANCE\nRENCE OF\nWEATHER\nINDICATOR\nPOTENTIAL\n(Note 11)\nSIGNIFIC-\nANTWEA\nCHANGES\nDISTANT\nBEARING\nD-VALUE\nTable 14\nTable 16\nTable 13\nOF wd\nINDEX TO\nSLP PER\nTable .\nHEIGHT\nINDEX j\nNote 8)\nGEO.\nHHM\n19\nOR\n8\nwe\nSs\nd\ns\nWEATHER w\n/\nd\n,\nH\nH\nH\nINDICATOR\nOF OCCUR\nDISTANCE\nRENCE OF\nWe Table 1.\nSIGNIFIC-\nANTWEA\nCHANGES\nDISTANT\nTable 16\nBEARING\nTable 13\n(Note 11)\nTable 14\nWHOLE o c\nWHOLE oc\nOF \"d\nERATURE\nPRESENT\nWEATHER\nTable 8)\nTEMP-\n(Note 6)\n(Note 6)\nPOINT\n(Note ,\nDEW\n18\n7\nMISSION IDENTIFIER\nws\nd\ns\n33\nd\nT\nT\nd\nTd\nSURFACE\nT\nSFC WIND\ndeg. true)\nINDICA-\n(Tone of\nTION OF\nDIREC-\n(Note10)\nSPEED\n(knots)\nDIRECTION\nAT FLIGHT\nTOR\nWIND\ndog. true.)\n(Tene of\nFLIGHT\nLEVEL\nSPEED\nLEVEL\n(Knots)\n17\nWIND\nWIND\nAT\n6\n4\nd\nd\nMETEOROLOGIST\n,\nALTITUDE\nALTITUDE\nd\nd\nTable \"\nTable 2\nTable 12\nCLOUD\nTYPE\nBASE\nTOP\nDECAMETER\nMETHOD OF\nTAINING,\nOF\nOF\nREPORTED\nPRESSURE\nALTITUDE\nAIRCRAFT\nNEAREST\nTYPE OF\n16\nTO THE\nTable .\nTable 7\nWIND\nMND\nOF\n5\n+\n+\nC\nH\nH\nALTITUDE\nALTITUDE\na\nTable 11\nTable 12\na\nTable 12\nde\nCLOUD\nBULENCE d,\nTYPE\nBASE\nTOP\nOF\nOF\nFLT COND\nDECREES\n15\nLONG\nTENTHS\n(Note 4)\nTable .\nTable 3\n(Note 5)\nTUDE\nTUR-\nAND\n4\ns\n+\nC\nH\nH\nALTITUDE\nORGANIZATION\nALTITUDE\nL.\nL.\nc\nTable 12\nTable 11\nf\nTable 12\nCLOUD\nTYPE\nBASE\nTOP\nOF\nOF\nLATITUDE\nDECREES\nOCTANT\nTENTHS\n14\nDAY OF\nSUN-1\nTable 3\nWEEK\nAND\n3\ns\n+\n+\nc\nH\nH\nINDICATOR\nTable 10\nL.\nL.\nL.\n(Note 9)\nAMOUNT\nCLOUDS\nLAYERS\nY\na\nNR OF\nCLOUD\n(Note g)\nOF\nDEW POINT\nOBSERVA\n(Houre and\n13\nMinutee)\nINDICA:\nTIME 2\nTIME\nTION\nTOM\n(GMT)\nOF\n2\nKn\ns\nNs\n1\nN\nN\nd\nc\nc\n9\n9\n1\nSPECIFYING\nINDICATOR\nOBSERVA-\nTYPE OF\nGROUP\nTable 1\nRECCO\nTION\n1\nREMARKS\nDATE\nx\n,\nx\no\n(AMS\ncode\nfigure\nreceiving\na\nform\nForm\nC\n0\nnn\nS\nS\na\nn\nC\ne\ne","Table G-1.\nReconnaissance code tables.\nTABLE\nXXX\nTABLE 6 d,\nTABLE 1) C\n222 Sec One Observation without radar\n0 Spot Wind\n0 Cirrus (Ci)\ncapability\n1 Average Wind\n1 Cirrocumulus (Cc)\n555 Sec Three (Intermediate) observation\n/ No wind reported\n2 Cirrostratus (Cs)\nwith or without radar capability\n3 Altocumulus (Ac)\n777 Sec One Observation with radar\nTABLE7 d\n4 Altostratus (As)\ncapability\n5 Nimbostratus (Ns)\n6 Stratocumulus (Sc)\n0 Winds obtained using doppler radar or\nTABLE 2 d\n7 Stratus (St)\ninertial systems\n8 Cumulus (Cu)\n1 Winds obtained using other navigation\n0 No dew point capability/acft below\n9 Cumulonimbus (Cb)\nequipment and/or techniques\n10,000 meters\n/ Cloud type unknown due\nNavigator unable to determine wind or\n1 No dew point capability/acf at or above\nto darkness or other\nwind not compatible\n10,000 meters\nanalogous phenomena\n2 No dew point capability/acft below\nTABLE 8 w\n10,000 meters and flight