{"Bibliographic":{"Title":"National hurricane operations plan","Authors":"","Publication date":"1981","Publisher":""},"Administrative":{"Date created":"08-16-2023","Language":"English","Rights":"CC 0","Size":"0000129473"},"Pages":["QC\n959\n.U6\nN28\nPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\n1981\nOF\nFEDERAL COORDINATOR FOR\nMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICES\nAND SUPPORTING RESEARCH\nSTATES\nOF\nNational Hurricane\nOperations Plan\nFCM-P12-1981\nWashington, D.C.\nMay 1981","ATMOSPHERIC\nAND\nDESCRIBED\nNOAA\nTHE FEDERAL COMMITTEE FOR\nMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH\n( FCMSSR)\nRD E. HALLGREN, Chairman\nDR. LAWRENCE R. GREENWOOD\ncommunication\nt of Commerce\nNational Aeronautics and Space\nPARTMENT\nAdministration\nKINNEY, JR.\nOF\nit of Agriculture\nDR. FRANCIS S. JOHNSON\nNational Science Foundation\nDR. GEORGE P. MILLBURN\nDepartment of Defense\nMR. JOHN DYER\nOffice of Management and Budget\nMR. DAVID SLADE\nDepartment of Energy\nMR. S. AHMED MEER\nDepartment of State\nVACANT\nEnvironmental Protection Agency\nMR. JAMES BISPO\nFederal Aviation Administration\nMR. ROBERT CRAWFORD\nDepartment of Transportation\nFederal Emergency Management Agency\nMR. WILLIAM S. BARNEY\nMR. LEWIS T. MOORE\nActing Federal Coordinator\nDepartment of Interior\nDepartment of Commerce\nALONZO SMITH, JR., Executive Secretary\nOffice of the Federal Coordinator\nDepartment of Commerce\nTHE INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE FOR\nMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH\n(ICMSSR)\nWILLIAM S. BARNEY, Chairman\nDR. SHELBY TILFORD\nOffice of the Federal Coordinator\nNational Aeronautics an Space\nDepartment of Commerce\nAdministration\nDR. T. B. KINNEY, JR.\nDR. EUGENE BIERLY\nDepartment of Agriculture\nNational Science Foundation\nDR. RICHARD E. HALLGREN\nMR. JOHN DYER\nNational Weather Service\nOffice of Management and Budget\nDepartment of Commerce\nMR. JAMES MCCLEAN\nCOLONEL E. W. FRIDAY\nNational Transportation Safety Board\nDepartment of Defense\nMR. EARL H. MARKEE, JR.\nDR. HARRY MOSES\nNuclear Regulatory Commission\nDepartment of Energy\nMR. MYRON P. LEWIS\nMR. LAWRENCE E. NIEMEYER\nFederal Aviation Administration\nEnvironmental Protection Agency\nDepartment of Transportation\nMR. ROBERT CRAWFORD\nCOMMANDER ROBERT E. HAMMOND, ISCG\nFederal Emergency Management Agency\nU. S. Coast Guard\nDepartment of Transportation\nMR. LEWIS T. MOORE\nDepartment of Interior\nALONZO SMITH, JR., Executive Secretary\nOffice of the Federal Coordinator\nDepartment of Commerce","QC\n959\nU685\nN28\n1981\nOF\nCOMMUNITY\nU.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE\nMalcolm Baldrige, Secretary\n*\n*\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\nWITH STATES OF Avenue\nJames P. Walsh, Acting Administrator\nNational Hurricane\nOperations Plan\nFCM-P12-1981\nLIBRARY\nMay 1981\nWashington, D.C.\nN.O.A.A.\nU.S. Dept. of Commerce","FOREWORD\nAn Interdepartmental Plan was first issued in 1962.\nThis\ndocument is the 19th edition and presents procedures and agreements\nreached at the 35th annual Conference held at the USAF Conference\nCenter, Homestead Air Force Base, Florida, 27-29 January 1981.\nThe Conference is sponsored annually by the Subcommittee on Basic\nServices, Interdepartmental Committee For Meteorological Services and\nSupporting Research, and brings together cognizant Federal agencies to\nachieve agreement on items of mutual concern related to hurricane\nservices. The host this year for the Conference was the\nwarning\nAerospace Rescue and Recovery Service of the Military Airlift Command,\nUnited States Air Force.\nWilliam S. Barney\nActing Federal Coordinator for\nMeteorological Services and\nSupporting Research\nNATIONAL\nHURRICANE\nPLAN\nOPERATIONS\ni","NATIONAL HURRICANE OPERATIONS PLAN\n(ATLANTIC, EASTERN PACIFIC, AND CENTRAL PACIFIC)\nCONTENTS\nPage\ni\nForeword\niv\nChange Log\n1-1\nChapter 1.\nIntroduction\n2-1\nResponsibilities of Cooperating Agencies\nChapter 2.\nObservations, Forecasts, and Related Information to be\nChapter 3.\n3-1\nFurnished by NWS to DOD\n3-5\nAppendix A--Form 1 (WS Form C-13)\n3-6\nAppendix B--Hurricane Names\n3-10\nAppendix C--Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale\n4-1\nChapter 4.\nAircraft Reconnaissance\nAppendix A:\n--Operational Flight Pattern \"A\"\n4-9\nAttachment 1\n4-11\nAttachment A--Recommended Pattern \"A\" Execution\n--Operational Flight Pattern \"B\"\n4-12\nAttachment 2\n--Operational Flight Patterns\nAttachment 3\n4-13\nC-1 through C-4\n4-17\n-Operational Flight Pattern Delta\nAttachment 4\nAppendix B:\nForm 1--NHPP Coordinated Request for Aircraft\n4-19\nReconnaissance\nForm 2--Tropical Cyclone Plan of the Day\nFormat--Atlantic, Eastern, and\n4-20\nCentral Pacific Oceans\n4-21\nForm 3--Vortex Data Message Form\n4-22\nForm 4--Supplementary Vortex Data Message Form\n4-23\nForm 5--Mission Evaluation Form\nAppendix C:\n4-24\nAircraft Reconnaissance Communications\nReconnaissance Organization Communication\n4-27\nCapabilities\n4-28\nReconnaissance Code\nii","CONTENTS (Continued)\nPage\nChapter 5.\nSatellite Surveillance of Tropical and Subtropical\nCyclones\n5-1\nAppendix A :\nAttachment 1--GOES Operational Data Flow\n5-3\nAttachment 2--Satellites and Satellite Data\nAvailability\n5-4\nAppendix B :\nForm 1--Satellite Tropical Disturbance Summary\n5-5\nForm 2--Center Fix Data Form and Message\nFormat (Satellite)\n5-6\nCurrent Intensity and \"T\" Number Classification\nTable\n5-7\nChapter 6.\nSurface Radar Reporting\n6-1\nAppendix A--Participating Radar Stations\n6-3\nAppendix B--ADCOM and FAA Sites Remoted to ARTCC' S\n6-5\nChapter 7.\nEnvironmental Data Buoy Reporting\n7-1\nAttachment 1--Code Form FM 24-V\n7-2\nChapter 8.\nMarine Weather Broadcasts\n8-1\nAppendix A--List of Marine Tropical Cyclone Forecast\nBroadcast Stations\n8-2\nChapter 9.\nWarning Transfer Policies\n9-1\nChapter 10. Publicity\n10-1\nAcronyms and Abbreviations as Used in This Plan\nA-1\nMetric Conversion Table\nA-3\nNOTE: The symbol (#) indicates a significant change from the previous\nedition.\niii","CHANGE LOG\nChange\nPage Numbers\nDate Posted\nSignature\nNo.\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n20\n21\n22\n23\n24\n25\niv","CHAPTER 1\nINTRODUCTION\n1. Introduction. The Hurricane Warning Service is an interdepartmental\neffort to provide the Nation and designated international recipients with\nenvironmental data, forecasts, and assessments concerning tropical and sub-\ntropical weather systems. Interdepartmental cooperation achieves economy and\nefficiency in the operation of the Hurricane Warning Service. This plan pro-\nvides the basis for implementing the agreements of the Department of Commerce\n(DOC), Department of Defense (DOD), and the Department of Transportation (DOT)\nreached at the annual Interdepartmental Hurricane Warning Conference (combined\nAtlantic and Pacific). It is the 19th edition of the National Hurricane\nOperations Plan (first issued in 1962). The Hurricane Conference is sponsored\nby the Subcommittee on Basic Services, Interdepartmental Committee for\nMeteorological Services and Supporting Research, to bring together cognizant\nFederal agencies and achieve agreement on items of mutual concern related to the\nAtlantic and Pacific hurricane warning services.\n2. Terms'used in this Plan:\na. Center Fix. The location of the center of a tropical or subtropi-\ncal cyclone obtained by means other than reconnaissance aircraft penetration.\nb. Cyclone. An atmospheric closed-circulation rotating counter-\nclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere.\nC. Eye. The relatively calm center of a tropical cyclone which is\nmore than 1/2 surrounded by wall cloud.\nd. Hurricane Season. The portion of the year having a relatively high\nincidence of hurricanes. In the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico, this\nis the period from June through November; in the eastern Pacific June through\nNovember 15; and in the central Pacific the period from June through October.\ne. Hurricane Warning Offices (HWO). The designated hurricane warning\noffices are: the National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida, and the Weather\nService Forecast Offices at San Juan, Puerto Rico; New Orleans, Louisiana;\nWashington, D.C.; Boston, Massachusetts; Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center\n(Redwood City, California); and Central Pacific Hurricane Center (Honolulu,\nHawaii).\nf.\nMission Identifier. The nomenclature assigned to tropical and\nsubtropical cyclone aircraft reconnaisance missions for weather data identifica-\ntion. It comprises an agency - aircraft indicator followed by a Chief, Aerial\nReconnaissance Coordination, All Hurricanes (CARCAH) assigned mission-system\nindicator.\n#g. Present Movement. The best estimate of the movement of the center\nof a tropical cyclone at a given time and at a given position. This estimate\ndoes not reflect the short-period, small-scale oscillations of the cyclone\ncenter.\n1-1","#h. Reconnaissance Aircraft Sortie. A flight which meets the require-\nments of the tropical cyclone plan of the day (TCPOD).\ni. Relocated. A term used in an advisory to indicate that a vector\ndrawn from the preceding advisory position to the latest known position is not\nnecessarily a reasonable representation of the cyclone's movement.\nSubtropical Cyclones. Nonfrontal, low-pressure systems comprising\nj.\ninitially baroclinic circulations developing over subtropical waters. There are\ntwo types: (1) A cold low with circulation extending to the surface layer and\nmaximum sustained winds generally occurring at a radius of about 100 miles or\nmore from the pressure center. These cyclones sometimes metamorphose and become\ntropical storms or hurricanes. (2) A mesoscale cyclone originating in or near a\nfrontolyzing zone of horizontal wind shear, with radius of maximum sustained\nwinds generally less than 30 miles. The entire circulation sometimes encompas-\nses an area initially no more than 100 miles in diameter. These marine cyclones\nmay change in structure from cold to warm core. While generally short-lived,\nthey may ultimately evolve into major hurricanes or into extratropical wave\ncyclones. Subtropical cyclones are classed according to intensity as follows:\n(1) Subtropical Depression. A subtropical cyclone in which the\nmaximum sustained surface wind (1-minute mean) is 33 knots (38 statute mph) or\nless.\n(2) Subtropical Storm. A subtropical cyclone in which the maximum\nsustained surface wind (1-minute mean) is 34 knots (39 statute mph) or greater.\nk. Tropical Cyclone Plan of the Day. A coordinated mission plan that\ntasks operational weather reconnaissance requirements during the next 05Z to 05Z\nday; describes reconnaissance flights committed to satisfy both operational and\nresearch requirements; and identifies possible reconnaissance requirements for\nthe succeeding 24-hour period.\n1. Tropical Weather Systems:\n(1) Tropical Disturbance. A discrete system of apparently\norganized convection--generally 100 to 300 miles in diameter--originating in the\ntropics or subtropics, having a nonfrontal migratory character and maintaining\nits identity for 24 hours or more. It may or may not be associated with a\ndetectable perturbation of the wind field. As such, it is the basic generic\ndesignation, which, in successive stages of intensification, may be classified\nas a tropical wave, depression, storm, or hurricane.\n(2) Tropical Wave. A trough or cyclonic curvature maximum in the\ntrade-wind easterlies. The wave may reach maximum amplitude in the lower middle\ntroposphere or may be the reflection of an upper troposphere cold-low or equa-\ntorward extension of a middle-latitude trough.\n(3) Tropical Cyclone. A nonfrontal low pressure system of\nsynoptic scale developing over tropical or subtropical waters and having a\ndefinite organized circulation.\n1-2","(a) Tropical Depression. A tropical cyclone in which the\nmaximum sustained surface wind (1-minute mean) is 33 knots (38 statute mph) or\nless.\n(b) Tropical Storm. A warm-core tropical cyclone in which the\nmaximum sustained surface wind (1-minute mean) ranges from 34 knots (39 statute\nmph) to 63 knots (73 statute mph) inclusive.\n(c) Hurricane. A warm-core tropical cyclone in which the\nmaximum sustained surface wind (1-minute mean) is 64 knots (74 statute mph) or\nmore.\nm. Vortex Fix. The location of the surface and/or flight level center\nof a tropical or subtropical cyclone obtained by reconnaissance aircraft\npenetration.\nn. Wall Cloud. An organized band of cumuliform clouds immediately\nsurrounding the center of a tropical cyclone. Wall cloud and eye wall are used\nsynonymously.\nO. Miles. The term \"miles\" used in this Plan refers to nautical miles\nunless otherwise indicated.\n1-3","& Gulf of Mexico)\n(Includes Caribbean,\nISLANDS\n28 ATLANTIC\nSAN JUAN\nNATIONAL HURRICANE OPERATIONS PLAN\nCANARY\nISLANDS\nAZORES,\n18\nMIAMI\nNote: Places underlined are Tropical Cyclone Forecast Centers.\nn\nWASHINGTON\nBOSTON\nNEW ORLEANS\n(AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY)\nEASTERN PACIFIC\nSAN FRANCISCO\nso\nCENTRAL PACIFIC\nTOKYO\nHONOLULU\nWESTERN PÁCIFIC\nGUAM\n10.\n.","CHAPTER 2\nRESPONSIBILITIES OF COOPERATING AGENCIES\n1. Department of Commerce (DOC) Responsibilities.\na. Provide timely dissemination of all significant information\nregarding tropical and subtropical cyclones to appropriate agencies, general\npublic, and marine and aviation interests.\nb. Through the National Weather Service (NWS) - consult as necessary\nwith Department of Defense (DOD) regarding day-to-day DOD requirements for\ncyclone assessments and attempt to meet these requirements within the capabili-\nties of the Hurricane Warning Service; prepare through the National Hurricane\nCenter (NHC) and distribute to DOD the coordinated DOC reconnaissance and other\nmeteorological data requirements to be provided by DOD on tropical/subtropical\ncyclones and disturbances; provide facilities, administrative support, and\ndissemination of weather observation data for Operating Location-G (OL-G), Air\nWeather Service (AWS) as agreed to by DOC and DOD; provide DOD with basic meteo-\nrological information, warnings, forecasts, and associated prognostic reasoning\nconcerning location, intensity and forecast movement of tropical and subtropical\ncyclones in the following maritime areas and adjacent states and possessions of\nthe United States:\n(1) Atlantic Ocean (north of the Equator including Caribbean Sea\nand Gulf of Mexico) - advices are the responsibility of the Director, NHC,\nMiami, FL. (NHC will consult with Naval Eastern Oceanography Center\n(NAVEASTOCEANCEN) Norfolk, VA, prior to issuance of an initial advisory.)\n(2) Eastern Pacific Ocean (north of the Equator and east of 140°W)\n- advices are the responsibility of the Meteorologist-in-Charge (MIC), Eastern\nPacific Hurricane Center (EPHC), Redwood City, CA. (EPHC will consult with\nNaval Western Oceanography Center (NAVWESTOCEANCEN), Pearl Harbor, HI, before\nissuance of initial and final advisories and prior to issuance of any advisory\nwhich indicates a significant change in forecast of intensity or track from last\nadvisory.)\n(3) Central Pacific Ocean (north of the Equator between 140°W and\n180°) - advices are the responsibility of MIC, Central Pacific Hurricane Center\n(CPHC), Honolulu, HI. (CPHC will consult with NAVWESTOCEANCEN Pearl Harbor, HI,\nand Detachment 4, 1 Weather Wing, Hickam AFB, HI, before issuance of an initial\nadvisory.)\n(4) Relating to (1) and (3) above, exchange of information is\nencouraged on subsequent warnings when significant changes are made, or as\notherwise required.\nC. Through the National Earth Satellite Service (NESS) - operate DOC\nenvironmental satellite systems capable of providing coverage of meteorological\nconditions in the Tropics during the tropical cyclone season, and monitor and\ninterpret DOC satellite imagery; obtain as necessary, National Aeronautic and\nSpace Administration (NASA) research/development satellite data for NWS\noperational use; comply with NHC, EPHC, and CPHC satellite data requirements.\n2-1","d.