| Date |
Place of observation |
Height (meters) |
Effects and remarks |
| Aug. 26-27 |
Japan, Honshu-Sagami, Shikoku-Satsuma |
very small |
The small waves observed in the Pacific, as well as in other oceans, were generated by atmospheric pressure waves resulting from the major Krakatoa explosion and do not represent the true tsunami observed in the vicinity of the Sunda Strait. Few authors have noted that more than one tsunami was connected with the Krakatoa explosion. No magnitudes have been assigned to the Krakatoa tsunamis because this mode of generation was different from that assumed in the definition of tsunami magnitudes. |
| Australia, Sydney |
<0.1 |
| New Zealand |
0.3 |
| Hawaiian Islands, Oahu-Honolulu |
0.24 |
| Alaska, Kodiak |
0.1 |
| California, San Francisco |
0.1 |
Aug. 27
01:42
05:30
06:44
10:02 |
Sumatra-Telok Batong, Java-Sirik, Java-Anjer, Sumatra |
10 |
Village submerged. Almost entirely swept away. Lower part of town (probably Java-Anjer -- author) overwhelmed. Major explosion, 8 km^3 of volcano blown away (according to other sources, 18 km^3 -- author). All towns and villages on Sunda Strait destroyed. Warship ("Berouw", a Dutch one -- author) carried 3 km inland to 10 m elevation. All towns and villages on Sunda Strait destroyed. |
| Sumatra-Talok Batong, Vlakke Hock |
22
15 |
|
| Java, Tyringen |
15-20 |
|
| Merak |
35 |
|
| Batavia |
2.4 |
|
| Surabaya |
0.2 |
|
Table 218/4. has been compiled after Iida et al. (1972).
Figure 218/1.-- Rakata Island after the 1883 eruption of Krakatau. Above: seen from the southeast; below: collapse of the northwest portion of the island has split the mountain. The main volcanic vent and even a shallow magma chamber within the mountain itself are easily visible on this nearly vertical natural section.
Figure 218/2.-- Old painting about eruption of Krakatau in 1883. After Mercalli.
There are a few additional sources in two recent publications of World Data Center A for Solid Earth Geophysics, which should also be quoted. Accordingly:
Cox et al. (1976, p. 13): "1883. Aug. 17. - Place of observation: Alaska, Kodiak; height: 0.1 (meter); observation and remarks: small waves arriving 27 August sometime between 18:00 and 23:00 were generated by atmospheric pressure waves resulting from the explosion of Krakatoa, and were not associated with the tsunami that caused destruction along shores of Sunda Strait." That is, this refers to the further oscillations. Similarly (Pararas-Carayannis and Calebaugh 1977, p. 14): "1883. Aug. 27. - Area of origin: Sunda Strait, Indonesia; place of observation: Hawaii, Oahu Island, Honolulu; height: 0.2 (meter); observation and remarks: the waves were only detectable by tide gage and arrived at 00:31, Aug. 27. (The small tsunami recorded in Hawaii was generated by atmospheric pressure waves from the major Krakatoa eruption. The only true tsunamis were generated and observed in the vicinity of Sunda Strait.)"
Finally, we mention that the speed of the second tsunami in the open water might have reached 700 km/h.
219. 1883 September 27 -- Bogoslof, Aleutian Islands
Birth of lava dome known as New Bogoslof, north of Ship Rock (Latter 1979). Submarine eruption, and as a consequence an andesitic lava dome came into being. Later on a subaerial crater was formed (Mercalli 1907). Appearance of a new tabular mass of lava from the sea. Grewingk = Fire = New Bogoslof. Explosions, bombs, and debris joined Ship Rock and Castle Rock to form a single, elongated island (Bullard 1968).
220. 1883 February 6 -- St. Augustine, Alaska
Explosive eruption, accompanied by tsunami with a height of 9 m (Henning et al. 1976) or 10 m (Sapper 1927), respectively. It was observed at Kenai Peninsula, Port Graham (Cox et al. 1976), and on the Aleutian Islands (Hech 1947) as well. The tsunami magnitude is assigned as 3? (Iida et al. 1972) which corresponds to an energy of 1.58·10^{23} ergs. According to Sapper (1927), rumblings, pumice-fall, ash-fall, bombs, lapilli, and "flames" were observed, and "the mount split in two". The eruption has been designated very powerful and paroxysmal by Hantke (1979). Note: Mercalli (1907) has called attention to the interesting fact that the great explosive outbreak of St. Augustine occurred almost simultaneously with the eruption of Bogoslof (see item 221). May it be that these two eruptions were really connected in an unknown way with each other? In our opinion a physical correlation between these two volcanoes is extremely unlikely; consider the very great distance between these eruptive centers. Thus their almost simultaneous activity is, in all probability, due to chance.
221. 1883 October 20 -- Bogoslof, Aleutian Islands
(See item 220 as well.) Violent explosive outburst, ash-fall at Unalaska, some 100 km to the east (Latter 1979).
Figure 221/1.-- The first appearance of Bogoslof in 1796 (upper drawing) and an 1883 view (lower drawing). 1. Ship Rock; 2. Old Bogoslof; 3. New Bogoslof.
222. 1884 December 29 -- Unnamed submarine volcano, northern Atlantic
The water suddenly became boiling and seething over a region 8 to 10 km. The sea surface at places was thrown up to a height of 0.6 m above the normal level. It might have been a real eruption, because of the relative proximity of a seamount (van Padang et al. 1967). The coordinates of the seamount in question are 48° 17.5' N, 35° 22' W, and the event was observed at 49° 00' N, 34° 30' W.
223. 1884 (?) -- Eldey, Iceland
Submarine activity, no details (Berninghausen 1964).