lvl temp -50°C\nTABLE 12\nor colder\n0 Clear\n1 Scattered (trace to 4/8 cloud coverage)\n3\nNo dew point capability/act at or above\n00 Less than 100\n10,000 meters and flight lvl temp -50°C\n2 Broken (5/8 to 7/8 cloud coverage)\n01 100 ft\nor colder\n3 Overcast/undercast\n02 200 ft\nDew point capability/acft below 10,000\n4 Fog, thick dust or haze\n03 300 ft\n4\n5 Drizzle\nmeters\netc, etc\n6 Rain (continous or intermittent precip -\n5 Dew point capability/acft at or above\n49 4,900 ft\nfrom stratiform clouds)\n10,000 meters\n50 5,000 ft\n6 Dew point capability/acft below 10,000\n7 Snow or rain and snow mixed\n51_ 55 Not used\nmeters and flight Ivl temp -50° C or\n8 Shower(s) (continous or intermittent\n56 6,000 ft\nprecip - from cumuliform clouds)\ncolder\n57 7,000 ft\n9 Thunderstorm(s)\n7 Dew point capability/act at or above\netc, etc\n/ Unknown for any cause including dark -\n10,000 meters and flight lvl temp -50°C\n79 29,000ft\nor colder\nness\n80 30,000 ft\n81 35,000 ft\nTABLE 3 Q\nTABLE 9\n82 40,000 ft\n0 Sea level pressure in whole millibars\netc, etc\n0 0° -90° W\nNorthern\n89 Greater than 70,000 ft\n1 90° W 180° W\n(thousands fig if any omitted)\nNorthern\n1 Altitude 200 mb surface in geopotential\n// Unknown\n2 180° - 90 E\nNorthern\ndecameters\n3 90° - 0° E\nTABLE 13 d\nNorthern\n(thousands fig if any omitted)\n2 Altitude 850 mb surface in geopotential\n4 Not Used\n5 0° - 90° W\nmeters (thousands fig omitted)\n0 No report\nSouthern\n3 Altitude 700 mb surface in geopotential\n1 NE\n6 90° -180° W\n7 NW\nSouthern\nmeters (thousands fig omitted)\n2 E\n8 N\n7 180° - 90° E\nSouthern\n4 Altitude 500 mb surface in geopotential\n3 SE\n9 all directions\n8 90° 0° E\nSouthern\ndecameters\n4 S\n5 Altitude 400 mb surface in geopotential\n5 SW\nTABLE 4 B\ndecametets\n6 W\n6 Altitude 300 mb surface in geopotential\n0 None\ndecameters\nTABLE 14 Ws\n1 Light turbulence\n7 Altitude 250 mb surface in geopotential\n2 Moderate turbulence in clear air, infre-\ndecameters (thousands fig if any omitted)\n0 No change\nquent\n8 D - Value in geopotential decameters;\n1 Marked wind shift\n3 Moderate turbulence in clear air, frequent\nif negative 500 is added to HHH\n2 Beginning or ending of marked\n4 Moderate turbulence in cloud, infrequent\n9 No absolute altitude available or geopo-\nturbulence\n5 Moderate turbulence in cloud, frequent\ntential data not within + 30 meters/4 mb\n3 Marked temperature change (not with\n6 Severe turbulence in clear air, infrequent\naccuracy requirements.