\nThrough the NOAA Data Buoy Office (NDBO) - develop, deploy, and\noperate environmental data buoy systems to support data requirements of NHC,\nEPHC, and CPHC.\ne. Through the Environmental Research Laboratory (ERL) Research\nFacilities Center (RFC) - provide weather reconnaissance flights as specified in\nChapter 4, unless relieved of these responsibilities by the Administrator of the\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\nf. Through the NWS, conduct an annual post analysis for all tropical\ncyclones in the Atlantic and the Pacific regions east of 180 and prepare an\nannual hurricane report for issuance to interested agencies.\n#g. Through NOAA, reimburse the Air Force for the aircraft reconnais-\nsance flown in support of this plan in accordance with the NOAA/USAF memorandum\nof understanding, dated 16 March 1976.\n2. DOD Responsibilities.\na. Provide NWS with timely dissemination of significant information\nreceived regarding tropical and subtropical cyclones.\nb. Provide NHC, EPHC, and CPHC current DOD requirements for tropical\nand subtropical cyclone advices.\nC. Meet DOC requirements for aircraft reconnaissance and other special\nobservations as agreed to by DOD and DOC.\nd. Provide a 24-hour aircraft operation interface (Chief, Aerial\nReconnaissance Coordination, All Hurricanes--CARCAH) at the National Hurricane\nCenter.\ne. Designate OL-G, AWS as the liaison to NHC and the military point of\ncontact for NHC to request special DOD observations in support of this Plan,\ni.e., Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) fixes, additional upper\nair observations, etc.\nf. Provide broadcast facilities of radio station NAM for tropical\nstorm and hurricane forecasts and warnings.\ng. Provide access to Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM) radar sites.\n(See Chapter 6.)\nh. Provide weather reconnaissance data monitor services to evaluate\nand disseminate reconnaissance reports.\n3. Department of Transportation (DOT) Responsibilities.\na. Provide NWS with timely dissemination of significant information\nreceived regarding tropical and subtropical cyclones.\n2-2","b. Through the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) - provide air\ntraffic control, communication, and flight assistance services. In addition,\nFAA will provide access to Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC)\ncommunication and radar facilities (see Chapter 6) and provide communication\ncircuits for relay of weather information as required.\nC. Through the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) - provide personnel, vessel,\nand communication support to NDBO for development, deployment, and operation of\nenvironmental data buoy systems; provide surface observations to NWS from its\ncoastal facilities and vessels; provide communication circuits for relay of\nweather observations to NWS in selected areas; and provide coastal broadcast\nfacilities at selected locations for tropical storm/hurricane forecasts and\nwarnings.\n4. DOD, DOC, and DOT will cooperate in arranging an annual trip to the\nCaribbean and the Gulf of Mexico area to carry out a continuing and effective\nliaison of the warning service with the Directors of Meteorological Services,\nAir Traffic Control Agencies, and Disaster Preparedness Agencies of nations in\nthose areas.\n2-3","CHAPTER 3\nOBSERVATIONS, FORECASTS, AND RELATED INFORMATION\nTO BE FURNISHED BY NWS TO DOD\n1. Observations. The National Hurricane Center (NHC), Eastern Pacific\nHurricane Center (EPHC), and Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC) will make\navailable to Department of Defense (DOD) all significant tropical/subtropical\ncyclone observations that they receive.\n2. Military Advisories.\na. General. NHC, EPHC, and CPHC will provide DOD with forecasts and\nrelated information for tropical and subtropical weather disturbances of depres-\nsion intensity or greater. Forecasts will include advice as to location,\nmovement, intensity, and dimension of these disturbances. Advisories will be\ndisseminated through the NWS weather communications facility at Suitland, MD, to\nthe Automated Weather Network (AWN) at Carswell AFB, TX, for further relay to\nDOD agencies. Military advisories will not be disseminated to the public. DOD\nforecasters who must give advice concerning an imminent operational decision may\ncontact the appropriate Hurricane Center forecaster (see Chapter 2) when\npublished military advisories require elaboration. Phone numbers for the NHC/-\nEPHC/CPHC are published in Appendix C to Chapter 4.\nb. Military Advisory Issue Frequency. The first military advisory\nwill normally be issued when meteorological data indicate that a tropical or\nsubtropical cyclone has formed. Subsequent advisories will be issued at 0400Z,\n1000Z, 1600Z, and 2200Z, (0300Z, 0900Z, 1500z, 2100Z in the Eastern and Central\nPacific). Advisories will continue to be issued until the system degenerates\nbelow depression level. In addition, special advisories will be issued whenever\nthe following criteria are met (remarks stating the reason for the special\nadvisory or the relocation will be mandatory in all special advisories or\nadvisories that include a relocated position)\n(1) Conditions require a hurricane watch or warning to be issued.\n(2) A tropical depression becomes a tropical storm.\n(3) A tropical storm changes to a hurricane or vice versa.\n(4)\nConditions require change or cancellation of an existing\ncoastal warning.\n(5) A tornado threat develops or the hurricane forecaster believes\nother significant changes have occurred.\n#c. Military Advisory Content. Military advisories will contain\nappropriate information as shown in Form 1 (WS Form C-13) of this chapter,\nAppendix A. Advisories will contain 12- and 24-hour forecasts and, when appro-\npriate, 48- and 72-hour outlooks valid from times based on the latest 6-hourly\nsynoptic time. At a minimum, advisories in which the winds are forecast to be\ngreater than 33 knots within 24 hours will include outlooks through 72 hours.\n3-1","#d. Numbering of Advisories. All advisories will be numbered\nsequentially in the Eastern and Central Pacific; i.e., Advisory Number 1 on\ntropical depression (TD) 1, Advisory Number 2 on TD 1, Advisory Number 3 on\nTropical Storm Anita, Advisory Number 4 on Hurricane Anita, Advisory Number 5 on\nTD Anita, etc. In the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico advisories will\nbe numbered consecutively beginning with each new depression. When the\ndepression is numbered as a subtropical storm or named, the advisory numbering\nwill revert to 1 and start all over again. In both the Atlantic and Pacific,\nonce the system is named, however, that name will be retained on military\nadvisories until no further advisories are issued on that system; advisory\nnumbering will continue sequentially.\n3. Other Information Provided to DOD.\na. Tropical Cyclone Discussion.\n#(1) NHC will issue a Tropical Cyclone Discussion on Atlantic\ntropical cyclones at 0300Z, 0900Z, 1500Z, and 2100Z. Discussion will be dis-\nseminated for intragovernmental use only and will contain preliminary prognostic\npositions up to 72 hours; will describe objective techniques, synoptic features,\nand climatology used; will provide reasons for track changes; and will include\nplans for warning display. Additionally, the Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale\n(SSH) as described in Appendix C to this chapter will be included whenever the\ntropical cyclone is within 72 hours of landfall on the U.S. coast or a military\ninstallation.\n#(2) EPHC and CPHC will issue a Tropical Cyclone Discussion twice\ndaily. CPHC will issue the discussions before the 0300Z and 1500Z advisories,\nand EPHC before the 1000Z and 2130Z advisories. The discussion will describe\nobjective techniques, synoptic features and climatology used; will provide\nreasons for track changes; and will include plans for warning display.\n#b. Tropical Weather Outlook. Issued by NHC and EPHC three times a day\nduring their respective hurricane seasons. In the Atlantic, it is transmitted\nat 0530, 1130, and 1730 Eastern Local Time (ELT). In the Eastern Pacific, it S\ntransmitted at 0330, 1430, and 2030 GMT. The outlook will briefly describe both\nstable and potentially unstable areas out to 48 hours. A monthly summary of\nAtlantic tropical cyclone activity will be added to the Tropical Weather Outlook\nat the end of each month during the hurricane season.\n#c. Public Advisories. Issued by the appropriate Hurricane Warning\nOffice (HWO) for any tropical cyclone threatening land in the Gulf of Mexico,\nCaribbean or Western North Atlantic areas. In the Pacific, public advisories\nare issued for storms and hurricanes that are expected to affect the United\nStates within 48 hours. Scheduled public advisories are issued at the same time\nscheduled military advisories are issued. When no coastal warnings are\nincluded, the 0400Z public advisory will be issued at 0230Z by NHC only. (Note:\nPublic Advisories use statute miles for distance and miles per hour for speed.)\nd. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Tropical Cyclone Position Estimates.\nThe HWO that issues the public advisory may also issue hourly Tropical Cyclone\nPosition Estimates when the tropical cyclone is under effective surveillance and\nwithin 200 nautical miles of land-based radar. These estimates when issued will\nbe prepared a short time before each hour except at hours when advisories are\n3-2","issued. Position estimates will be disseminated to the public, DOD, and other\nFederal agencies and will provide geographical positions in latitude and longi-\ntude, and also by distance and direction from a well-known point.\ne. Storm Summaries. Storm summaries are written by the National\nSevere Storms Forecast Center (NSSFC) after subtropical and tropical cyclones\nhave moved inland and public advisories have been discontinued. Storm summaries\nwill continue to be numbered in sequence with public advisories on named storms.\nAlso, these summaries will reference the former storm's name and be issued as\nlong as the remnants of the storm remain a serious flooding threat. Storm\nsummaries will be transmitted at 0500, 1100, 1700, and 2300 GMT. Their format\nand content will follow that of the Storm Summary for winter storms. (See\nNational Weather Service Operations Manual, Chapter C-42.)\nf. Marine Advisories. Issued by NHC, EPHC, and CPHC with the same\nfrequency and at the same times as the Military Advisories. The content and\nformat of these advisories are identical to those of the Military Advisories,\nbut will not include a 48- and 72-hour extended outlook. Marine Advisories will\nbe transmitted to high-seas shipping according to the details found in Worldwide\nMarine Weather Broadcasts, jointly published by U.S. Navy (USN) and NWS.\n4. Abbreviated Communications Headings. Abbreviated communications\nheadings will be assigned to advisories on tropical and subtropical cyclones and\nother advices based on depression number ( or storm name) and standard\ncommunication procedures. Details are found in appropriate communications\nmanuals.\n5. Designation of Tropical and Subtropical Cyclones.\na. Numbering of Depressions. Each depression will be assigned\na\nnumber that will be retained throughout the life of the cyclone. This depres-\nsion number will not, however, be disseminated on advices after a depression is\nnamed as a tropical storm/hurricane or is numbered as a subtropical storm. For\neach hurricane center's area, numbering will begin with 01 at the start of each\ncalendar year. When forecast responsibility is passed from one warning center\nto another, the assigned number will be retained.\n(1) For the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico, depression\nnumbers will be assigned by NHC after advising the NAVEASTOCEANCEN, Norfolk.\n(2) For the Pacific area east of longitude 140°W, depression\nnumbers, (with the suffix E, i.e., 1E, 2E, 3E, etc.) will be assigned by EPHC\nafter advising the NAVWESTEOCEANCEN, Pearl Harbor.\n(3) For the Pacific area west of longitude 140 W and east of 180°,\ndepression numbers (with suffix C, i.e. 1C, 2C, 3C, etc.) will be assigned by\nCPHC after advising the NAVWESTOCEANCEN, Pearl Harbor.\n(4) For the Pacific area west of longitude 180°, depression\nnumbers are assigned by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), Guam.\n3-3","b. Naming of Tropical Storms and Hurricanes.\n(1) Atlantic and Eastern Pacific. A separate set of names will\nbe\nused each calendar year, beginning with the first name in the set. After the\nsets have been used, the same sets will be used again. Names beginning with the\nletters Q, U, X, Y, and Z are not included, because of the scarcity of suitable\nnames beginning with these letters. Lists of Atlantic and Eastern Pacific names\nare provided in Appendix B to this chapter.\n(2) Central Pacific. When a tropical depression intensifies into\no\na tropical storm or hurricane between longitude 140 W and the 180th meridian,\nthe depression number will be discontinued and replaced by an appropriate name.\nThe CPHC will select the name from the Central Pacific names in Appendix B to\nthis chapter. All of the names listed in each column, beginning with column 1,\nwill be used before going to the next column.\nWestern Pacific. For the Pacific area west of longitude 180°,\n(3)\nTropical Storms and Typhoons are named by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center\n(JTWC), Guam. The names are listed in Appendix B to this chapter for\ninformation only.\nNumbering of Subtropical Storms. When a system\nbecomes\nsub-\nC.\na\ntropical storm, it will be assigned a storm number to indicate its sequence of\noccurrence among subtropical storms for that area. Numbering will begin with 1\nand be consecutive, returning to 1 each new year.\n3-4","CHAPTER 3\nAPPENDIX A\nFORM 1\nU.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE\nWS FORM C-13\nNATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION\n(3-80)\nNATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE\n(PRES. BY WSOM C-41\nMILITARY/MARINE/AVIATION HURRICANE ADVISORY\nNOTE: Gusts included when maximum sustained winds reach 50 knots. Use of Quadrants is optional in East and Central Pacific. Twelve\nhour forecast not included for Atlantic Depressions and Subtropical Storms.\nFor use in Pacific only.\nSubtropical Depression\nCorrected\nSubtropical Storm\nMilitary/Marine/Aviation Advisory\nSpecial\nTropical Depression\nTropical Storm\nName/Number\nNumber\nHurricane\nNATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE\nCity\nState\nZ\nYear\nTime\nMonth\nDay\n(WARNINGS)\nDEPRESSION, STORM, HURRICANE CENTER LOCATED/RELOCATED\nNORTH\nWEST AT\nz.\nPOSITION EXCELLENT (Within 10NM)\nBASED ON AF RECONNAISSANCE TIME OF FIX\nz.\nGOOD (Within 20NM)\nNOAA RECONNAISSANCE TIME OF FIX\nz.\nLAND BASED RADAR\nSATELLITE\nSYNOPTIC REPORT\nFAIR (Within 40NM)\nEXTRAPOLATION\nACCURATE WITHIN\nNM\nACFT RADAR\nSHIP REPORT\nRemarks\nLeave 3 spaces after each latitude and longitude entry.\nNOTE:\nPRESENT MOVEMENT\nOR\nDEGREES AT\nKT.\nDIAMETER OF EYE\nNM (If known)\nMAXIMUM SUSTAINED WINDS\nKT WITH GUSTS TO\nKT.\n*RADIUS OF 100 KT WINDS\nNE\nSE\nSW\nNW.\nRADIUS OF 64 KT WINDS\nNE\nSE\nSW\nNW.\nRADIUS OF 50 KT WINDS\nNE\nSE\nSW\nNW.\nRADIUS OF 34 KT WINDS\nNE\nSE\nSW\nNW.\nRADIUS OF SEAS 15 FT OR HIGHER\nNE\nSE\nSW\nNW.\nREPEAT CENTER LOCATED/RELOCATED NEAR\nN\nW AT\nz.\nFORECAST VALID\nZ\nN\nW.\nMAXIMUM SUSTAINED WINDS\nKT WITH GUSTS TO\nKT.\nRADIUS OF 50 KT WINDS\nNE\nSE\nSW\nNW.\nRADIUS OF 34 KT WINDS\nNE\nSE\nSW\nNW.\nFORECAST VALID\nZ\nN\nW.\nMAXIMUM SUSTAINED WINDS\nKT WITH GUSTS TO\nKT.\nRADIUS OF 50 KT WINDS\nNE\nSE\nSW\nNW.\nRADIUS OF 34 KT WINDS\nNE\nSE\nSW\nNW.\nAVIATION ADVISORY ENDS HERE\nSTORM-TIDE OF\nHEAVY PRECIPITATION\nREQUEST FOR 3-HOURLY SHIP REPORTS\nSUBTROPICAL STORM AND MARINE ADVISORIES END HERE\nEXTENDED OUTLOOK FOR INTRAGOVERNMENTAL USE ONLY\nOUTLOOK VALID\nZ\nN\nW.\nMAXIMUM SUSTAINED WINDS\nKT WITH GUSTS TO\nKT.\nRADIUS OF 50 KT WINDS\nNE\nSE\nSW\nNW.\nOUTLOOK VALID\nZ\nN\nW.\nMAXIMUM SUSTAINED WINDS\nKT WITH GUSTS TO\nKT.\nRADIUS OF 50 KT WINDS\nNE\nSE\nSW\nNW.