\naltitude)\n7 Severe turbulence in clear air, frequent\nTABLE 10 N\n4 Precipitation begins or ends\n8 Severe turbulence in cloud, infrequent\n5 Change in cloud forms\n9 Severe turbulence in cloud frequent\n6 Fog or ice fog bank begins or ends\n0 No additional cloud layers (place holder)\n7 Warm front\ni\n1 okto or less, but not zero\nTABLE 5\n8 Cold front\n(1/8 or less sky covered)\n9 Front, type not specified\n2 2 oktas (or 2/8 of sky covered)\n0 In the clear\n3 3 oktas (or 3/8 sky covered)\nTABLE 15\n8 In and out of clouds\n4 4 oktas (or 4/8 of sky covered)\n5 5 oktas (or 5/8 of sky covered)\n9 In clouds all the time (continous IMC)\n0 No report\n6 6 oktas (or 6/8 of sky covered)\n/ Impossible to determine due to darkness\n1 Previous position\n7 7 oktas or more but not 8 oktas\nor other cause\n2 Present position\n8 8 oktas or sky completely covered\n3 30 nautical miles\n9 Sky obscured (place holder)\n4 60 nautical miles\n5 90 nautical miles\n6 120 nautical miles\n7 150 nautical miles\n8 180 nautical miles\n9 More than 180 nautical miles\n/ Unknown (not used for 5s)\nG-3","Table G-1. Reconnaissance code tables (continued) .\nTABLE 23 Vi\nTABLE 16 \" d\n1 Inflight visibility 0 to and including 1 nautical mile\n0 No report\n1 Signs of a tropical cyclone\n2 Inflight visibility greater than 1 and not exceeding 3 nautical miles\n3 Inflight visibility greater than 3 nautical miles\n2 Ugly threatening sky\n3 Duststorm or sandstorm\n4 Fog or ice fog\n5 Waterspout\n6 Cirrostratus shield or bank\n7 Altostratus or altocumulus shield or\nbank\n8 Line of heavy cumulus\n9 Cumulonimbus heads or thunderstorms\nRECCO SYMBOLIC FORM\nTABLE 17\nSECTION ONE (MANDATORY)\n7 Light\nLoLoLoBfc\n9XXX9 GGggi\nYQLcLaLa\n8 Moderate\n9 Severe\nddfff TTTdTdw /jHHH\n/ Unknown or contrails\nSECTION TWO (ADDITIONAL)\nTABLE 18 1,\nIknNsNsNs ChghgHtH4\n4ddff\n0 None\n6W5S5Wddw 71,1,565. 7hihi HiH; 8drd,SrOe\n1 Rime ice in clouds\n8EwE1ceie 9ViTwTwTw\n2 Clear ice in clouds\n3 Combination rime and clear ice in clouds\nSECTION THREE (INTERMEDIATE)\n4 Rime ice in precipitation\n5 Clear ice in precipitation\n9XXX9 GGggid YQLaLaLa LoLoLoBf\n6 Combination rime and clear ice in precip\n7 Frost (icing in clear air)\nddfff TTTdTdw /jHHH\n8 Nonpersistent contrails (less than 1/4\nnautical miles long)\n9 Persistent contrails\nTABLE 19 Sr Ew, E 1\n0 ONM\n5 50NM\n1 10NM\n6 60-80NM\n2 20NM\n7 80-100NM\n3 30NM\n8 100-150NM\n4 40NM\n9 Greater than 150NM\n/ Unknown\nTABLE 20 Oe\n0 Circular\n1 NNE SSW\n2 NE SW\n3 ENE - WSW\n4 E-W\n5 ESE WNW\n6 SE NW\n7 SSE - NNW\n8 S N\n/ Unknown\nTABLE 21 ce\n1 Scattered Area\n2 Solid Area\n3 Scattered Line\n4 Solid Line\n5 Scattered, all quadrants\n6 Solid, all quadrants\n/ Unknown\nTABLE 22\n2 Weak\n5 Moderate\n8 Strong\n/ Unknown\nG-4","Table G-2.\nReconnaissance code regulations.\n1. At the time of the observation the aircraft\n8. When i is reported as a 9, HHH is\nobserving platform is considered to be located\nencoded as 111.\non the axis of a right vertical cylinder with\na radius of 30 nautical miles bounded by the\nearth's surface and the top of the atmosphere.