\nNEXT ADVISORY AT\nFORECASTER\nZ\n3-5","CERTIFIER\n3\nAGREEMENT.\nB\nNAMES\nVIRGINIE\nDANIELLE\nRICHARD\nCHARLEY\nFRANCES\nGEORGES\nHERMINE\nWALTER\nNICOLE\nBONNIE\nJEANNE\nMITCH\nPAULA\nSHARY\nTOMAS\nALLEN\nEARL\nIVAN\nKARL\nLISA\nOTTO\n1986\nCLAUDETTE\nNICHOLAS\nFABIAN\nGLORIA\nISABEL\nODETTE\nTERESA\nVICTOR\nDANNY\nELENA\nHENRI\nLARRY\nMINDY\nPETER\nWANDA\nJUAN\nKATE\nROSE\n1985\nSAM\nANA\nBOB\nJOSEPHINE\nHORTENSE\nWILFRED\nEDOUARD\nISIDORE\nARTHUR\nGUSTAV\nPALOMA\nBERTHA\nCESAR\nSALLY\nTEDDY\nVICKY\nDIANA\nKLAUS\nMARCO\nFRAN\nLILI\nNANA\nOMAR\nRENE\n1984\nSEBASTIEN\nGABRIELLE\nCHANTAL\nMARILYN\nROXANNE\nALICIA\nPABLO\nTANYA\nWENDY\nBARRY\nFELIX\nJERRY\nKAREN\nDEAN\nERIN\nHUGO\nIRIS\nLUIS\nNOEL\nOPAL\n1983\nVAN\nFLORENCE\nMICHAEL\nVALERIE\nWILLIAM\nALBERTO\nERNESTO\nGILBERT\nHELENE\nLESLIE\nNADINE\nRAFAEL\nOSCAR\nPATTY\nSANDY\n-\nBERYL\nCHRIS\nDEBBY\nISAAC\nKEITH\nJOAN\nTONY\n1982\nPHILIPPE\nKATRINA\nOPHELIA\nARLENE\nDENNIS\nHARVEY\nCINDY\nEMILY\nFLOYD\nIRENE\nLENNY\nMARIA\nTAMMY\nVINCE\nWILMA\nBRET\nGERT\nJOSE\nNATE\nRITA\nSTAN\n1981","CANCER\n3\nIX\nB\nRESIDENT\nHURRL\nCANE\nNAMES\nGEORGETTE\nWINIFRED\nESTELLE\nSEYMOUR\nAGATHA\nHOWARD\nJAVIER\nLESTER\nNEWTON\nORLENE\nROSLYN\nVIRGIL\nCELIA\nDARBY\nFRANK\nMARTY\nPAINE\nTINA\n1986\nBLAS\nISIS\nKAY\nGUILLERMO\nDOLORES\nENRIQUE\nIGNACIO\nPAULINE\nANDRES\nBLANCA\nCARLOS\nJIMENA\nSANDRA\nVIVIAN\nHILDA\nKEVIN\nLINDA\nMARIE\nTERRY\nWALDO\nNORA\nRICK\n1985\nFEFA\nOLAF\nGENEVIEVE\nCRISTINA\nDOUGLAS\nNORBERT\nFAUSTO\nHERNAN\nISELLE\nLOWELL\nMANUEL\nRACHEL\nWALLIS\nBORIS\nELIDA\nJULIO\nKENNA\nODILE\nSIMON\nTRUDY\nVANCE\n1984\nALMA\nPOLO\nHENRIETTE\nPRISCILLA\nJULIETTE\nBARBARA\nDALILIA\nFLOSSIE\nRAYMOND\nADOLPH\nISMAEL\nLORENA\nMIRIAM\nOCTAVE\nWINNIE\nCOSME\nERICK\nNARDA\nSONIA\nVELMA\nTICO\n1983\nKIKO\nGIL\nCARLOTTA\nVICENTE\nALETTA\nDANIEL\nEMILIA\nHECTOR\nKRISTY\nNORMAN\nOLIVIA\nSERGIO\nFABIO\nGILMA\nWILLA\n1982\nJOHN\nLANE\nPAUL\nROSA\nTARA\nBUD\nIVA\nMAX\nFERNANDA\nMADELINE\nVERONICA\nBEATRIZ\nADRIAN\nCALVIN\nEUGENE\nHILARY\nIRWIN\nLIDIA\nNORMA\nPILAR\nRAMON\nSELMA\nWILEY\nDORA\nGREG\nJOVA\nKNUT\nOTIS\nTODD\n981","CHAPPITES\nw\nAPPECIED\nB\nREPRESENTATIVE\nCENTRAL\nPACIED\nPronunciation\nwah-LAH-kah\nhah-LOH-lah\nmah-LEE-ah\nnee-AH-lah\noo-LEE-kah\nee-00-neh\nKEE-moh\nLOH-keh\nPAH-lee\nOH-koh\nColumn 4\nAH-nah\nEH-lah\nWALAKA\nHALOLA\nMALIA\nNIALA\nULIKA\nIUNE\nKIMO\nLOKE\nPALI\nName\nOKO\nANA\nELA\nNOTE: Use Column 1 list of names until exhausted before going on to\nPronunciation\noh-LEH-kah\nah-LEE-kah\noo-LEE-ah\nee-OH-keh\nHOO-koh\nKEE-kah\nLAH-nah\nMAH-kah\nNEH-kee\nPEH-nee\nWAH-lee\nEH-leh\nColumn 3\nOLEKA\nALIKA\nMAKA\nHUKO\nIOKE\nKIKA\nLANA\nNEKI\nPENI\nULIA\nWALI\nName\nELE\nPronunciation\noh-LEE-vah\noo-PAH-nah\neh-KEH-kah\nee-NEE-kee\nkeh-OH-nee\nHAH-lee\nMEH-leh\nNOH-nah\nPAH-kah\nWEH-neh\nAH-kah\nColumn 2\nLEE\nEKEKA\nOLIWA\nUPANA\nINIKI\nKEONI\nMELE\nNONA\nPAKA\nWENE\nName\nHALI\nAKA\nLI\nPronunciation\nColumn 2, etc.\noo-LEH-kee\nah-KOH-nee\nHAH-nah\nKEH-lee\nLAH-lah\nMOH-keh\nNEH-leh\nPEH-keh\nVEE-lah\nOH-kah\nEH-mah\nEE-vah\nColumn 1\nULEKI\nAKONI\nNELE\nWILA\nName\nHANA\nKELI\nLAKA\nMOKE\nPEKE\nEMA\nIWA\nOKA\n3-8","COMPLETE\nR\n3\nJIK $\nAPP\nB\nPACIED\nNAMES\nCOLUMN 4\nFABIAN\nNELSON\nODESSA\nWINONA\nAGNES\nCLARA\nDOYLE\nELSIE\nHAZEN\nMAMIE\nBILL\nIRMA\nJEFF\nRUBY\nSKIP\nTESS\nGAY\nKIT\nLEE\nPAT\nVAL\nCOLUMN 3\nPHYLLIS\nVANESSA\nGERALD\nWARREN\nBETTY\nDINAH\nFREDA\nHOLLY\nKELLY\nMAURY\nOGDEN\nSUSAN\nALEX\nCARY\nJUNE\nLYNN\nNINA\nTHAD\nIKE\nROY\nED\nCOLUMN 2\nFORREST\nGEORGIA\nHERBERT\nCARMEN\nNORRIS\nORCHID\nSPERRY\nTHELMA\nVERNON\nELLEN\nMARGE\nPERCY\nWYNNE\nABBY\nRUTH\nBEN\nDOM\nIDA\nJOE\nKIM\nLEX\nCOLUMN 1\nGORDON\nIRVING\nPAMELA\nCECIL\nELLIS\nNANCY\nROGER\nSARAH\nWAYNE\nANDY\nBESS\nFAYE\nHOPE\nJUDY\nLOLA\nOWEN\nVERA\nDOT\nKEN\nMAC\nTIP","3\nAPPECIAL\nMajor damage to lower floors of structures near the\nshore due to flooding and battering action. Low-lying\nescape routes inland cut by rising water 3-5 hours\nMassive evacuation of all residences within 500 yards\nof the shoreline may be required and of single-story\nresidences on low ground within 2 miles of the\n(a) WINDS greater than 155 mph at standard ane-\nmometer elevations (F-scale 3.0 or greater). Shrubs\nand trees down, roofing damage considerable, all signs\nage. Complete failure of roof structures on many\nescape routes inland cut by rising water 3-5 hours be-\noptimal dynamic forces on a nominal building\nT. Fujita, 1971: \"Proposed Characterization of\ndown. Very severe and extensive window and door dam-\nresidences and industrial buildings. Extensive glass\nfailures, some complete building failures, small build-\nings overturned and blown over or away, and complete\n(b) STORM SURGE (height nominally greater than\n18 feet above normal). Major damage to lower floors of\nall structures located less than 15 feet above sea\nlevel and within 500 yards of the shoreline. Low-lying\nfore center arrives. Massive evacuations of residen-\ntial areas situated on low ground within 5-10 miles of\nDefinition of a sustained wind (from Fujita and\nSimpson 1972) - A sustained wind is one that\n(a) WINDS 131-155 mph at standard anemometer\nextensive window and door damage, complete failure of\nroof structures on many small residences, and complete\n(b) STORM SURGE (nominally 13 to 18 feet above\nnormal). Terrain continuously lower than 10 feet above\nbefore center arrives. Major erosion of beach areas.\nelevations (F-scale 2.5-2.9). Shrubs and trees down,\nall signs down. Extensive roofing material damage,\ndestruction of mobile homes. Some curtainwall failure,\nsea level may be flooded inland as far as 6 miles.\npersists for the minimum time period to establish\nTornadoes and Hurricanes by Area and Intensity,\"\nUniversity of Chicago (SMRP) Research Paper No.\ndestruction of mobile homes, or\nthe shoreline may be required.\nstructure.\nSAFFIR/SIMPSON HURRICANE (SSH) SCALE\nshoreline.\nFIVE\nFOUR\n91.\nor\n(a) WINDS 96-110 mph at standard anemometer\nelevations (F-scale 1.5-1.9). Considerable damage to\nExtensive damage to poorly constructed signs. Some\ndamage to roofing material, windows, and doors; no\n(b) STORM SURGE (nominally 6-8 feet above nor-\nmal). Coastal roads and low-lying escape routes inland\nConsiderable pier damage, marinas flooded. Small craft\nin unprotected anchorages break moorings. Evacuation\nof some shoreline residences and low-lying island areas\n(a) WINDS 111-130 mph at standard anemometer\nelevations (F-scale 2.0-2.4) Damage to shrubbery and\nsome roofing material damage, some window and door\ndamage, some structural damage to small residences and\nutility buildings, and mobile homes destroyed. Minor\n(b) STORM SURGE (nominally 9-12 feet above nor-\nmal). Serious flooding at coast with many smaller\nstructures near coast destroyed. Larger structures\ndamaged by battering of floating debris. Low-lying\nescape routes inland cut by rising water 3-5 hours\nbefore center arrives. Terrain continuously lower than\n5 feet above sea level may be flooded inland 8 miles or\nmore. Evacuation of low-lying residences within sev-\ntrees. Foliage off trees, large trees blown down.\nPractically all poorly constructed signs blown down,\n(a) WINDS* 75-95 mph at standard anemometer\nto\nNo real damage to building structures. Some damage to\n(b) STORM SURGE (nominally 4-5 feet above nor-\nmal). Low-lying coastal roads inundated, minor pier\ndamage, some small craft in exposed anchorages break\nshrubbery, trees, foliage, end unanchored mobile homes.\nshrubbery and tree foliage, some trees blown down.\nMajor structural damage to exposed mobile homes.\ncut by rising water 2-4 hours before arrival of center.\nelevations (F-scale 1.0-1.4). *Damage primarily\neral blocks of the shoreline may be required.\nmajor damage to building structure or\namount of curtainwall failures, or\npoorly constructed signs, or\nTHREE\nrequired.\nmoorings.\nONE\nTWO","CHAPTER 4\nAIRCRAFT RECONNAISSANCE\n1. General. All Department of Commerce (DOC) tropical and subtropical\ncyclone aircraft reconnaissance needs will be requested and provided in\naccordance with the procedures of this chapter. Department of Defense (DOD)\nwill attempt to fulfill all DOC requirements; however, based on stated DOC\nneeds, DOD will normally be prepared to generate up to five reconnaissance\naircraft sorties per day. Requirements exceeding this capability will be\nexecuted on a \"resource permitting\" basis. Research aircraft of the NOAA\nResearch Facilities Center (RFC) may be diverted to fulfill urgent operational\nrequirements. In times of national emergency or war, some or all DOD recon-\nnaissance resources may not be available to fulfill DOC needs.\n2. Responsibilities.\na. DOD has operational reconnaissance responsibility for providing\nvortex fixes/data and investigative flights in response to DOC needs.\nb. DOC/NOAA/RFC may be requested to:\n(1) Provide augmentation to the U.S. Air Force (USAF) for\noperational aircraft reconnaissance with high-density/accuracy data, when storms\nare within 24 hours of landfall of the continental United States.\n(2) Provide augmentation capabilities for USAF aircraft\nreconnaissance when DOC needs exceed the capabilities of DOD resources.\n(3) Assume responsibility for hurricane reconnaissance over\nforeign airspace that may be restricted for military operations.\nC. Additionally, RFC may conduct research flights which assume an\noperational responsibility to the hurricane centers.\n3. Control of Aircraft. Operational control of aircraft engaged in\ntropical or subtropical cyclone reconnaissance will be exercised by the\noperating agencies.\n#4. Reconnaissance Requirements.\nMeteorological Parameter Requirements. Data needs in priority\na.\norder are:\n(1) Geographical position of vortex center (surface center if\nknown).\n(2) Central sea-level pressure (by dropsonde or extrapolation from\nwithin 1,500 feet of sea surface).\n(3) Minimum 700-millibar height (if available).\n(4) Wind profile data (surface and flight level).\n4-1","(5) Temperature (flight level).\n(6) Sea-surface temperature.\n(7) Dewpoint temperature (flight level).\n(8) Height of eye wall.\nb.\nRequired Meteorological Reconnaissance Observations, Ranges, and\nAccuracies.\nRequired reconnaissance data accuracies are as follows:\n(1) Geographic position:\n(a) Data position (aircraft) - within 3 n.mi.\n(b) Storm surface center (wind/pressure) - within 6 n.mi.\n(c) Flight level storm center (wind/pressure) - within 6\nn.mi.\n(2) Wind direction:\n(a) Surface - within 10 degrees.\n(b) Flight level (winds greater than 20 kts.) - within 5\ndegrees.\n(3) Wind speed:\n(a) Surface - within 10 kts.\n(b) Flight level - within 4 kts.\n(4) Pressure:\n(a) Surface - within 2 mb.\n(b) Flight level - within 1 mb.\n(5) Temperature:\n(a) Sea surface - within 1°c.\n(b) Flight level - within 1°c.\n(6) Dew point:\n(a) Range from -20°c to 40°c - within 1°c.\n(b) Colder than -20°C - within 3°c.\n(7) Absolute altitude - within 10 m.\n(8) Vertical sounding:\n(a) Pressure - within 2 mb.\n(b) Temperature - within 1°c.\n(c) Dew point:\nRange -20°c to +40°c - within 1°c.\nColder than -20°c - within 3°c.\n(d) Wind direction - within 10°.\n(e) Wind Speed - within 5 kts.\n4-2","C. Required Frequency and Content of Observations.\n(1) ASDL - ADDS (automated systems)\n(a) Time, latitude, longitude, flight level - pressure\naltitude, radar altitude, D value, wind, temperature, dewpoint, height of\nstandard pressure surface - every minute. Observations transmitted each\none-half hour.\n(b) Standard RECCO and Vortex observations as required.\n(2) Standard (non-automated systems)\n(a) Time, latitude, longitude, radar altitude, wind,\ntemperature, dewpoint, height of standard pressure surface - every 15 minutes\nenroute to and from storm, within 15° of tasked coordinates (over water).\nObservations transmitted hourly enroute.\n(b) Standard RECCO (see Appendix C) and Vortex observations\nas required.\n(c)\nSupplementary Vortex data for all radial legs within 100\nn.mi. of storm center. (Chapter 4, Appendix B, Form 4 - Remarks section used to\ndesignate radial for data collected on patterns other than \"A\". )\nNOTE: Present weather reconnaissance capabilities are marginal in satisfying\nthese requirements; data will be collected as close to stated requirements as\npossible.\nd.\nStandard Flight Patterns. Operational hurricane reconnaissance\nflights will fly designated flight patterns (Appendix A of this chapter) that\nuse a quadrant system based upon the predicted direction of motion of the\ncyclone center. (See following diagram.) A tasked pattern may be adjusted by\nthe flight meteorologist to best fulfill data requirements within operational\ncapabilities of the aircraft or agency concerned.\nDIRECTION OF MOTION\nLEFT FRONT\nRIGHT FRONT\nLEFT REAR\nRIGHT REAR\n#e. High-Density Accuracy Requirements. DOC requires rapid acquisition\nand dissemination of high-density/accuracy data. Only a limited number of\naircraft now have the capability to meet these requirements. DOC requests for\naircraft reconnaissance should include the requirements for these resources to\nbe committed to a particular system(s) Specific DOD aircraft resources will be\nprovided on a \"Resources Permitting\" basis only.\n4-3","f. High Level Profile Data Requirements. At times, the National\nHurricane Center (NHC) will request mid-tropospheric reconnaissance data on the\nperiphery of systems approaching the United States. The NHC will provide\na\nspecific track profile to include control point and control time to CARCAH for\ncoordination with the reconnaissance units.\n5. Reconnaissance Planning and Flight Notification.\na. DOC Requests for Aircraft Reconnaissance Data.\n(1) NHC will coordinate with Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center\n(EPHC) and Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC) to determine a list of the\ntotal DOC requirements for data on tropical and subtropical cyclones or\ndisturbances for the next 24-hour period (0500Z - 0500Z) and an outlook for the\nsucceeding 24-hour period. This coordinated request will be provided to CARCAH\nas soon as possible, but not later than (NLT) 1630Z each day (in the format of\nForm 1, Appendix B). Amendments will be provided as required.\n(2) From this coordinated DOC request, CARCAH will publish the\nTropical Cyclone Plan of the Day (TCPOD). When DOC needs exceed DOD and RFC\nresources, CARCAH will coordinate with NHC to establish priorities of\naccomplishment.\n(3) The following requests can be anticipated for a forecast or\nactual storm location:\n(a) Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean - up to four\n6-hourly fixes per day when a storm is within 500 nautical miles of landfall\nwest of 55°W and north of 8°N, and up to eight 3-hourly fixes per day when a\nstorm is forecast to be within 300 nautical miles of the U.S. coast, Puerto\nRico, Virgin Islands, DOD installations, and other DOD assets when specified.\n(b) Eastern and Central Pacific - up to two consecutive\n6-hourly fixes per day when a storm is within 300 nautical miles of landfall,\nDOD installations and other DOD assets when specified.\n(c) Investigative flights may be requested as required for\ndisturbances in areas defined in paragraphs (a) and (b) above (i.e., one or two\nflights per day dependent upon proximity of landfall and upon known or suspected\nstage of development)\n(d) Exceptions may be made when additional reconnaissance is\nessential to carry out warning responsibilities.\nb. DOD Aircraft Reconnaissance Responsiveness.\n(1) Notification of requirements must occur at least 16 hours plus\nen route time to the area of concern.\n(2) The \"Succeeding Day Outlook\" portion of the TCPOD provides\nadvance notification of requirements and authorizes units to preposition\naircraft. For missions requiring prepositioning, the \"Succeeding Day Outlook\"\nmay not provide adequate advance notification. In these situations an\n\"Additional Day Outlook\" may be included in the TCPOD to authorize units to\npreposition aircraft.\n4-4","(3) When circumstances do not allow the appropriate notification\nlead time, the requirement will be levied as \"resources permitting\". When a\n\"Resources Permitting\" requirement is levied in an amendment, NHC will indicate\nthe priority of all existing or remaining requirements.