\n9. If the number of cloud layers reported\nexceeds 3, kn in the first 1-group reports\nPresent weather, cloud amount and type, tur-\nbulence, and other subjective elements are\nthe total number of cloud layers. The sec-\nond 1-group reports the additional number\nreported as occuring within the cylinder.\nFlight level winds, temperature, dew point,\nof layers being reported exclusive of those\nand geopotential values are sensed or computed\npreviously reported. In those cases where\nand reported as occuring at the center of the\na cloud layer(s) is discernible, but a descrip -\nobservation circle. Radar echoes, significant\ntive cloud picture of the observation circle is\nweather changes, distant weather, and icing\nnot posible, use appropriate remarks such as\nare phenomena that may also be observed/\n\"clouds blo\" or As blo\" to indicate the\nreported. Code groups identifying these\npresence of lcouds In such cases, coded\nphenomena may be reported as necessary to\nentries are not made for group 9. The sequence\nadequately describe met conditions observed.\nin which cloud amounts are encoded depends\nupon type of cloud, cloud base, and vertical\n2. The intermediate observation (Section Three)\nextent of the cloud. The cloud with the\nis reported following Section One (or Section\nlargest numerical value of cloud type code (C)\nTwo if appended to Section One) in the order\nis reported first, regardless of coverage, base,\nthat it was taken.\nor vertical extent. Among clouds of the same\ncloud type code sharing a common base, the\ncloud of greatest vertical extent is reported\n3. Plain language remarks may be added as\nfirst. The summation principle is not used;\nappropriate. These remarks follow the last\neach layer is treated as though no other\nencoded portion of the horizontal or vertical\nclouds were present. The total amount of\nobservation and will clearly convey the in-\nclouds through one altitude shared by several\ntended message. Vertical observations will\nclouds will not exceed 8 oktas. Only use\nnot include meteorological remarks. These\ncode figure 0 as a place holder when you\nremarks must begin with a letter or word-\ncan determine that no additional cloud\nE.G. \"FL TEMP\" vice \"700 MB FL TEMP\".\nlayers exist. In case of undercast, over-\nThe last report plain language remarks are\ncast, etc., use code figure 9 as a place-\nmandatory, i.e., \"LAST REPORT. OBS\nholder.\n01 thru 08 to RJTY, OBS 09 and 10 to RPMK\".\n10. Due to limitations in the ability to\n4. The hundreds digit of longitude is omit-\ndistinguish sea state features representative\nted for longitudes from 100° to 180°.\nof wind speeds above 130 knots, surface wind\nspeeds in excess of 130 knots will not be\nencoded. Wind speeds of 100 to 130 knots\n5. Describe conditions along the route of flight\ninclusive will be encoded by deleting the\nactually experienced at flight level by aircraft.