\n(4) At times a storm may develop unexpectedly and cause a serious\nthreat to lives and property within a shorter time frame than provided for in\nthe paragraphs above. These cases will be dealt with through emergency pro-\ncedures not included in this plan.\nC. Reconnaissance Tropical Cyclone Plan of the Day (TCPOD).\n(1) Preparation. CARCAH will prepare the TCPOD (Appendix B, Form\n2) daily during the period from 1 June through 30 November and at other times\nduring the year as required. CARCAH will coordinate the TCPOD with NHC, 920th\nWRG, 53rd WRS, and RFC before publication.\n(a) TCPOD will list all DOC-required tropical/subtropical\nreconnaissance operational missions. The Remarks section of the TCPOD will\ninclude appropriate comments whenever research and operational flights overlap.\n(b) DOD-required tropical or subtropical cyclone reconnais-\nsance missions in the Atlantic or the Pacific west to 180 will also be listed\nin the TCPOD and identified as Navy or USAF requirements.\n(c) Amendments to the TCPOD will be prepared only when\nrequirements change.\n(2) Dissemination. The TCPOD will be made available to all\nappropriate agencies that provide support to or exercise control of\nreconnaissance missions or that are a part of the hurricane warning service.\nThe TCPOD will be disseminated by 1800Z each day. Amendments will be\ndisseminated as required.\nd. Air Traffic Control (ATC) Clearances.\n(1) ATC clearances, unless otherwise coordinated before the flight\nwith the responsible ATC facility, will provide ATC separation between all\naircraft operating on storm missions and between these aircraft and other\nnonparticipating aircraft operating within controlled airspace. Mission\ncommanders should be aware that nonparticipating aircraft may be operating over\nand nearby the storm area; thus, adherence to ATC clearances is mandatory for\nsafety purposes.\n(2) ATC will increase the vertical separation between aircraft\nwhen reports from pilots indicate their inability to maintain assigned altitudes\nbecause of turbulence. Pilots should be aware, however, that unless such\nreports are received, only normal vertical separation of 1,000 feet below FL290\nand 2,000 feet above FL290 will be provided by ATC to aircraft operating in the\nstorm area. Thus, the fact that storm-mission aircraft have filed flight plans\nand are operating 5,000 or 10,000 feet apart does not imply that the altitudes\n(flight levels) in between may not be in use by nonstorm aircraft.\n4-5","(3) Any procedures, desired by storm-mission commanders concerning\nATC separation outside the above parameters, must be specifically coordinated\nwith the ATC center(s) of concern.\n(4) Dropsonde releases will be coordinated with the appropriate\nAir Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) and participating aircraft if within\ncontrolled airspace, and with participating aircraft only, if outside controlled\nairspace. Contact between participating aircraft will be made using the\nfrequencies listed in Chapter 4, Appendix C, paragraph 3.\n6. Reconnaissance Effectiveness Criteria.\na. General. Specified reconnaissance times are established to allow\nsufficient time for the forecaster to analyze the data before issuing an\nadvisory. Every effort should be made to obtain data at scheduled times. The\nfollowing criteria will be used to assess reconnaissance effectiveness:\n(1) ON-TIME - Fix is made not earlier than 1 hour before nor later\nthan 1/2 hour after scheduled fix time. Investigative aircraft are within 250\nnautical miles of the specified coordinates by the scheduled time.\n(2) EARLY - Fix is made from 1 hour before scheduled fix time to\none-half of the time interval to the preceding scheduled fix (not to exceed 3\nhours)\n(3) LATE - Fix is made within the interval from 1/2 hour after\nscheduled fix time to one-half of the time interval to the succeeding scheduled\nfix (not to exceed 3 hours) Investigative aircraft are within 250 nautical\nmiles of specified coordinates no later than 2 hours after scheduled time.\n(4) MISSED - Data are not obtained within the parameters specified\nfor on-time, early, or late.\n(5) EXCEPTIONS - Appropriate credit will be given when the air-\ncraft arrives in the requested area but is unable to locate a center due to\nstorm dissipation or rapid movement.\nb. NHC, CPHC, or EPHC will provide CARCAH a written assessment of the\nreconnaissance mission anytime its timeliness or quality is outstanding or\nsubstandard (see Appendix B, Form 5). Requirements levied as \"resources\npermitting\" will not be assessed for timeliness.\nC. CARCAH will maintain monthly and seasonal reconnaissance summaries\ndetailing missions actually flown to satisfy NHC levied requirements.\n7. Aerial Reconnaissance Weather Encoding and Reporting.\n#a. Horizontal and Vertical. Horizontal meteorological observations\nand vertical observations will be coded and transmitted in RECCO code and TEMP\nDROP Code, respectively. Enroute to and from tasked coordinates, RECCO\nobservations will be taken and transmitted at least hourly. When the aircraft\nis within 200 nautical miles of the center of the storm, observation frequency\nwill be at least every 30 minutes.\n4-6","b. Vortex Data. The detailed Vortex Data Message (Form 3, Appendix B)\nwill be prepared with all observed vortex fix information for all scheduled\nfixes. For intermediate fixes, either an abbreviated or detailed Vortex Data\nMessage may be transmitted, depending upon availability of information and\nforecaster requirements.\nCenter Fix Data. All radar fix reports and other type aircraft\nC.\ncenter fixes will be made in plain text and appended to the RECCO observation\nalso taken at fix time. Remarks stating the degree of confidence should be\nincluded for radar fixes in the same manner as in Chapter 6, paragraph 2.b.\nd. Supplementary Vortex Data. Penetration and collection of\nsupplementary vortex data on operational flight patterns A and B will normally\nstart at 700 millibars at a radius of 80 nautical miles from the center as\ndetermined by the flight meteorologist. The supplementary vortex data required\nare as shown in Appendix B, Form 4. Note: Present weather reconnaissance\nequipment is marginal in satisfying these requirements; data will be collected\nas close to stated requirements as possible and within the capabilities of the\nflight crew.\ne. Postflight Debriefing. At the forecaster's request, the flight\nmeteorologist will provide either an airborne or postflight debriefing to the\nappropriate hurricane center.\nf. Mission Identifier. Each reconnaissance report will include the\nmission identifier as the opening text of the message. Regular weather and\nhurricane reconnaissance messages will include the 5-digit agency/aircraft\nindicator followed by the CARCAH-assigned mission-system indicator. Elements of\nthe mission identifier are:\nAgency - Aircraft Indicator\nMission System Indicator\nAgency - Aircraft Number\n# of missions\nDepression #\nStorm name\nthis system\nor XX if not\nor words\nAF plus last 3 digits of\n(2 digits)\na depression\nCYCLONE or\ntail number\nor greater\nINVEST\n(2 digits)\nNOAA plus last digit of aircraft\nregistration number\nEXAMPLES:\nAF985\n01XX\nINVEST\n(Air Force aircraft 985 on the first\nmission to investigate a suspect area.)\nAF987\n0503\nCYCLONE\n(Air Force aircraft 987 on the fifth\nmission on depression #3. Invest or\nfix as specified in TCPOD.)\nNOAA2\n0701\nAGNES\n(NOAA aircraft 42RF on the seventh\nmission to fix depression #1, which\nhas acquired the name AGNES.)\n4-7","g. Observation Numbering and Content.\n(1) The first weather observation will have appended as remarks\nthe ICAO four-letter departure station identifier, time of departure, and\nestimated time of arrival (ETA) at the coordinates or storm.\nEXAMPLE:\nAF966 0308 EMMY OB 01\nDPTD KBIX AT 10/2100Z ETA 31.5N 75.0W AT\n97779 TEXT TEXT\n11/0015Z\n(2) All observations (RECCO, Vortex, Supplemental, and Dropsonde)\nfrom the first to the last will be numbered sequentially. When an aircraft is\ndiverted from standard reconnaissance to fulfill NHC requirements, the next\nobservation from the diverted aircraft will be labeled OB 01, will use the\nCARCAH assigned mission identifier, and will include time of diversion and ETA\nto coodinates of interest. If diverted from an NHC mission to fulfill new NHC\nrequirements or if the aircraft is programmed to satisfy separate NHC system\nrequirements, the same rule applies except that last report remarks will be\nadded to the terminated mission.\nEXAMPLE:\nAF968 01XX INVEST OB 01\n97779 TEXT TEXT DPTD FOXTROT TRACK AT 05/1438z ETA 18N\n85W AT 05/1630Z\n(3) If a CARCAH assigned mission identifier is changed inflight as\na result of system intensity changes, observation numbers will continue sequen-\ntially and appropriate remarks made.\nEXAMPLE:\nAF987 0308 EMMY OB 06\n97779 TEXT TEXT OBS 01 THRU 05 XMTD AS AF987 0308 CYCLONE\n(4) Appended to the final weather observation will be a last\nreport remark, which will include destination, ETA, number of observations, and\nmonitor(s) that copied the observations.\nEXAMPLE:\nAF553 0308 EMMY OB 16\nLAST REPORT ETA KBIX 11/0910Z OBS 01\nXXAA TEXT TEXT\nTHRU 10 and 12 THRU 16 KMIA OB 11 KMHR\n4-8","CHAPTER 4\nAPPENDIX A\nATTACHMENT 1\nOPERATIONAL FLIGHT PATTERN \"A\"\nProvides vortex and peripheral data on tropical and subtropical cyclones\nincluding two 6-hourly and intermediate fixes.\nDATA REQUIREMENTS\nDirection\nof motion\n100\nOBSERVATION DETAILS\n1. Flight level - normally 700 millibars, but may be low level if\nrequested.\n2. RECCO (Section 1 plus 4ddff and 9ViTwTwTw is required for each transit\nof\na triangle position. Transmit immediately. RECCO (Section 3 plus 4ddff and\n9ViTwTwTw) is required for each transit of a circle position. Section 3 data\nare appended to next RECCO (Section 1) observation. Groups with indicator 4 or\n9 are included in observations only when surface winds are discernable or flight\nis at low level.\n4-9","3. Supplementary Vortex data are required for each radial flown inbound or\noutbound. Message is normally prepared and transmitted after completion of all\nradial legs.\n4. On each transit of the center a fix will be made and a Vortex Data Mes-\nsage completed. If it is a scheduled fix, the Detailed Vortex Data Message will\nbe completed using data gathered since the previous fix and will be transmitted\nimmediately. If it is an intermediate (nonscheduled) fix, an Abbreviated Vortex\nData Message using data gathered since the previous fix may be prepared in lieu\nof the detailed message and transmitted immediately. Center dropsonde data will\nalso be provided for scheduled fixes made at 700 millibars or above.\n5. Dropsonde data are required in each quadrant at triangle positions once\nper mission.\n6. Entry and exit headings are 45° off cyclone direction of motion as\nspecified or its reciprocal [ (dd + 45) or (dd + 180 + 45)]. These radial\nheadings should be maintained within 20°.\n7. Current weather reconnaissance capability may preclude complete and\ntimely satisfaction of these requirements; peripheral dropsonde soundings will\nbe attempted whenever deemed feasible by the flight meteorologist.\n4-10","RECOMMENDED PATTERN \"A\" EXECUTION\nRIGHT REAR\nLEFT REAR\nDETAILED/ABBREVIATED\nDETAILED VORTEX DATA\nDIRECTION OF FLIGHT\nDIRECTION OF STORM\nPLUS CENTER DROP\nRECCO [SECTION 1)\nRECCO [SECTION 1)\nRECCO (SECTION 3)\nLegend\nVORTEX DATA\nPLUS DROP\nMOVEMENT\n,\n6\nRIGHT FRONT\nLEFT FRONT\nA","CHAPTER 4\nAPPENDIX A\nATTACHMENT 2\nOPERATIONAL FLIGHT PATTERN \"B\"\nProvides vortex data on tropical and subtropical cyclones too distant for\nmore than one vortex fix.\nC\nB\nB\n10,000\nFeet\nCENTER\nOBSERVATION DETAILS\n1. RECCO (Section 1 plus 4ddff and 9ViTwTwTw) is required at points A, B,\nC. Transmit immediately. RECCO (Section 3 plus 4ddff and 9ViTwTwTw) is\nand\nrequired at points B 1 through B4 Section 3 data are appended to next RECCO\n(Section 1) observation. Groups with indicator 4 or 9 are included in observa-\ntions only when surface winds are discernable or flight is at low level.\nSupplementary Vortex Data are required for inbound and outbound\n2.\nradials.\nDetailed Vortex Data message and center dropsonde report are required.\n3.\n4-12","CHAPTER 4\nAPPENDIX A\nATTACHMENT 3\nFIGURE 1\nOPERATIONAL FLIGHT PATTERNS C-1 THROUGH C-4\nVORTEX AND PERIPHERAL DATA ON DIFFUSE TROPICAL OR SUBTROPICAL CYCLONES\nOBSERVATION DETAILS\n1. RECCO (Section 1 plus 4ddff and 9ViTwTwTw) is required for each transit\nof a triangle position. RECCO (Section 3 plus 4ddff and 9ViTwTwTw) is required\nfor each transit of a circle position. Section 3 data are appended to next\nRECCO (Section 1) observation or Abbreviated/Detailed Vortex Message. Group 4\nis included in observations only when surface winds are discernable.\n2. Abbreviated/Detailed Vortex Data Message is required for each transit\nof the center when applicable.\nThe maximum flight level wind observed on an outbound radial will be\n3.\nappended to the next RECCO observation.\nOPERATIONAL FLIGHT PATTERN C-1\n1,500 FT.\nLegend\n6\nDETAILED/ABBREVIATED\nVORTEX DATA\nRECCO (SECTION 1)\nRECCO (SECTION 3)\nDIRECTION\nOF\nDIRECTION OF STORM\nMOTION\nMOVEMENT\nDIRECTION OF FLIGHT\n4-13","CHAPTER 4\nAPPENDIX A\nATTACHMENT 3\nFIGURE 2\nOPERATIONAL FLIGHT PATTERN C-2\n1,500 FT.\n180\nn.mi.\nFT\n1.500\nLegend\nDETAILED/ABBREVIATED\nVORTEX DATA\nRECCO (SECTION 1)\nRECCO (SECTION 3)\nDIRECTION\nOF\nDIRECTION OF STORM\nMOVEMENT\nMOTION\nDIRECTION OF FLIGHT\n60n.mi.\n1,500 FT.\n4-14","CHAPTER 4\nAPPENDIX A\nATTACHMENT 3\nFIGURE 3\nOPERATIONAL FLIGHT PATTERN C-3\nLegend\nDETAILED/ABBREVIATED\n6\n1,500 FT.\nVORTEX DATA\nRECCO (SECTION 1)\nRECCO (SECTION 3)\nDIRECTION OF STORM\nMOVEMENT\nDIRECTION OF FLIGHT\nFT.\n1,500\n4-15","CHAPTER 4\nAPPENDIX A\nATTACHMENT 3\nFIGURE 4\nOPERATIONAL FLIGHT PATTERN C-4\nLegend\nDETAILED/ABBREVIATED\nVORTEX DATA\nRECCO (SECTION 1)\n1,500 FT.\nRECCO (SECTION 3)\nDIRECTION OF STORM\nMOVEMENT\nDIRECTION OF FLIGHT\n300m\nDIRECTION OF MOTION\n.500\n1,500 FT.\n300 n. mi.\nson.\n,500\n4-16","CHAPTER 4\nAPPENDIX A\nATTACHMENT 4\nOPERATIONAL FLIGHT PATTERN DELTA\nProvides a suggested approach to the investigation of a disturbance to\nascertain the existence or nonexistence of a closed circulation, supply RECCO\nobservations in required areas, and locate the vortex center.\nFORECAST\n45°\n60NMi\nCENTER\nACTUAL\nCENTER\n1. Flight altitude - normally 1,500 feet, but may be adjusted as dictated\nby data requirements, meteorological conditions, or flying safety factors.\n2. RECCO (Section 1 plus 4ddff and 9ViTwTwTw) required every 30 minutes.\nRECCO (Section 3 plus 4ddff and 9ViTwTwTw) required approximately every 15 min-\nutes. Section 3 data are appended to next RECCO Section 1 observation. The 4\nor 9 Group will not be reported if data are not available.\n3. Detailed Vortex Data Message required if vortex fix is made.\nDISCUSSION:\nThe Delta pattern is designed to provide the flexibility required in the\ninvestigation of a disturbance as follows:\n1.\nThe pattern is converted west-east to a mirror image if entry is to be\nmade from the east.\n2. The length of the legs is to be adjusted during the pattern to coincide\nwith cyclonic circulation wind shifts, i.e., turn points are selected by the\nflight meteorologist after observing appropriate sustained wind shifts.\n4-17","2. The length of the legs is to be adjusted during the pattern to coincide\nwith cyclonic circulation wind shifts, i.e., turn points are selected by the\nflight meteorologist after observing appropriate sustained wind shifts.\n3. If observed data indicate that the aircraft is on the southern side of\nthe circulation, the pattern is converted south-north to a mirror image pattern\nto enable investigation in the proper areas.\n4. If data indicate to the flight meteorologist that the aircraft is far\nnorth of any existing circulation, the pattern is extended (as shown by dashed\nlines) to allow further investigation.\n5. If the location of the center becomes obvious, the pattern may be\nbroken off to accomplish a vortex fix. Forecast agencies may request changes in\nthe pattern as dictated by their data requirements.\nWEATHER INSTRUMENTED USAF C-130 AIRCRAFT FLOWN FOR HURRICANE RECONNAISSANCE\n4-18","CHAPTER 4\nAPPENDIX B\nFORM 1\nNHOP COORDINATED REQUEST FOR AIRCRAFT RECONNAISSANCE\nOriginal\nAmendment\n(Check One)\nI. ATLANTIC REQUIREMENTS\nHIGH\nSTORM NAME\nFIX OR ON\nDENS\nNHC\nDEPRESSION #\nSTATION\nCOORDI-\nFLIGHT\nFCST\nACCY\nPRI-\nSUSPECT AREA\nTIME\nNATES\nPATTERN\nMVMT\nREQT\nORITY\nSUCCEEDING DAY OUTLOOK\nREMARKS\nII. EASTERN AND CENTRAL PACIFIC REQUIREMENTS\nHIGH\nSTORM NAME\nFIX OR ON\nDENS\nNHC\nDEPRESSION #\nSTATION\nCOORDI-\nFLIGHT\nFCST\nACCY\nPRI-\nSUSPECT AREA\nTIME\nNATES\nPATTERN\nMVMT\nREQT\nORITY\nSUCCEEDING DAY OUTLOOK\nREMARKS\nIII. DISTRIBUTION\nA. TO CARCAH BY 1630Z OR AMEND AT ANY TIME\nB. DATE\nTIME\nFCSTR INIT\n4-19","CHAPTER 4\nAPPENDIX B\nFORM 2\nTROPICAL CYCLONE PLAN OF THE DAY FORMAT\n--ATLANTIC, EASTERN, AND CENTRAL PACIFIC OCEANS--\nFM OL-G HQ AWS CORAL GABLES FL/CARCAH\nTO (MAC-APPROVED ADDRESSEES)/(NOAA-APPROVED ADDRESSEES)\nSUBJECT TROPICAL CYCLONE\nZ (MONTH) (YEAR) TO\nZ (MONTH) (YEAR) FOLLOWS\nRECON POD FROM\nI. ATLANTIC\n1. (STORM NAME, DEPRESSION, SUSPECT AREA) or (NEGATIVE RECON REQUIREMENTS)\nFLIGHT ONE (NHC PRIORITY, if applicable)\nFIX TIMES/ON STATION TIMES\nA.\nZ\n(Resources Permitting if applicable)\nZ\nMISSION IDENTIFIER\nB.\nC.\nZ\nETD\nDEPARTURE STATION\nD.\nFORECAST POSITION/STORM NAME\nE.\nDESTINATION STATION\nF.\nFLIGHT PATTERN\nG.\nFORECAST MOVEMENT\nH.\nREMARKS\nI.\nFLIGHT TWO (if applicable, same as FLIGHT ONE )\n2. (SECOND SYSTEM, if applicable, same as in 1. above)\n3. OUTLOOK FOR SUCCEEDING DAY (NHC PRIORITY, if applicable)\nON STATION REQUIREMENT NEAR (Location)\n(Unit)\nA. POSSIBLE\n(Time) Z.\nAT\nII. EASTERN AND CENTRAL PACIFIC (Same as in ATLANTIC)\n4-20","CHAPTER 4\nAPPENDIX B\nFORM 3\nVORTEX DATA MESSAGE\nMANOP HEADING (PRECEDENCE IMMEDIATE)\nMISSION IDENTIFIER AND OBSERVATION NUMBER\n(ABBREVIATED) (DETAILED) VORTEX DATA MESSAGE\nA\nZ\nDATE AND TIME OF FIX\nDEG\nMIN N S\nLATITUDE OF VORTEX FIX\nB\nDEG\nMIN E W\nLONGITUDE OF VORTEX FIX\nC\nMB\nM\nMINIMUM HEIGHT AT STANDARD LEVEL\nD\nKT\nESTIMATE OF MAXIMUM SURFACE WIND OBSERVED\nE\nDEG\nNM\nBEARING AND RANGE FROM CENTER OF MAXIMUM SURFACE WIND\nF\nDEG\nKT\nMAXIMUM FLIGHT LEVEL WIND NEAR CENTER\nG\nDEG\nNM\nBEARING AND RANGE FROM CENTER OF MAXIMUM FLIGHT LEVEL WIND\nMINIMUM SEA LEVEL PRESSURE COMPUTED FROM DROPSONDE OR EXTRAPOLA-\nH\nMB\nTED FROM WITHIN 1500 FT OF SEA SURFACE\nI\nC /\nM\nMAX FLT LVL TEMP/PRESSURE ALT OUTSIDE EYE\nMAX FLT LVL TEMP/PRESSURE ALT INSIDE EYE\nJ\nC /\nM\nK\nC /\nC\nDEWPOINT TEMP/SEA SURFACE TEMP INSIDE EYE\nL\nEYE CHARACTER Closed wall, poorly defined, open SW, etc.\nEYE SHAPE/ORIENTATION/DIAMETER. Code eye shape as: C - Circular; CO - Con-\ncentric; E - Elliptical. Transmit orientation of major axis in tens of degrees, i.e.,\n01-010 to 190; 7-170 to 350. Transmit diameter in nautical miles. Examples: C8-\nCircular eye 8 miles in diameter. E09/15/5 - Elliptical eye, major axis 090-270, length\nM\nof major axis 15 NM, length of minor axis 5NM. CO8-14 - Concentric eye, diameter\ninner eye 8 NM, outer eye 14 NM.\nMIN N S\nCONFIRMATION OF FIX: Coordinates and Time\nDEG\nN\nDEG\nMIN E W\nZ\nFIX DETERMINED BY/FIX LEVEL FIX DETERMINED BY: 1 - Penetration; 2 -\nRadar; 3 - Wind; 4 - Pressure; 5 - Temperature. FIX LEVEL ( Indicate surface center\no\nif visible; indicate both surface and flight level centers only when same): 0 - Surface;\n1 - 1500 ft; 8 - 850 mb; 7 - 700 mb; 5 - 500 mb; 4 - 400 mb; 3 - 300 mb; 2 -\n200 mb; 9 - Other.\nNAVIGATION FIX ACCURACY/METEOROLOGICAL ACCURACY\nP\nNM\nQ\nREMARKS\nINSTRUCTIONS: Items A through G (and H when extrapolated) are transmitted from the aircraft immediately following the fix.\nThe remainder of the message is transmitted as soon as available for scheduled fixes and at the ARWO's discretion for\nunscheduled (intermediate) fixes.\n4-21","CHANDER\nB\nFORM\nMESSARE\nFORM\nTRANSPORTATION\nVORTEXX\n71 DTTQQ\n52 DTTQQ\n14 DTTQQ\n33 DTTQQ\n41 hhhhh\n60 hhhhh\n79 hhhhh\n22 hhhhh\n1\n1\n1\n1\nGroup indicator designating the distance from the center in nautical miles (8-80, 4-45, 3-30, 1-15, 0-center).\n40 BBBRR\n59 BBBRR\n78 BBBRR\n21 BBBRR\n51 DJHHH\n70 DjHHH\n13 DjHHH\n32 DjHHH\n1\n1\n1\n1\n50 DTTQQ\n- True direction in tens of degrees (pattern orientation based on direction of storm motion).\n12 DTTQQ\n20 MXFFF\n69 DTTQQ\n31 DTTQQ\n39 MXFFF\n58 MXFFF\n77 MXFFF\n- Radial extent of 64 kt, 50 kt, and 34 kt winds from the center in nautical miles.\nMX\nMX\nMX\nMX\n3\n3\n3\n3\n- Temperature/dewpoint in degrees Celsius. Add 50 for negative values.\n- Flight level in hundreds of feet (absolute altitude below 5500 feet).\n57 34 RRR\n76 34RRR\n11 DjHHH\n19 34RRR\n30 DjHHH\n38 34RRR\n49 DjHHH\n68 DjHHH\n3\n34\n34\n3\n34\n34\n3\n3\nFLIGHT METEOROLOGIST\nBBBRR - Bearing and range from the center of MXFFF.\n67 DTTQQ\n10 DTTQQ\n29 DTTQQ\n48 DTTQQ\n18 50RRR\n37 50RRR\n56 50RRR\n75 50RRR\n- Maximum observed wind speed in knots.\n- Pressure height data in RECCO format.\n- Data are unknown or unobtainable.\n50\n50\n4\n50\n4\n4\n50\n4\n-\n- Height of the eyewall in feet.\nSUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGE\n17 64RRR\n28 DjHHH\n36 64RRR\n55 64RRR\n66 DjHHH\nQUAD\nQUAD\nQUAD\n9 DjHHH\n47 DjHHH\nQUAD\n74 64RRR\n3 FLZZZ\nAIRCRAFT NUMBER\nMISSION IDENTIFIER AND OBSERVATION NUMBER\n64\nFL\n64\n64\n4\n64\n25\n4\n44\n63\n4\n4\nMANOP HEADING (PRECEDENCE IMMEDIATE)\n6\nDEG\n16 DTTQQ\n27 DTTQQ\n35 DTTQQ\n54 DTTQQ\nFRONT\n65 DTTQQ\n73 DTTQQ\nFRONT\nFRONT\n46 DTTQQ\nREAR\n5 FRONT\n8 DTTQQ\nREAR\n-\nREAR\n2 ddDEG\nREAR\nTTQQ\nhhhhh\njHHH\nFFF\nRRR\nZZZ\n//\ndd\n62\n8\n0\n8\n0\n24\no\n43\n8\nD\n8\n0\nFIGURES\nCODE\nAZIMUTH\nRIGHT\n34 DjHHH\nRIGHT\n15 DjHHH\n53 DjHHH\nLEFT\nRIGHT\n64 DjHHH\n72 DjHHH\n45 DjHHH\nLEFT\n26 DjHHH\nRIGHT\nLEFT\n7 DjHHH\nLEFT\nRemarks\nDATE\n8\ng\n23\ng\n42\n8\ng\n61\n8\ng\n8\n1\n4","CHAPTER 4\nAPPENDIX B\nFORM 5\nMISSION EVALUATION FORM\nDATE:\nTO:\nOL-G, HQ AWS/CARCAH\n(Director, NHC, CPHC, EPHC)\nFROM:\nSUBJECT: Mission\nEvaluation\n(Mission Identifier)\nPUBLISHED REQUIREMENTS:\nPremission Coordinates ( As Updated Prior to TKO )\nN\nW\nFlight Pattern\nMission Requirements Times\nRECONNAISSANCE MISSION PERFORMANCE:\nFlight Flown:\nCompletely\nPartially\nOther\nHorizontal Data Coverage:\nComplete\nTimely\nAccurate\nIncomplete\nUntimely\nInaccurate\nVertical Data Coverage:\nComplete\nTimely\nAccurate\nIncomplete\nUntimely\nInaccurate\nRequirements Accomplished:\nOn Time\nEarly\nLate\nMissed\nRemarks:\nOVERALL MISSION EVALUATION:\nOutstanding\nSatisfactory\nUnsatisfactory\nEquipment:\nAccuracy:\nTimeliness:\nProcedures:\nCompleteness:\nRemarks:\n4-23","CHAPTER 4\nAPPENDIX C\nAIRCRAFT RECONNAISSANCE COMMUNICATIONS\n1. General. USAF and NOAA aircraft will normally transmit reconnaissance\nobservations using HF single sideband radio through the USAF Aeronautical\nStation complex to the appropriate weather reconnaissance data monitor. Weather\nmonitors will evaluate these reports and disseminate them to either the AWN and\nCarswell AFB, TX, or the weather communications facility at Suitland, MD.\n2. Air Ground Communications. The USAF aeronautical station contacted\nwill depend upon aircraft location and radio propagation conditions. Initial\ncontact radio frequencies are as published in appropriate en-route flight\npublications. After initial contact, aeronautical stations will provide a\ndiscrete frequency for mission use if possible. Aircrew relay of weather\noreconnaissance data will be by direct phone-patch to the weather monitor.\nSpecific radio procedures and terminology will be described in Allied Communi-\ncations Publication (ACP) 125. USAF has authorized the use of \"Immediate\"\nprecedence for transmission of hurricane reconnaissance reports as follows:\nPRIMARY\nSECONDARY\nDirect phone-patch between aircraft\nDirect phone-patch between\nand Miami Monitor (Atlantic and\naircraft and any weather monitor\nEastern Pacific) or Hickam Weather\nthrough any aero station.\nMonitor (Central Pacific) through\nany aero station.\n3. Air-to-Air Communications. When more than one reconnaissance aircraft\nis known to be operating in a particular area of interest, the following\nfrequencies will be used for plane-to-plane communications and coordination:\na. Primary VHF 123.05 MHz.\nb. Secondary UHF 304.8 MHz\nC. Back-up HF 4701 KHz USB\n4. Aircraft Satellite Data Link (ASDL) equipped aircraft. Aircraft\nequipped with ASDL have the option to utilize the ASDL system using the\nfollowing procedures:\na. Data Format - This format will be used for data transmission by the\nASDL System.\n4-24","(1) One Minute Observation - All locations\n(Message Header)\n(Date/Time)\nURNT40 KMIA\n291630\n(Platform Identifier)\n(Date/Time-NESS)\n15C9419C\n23012 3220\n(Mission Identifier)\nNOAA2 0401 ANA\n(TIME)\n(LATITUDE)\n(LONGITUDE)\n(PRESS ALT)\n(D VALUE)\n1233\n2803\n08037\n06173\n+0436\n(WIND)\n(TEMP)\n(DP)\n213010\n+138\n+096\nNNNN\n# (2) RECCO Observation - Atlantic Area\n(Message Header)\n(Date/Time) Same as for 1 minute\nobservation.\n(Platform Identifier) (Date/Time-NESS) - Same as for 1 minute\nobservation.\n(Observation Manop Heading) (Date/Time)\nURNT11 KMIA\n281642\nNOAA2 0401 ANA OB 03\n(RECCO text)\n97779 12428 93///\nNNNN\n(3)\nRECCO Observation - Eastern and Central Pacific - Same as for\nAtlantic except that observation manop heading is URPN11 KMIA.\nNote: 11 used for routine tropical cyclone observation\n12 used for vortex reports, etc.\nb. Data Transmission Schedule - To facilitate the transmission of data\nfrom several aircraft through one circuit, each aircraft will be assigned a\nspecific block of time within the 30-minute interval for transmission of its\ndata using the following schedule:\n0\n+5\n+5\n+10\n+10\n+15\n+15\n+20\nRFC\nRFC\nRFC\n41C\n42RF\n43RF\nC130\nP-3(A)\nP-3 (B)\n+20\n+25\n+25-\n+30\n+30-\n+35\n+35\n+40\nRADAR\nRADAR\nRFC\nRFC\n41C\n42RF\nC130\nP-3(A)\n+40\n+45\n+45\n+50\n+50-\n+55\n+55\n+60\nRFC\nRADAR\nRADAR\n43RF\nP-3(B)\n4-25","Because only 4 minutes and 28 seconds of each 5-minute time block can be\nused for data transmission, roughly 1/2 minute is left in each transmission\nblock. This schedule is designed to eliminate diagnostic statements that would\nappear at the NESS computer if data from specific sources arrived at the\ncomputer at unscheduled times.\nData Transmission Test - Prior to the beginning of the hurricane\nC.\nseason (June), each aircraft equipped with ASDL will perform a ground or air-\nborne test of the equipment and data ground handling procedures to determine the\nequipment reliability, transmission errors, and time lapse between transmission\nof the data from the aircraft and receipt of the data by the hurricane fore-\ncaster. Test data will be forwarded to Chairman, WG/HO.\n4-26","CHAPTER 4\nAPPENDIX C\nRECONNAISSANCE ORGANIZATION COMMUNICATION CAPABILITIES\nSTATION\nADDRESS\nTELETYPE\nTELEPHONE\nCARCAH/MIAMI Monitor\nOL-G, AWS\nABC\nAV 894-3430\nCoral Gables, FL\nCO 305-666-4612\nFTS 350-5547\nAV 894-1150\n(phone patch only)\nMather Weather Monitor\nDet 7, 24 WS\nB\nAV 828-4377\nMather AFB, CA\nHickam Weather Monitor\nDet 4, 1 WW\nB\nAV 315-449-1279\nHickam AFB, HI\nNational Hurricane\nNat'l Hurricane Center\nA B C\nCO 305-667-3108\nCenter\nCoral Gables, FL\nFTS 350-5547\nAlternate National\nWSFO\nA C\nCO 301-899-3152\nHurricane Center\nWashington, DC\nFTS 763-8300\nWSFO\nA C\nCO 504-522-7330\nNew Orleans, LA\nFTS 682-6891\nEastern Pacific\nWSFO\nC\nCO 415-876-9381\nHurricane Center\nRedwood City, CA\nFTS 463-7767\nCentral Pacific\nWSFO\nC\nCO 808-836-3419\nHurricane Center\nHonolulu, HI\nNaval Eastern Oceano-\nNAVEASTOCEANCEN\nB\nAV 690-7750\ngraphy Center\nNorfolk, VA\nNaval Western Oceano-\nNAVWESTOCEANCEN\nB\nAV 315-430-0111\ngraphy Center\nPearl Harbor, HI\n(ask for 471-0004)\nRFC\nRFC\nCO 305-526-2936\nA\nMiami, FL\nDet 5, AWS\nDet 5, AWS\nAV 868-2544\nKeesler AFB, MS\nAF Global Weather\nAFGWC\nAV 271-2586\nB\nCentral\nOffutt AFB, NE\n(FTS 866-2586)\nCINCLANTFLT OAC\nCINCLANTFLT OAC\nC\nAV 938-1694\nRonkonkoma, NY\nARTCC Miami\nARTCC\nC\nAV 894-1910\nMiami, FL\n53 WRS\n53 WRS\nAV 868-4540\nKeesler AFB, MS\nCO 601-377-4540\n920 WRG\n920 WRG\nAV 868-4318\nKeesler AFB, MS\nCO 601-377-4318\nA - GT7072\nB - COMEDS\nC - AFTN\n4-27","APPROVED\nX\nR\nE\nM\nA\nR\nK\nS\nINDICATOR\nVISIBILITY\nTEMPERA-\nDEGREES\nINFLIGHT\nTable 23\nSURFACE\nTENTHS\nTURE\nAND\nSEA\n24\nw\n9\nV.\nT\nT\nT\nECHO WIDTH\nLENGTH OF\nCALL SIGN\nALTITUDE\nINDICATOR\nALTITUDE\nCHARACT-\nINTENSITY\nOR DIAM\nMAJ AXIS\nTable 21\nOF ECHO\nTable 22\nTable 11\nTable 12\nTable 12\n(Tens of\n(Tena of\nnau. ml.)\nER OF\nCLOUD\nnau. mi.)\nTYPE\nECHO\nBASE\nTOP\nOF\nOF\n12\n23\ns\nw\nce\nS\nC\nt\n8\n1\nH\nH\nt\nE\nE\nh\nh\nINDICATOR\nDISTANCE\nORIEN TA-\nDeg. True)\nALTITUDE\nALTITUDE\nBEARING\n(Tens of\nTO ECHO\nTION OF\nCENTER\nTable 19\nELLIPSE\nTable 20\nTable 11\nTable 12\nTable 12\nECHO\nCLOUD\nTYPE\nBASE\nTOP\nOF\n22\nOF\nOF\n11\nCEN\nTYPE AIRCRAFT\n0.\n8\nS,\ns\ns\nt\nd\nr\nr\nC\nH\nH\nd\nh\nh\nALTITUDE\nALTITUDE\nINDICATOR\nALTITUDE\nOF TOP OF\nTable 11\nTable 12\nTable 12\nBASE OF\nSTRATUM\n(Note 12)\nSTRATUM\nALT OF\nTable 12\n(Note 12)\nTable 12\nCLOUD\nTYPE\nICING\nICING\nBASE\nTOP\nOF\nOF\n10\n21\nRECCO RECORDING FORM\nC\nS\nH+\nH.\nt\nh\nsb NING OFICH\nHi\nhi\nhi\nINDICATOR 7\nINDICATOR\nTO BEGIN.\nING Table15\nDISTANCE\nDISTANCE\nTO ENDING\nCLOUDS\nRATE OF\nTable 17\nTYPE OF\nTable 18\nOF ICING\nTable 15\nLAYERS\nAMOUNT\n(Note 9)\nTable 10\nCLOUD\n(Note 9\nNR OF\nICING\nICING\nOF\n20\n9\nSe\nS\nkn\ns\nNs\n7\nI,\n1,\n1\nN\nN\nOF OCCUR-\nWe Table 15\nINDICATOR\nDISTANCE\nRENCE OF\nCHANGES\nweather\nBEARING\nTable 13;\nDISTANT\nPOTENTIAL\n(Note 11)\nSIGNIFIC-\nANT WEA\nTable 14\nTable 16\nOF Wd\nD-VALUE\nINDEX TO\nSLP PER\nTable 9\nHEIGHT\nINDEX j\n/ INDICAT\n(Note 8)\nGEO-\n19\nHHH\nOR\n8\nws\nSs\nd\n6\nw\nBEARING d\nJ\nH\nH\nH\nINDICATOR\nOF OCCUR\nTable 15\nDISTANCE\nRENCE OF\nweather\n(Note 11)\nTable 16\nCHANGES\nDISTANT\nTable 13\nSIGNIFIC-\nANT WEA\nTable 14\nWHOLE o c\nOF Wd\nWHOLE oc\nERATURE\nPRESENT\nweather\nTable 8)\n( Note 6)\nTEMP-\n(Note 6)\nPOINT\n(Note 7\n18\nDEW\n7\nws\nMISSION IDENTIFIER\nd\n6\nS2\nw\nd\nT\nT\nd\nTd\nSFC WIND\ndeg. true)\nSURFACE\n(Tens of\nT\nINDICA-\nTION OF\nDIREC-\n(Note10)\nSPEED\n(knots)\nd DIRECTION\nTOR\nWIND\nAT FLIGHT\ndeg. true.)\n(Tens of\nFLIGHT\n17\nLEVEL\nSPEED\nLEVEL\n(Knota)\nWIND\nWIND\nAT\n6\n4\nd\nd\nf\nf\nMETEOROLOGIST\nALTITUDE\nALTITUDE\nTable 12\nd\nTable 11\nTable 12\nf\nf\nCLOUD\nTYPE\nTOP\nBASE\nOF\nOF\nDECAMETER\nMETHOD OF\nOBTAINING\nABSOLUTE\nREPORTED\n16\nALTITUDE\nAIRCRAFT\nNEAREST\nTYPE OF\nTO THE\nTable 6\n(Note 5)\nTable 7\nWIND\nWIND\nOF\n5\nS\ns\nt\n+\nC\nH\nH\nh\nh\nALTITUDE\nALTITUDE\nTable 12\nTable 11\nTable 12\na\na\na\ndo\nCLOUD\nTYPE\nBULENCE d,\nh\nh\nh\nBASE\nTOP\nOF\nOF\n15\nDEGREES\nLONGH\nTENTHS\n(Note 4)\nTable 4\nFLIGHT\nCOND-\nTable 5\nITIONS\nTUDE\nTUR-\nAND\n4\nhs\n+\nis\nt\nC\nh\nH\nH\nALTITUDE\nALTITUDE\nORGANIZATION\nLo\nLo\nLo\nTable 12\nB\nc\nTable 11\nTable 12\nCLOUD\nf\nTYPE\nBASE\nTOP\nOF\nOF\nLATITUDE\nDEGREES\n14\nTENTHS\nDAY OF\nOCTANT\nSUN-1\nTable 3\nWEEK\nAND\n3\ns\n+\n+\nhs\nC\nH\nH\nINDICATOR\nTable 10\n(Note 9)\nAMOUNT\nCLOUDS\nLa\nLa\nLa\nLAYERS\n(Note 9)\nNR OF\nCLOUD\nY\nOBSERVA Q\nOF\nDEW POINT\n13\n(Hours and\nMinutes)\nINDICA-\nTable 2\nTIME\nTION\n(GMT)\nTOR\nOF\n2\nKn\ns\nNs\ns\n1\nN\nN\nd\nG\nG\ng\ng\ni\nSPECIFYING\nINDICATOR\nOBSERVA-\nTYPE OF\nGROUP\nTable 1\nRECCO\nTION\n1\nREMARKS\nDATE\nx\nX\nX\n9\n9\no\no\nN\nN\nU\nM\nB\nE\nR\nB\nR\nV\nA\nS\nE\nT\nI","CHAPTER 4\nAPPENDIX C\nNOTES\n1. At the time of the observation the aircraft\nbased on the total cloud amount through a\nobserving platform is considered to be located\ngiven altitude, above or below the aircraft,\nand when other figures are inappropriate. The\non the axis of a right vertical cylinder with\na radius of 30 nautical miles bounded by the\nsummation principle applies only when two or\nearth's surface and the top of the atmosphere.\nmore cloud types share a given altitude.\nPresent weather, cloud amount and type, tur-\nbulence, and other subjective elements are\n8. When j is reported as a 9, HHH is encoded\nas 111 and pressure altitude is entered in\nreported as occuring within the cylinder.