\nhundreds figure and adding 50 to dd. For\nwind speeds above 130 knots, dd is reported\n6. TT, TdTd. When encoding negative tempera\nwithout adding 50 and ff is encoded as //\ntures, 50 is added to the absolute value of the\nwith a plain language remark added, I.E.,\ntemperature with the hundreds figure, if any,\n-sfc wind above 130 knots.\nbeing omitted. A temperature of -52°C is\ngiven as 02, the distinction between -52°C\n11. Significant weather changes which have\nand 2°C being made from id. Missing unknown\noccurred since the last observation along\ntemperatures are reported as 11. When the\nthe track are reported for Ws.\ndew point is colder than -49.4°C, Code TdTd\nas // and report the actual value as a plain\n12. When aircraft encounters icing in level\nlanguage remark - E.G. DEW POINT -52°C.\nflight, the height at which the icing\noccurred will be reported for hihi. The\nHiHi will be reported as 11.\n7. When two or more types of W co-exist, the\ntype with the higher code figure will be re-\nported Code Figure 1, 2 and 3 are reported\nbased on the total cloud amount through a\ngiven altitude, above or below the aircraft,\nand when other figures are inappropriate. The\nsummation principle applies only when two or\nmore cloud types share a given altitude.\nG-5","APPENDIX H\nTELEPHONE AND TELETYPE LISTING\nAGENCY\nLOCATION\nTTY TELEPHONE\nDEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE\nAlternate NHC, Atlantic\nWashington, DC\nAC COM 301-763-8201\nCaribbean, and\nFTS 763-8201\nGulf of Mexico\n(NMC, Met Ops Div)\nAlternate NHC,\nRedwood City, CA\nC\nCOM 415-364-4610\nEastern Pacific\nFTS\n466-7767\n(WFSO, San Francisco)\nCPHC\nHonolulu, HI\nC COM 808-836-1831\nFTS\n546-2853\nCPHC Satellite\nHonolulu, HI\nC COM 808-836-2776\nCoordinator\nNDBC\nNSTL, MS\nCOM 601-688-2836\n(Data Systems Div)\nFTS\n494-2836\n(See USCG entry)\nAV\n485-4411\nNESDIS SAB\nCamp Springs, MD A C COM 301-763-8444/8445\nFTS\n763-8444/8445\nNHC\nCoral Gables, FL ABC COM 305-350-4460\nFTS\n350-4460\nNHC Satellite\nCoral Gables, FL ABC COM 305-350-4460\nCoordinator\nFTS\n350-4460\nNMC Meteorological\nWashington, DC\nA\nC\nCOM\n301-763-8201\nOperations Division\nFTS\n763-8201\n(Alternate NHC for\nAtlantic, Caribbean,\nand Gulf of Mexico)\nNWS Warning and Forecast\nWashington, DC\nCOM 301-427-8090\nBranch (Headquarters)\nFTS\n427-8090\nH-1","TTY TELEPHONE\nLOCATION\nAGENCY\nMiami, FL\nCOM 305-526-2936\n0A0\nFTS\n350-2936\nAV\n894-1600\nWashington, DC\nA C COM 301-763-8239\nWSFO (Satellite\nFTS\n763-8425\nMeteorologist)\nDEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE\nCOM 402-291-2586\nOffutt AFB, NE\nAB\nAFGWC\nFTS\n866-2586\nAV\n271-2586\nCoral Gables, FL ABC COM 305-666-4612\nCARCAH (OL-G, 7WW)\nFTS\n350-5547\nAV\n894-3430/1150\nCOM 804-433-2851\nOceana, VA\nCINCLANTFLT OAC\next 233\nAV\n433-2851\next 233\nCOM 