\nFlight level winds, temperature, dew point,\nand geopotential values are sensed or computed\nand reported as occuring at the center of the\n9. If the number of cloud layers reported\nobservation circle. Radar echoes, significant\nexceeds 3, kp in the first 1-group reports\nweather changes, distant weather, and icing\nthe total number of cloud layers. The second\nare phenomena that may also be observed/\n1-group reports the additional number of\nreported. Code groups identifying these\nlayers being reported exclusive of those prev-\nphenomena may be reported as necessary to\niously reported. kp will be reported as a\nadequately describe met conditions observed.\nsolidus whenever it is impossible to determine\nthat clouds exist due to darkness or other\n2. An intermediate observation is only re-\nreasons. In those cases where a cloud layer(s)\nported at the specific request of a customer.\nis discernible but a descriptive cloud picture\nThe intermediate observation is reported\nof the observation circle is not possible,\nfollowing Section One (or Section Two if\nkn will be encoded as a solidus. An appro-\nappended to Section One) in the order that it\npriate remark should be included, i.e., clouds\nwas taken. Section Three data are observed/\nbelow When clouds are present in indefinite\nmeasured at a flight lvl close to the flight\nlayers (chaotic sky), 9 is reported for kn\nlvl of the Section One data to which they\nand the total amount of cloud covering the\nare attached.\nsky is reported by the first NS with /'\nreported for the remainder. The sequence in\n3. Plain language remarks may be added as\nwhich cloud amounts are encoded depends upon\nappropriate. These remarks follow the last\ntype of cloud, cloud base, and vertical extent\nencoded portion of the horizontal or vertical\nof the cloud. The cloud with the largest\nobservation and will clearly convey the in-\nnumerical value of cloud type code (C) is\ntended message. Vertical observations will\nreported first, regardless of coverage, base,\nnot include meteorological remarks. These\nor vertical extent. Among clouds of the same\nremarks must begin with a letter or word -\ncloud type code sharing a common base, the\nE.G. \"Remarks 700MB FL TEMP\" vice \"700MB\ncloud of greatest vertical extent is reported\nFL TEMP\". Remarks may be abbreviated so\nfirst. The summation principle is not used;\nlong as the intended msg is not misunderstood.\neach layer is treated as though no other\nFor instance, \"700MB HSS 113\" or \"WND 40830\"\nclouds were present. The total amount of\nwill not convey as much meaning as \"700MB\nclouds through one altitude shared by several\nHSS 3113 METERS\" or \"SFC WND 080DEG 30KTS\".\nclouds will not exceed 8 oktas. When kn is\nThe last report plain language remarks are\ncoded as a solidus, NS are coded as 9. Remarks\nmandatory, i.e., \"LAST REPORT. OBS 01 thru\nsuch as \"Clear Above\" or \"As Below\" will be\n08 to RJTY, OBS 09 and 10 to RPMK\".\nmade to indicate the presence or absence of\ncloud data when such data are not completely\n4. The hundreds digit of longitude is omitted\ndescriptive of cloud data within the obser-\nfor longitudes from 100° to 180°.\nvation circle.\n5. If the radar/radio altimeter is inopera-\n10. Due to limitations in the ability to\ntive, the aircraft is overland, or if the geo-\ndistinguish sea'state features representative\npotential system adjustment is not within\nof wind speeds above 130 knots, surface wind\nestablished limits, the pressure altitude is\nspeeds in excess of 130 knots will not be\nentered for hahaha (in decameters) in lieu of\nencoded. Wind speeds of 100 to 130 knots\nabsolute altitude.\ninclusive will be encoded by deleting the\nhundreds figure and adding 50 to dd. For\nwind speeds above 130 knots, dd is reported\n6. TT, When encoding negative tempera-\nwithout adding 50 and ff is encoded as //\ntures, 50 is added to the absolute value of\nwith a plain language remark added, I.E.,\nthe temperature with the hundreds figure, if\n-sfc wind above 130 knots.\nany, being omitted. A temperature of -50°C\nis given as 00, the distinction between -50°C\n11. Significant weather changes which have\nand 0°C being made from ia. Missing or un-\noccurred since the last observation or in the\nknown temperatures are reported as 11. When\npreceding hour (whichever period is shorter)\nthe dew point is colder than -49.4°C, the\nalong the track are reported for WS.\nactual value will be reported as a plain\nlanguage remark - E.G. DEW POINT -52°C.\n12. When aircraft encounters icing in level\nflight, the height at which the icing\n7. When two or more types of w co-exist, the\noccurred will be reported for hihi. The\ntype with the higher code figure will be re-\nHiHi will be reported as 11.\nported. Code Figures 1, 2 and 3 are reported\n4-29","CHAPTER 4\nAPPENDIX C\nCODE TABLES\nTABLE\nXXX\nTABLE 6 d+\nTABLE 11 C\n222 Sec One Observation without radar\n0 Spot Wind\n0 Cirrus (Ci)\ncapability\n1 Cirrocululus (Cc)\n1 Average Wind\n2 Cirrostratus (Cs)\n555 Sec Three (Intermediate) observation\nNo wind reported\n3 Altocumulus (Ac)\nwith or without radar capability\n4 Altostratus (As)\n777 Sec One Observation with radar\nTABLE7\n5 Nimbostratus (Ns)\ncapability\n6 Stratocumulus (Sc)\n0 Winds obtained using doppler radar or\n7 Stratus (St)\nTABLE 2 id\ninertial systems\n8 Cumulus (Cu)\n1 Winds obtained using other navigation\n9 Cumulonimbus (Cb)\n0 No dew point capability/acft below\nequipment and/or techniques\n/ Cloud type unknown due\n10,000 meters\n/ Navigator unable to determine wind or\nto darkness or other\n1 No dew point capability/acft at or above\nwind not compatible\nanalogous phenomena\n10,000 meters\nNo dew point capability/acft below\n2\nTABLE 8 W\n10,000 meters and flight lvl temp -50°C\nTABLE 12\n0 Clear (less than 1/8 cloud at any level)\nor colder\n3 No dew point capability/acft at or above\n1 Scattered (1/8 to 4/8 cloud coverage)\n00 Less than 100\n10,000 meters and flight lvl temp -50° C\n2 Broken (5/8 to 7/8 cloud coverage)\n01 100 ft\n3 Overcast/undercast\n02 200 ft\nor colder\n4 Fog, thick dust or haze\n03 300 ft\n4 Dew point capability/acft below 10,000\n5 Drizzle\netc, etc\nmeters\n6 Rain (continous or intermittent precip -\n49 4,900 ft\n5 Dew point capability/acft at or above\nfrom stratiform clouds)\n50 5,000 ft\n10,000 meters\n7 Snow or rain and snow mixed\n6 Dew point capability/acft below 10,000\n51_ 55 Not used\n8 Shower(s) (continous or intermittent\nmeters and flight lvl temp -50° C or\n56 6,000 ft\nprecip - from cumuliform clouds)\ncolder\n57 7,000 ft\n9 Thunderstorm(s)\n7 Dew point capability/ac at or above\netc, etc\n/ Unknown for any cause including dark -\n10,000 meters and flight lvl temp -50°C\n79 29,000ft\nness\n80 30,000 ft\nor colder\n81 35,000 ft\nTABLE 9\nTABLE 3 Q\n82 40.000 ft\netc, etc\n0 Sea level pressure in whole millibars\n0 -90° W\nNorthern\n89 Greater than 70,000 ft\n(thousands fig if any omitted)\n1 90° W - 180° W\nNorthern\n1 Altitude 200 mb surface in geopotential\n// Unknown\n2 180° - 90 E\nNorthern\ndecameters\nTABLE 13 di\n3 90° - 0° E\nNorthern\n(thousands fig if any omitted)\nw\n2 Altitude 850 mb surface in geopotential\n4 Not Used\nmeters (thousands fig omitted)\n0 No report\n5 0° 90° W\nSouthern\n3 Altitude 700 mb surface in geopotential\n1 NE\n7 NW\n6 90° 180° W\nSouthern\nmeters (thousands fig omitted)\n2 E\n8 N\n7 180° - 90° E\nSouthern\n4 Altitude 500 mb surface in geopotential\n9 all directions\n3 SE\n8 90° - 0° E\nSouthern\ndecameters\n4 S\n5 Altitude 400 mb surface in geopotential\n5 SW\nTABLE 4 B\ndecameters\n6 H\n6 Altitude 300 mb surface in geopotential\n0 None\ndecameters\nTABLE 14 W s\n7 Altitude 250 mb surface in geopotential\n1 Light turbulence\n2 Moderate turbulence in clear air, infre-\ndecameters (thousands fig if any omitted)\n0 No change\n8 D - Value in geopotential decameters;\nquent\n1 Marked wind shift\n3 Moderate turbulence in clear air, frequent\nif negative 500 is added to HHH\n2 Beginning or ending of marked\n4 Moderate turbulence in cloud, infrequent\n9 No absolute altitude available or geopo-\nturbulence\n5 Moderate turbulence in cloud, frequent\ntential data not within + 30 meters/4 mb\n3 Marked temperature change (not with\n6 Severe turbulence in clear air, infrequent\naccuracy requirements.\naltitude)\n7 Severe turbulence in clear air, frequent\n4 Precipitation begins or ends\nTABLE 10 N\n8 Severe turbulence in cloud, infrequent\nS\n5 Change in cloud forms\n9 Severe turbulence in cloud frequent\n6 Fog or ice fog bank begins or ends\n0 None\n7 Warm front\n1 1 okta or less, but not zero\nTABLE 5 f\n8 Cold front\n(1/8 or less sky covered)\n9 Front, type not specified\n0 Clear\n2 2 oktas (or 2/8 of sky covered)\n1 Clouds, tops less than 10,000 ft\n3 3 oktas (or 3/8 sky covered)\nTABLE 15 SbSeSs\n2 Clouds, tops 10,000 ft to 18,000 ft\n4 4 oktas (or 4/8 of sky covered)\n3 Clauds, tops over 18,000 ft\n5 5 oktas (or 5/8 of sky covered)\n0 No report\n6 6 oktas (or 6/8 of sky covered)\n4 Clouds, bases less than 10,000 ft\n1 Previous position\n5 Clouds, bases 10,000 ft to 18,000 ft\n7 7 oktas or more but not 8 oktas\n2 Present position\n6 Clouds, bases above 18,000 ft\n8 8 oktas or sky completely covered\n3 30 nautical miles\n7 Between layers, no clouds flt lvl\n9 Sky obscured or cloud amount can not be\n4 60 nautical miles\n8 In and out of clouds\nestimated\n5 90 nautical miles\n9 In clouds all the time (continous IMC)\n6 120 nautical miles\n/ Impossible to determine due to darkness\n7 150 nautical miles\nor other cause\n8 180 mautical miles\n9 More than 180 nautical miles\n/ Unknown\n4-30","CHAPTER 4\nAPPENDIX C\nCODE TABLES (CONTINUED)\nTABLE 23 Vi\nTABLE 16 wd\n1 Inflight visibility 0 to and including 1 nautical mile\n0 No report\n2 Inflight visibility greater than 1 and not exceeding 3 nautical miles\n1 Signs of hurricane\n3 Inflight visibility greater than 3 nautical miles\n2 Ugly threatening sky\n3 Duststorm or sandstorm\n4 Fog or ice fog\n5 Waterspout\n6 Cirrostratus shield or bank\n7 Altostratus or altocumulus shield or\nbank\n8 Line of heavy cumulus\n9 Cumulonimbus heads or thunderstorms\nRECCO SYMBOLIC FORM\nTABLE 17 1,\nSECTION ONE (MANDATORY)\n7 Light\n9XXX9 GGggi YQLaLaLa LoLoLoBf hahahadtda\n8 Moderate\nddfff TTTdTw /jHHH\n9 Severe\n/ Unknown or contrails\nSECTION TWO (ADDITIONAL)\nTABLE 18 1,\nIknNsNsNs ChshsH+H4\n4ddff\n0 None\n6W5S5Wddw 71,1+SbSe 7hihi HiHi 8d,drSrOe\n1 Rime ice in clouds\n8EwE1ceie 9ViTwTwTw\n2 Clear ice in clouds\n3 Combination rime and clear ice in clouds\nSECTION THREE (INTERMEDIATE)\n4 Rime ice in precipitation\n5 Clear ice in precipitation\n9XXX9 GGggid YQLaLaLa LoLoLoBfc\n6 Combination rime and clear ice in precip\n7 Frost (icing in clear air)\nddfff TTTdTdw /iHHH\n8 Nonpersistent contrails (less than 1/4\nnautical miles long)\n9 Persistent contrails\nTABLE 19 Sr E w, E 1\n0 ONM\n5 50NM\n1 10NM\n6 60-80NM\n2 20NM\n7 80-100NM\n3 30NM\n8 100-150NM\n4 40NM\n9 Greater than 150NM\n/ Unknown\nTABLE 20 Oe\n0 Circular\n1 NNE SSW\n2 NE SW\n3 ENE - WSW\n4 E-W\n5 ESE WNW\n6 SE NW\n7 SSE NNW\n8 S N\n/ Unknown\nTABLE 21 ce\n1 Scattered Area\n2 Solid Area\n3 Scattered Line\n4 Solid Line\n5 Scattered, all quadrants\n6 Solid, all quadrants\n/ Unknown\nTABLE 22 ie\ne\n2 Weak\n5 Moderate\n8 Strong\n/ Unknown\n4-31","NOAA'S POLAR ORBITING SATELLITES, TIROS-N AND NOAA-6, VIEW\nEVERY PORTION OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE FOUR TIMES DAILY, AND\nPROVIDE ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION NOT VIEWED BY THE GOES\nSATELLITES. THEY ARE AT AN ALTITUDE OF ABOUR 540 MILES.\n4-32","CHAPTER 5\n#SATELLITE SURVEILLANCE OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL CYCLONES\n1. Satellites\na. Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES). The GOES\nsystem consists of two operational spacecraft, GOES East at 75 degrees W and\nGOES West at 135 degrees W. Standby spacecraft with limited operational\ncapabilities are positioned between 75W and 135W. The principal GOES products\nare 1/2-hourly pictures with implanted grids automatically applied to all\nsectors. During daylight hours, approximately 1, 2, and 4 resolution fixed\nstandard sectors are produced. During the night (also available in daylight),\nthe same geographical coverage standard sectors are produced with 9 Km\nresolution infrared (IR). The IR data may be enhanced to emphasize various\nfeatures. Floating sectors which are scheduled by the Satellite Field Services\nStations (SFSS's) are produced to augment the standard sector coverage support.\nAll products are delivered in near real time to the National Earth Satellite\nService (NESS) Synoptic Analysis Branch (SAB), the SFSS's, and Weather Service\nForecast\nOffices (WSFOs). (See GOES Operational Data Flow, Appendix A,\nAttachment 1; Satellite Data Availability, Appendix A, Attachment 2.)\nb. NOAA Polar-Orbiting Satellites. These satellites cross the U.S.\ntwice daily near the equatorial crossing times as indicated in Appendix A,\nAttachment 2. Data are available via direct read-out (HRPT and APT) or central\nprocessing. AVHRR data are available on a limited basis through the GOES dis-\ntribution system. AFGWC receives global NOAA imagery data direct from central\nreadout sites on pass by pass basis. Data are processed in mapped and unmapped\nform for use internally.\n2. Satellite Field Service Stations (SFSS)\na. Support Concept. GOES imagery in support of the hurricane warning\nservice is distributed to the Central Data Distribution Facility (CDDF) at\nMarlow Heights, MD, to the SFSS's in Miami, San Francisco, Washington, New\nOrleans, and Honolulu. These SFSS's are colocated with NWS hurricane warning\noffices and are reesponsible for providing direct satellite support to the\nwarning center. This support includes the use of floating sectors at 1, 2, and\n4 km visible and 9 km IR positioned over the storm area. SFSS's and SAB\nroutinely provide classification of storms using Dvorak Techniques for both\nvisible and IR data.\nb. Station Contact. SFSS satellite meteorologists can be contacted as\nfollows:\n(1) Miami - between 0630-1630 EDST and 2000-0400 EDST at (305)\n350-4310 or FTS 350-4460/4310.\n(2) San Francisco - 24 hours a day at (415) 896-9122/23 or\nFTS470-9122/9123.\n5-1","(3) Honolulu - 24 hours a day at (808) 836-2776; FTS San Francisco\nOperator 556-0220; Honolulu 836-2776.\n(4) Washington - 24 hours a day at (301) 763-8239 or FTS 763-8425.\n(5) New Orleans - 24 hours a day (summer of 1981)\nSatellite Tropical Disturbance Summary. The Miami, San Francisco,\nC.\nand Honolulu SFSS's distribute twice daily at the times indicated (Appendix B,\nForm 1 to this Chapter) a satellite summary which describes significant weather\nin the tropical regions of the Atlantic, Eastern Pacific, and Central Pacific\n(north and south between 140°W to 170°E, respectively)\n3. NESS Synoptic Analysis Branch (SAB). SAB operates 24 hours a day to\nprovide satellite support to the National Meteorological Center (NMC) The SAB\nalso distributes twice daily a \"Satellite Tropical Disturbance Summary for the\nPacific (West of 170°E) and the Indian Ocean.\" SAB may be contacted at (301)\n763-8444 or FTS 763-8444.\n4. The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). DMSP will provide\ncoverage of tropical/subtropical cyclones whenever possible. Data covering the\nNational Hurricane Operations Plan (NHOP) areas of interest will be received\ncentrally at the Air Force Global Weather (AFGWC) at Offutt AFB, NE; and locally\nat the direct readout site at Hickam AFB, HI.\nDisturbance Observation. When numbered/named systems or\na.\ndisturbances suspect of development are observed in these DMSP readouts, and the\nNational Hurricane Center (NHC) determines that coverage from available NESS\nsatellites should be supplemented, teletype bulletins describing the location\nand intensity classification of the system will be transmitted in the format\nshown in Appendix B, Form 2. Units will respond to OL-G, AWS (Air Weather\nService) telephonic requests (confirmation messages will be transmitted).\nProcedures are:\n(1) Hickam readout will provide data directly to the Central\nPacific Hurricane Center (CPHC).