601-377-2544\nKeesler AFB, MS\nB\nDet 1, 7WW\nAV\n868-2544\n(Alternate CARCAH)\nCOM 808-449-6262/0481\nHickam AFB, HI\nB\nDet 4, 20WS\nAV 315-449-6262/0481\n(Weather Monitor)\nCOM 808-449-7638/7637\nHickam AFB, HI\nB\nDet 4, 20WS\nAV 315-449-6262\n(Hawaii ROCC/WE)\nCOM 916-364-4377\nMather AFB, CA\nB\nDet 7, 24WS\nAV\n828-4377\n(Weather Monitor)\nGriffiss AFB, NY\nB\nCOM 315-330-2410\nDet 8, 26WS\n(Northeast Air Defense Sector/WE)\nAV\n587-2410\nTyndall AFB, MS\nB\nCOM 904-283-3215\nDet 9, 3WS\n523-3215\n( Southeast Air Defense Sector/WE)\nAV\nCOM 601-377-4330\nKeesler AFB, MS\nKeesler AFB Command Post\nAV\n868-4330\nCOM 804-444-7750/3770\nNorfolk, VA\nB\nNAVEASTOCEANCEN\nFTS\n954-7750/3770\nAV\n564-7750/3770\nH-2","AGENCY\nLOCATION\nTTY TELEPHONE\nNAVWESTOCEANCEN\nPearl Harbor, HI\nB\nCOM 808-741-0363\nAV 315-430-0111\nask for 471-0004\n53 WRS/DO\nKeesler AFB, MS\nCOM 601-377-4540\nAV\n868-4540\n815 WOF/DO\nKeesler AFB, MS\nB\nCOM 601-377-4318\n868-4318\n34 WF\nKeesler AFB, MS\nB\nCOM 601-377-4318\n868-4318\nDEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION\nHouston ARTCC\nHouston, TX\nD\nCOM 713-230-5560\nFTS 527-5560\nAV\n729-1491\nMiami ARTCC\nMiami, FL\nD\nCOM 350-592-9753\nFTS\n820-1210\nAV\n894-1910\nU.S. Coast Guard\nNew Orleans, LA\nCOM 504-589-6225\n(for after hours\nFTS\n682-6225\ncontact with NDBC)\nINTERDEPARTMENTAL\nOFCM\nRockville, MD\nCOM 301-770-3464\nFTS\n443-8704\nAV\n851-1460\nA\nTG7073\nB\nCOMEDS\nC\nAFOS\nD\nAFTN\nH-3\n* U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1988-2 01 -597/82559","COMMITTEE FOR BASIC SERVICES\nDR. JAMES L. RASSMUSSEN, Chairman\nMR. RICHARD HAYES\nNational Weather Service\nU.S. Coast Guard\nDepartment of Commerce\nDepartment of Transportation\nDR. THOMAS J. JACKSON\nDR. LEWIS T. MOORE\nDepartment of Agriculture\nDepartment of Interior\nDR. LISLE A. ROSE\nMR. JOHN W. KAUFMAN\nDepartment of State\nNational Aeronautics and Space\nMR. ROBERT A. KORNASIEWICZ\nDR. RONALD C. TAYLOR\nU.S. Nuclear Regulatory\nNational Science Foundation\nCommission\nMAJ JERRE W. WILSON\nMR. DONALD R. CARVER\nDepartment of Defense\nOffice of the Federal Coordinator\nfor Meteorology\nExecutive Secretary\nWORKING GROUP FOR HURRICANE AND\nWINTER STORMS OPERATIONS\nMR. STEPHEN W. HARNED, Chairman\nVACANT\nNational Weather Service\nFederal Aviation Administration\nDepartment of Commerce\nDepartment of Transportation\nLTCOL THOMAS J. WITHERELL, USAF\nMR. EUGENE D. LEGG, JR.\nU.S. Air Force\nNESDIS\nDepartment of Defense\nDepartment of Commerce\nMR. GLENN HAMILTON\nCDR FREDERICK MARTIN, USN\nNational Data Buoy Center\nU.S. Navy\nDepartment of Commerce\nDepartment of Defense\nDR. LISLE A. ROSE\nCOL ROBERT E. BLACK, USAF\nDepartment of State\nOffice of the Federal Coordinator\nfor Meteorology\nSecretary","8338\nOF\nUNITED\nSTATES\nStimulating America S Progress\n1913-1988"]}