\n(2) AFGWC will provide data in the NHOP area of responsibility not\ncovered by the Hickam readout.\nb. Northeast Atlantic Surveillance. AFGWC readouts will augment NESS\nsurveillance for the region poleward of 30 degrees north and east of 35 degrees\nwest. AFGWC will transmit teletype bulletins (paragraph 4.a. description) to\nNHC on organized disturbances evident at the Tropical Classification-1 (T-1)\nlevel or higher, until the system exits this boundary, becomes extratropical, or\ndissipates.\n5. Satellites and Satellite Data Availability for the 1981 Hurricane\nSeason. Appendix A, Attachment 2 of this chapter lists satellite capabilities\nfor the 1981 hurricane season.\n5-2","#CHAPTER 5\nAPPENDIX A\nATTACHMENT 1\nGOES\nOPERATIONAL DATA FLOW\nGOES\nW\nAFGWC\nOFFUTT AFB\nGOES\nNEBRASKA\nE\nSSEC\nCDA\nMADISON,\nWALLOPS\nWISCONSIN\nSUITLAND\nCOMPLEX\nIR DATA\nSECTORIZORS\nSAB\nSFSS\nWORLD WEATHER BLDG\nHONOLULU\nSFSS\nTO SFSS's\nDIRECT\nNEW ORLEANS\nSFSS\nSFSS\nSFSS\nSFSS\nSAN FRANCISCO\nKANSAS CITY\nWASHINGTON\nMIAMI\nSAN JUAN\nWESTERN\nMID-WEST\nEASTERN\nWSFO's\nWSFO's\nWSFO's\nWSFO's\nNOTE:\nAnchorage SFSS is in the GOES Operational Data Flow, but\nprimarily uses the NOAA Polar-Orbiting Satellite data.\n5-3","CHARTER\n5\nACCEPTED\nA\nCONDITION\n2\n1981\nSCHEDULES\nAND\nDATA\nREPRESENTATIVE\nFOR\nSEASON\n2. 9 resolution equivalent IR geographic standard sectors\nLS - Flight Smooth (Visual Scanning Radiometer 1.5 nmi)\nsectors covering Western United States, Midwest,\nLF - Light Fine (Visual Scanning Radiometer 0.3 nmi)\n4. Floating sectors at 1, 2, and 4 km resolution\n1. Mapped digitalized data (cloud cover imagery)\n2. Unmapped imagery (all data types) AF sites.\n1. 1, 1, and 2 km resolution visible standard\nfor the entire United States (night). .\nand Eastern United States (daylight).\n3. Sea-surface temperature analysis\n1. Unmapped imager (all data types)\n3. Equivalent IR-enhanced imagery.\n(visible) (equivalent IR 9 km)\n2. Mapped imagery (LS data only)\n5. Full disc IR (day and night).\n8. Cloud top heights\n3. Moisture analysis\n7. Wind analysis\n6. Movie loops\n4. Soundings\nRemarks\nviewing available)\n(Limited scan for\nEvery 30 minutes\nshort-interval\n1545 /03450\nHRPT - High Resolution Picture Transmission (1.1 km)\n(24 hr/day)\nLocal Time\n0740 /1940\n1430 /0230\nLAC - Local Area Coverage (recorded high resolution\nAVHRR - Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer\nHRPT and APT (direct)\nresolution data for Central Processing)\nGAC and LAC recorded\nVISSR - Visible-Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer\n0700\nGAC - Global Area Coverage (recorded reduced\nAPT - Automatic Picture Transmission (4 km)\nTOVS - TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder\n(PLANNED LAUNCH MAY 1981)\nType of Data\nTOVS ONLY\nVISSR\nAVHRR\nLF LS\ndata, limited amount)\nTOVS\n4 Spacecraft (standby)\nGOES West - 135.0 W\nlimited operational\nW\no\nGOES East - 75.0\ncapability\nSatellite\nTIROS-N\nNOAA 6\nNOAA 7\nDMSP\n5","CHAPTER 5\nAPPENDIX B\nFORM 1\nSAMPLE OF SATELLITE TROPICAL DISTURBANCE SUMMARY\nABXX 15 KSFO 210800Z\nABXX ( ) KWBC, KSFO, KMIA, PHNL\nSATELLITE TROPICAL DISTURBANCE SUMMARY\nALL MOVEMENTS AND TRENDS 24 HOURS UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED\nEAST PACIFIC\nGOES WEST IR NITE\n210745Z\n(OCEANIC AREA)\n(SATELLITE & SENSOR (S)\n(PREPARATION TIME)\n(Location)\n(Time)\n(Satellite Code)\n(Name and/or No.) )\nTROPICAL STORM SUSAN. SEE LATEST EPHC ADVISORY.\nITC 2 TO 4 DEGS WIDE XTNDG FM 6N 80W TO 11N 116W IS BRKN TO OCNLY OVC WITH\nHVST ACTIVITY ARND 11N 116W. SCTD ACTV ITC FM 9N 116W TO 12N 134W 2 DEG\nWIDE WAS BKN YDA. BRKN TO OVC AREA 3 TO 5 DEG IN DIA IS MDTLY ACTC CNTRD NEAR\n11N 116W HAS MVD W 5 DEG WITH LTL CHG.\nATLANTIC\nGOES EAST IR NITE\n210630Z\n(OCEANIC AREA)\n(SATELLITE AND SENSOR(S) )\n(PREPARATION TIME)\n(Location)\n(Time)\n(Satellite Code)\n(Name and/or No.\nNO TROPICAL CYCLONES OBSERVED\nITC 3 TO 5 DEG WIDE FM 10N 20W TO 14N 50W IS MSTLY BRKN AND MDTLY ACTV WITH LTL\nCHG. BRKN ACTV ITC FM 14N 50W TO 17N 57w 4 DEG WIDE HAS INCREASED IN WIDTH\n(Heading)\n(TIME)\n(OCEANIC AREA)\n(TYPE OF DATA)\n*ABXX 15 KMIA\n0700Z\nAtlantic/Caribbean\nIR NITE\n*ABXX 11 KMIA\n1900Z\nAtlantic/Caribbeen\nVIS/IR DAY\n*ABXX 15 KSFO\n0800Z\nEastern Pacific\nIR NITE\n*ABXX 11 KSFO\n2000Z\nEastern Pacific\nVIS/IR DAY\n*ABXX 15 PHNL\n1000Z\nCentral Pacific\nIR NITE\n(N&S 140W-170E)\n*ABXX 11 PHNL\n2200Z\nCentral Pacific\nVIS/IR DAY\n(N&S 140W-170E)\nABXX 12 KWBC\n1100Z\nIndian Ocean\nIR NITE\nABXX 13 KWBC\n0500Z\nWestern Pacific\nVIS\n(N&S W of 170°E)\nABXX 14 KWBC\n2300Z\nIndian Ocean\nVIS/IR DAY\nABXX 16 KWBC\n1900Z\nWestern Pacific\nIR NITE\n(N&S W of 170°E)\n*Whenever a tropical system is located in these areas, Part 1 will carry the\nfollowing statement: See latest (NHC, EPHC, or CPHC) advisory(ies).\n5-5","CHAPTER 5\nAPPENDIX B\nFORM 2\nCENTER FIX DATA FORM AND MESSAGE FORMAT (SATELLITE)\nMESSAGE HEADING:\nTPNT CCCC\nA. Designator of tropical cyclone category including\nA\nname/number. When a cloud system has not yet\nCYCLONE DESIGNATOR\nbeen designated by name/number enter TROPICAL\nDISTURBANCE.\nSample entry: TROPICAL STORM AMY (15)\nB. Date and nodal crossing time in Zulu; round time\nB\nto nearest minute. Sample entry: 252303Z\nDATE/TIME (Z) OF FIX\nC. Latitude to nearest tenth of degree (N or S),\nC\nfollowed by checksum. Sample entry: 29.9N/O\nLATITUDE OF POSITION\nD. Longitude to nearest tenth of degree followed by\nD\nchecksum. Sample entry: 56.7 W/8\nLONGITUDE OF POSITION\nE. Enter Position Code number (PCN) and source of\nE\ndata (DMSP, NOAA 2, etc.) . Spell out PCN number.\nPOSITION CODE NUMBER\nSelect PCN number from code below:\nEPHEMERIS GRIDDING\nGEOGRAPHICAL GRIDDING\neye fix\neye fix\nTWO:\nONE:\nwell defined\nwell defined\nFOUR:\nTHREE:\ncirculation\ncirculation\ncenter\ncenter\npoorly\npoorly defined\nSIX:\nFIVE:\ndefined\ncirculation\ncirculation\ncenter\ncenter\nSample entry: ONE/DMSP\nF. Dvorak classification for storm intensity as\nF\ndescribed in NOAA technical Memorandum NESS 45\nDVORAK CLASSIFICATION\nand IWWP 105-10. Dvorak classification will be\nmade once each day and must be based on visual\ndata. If a new Dvorak classification number\ncannot be derived, use the last reported number.\nInclude in parenthesis the date and nodal time of\nthe data on which the Dvorak analysis is based.\nSample entry: T 4.5/4.5/D1.0/25HRS (252305Z)\nG. Include information, as appropriate, on data\nG\ntype, eye characteristics, spiral rainbands,\nREMARKS\nunexpected changes in storm movement, departures\nfrom Dvorak (modelled) intensities, etc.\n5-6","#CHAPTER 5\nAPPENDIX B\nCURRENT INTENSITY AND \"T\" NUMBER\nCLASSIFICATION TABLE\nThe current intensity (C.I.) number relates directly to the intensity of\nthe storm. The empirical relationship between the C.I. number and a storm's\nwind speed is shown in this table.\nThe C.I. number is the same as the T-number (Tropical Classification\nnumber) during the development stages of a tropical cyclone, but is held higher\nthan the T-number while a cyclone is weakening. This is done because a lag is\noften observed between the time a storm pattern indicates weakening has begun\nand the time when the storm's intensity decreases. An added benefit from this\nrule is the stability it adds to the analysis when short period fluctuations in\nthe cloud pattern occur. In practice, the C.I. number is not lowered until the\nT-number has shown weakening for 12 hours or more.\nMSLP\nMSLP\nC.I.\nMWS\nT\n(Atlantic)\n(NW Pacific)\nNumber\n(Knots)\nNumber\n1\n25K\n1\n1.5\n25K\n1.5\n1009 mb\n1003 mb\n2\n30K\n2\n1005 mb\n999 mb\n2.5\n35K\n2.5\n1000 mb\n994 mb\n3\n3\n45K\n994 mb\n988 mb\n3.5\n55K\n3.5\n987 mb\n981 mb\n4\n65K\n4\n973 mb\n979 mb\n4.5\n77K\n4.5\n964 mb\n970 mb\n5\n90K\n5\n954 mb\n5.5\n960 mb\n5.5\n102K\n942 mb\n948 mb\n6\n115K\n6\n929 mb\n6.5\n934 mb\n6.5\n127K\n915 mb\n921 mb\n7\n140K\n7\n900 mb\n906 mb\n7.5\n155K\n7.5\n884 mb\n890 mb\n170K\n8\n8\nThe empirical relationship between the current intensity (C.I.) number and\nthe maximum wind speed (MWS), and the relationship between the T-number and the\nminimum sea level pressure (MSLP)\n5-7","CHAPTER 6\nSURFACE RADAR REPORTING\n1. General. Radar observations of tropical cyclones will be made at\nDepartment of Defense (DOD), National Weather Service (NWS) and Federal\nAviation Administration (FAA) radar facilities and at other cooperating radar\nfacilities according to established agreements with NWS.\n2. Procedures\na. Radar observation of tropical cyclones will be made in accordance\nwith the Federal Meteorological Handbook (FMH) #7, Part A, Weather Radar\nObservations. Stations that normally transmit hourly radar weather observations\n(network stations) will include tropical cyclone features in routine reports\n(H+35) and will make and transmit special observations at H+10 whenever an eye\nor center is observed. It is highly desirable for stations that do not normally\ntransmit hourly reports (WSR-74C's) to make and transmit a radar observation\nwhenever an eye, center, or spiral band is observed. The WSR-74C's may transmit\nonly abbreviated special observations, defined in FMH-7, at H+35 and H+10.\nb. If the central region of a storm is defined by an identifiable wall\ncloud; the radar fix is reported as an EYE. If the central region is recogniz-\nable, but not well defined by a wall cloud, it is reported as a CENTER. When\nthe EYE or CENTER is only occasionally recognizable or some other central region\nuncertainty exists, the EYE or CENTER is reported as PSBL EYE or PSBL CENTER.\nRemarks stating degree of confidence will be included with EYE fixes only and\nwill be classified as either GOOD, FAIR, or POOR. A GOOD fix is reported when\nthe EYE is symmetrical - virtually surrounded by wall cloud; a POOR fix is\nreported when the EYE is asymmetrical - less than 50 percent surrounded by wall\ncloud; a FAIR fix is reported to express a degree of confidence between GOOD and\nPOOR.\nC. Timely transmission of tropical cyclone radar reports is essential.\nNormally, radar reports are transmitted on Radar Report and Warning Coordination\nCircuit (RAWARC), GT 7072, or Conus Meteorological Data System (COMEDS) circuit\nequipment. Those radar facilities not having weather transmission capability\nmay call the nearest Weather Service Office (WSO) collect.\n3. Special Provisions\na. If NWS Weather Surveillance Radar (WSR 57) and DOD weather radar\nfacilities are collocated (within 25 nautical miles), the NWS radar will have\nthe primary responsibility for making and transmitting tropical cyclone radar\nreports - DOD will provide backup service. If a radar facility is less powerful\nthan the WSR 57 and is collocated with an Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM)\nradar facility, the ADCOM radar facility will have the primary responsibility\nfor making and transmitting tropical cyclone radar reports provided it is manned\nby a qualified weather radar operator, the less powerful radar facility will\nprovide backup service. Any backup radar facility, however, may transmit radar\nreports as desired.\nb. If radar reports are needed from ADCOM facilities or Air Route\nTraffic Control Centers (ARTCCs), NWS will dispatch weather radar specialists to\n6-1","these facilities to make and transmit tropical cyclone radar observations. DOD\nand FAA have authorized the Director, NWS, to dispatch NWS radar specialists to\nARTCCs and ADCOM sites during critical hurricane threat situations to make and\ntransmit hurricane radar observations. Specific procedures regarding\nnotification, access to sites, clearances, etc., as agreed to by DOD and NWS\nwill be the responsibility of the Public Services Branch, Meteorological\nServices Division, NWS Headquarters, and will be strictly adhered to.\nC. Air Weather Service Staff weather officers providing support to\nADCOM units act as coordinators for visits. These coordinators are: Commander,\nDet. 41, 12 Weather Sq., 20th North American Air Defense Command Regional\nControl Center (NRCC), Ft. Lee, AFS, VA (804) 732-7256, ext. 765); Commander\nDet. 27, 12 Weather Sq., 21 NRC, Hancock Field, Syracuse, NY (315) 458-5500,\next. 3535); 326 Air Division, Det. 4, 1WW, Hickam AFB, HI (AV 315-449-6262).\nSites are listed in Appendix A of this chapter.\nd. Appendix B lists FAA ARTCCs that may be visited.\n4. Procedures for Detailing National Weather Service Radar Meteorologists\nto the FAA's ARTCCs.\na. NWS has been authorizd by FAA to send NWS radar meteorologists to\nARTCCs during the hurricane season. These meteorologists will make, record, and\ntransmit hurricane radar observations as well as act as focal points to solicit\nand process pilot reports from the hurricane areas.\nb. Owing to the limited facilities at ARTCCs, NWS agrees that no more\nthan two persons will visit a Center at any given time. Each visit will\nnormally be short, 1 or 2 days, but will depend upon the progress of the\nhurricane under observation.\n(1) NWS must notify the appropriate FAA facility coordinator by\nwire of the intent of weather service personnel to visit such a facility. This\nmay be done by telephone in an emergency. Notification will normally be handled\nby the responsible NWS Regional Office or the Public Services Branch, Silver\nSpring, MD. This notification will include the name(s) of the individuals, site\nto be visited, and inclusive date( of visit.\n(2) The permission to visit must be on file at the FAA facilities\nincluded in Appendix B. It will be the responsibility of the Public Services\nBranch, Meteorological Services Division (MSD), NWS Headquarters, Silver Spring,\nMD, to coordinate additions, changes, and/or deletions in the list of their\npersonnel with the FAA facilities to be visited 2 weeks in advance of effective\ndate of change. Coordinating correspondence should refer to this document.\n(3) Positive identification must be presented for access to FAA\nfacilities.\n(4) Only those personnel who have been identified by wire will be\nadmitted to FAA facilities.\n(5) NWS annually will update the list of personnel.\n(6) Copies of this plan shall be forwarded to appropriate ARTCCs.\n6-2","CHAPTER 6\nAPPENDIX A\nPARTICIPATING RADAR STATIONS\nNational Weather Service\nRadar\nLatitude\nLongitude\n29°44'N\n84°59'W\nApalachicola, FL\nWSR-57\n39°27'N\nAtlantic City, NJ\nWSR-57\n74 35'W\n30°32'N\n91°09'W\nBaton Rouge, LA\nWR-100-5\n25°54'N\nBrownsville, TX\n97°26'W\nWSR-57\n43°54'N\n69°56'W\nBrunswick, ME\nWSR057\n35°16'N\nCape Hatteras, NC\n75°33'W\nWSR-57\n32°54'N\n80°02'W\nCharleston, SC\nWSR-57\n69°57'W\nChatham, MA\nWSR-57\n41 39'N\n29°11'N\n81°03'W\nDaytona Beach, FL\nWSR-57\n29°18'N\nGalveston, TX\n94°48'W\nWSR-57\n32°19'N\n90°05'W\nJackson, MS\nWSR-57\n24°33'N\n81°45'W\nKey West, FL\nWSR-57\n30°07'N\n93°13'W\nLake Charles, LA\nWSR-57\n25°43'N\n80°17'W\nMiami, FL\nWSR-57\n40°46'N\n73°59'W\nNew York, NY\nWSR-57\n38°17'N\nPatuxent, MD\nWSR-57\n76 25'W\n30°21'N\n87°19'W\nPensacola, FL\nWSR-57\n18°16'N\n65°46'W\nSan Juan, PR\nFPS-67*\n30°17'N\n89°46'W\nSlidell, LA\nWSR-57\nand\n27°42'N\n82°24'W\nTampa, FL\nWSR-57\n28°51'N\n96°55'W\nVictoria, TX\nWR-100-5\n36°57'N\n79°00'W\nVolens, VA\nWSR-74S\n31°15'N\n82°24'W\nWaycross, GA\nWSR-57\n34°16'N\n77°55'W\nWilmington, NC\nWSR-57\n*FAA-U.S. Navy joint-use radar.\nDepartment of Defense\n38°48'N\n76°53'W\nAndrews AFB, MD\nFPS-77\n32_30 N\nBarksdale AFB, LA\nFPS-77\n32°22'N\nBermuda NAS\n64 41'W\nFPS-106\n28 28'N\nCape Canaveral AFS, FL\n80 33'W\nFPS-77\n28°22'N\n97°40'W\nChase Field NAS, Beeville, TX\nFPS-106\n34°54'N\nCherry Point MCAS, NC\nFPS-106\n53'W\n27°42'N\nCorpus Christi NAS, TX\n7 16'W\nFPS-106\n30°29'N\nEglin AFB, FL\n86 31'W\nFPS-77\n25°29'N\n80°23'W\nHomestead AFB, FL\nFPS-77\n08°77'N\n79°36'W\nHoward AFB, CZ\nFPS-77\n30°14'N\n81°41'W\nJacksonville NAS, FL\nFPS-106\n30°24'N\n88°55'W\nKeesler AFB, MS\nFPS-77\n27°51'N\n82°30'W\nMacDill AFB, FL\nFPS-77\n74°36'W\n40°00'N\nMcGuire AFB, NJ\nFPS-77\n29°50'N\n90°01'W\nNew Orleans NAS, LA\nFPS-81\n76°18'W\n36°56'N\nFPS-106\nNorfolk NAVEASTOCEANCEN, VA\n35°12'N\n79°01'W\nFPS-77\nPope AFB, NC\n6-3","APPENDIX A (continued)\n29°32'N\n98°17'W\nRandolph AFB, TX\nFPS-77\n83°36'W\n32 38'N\nRobins AFB, GA\nFPS-77\n35°20'N\n77°58'W\nSeymour Johnson AFB, NC\nFPS-77\nADCOM Sites\n20 NORAD Region Control Center (20th NRCC)\nLatitude\nLongitude\n28°13'N\n80°36'W\n**645 Radar Sq., Patrick AFB, FL\n27°50'N\n82°28'W\n**660 Radar Sq., MacDill AFB, FL\n24°35'N\n81°41'W\n671 Radar Sq., Key West AFS, FL\n30°05'N\n85°37'W\n**678 Radar Sq., Tyndall AFB, FL\n30°13'N\n81°41'W\n**679 Radar Sq., Jacksonville AFS, FL\n33°59'N\n77°55'W\n701 Radar.Sq., Ft. Fischer AFS, NC\n32°01'N\n81°10'W\n702 Radar Sq., Hunter AAF, GA\n39°07'N\n76°44'W\n770 Radar Sq., Ft. George G. Meade RSI, MD\n37°08'N\n75°57'W\n**771 Radar Sq., Cape Charles AFS, VA\n32°54'N\n80°01'W\n**792 Radar Sq., North Chalreston AFS, SC\n21 NORAD Region Control Center (21st NRCC)\n42°02'N\n70°03'W\n762 Radar Sq., North Truro AFS, MA\n39°49'N\n74°57'W\n772 Radar Sq., Gibbsboro, NJ\n71°52'W\n773 Radar Sq., Montauk AFS, NY\n67°24'W\n44°38'N\n**907 Radar Sq., Bucks Harbor AFS, ME\n**Remoted in the FAA ARTCC\nCooperating Sites\n30°42'N\n89°07'W\nBay St. Louis, MS (NASA)\nCPS-9\n42°42'N\n71°06'W\nCambridge, MA\nCPS-9\n(Massachusetts Institute of\nand\nTechnology)\nM-33\n30°37'N\n96°21'W\nCollege Station, TX\nCPS-9\n(Texas A. & M. University)\n25°43'N\n80°17'W\nCoral Gables, FL\nSP-1M\n(University of Miami)\nand\nCPS-68\n37°50'N\n75°29'W\nWallops Station, VA (NASA)\nMPS-19\n37°56'N\n75°28'W\nSPS-12\n37°50'N\n75°29'W\nFPS-16\n37°52'N\n75°31'W\nFPQ-6\nRadar used depends upon the location of the hurricane; the one in use will be\nproperly identified.\n6-4","CHAPTER 6\nAPPENDIX B\nADCOM and FAA Sites Remoted to ARTCC's\nFAA--ARTCCs\nFAA Radar Sites\nMilitary Radar Sites\nNew York ARTCC (Islip NY)\nNew York, NY\nL.I. MacArthur Airport\nTrevose, PA\nRonkonkoma, LI, NY 11779\nBenton, PA\nCOM: 516-663-3401\nFTS: 8-737-3401\nBoston ARTCC\nBoston, MA\n907 Radar Sq. ,\nFederal Aviation Admin.\nBucks Harbor, ME\nBucks Harbor\nAir Route Traffic\nSaratoga Springs, NY\nAFS, ME\nControl Center\nNortheastern Blvd.\n& Harris Rd.\nNashua, NH 03060\nCOM: 603-889-1171 x633\nFTS: 8-834-6633\nMiami ARTCC\nMacDill, FL\n644 Radar Sq\n7500 N.W. 58th St.\nPatrick, FL\nRichmond AFS, FL\nMiami, FL 33166\nRichmond, FL\n645 Radar Sq.,\nCOM: 305-592-9770\nPatrick AFB, FL\nFTS: 8-350-2678\n660 Radar Sq.,\nMacDill AFB, FL\nJacksonville ARTCC\nJacksonville, FL\n678 Radar Sq.,\nP.O. Box 98\nCharleston, SC\nTyndall AFB, FL\nHilliard, FL 32046\nTyndall, FL\n679 Radar Sq. ,\nCOM: 904-845-3311\nValdosta, GA\nJacksonville AFS, FL\n(Hilliard)\nJedburg, SC\n904-791-2581\n(Jacksonville)\nFTS: 8-946-2581\nHouston ARTCC\nAlexandria, LA\nP. O. Box 60308\nEllington, TX\nHouston, TX 77205\nLackland, TX\nCOM: 713-443-8545\nNew Orleans, LA\nFTS: 8-521-3070\nOilton, TX\nOakland ARTCC\nFallon, NV\n858 Radar Sq.,\n5125 Central Ave.\nOakland, CA\nNavy Aux. Air\nFremont, CA 94536\nPaso Robles, CA\nSta., Fallon, NV\nCOM: 415-797-3200\nRed Bluff, CA\nFTS: 8-449-6200\nSacramento, CA\n6-5","APPENDIX B (Continued)\nFAA Radar Sites\nMilitary Radar Sites\nFAA--ARTCCs\nLos Angeles ARTCC\nSan Pedro, CA\n2555 E. Ave.\nBoron, CA\nPalmdale, CA 93550\nCedar City, UT\nCOM: 805-947-4101 x201\nLas Vegas, NV\nFTS: 8-799-1011\nMt. Laguna, CA\n751 Radar Sq. ,\nPaso Robles, CA\nMt. Laguna AFS, CA\nBinns Hall, VA\nWashington ARTCC\nIntersection Rts. 7 and\nRaleigh (Benson), NC\nWashington, (Suitland), DC\n654\nRoanoke (Bedford), VA\nLeesburg, VA 22075\nCOM: 703-777-4400\nFTS: 8-925-4400\n6-6","CHAPTER 7\nENVIRONMENTAL DATA BUOY REPORTING\n1. General. Environmental data buoys in the Gulf of Mexico and Great\nLakes, and off the U.S. east and west coasts obtain data on meteorological and\noceaonographic parameters for operational and research purposes. Data\nbuoy\nlocation and configuration are given in paragraph 4. The status and capability\nof data buoys can be obtained from the Data Systems Division, NOAA Data Buoy\nOffice (NDBO), NSTL Station, MS 39529, telephone (601) 688-2836, FTS 494-2836.\n2.\nProcedures. Environmental data buoys routinely acquire, store, and\ntransmit data hour. Data obtained operationally include sea-level pressure,\nwind direction and speed, air temperature, sea-surface temperature, and wave\nheight spectral data.\n3. Communications Buoy data are transmitted by UHF communications via\nthe GOES satellite to NESS and then are relayed on to NMC, Suitland, MD, for\nprocessing and dissemination. Data are formatted into WMO FM24V synoptic code.\n(See Attachment 1. )\n4. NOAA Data Buoy Locations and Configurations\na. Gulf of Mexico\nBuoy\nSensor\nStation ID\nLocation\nSize\nHeight\n°N/°W\n42001\n25.9/89.7\n10 m\n10 m\n42002\n26.0/93.5\n10 m\n10 m\n42003\n26.0/86.0\n10 m\n10 m\n42008*\n28.7/95.3\nPlatform\n15 m\n42009*\n29.3/87.5\n5 m\n5 m\nb. Atlantic Ocean\nBuoy\nSensor\nStation ID\nLocation\nSize\nHeight\n°N/°W\n41001\n34.7/72.3\n12 m\n10 m\n41002\n32.3/75.3\n10 m\n10 m\n41003*\n30.3/80.4\n6 m\n5 m\n41004*\n32.6/78.7\n5 m\n5 m\n41005*\n31.7/79.7\n6 m\n5 m\n44003*\n40.8/68.5\n6 m\n5 m\n44004\n39.0/70.0\n12 m\n10 m\n44005\n42.7/68.3\n12 m\n10 m\n44006*\n35.3/75.4\n12 m\n10 m\n*Temporary sites established in support of other programs.\n7-1","CHAPTER 7\nATTACHMENT 1\nCODE FORM FM 24-V\nReport of synoptic surface observation\nfrom a sea station (AUTOMATIC weather station)\nM.M.M.M\niijj\nD V L L L QLLLL s.i_NV + h\n+\nYYGGi\nC0OOO t R\nu\nssaaa\n+ +\nOddff lw w WW 2s n TTT (3s nddd T.T.T. )\n+\n5PPPP (6a p p p )\n(7RRRT_) R'\n(8N,C_C.C., )\nhLMH\nV\nV\nV\n+\n(91 EER\n)\n(STTTn\nPPHHP\nPHHdd\nS S S S\nnwww W\nW W W W W\nW w W W W\n(PPHdd))\nAbnnn\n1 wbb b\nwwwww\n.\nThis is the entire code form, including groups not included in U. S. EDB\nreports. The numbers of the code tables are the numbers given in the WMO Manual\non Codes.\n.\n7-2","CHAPTER 8\nMARINE WEATHER BROADCASTS\n1. General. The Department of Defense (DOD) and Department of\nTransportation (DOT) are responsible for broadcasting marine tropical\ncyclone advisories issued by the National Hurricane Center. Appendix\nA of this chapter lists the stations involved.\nThe broadcasts are for the purpose of providing warnings to\nmeet U.S. international obligations in Department of Commerce (DOC)\nareas of forecast responsibility given in Chapter 2.\n2. Broadcast Procedures. DOT and DOD will arrange for broadcast\nof all marine tropical cyclone advices immediately upon receipt. The\nlatest tropical cyclone forecast will be transmitted according to the\nschedule and on the frequencies given in Worldwide Marine Weather\nBroadcasts. The latest position estimate will be used by DOT and DOD\nalong with the latest forecast for storms on which position estimates\nare being issued. These broadcasts will be made in both voice and CW\nmode.\n8-1","CHAPTER 8\nAPPENDIX A\nList of Marine Tropical Cyclone Forecast\nBroadcast Stations\nLocation\nStation Call Letters\nAstoria, OR\nNMW\nBoston, MA\nNMF\nHonolulu, HI\nNMO8\nChannel Island, CA\nNMQ\nMiami, FL\nNMA\nNew Orleans, LA\nNMG\nNorfolk, VA\nNAM\nPortsmouth, VA\nNMN\nSan Francisco, CA\nNMC\nSan Juan, PR\nNMR\n8-2","CHAPTER 9\nWARNING TRANSFER POLICIES\n1. Transfer of Warning Responsibility.\na. When a tropical/subtropical cyclone approaches longitude 140 W, the\ncoordinated transfer of warning responsibility from Eastern Pacific Hurricane\nCenter (EPHC) to Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC) will be made and appro-\npriate advice issued.\no\nb. When a tropical/subtropical cyclone crosses the 180 meridian from\neast to west, the coordinated transfer of warning responsibility from CPHC to\nJoint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) will be made and appropriate advice issued.\no\nC. When a tropical/subtropical cyclone crosses the 180 meridian from\nwest to east, the coordinated transfer of warning responsibility from JTWC to\nCPHC will be made. JTWC will append the statement \"Next advisory by CPHC-HNL\"\nto their last advisory.\n2. Alternate Responsibilities.\na. In the event of impending or actual operational failure of a\nhurricane forecast center, responsibilities will be transferred to the\nappropriate alternate facility in accordance with existing directives and\nretained there until resumption of responsibility is made. Naval Eastern\nOceanography Center, Norfolk, will be advised of impending or actual National\nHurricane Center (NHC) and Chief, Aerial Reconnaissance Coordination, All\nHurricanes (CARCAH) transfer of responsibility by the most rapid means\navailable.\nb. Alternate facilities are as follows:\nPRIMARY\nALTERNATE\n(1) NHC\nHWO (Hurricane Warning Office)\nWashington (covers Atlantic only)\nNew Orleans (covers Gulf only)\n(2) EPHC\nNHC\n#(3) CPHC\nEPHC (NAVWESTOCEANCEN will serve\nas secondary backup)\n(4) JTWC\nAJTWC, NAVWESTOCEANCEN, Pearl Harbor\n(5) HWO San Juan\nNHC\n#c. In the event of the operational failure of CARCAH, direct communication\nis authorized between DET. 5, AWS, and the forecast facility. Contact Detach-\nment 5, AWS, at AV 868-4545/CO 601-377-4555, or through the Keesler AFB Command\nPost at AV 868-4330/CO 601-377-4330.\n9-1","CHAPTER 10\nPUBLICITY\nNews media releases, other than warnings and/or advisories for\nthe purpose of informing the public of the operational and research\nactivities of DOD, DOC, and DOT, should reflect the joint effort of\nthese agencies by giving due credit to the participation of other\nagencies. Copies of these releases should be forwarded to:\nCommander, Naval Oceanography Command\nNSTL Station\nBay St. Louis, MS 39529\nHeadquarters Military Airlift Command (MAC/PA)\nScott Air Force Base, IL 62225\nHeadquarters Air Force Reserve\nRobins Air Force Base, GA 31093\nNOAA, Office of Public Affairs\n6010 Executive Boulevard\nRockville, MD 20852\nDeputy Director for Operations (Environmental Services)\nThe Joint Chiefs of Staff\nWashington, DC 20301\n10-1","ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS\nAS USED IN THIS PLAN\nAllied Communications Publication\nACP\nAerospace Defense Command\nADCOM\nAFB\nAir Force Base\nAir Force Global Weather Central\nAFGWC\nAeronautical Fixed Telecommunications Network\nAFTN\nAlternate Joint Typhoon Warning Center\nAJTWC\nAutomatic Picture Transmission\nAPT\nAircraft Satellite Data Link\nASDL\n&\nAir Traffic Control\nATC\nAutomated Weather Network\nAWN\nAir Weather Service\nAWS\nChief, Aerial Reconnaissance Coordination,\nCARCAH\nAll Hurricanes\nContinental U.S. Meteorological Data System\nCOMEDS\nConfidence Factor\nCONF\nCentral Pacific Hurricane Center\nCPHC\nCW\nContinuous Wave\nDCS\nData Collection System\nDefense Meteorological Satellite Program\nDMSP\nDepartment of Commerce\nDOC\nDepartment of Defense\nDOD\nDepartment of Transportation\nDOT\nEnvironmental Data Buoy\nEDB\nEastern Local Time\nELT\nEastern Pacific Hurricane Center\nEPHC\nEnvironmental Research Laboratories\nERL\nEstimated Time of Arrival\nETA\nEstimated Time of Departure\nETD\nFederal Aviation Administration\nFAA\nFCM\nFederal Coordinator for Meteorology\nFederal Meteorological Handbook\nFMH\nForecast Office Facsimile\nFOFAX\nGeostationary Operational Environmental Satellite\nGOES\nGMT\nGreenwich Mean Time\nHF\nHigh Frequency\nHurricane Warning Office\nHWO\nInternational Civil Aviation Organization\nICAO\nIR\nInfrared\nImproved TIROS Operational Satellite\nITOS\nJoint Typhoon Warning Center\nJTWC\nLight Fine (Visual Scanning Radiometer 0.3 n mi)\nLF\nLight Smooth (Visual Scanning Radiometer 1.5 n mi)\nLS\nMAC\nMilitary Airlift Command\nMIC\nMeteorologist in Charge\nMeteorological Services Division\nMSD\nNavy Communications Area Master Station Atlantic\nNAM\nNational Aeronautics and Space Administration\nNASA\nA-1","(continued)\nNaval Eastern Oceanography Center\n#NAVEASTOCEANCEN\nNaval Western Oceanography Center\n#NAVWESTOCEANCEN\nNOAA Data Buoy Office\nNDBO\nNational Earth Satellite Service\nNESS\nNational Hurricane Center\nNHC\nNational Hurricane Operations Plan\nNHOP\nNot Later Than\nNLT\nNational Meteorological Center\nNMC\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\nNOAA\nNational Public Service Unit\nNPSU\nNorth American Air Defense Command Regional\nNRCC\nControl Center\nNational Weather Service\nNWS\nOperating Location G\nOL-G\nPreventive Maintenance\nPM\nRadar Report and Warning Coordination\nRAWARC\nReconnaissance Code\nRECCO\nResearch Facilities Center\nRFC\nSynoptic Analysis Branch\n#SAB\nSatellite Field Services Station\nSFSS\nSynchronous Meteorological Satellite\nSMS\nScanning Radiometer\nSR\nSaffir/Simpson Hurricane\nSSH\nSea Surface Temperature\nSST\nTropical Cyclone Plan of the Day\nTCPOD\nTropical Depression\nTD\nThermal Fine (Infrared Scanning Radiometer\nTF\n0.3 n mi)\nThermal Smooth (Infrared Scanning Radiometer\nTS\n1.5 n mi)\nUltra High Frequency\nUHF\nUnited States\nUS\nUnited States Air Force\nUSAF\nUnited States Coast Guard\nUSCG\nUnited States Navy\nUSN\nVery High Resolution Radiometer\nVHRR\nVisible\nVIS\nVisible - Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer\nVISSR\nVertical Temperature Profile Radiometer\nVTPR\nWorld Meteorological Organization\nWMO\nWeather Reconnaissance Group\nWRG\nWeather Reconnaissance Squadron\nWRS\nWeather Service Forecast Office\nWSFO\nWeather Service Office\nWSO\nWeather Service Operations Manual\nWSOM\nWeather Surveillance Radar\nWSR\nZulu (Coordinated Universal Time)\nZ\nA-2","METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS\nLENGTH\nApproximate\nApproximate\nTo/From\nFactor\nTo\nFrom\nFactor\ninches\n2.5\ncentimeters\n0.4\ninches\n0.03\nfeet\nfeet\n30.5\ncentimeters\nfeet\n0.3\nmeters\n3.3\nfeet\nyards\n0.9\nmeters\n1.1\nyards\n0.6\nst. miles\nst. miles\n1.6\nkilometers\nn. miles\n1.85\nkilometers\n0.54\nn. miles\n1\nAREA\n0.16\nsq. in.\nsq. in.\n6.5\nsq. cm.\n11.1\nsq. ft.\n0.09\nsq. ft.\nsq. m.\n1.2\nsq. yd.\nsq. ft.\n0.8\nsq. m.\n0.4\nsq. st. mi.\nsq. st. mi.\n2.6\nsq. km.\n0.4\nhectares\n2.4\nacres\nacres\nMASS\n28.0\n0.035\nounce\ngrams\nounce\nkilogram\npound\n0.45\nkilogram\n2.2\n1.1\nshort ton\nshort ton\n0.9\nmetric ton\nVOLUME\nfl. oz.\n0.03\nfl. oz.\n30.0\nmilliliter\n1.06\nqt.\n0.95\nliters\nqt.\ncu. in.\nmilliliter\n0.06\ncu. in.\n16.0\n35.0\ncu. ft.\ncu. ft.\n0.03\ncu. meters\n1.3\ncu. yd.\ncu. yd.\n0.76\ncu. meters\nTEMPERATURE\nFahrenheit\n1.8\nFahrenheit\n0.56\nCelsius\nthen add 32\nafter sub-\ntracting 32\nA-3","FEDERAL COMMITTEE FOR\nMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH (FCMSSR)\nFEDERAL COORDINATOR FOR\nMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH\nINTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE FOR\nMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH (ICMSSR)\nSUBCOMMITTEES\nAVIATION SERVICES\nBASIC SERVICES\nSPACE ENVIRONMENT FORECASTING\nWorking Groups\nSYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT\nAgricultural Meteorological Services\nCooperative Backup Among Operational\nProcessing Centers\nWorking Groups\nDissemination of NMC Products\nHurricane Operations\no Automated Surface Observations\nMarine Environmental Predictions\nAutomated Weather Information\nMeteorological Codes\nSystems\nMetric Implementation\nRadiological, Gaseous and\nOperational Processing Centers\nParticulate Transport Models\nSevere Local Storms Operations\no Weather Radar Systems\nSurface Observations\nUpper Air Observations\nOPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITES\nWeather Radar Observations\nWinter Storms Operations\nWorld Weather Program\nSUBCOMMITTEE ON BASIC SERVICES\nDR. WILLIAM D. BONNER, Chairman\nCOMMANDER ROBERT E. HAMMOND\nDepartment of Commerce\nU. S. Coast Guard\nDR. DAVID M. HERSHFIELD\nMR. JAMES B. NORTON\nDepartment of Agriculture\nFederal Aviation Administration\nCOLONEL CHARLES H. MOSS, USAF\nDR. RONALD C. TAYLOR\nDepartment of Defense\nNational Science Foundation\nDR. ROBERT E. TURNER\nMR. LEWIS T. MOORE\nNational Aeronautics and\nDepartment of Interior\nSpace Administration\nMR. ONIAL THOMAS, Executive Secretary\nOffice of the Federal Coordinator\nWORKING GROUP ON HURRICANE OPERATIONS\nMR. RICHARD I. COLEMAN, Chairman\nMR. JAMES B. NORTON\nDepartment of Commerce\nFederal Aviation Administration\nCOLONEL CHARLES H. MOSS, USAF\nCOMMANDER ROBERT E. HAMMOND\nDepartment of Defense\nU. S. Coast Guard\nATMOSPHERIC\nAND\nMR. ONIAL A. THOMAS, Executive Secretary\nOffice of the Federal Coordinator\nNOAA\nDEPARTMENT OF community"]}