224. 1885 October 11 (or October 14) -- 1886 October -- Falcon Island, Tonga Volcanic Group
New island appeared. In 1886 the volcano was still in eruption (Richard 1962). According to Sapper (1927) the new island came into being on October 14, and 4 days later submarine activity was observed again. Activity was noted in the next year also, when the island reached a length of 2600 m and a height of 50. In 1887 it was 90 m high. Disappeared in 1898, but in 1900 cliffs appeared immediately below sea level ("backs of whales").
225. 1886 March -- Unnamed volcano, Kermadec Kermadec Volcanic Group
A submarine eruption has been reported at 29°11'S, 177°52'W. A great mass of floating pumice, nearly 5 km long and 2.5 km wide was seen, rising up from the depth and spreading out from the center of the mass (Richard 1962).
226. 1886 June 10 -- Tarawera, New Zealand
The great explosive eruption that originated from a regional fissure was - probably - accompanied by base surge (MacDonald 1972).
227. 1886 August 17 -- Nameless submarine eruptive center, Central Mediterranean Sea
At 35°54'N, 18°40'E a flame was seen, having had a height of 30 m and a width of 10. The phenomenon soon disappeared. Very doubtful event, mentioned only by Sapper (1927). The sea here is about 4000 m deep and the point mentioned is very far from the known volcanic belts of the Mediterranean Sea.
228. 1886 August 27 -- Nameless submarine eruptive center, Central Mediterranean
A really extraordinarily interesting correlation can be surmised between the submarine volcanic activity and the great earthquake; both took place on the same day. According to Sapper (1927) at midnight, not too much after the earthquake (see later) a dense, black cloud emerged from the sea vertically. It had a reddish color. The location of the event was 36°17'N, 21°27'E.
For the earthquake, an erroneous location is given by Giorgetti and Iaccarino (1971). According to them event No. 1091 took place at Messenia: 38°18'N, 15°36'E. The epicentral intensity was at least 10 degrees or even more. It is clear, however, that the Greek town, Messenia, was confused with the Italian town, Messina. The coordinates given above (which would refer to the epicentral location) are, in fact, the coordinates of the Italian Messina (according to The Prentice-Hall World Atlas, New Jersey, 1963: Messina: 38°11'N, 15°34'E; while Messini = Messene: 37°01'N, 22°00'E).
According to Galanopoulos (1960, 1960a) the epicentral coordinates were as follows: 37°N, 21°25'E and the intensity of the shock at Messini (or Messinia = Philiatra) was 11 degrees. The shock occurred at about 21h 30m GMT and it had an intermediate focus. In spite of this, a tsunami did occur. "A really great, probably intermediate shock with a very large meizoseismal area on the western coast of Messenia, was followed by a tsunami observable as far away as Smyrna." (Galanopoulos 1960, p. 378). The same data are repeated by Ambrasys (1962), as well as Karnik (1971). Three towns: Philiatra, Ligudistra, and Koroni and 123 villages were almost completely destroyed. Richter magnitude: 8.4.
In all likelihood the submarine eruption was directly triggered by this tremendous shock. Note that the place mentioned as the probable site of the volcanic phenomenon, can be found south of Peloponnesos, rather far from the known volcanic chain of the Greek archipelago.
229. 1886 -- Metis Shoal, Tonga Volcanic Group
Submarine activity. The rock that came above the level of the sea as a result of the underwater eruption in 1858 (see item 188), was 122 m high and it occasionally has been very active (Richard 1962).
230. 1887 January 16 -- Mauna Loa, Hawaii
Eruption from the southwest rift zone, accompanied by a submarine lava flow of some 153 million m³ (MacDonald 1959).
231. 1887 April 1 -- Unnamed submarine volcano, Northern Atlantic
An underwater eruption is mentioned by Sapper (1927) at 17°38'N, 46°34'W. No further information; doubtful.
232. 1887 -- Falcon Island, Tonga Volcanic Group
The new island (see item 224) has reached a length of some 87 m and is evidently still in further - although slow - development (Richard 1962). (See 1889 as well.)
233. 1887-1890 (between these years) -- Bogoslof, Aleutian Islands
Disappearance of Ship Rock (Latter 1979).
234. 1888 March 13 -- Ritter Islands off the Northeast Coast of New Guinea
The eruption was somewhat similar to that of Tambora in 1815 and Krakatau in 1883: on the dawn of March 13, most of the volcanic mount was disintegrated by a terrible explosion (Fisher 1957), that was followed by a great and powerful tsunami. Prior to the eruption it was a cone some 800 m high, but the catastrophic event caused removal of most of the subaerial portion of the mount, in all likelihood by a collapse-process (Center for Short-Lived Phenomena, Report No. 1507, 1972).
Heck (1947) gave March 12 for the day of occurrence of the tsunami. Generally, however, March 13 is accepted. The seismic sea wave engulfed the north coast of New Guinea and it was observed in New Britain as well. It caused great damage and some loss of life. Heck does not mention volcanic eruption. The tsunami magnitude was assigned as 27 by Iida et al. (1972); the corresponding energy amounts to \(3.98 \times 10^{22}\) ergs. The maximum height of the waves was 12 m.
235. 1889 September 6 (or September 9?)--Banua Wuhu, Sangihe Islands
Beringhausen (1969) gave the date of the event as September 6, but in other sources (Neumann van Padang 1951, van Bemmelen 1970) we find September 9. It is likely, however, that the two eruptions are the same. There is some confusion with the eruption of Ruang--see item 236. However, Ruang's outbreak is not mentioned by the Catalogue of Active Volcanoes of the World (Neumann van Padang 1951). According to Beringhausen (1969) the waves were relatively small ones, only 1.5 m in height at Taroena on the Sangihe Islands. The waves washed up many dead fishes. Neumann van Padang (1938) has mentioned the birth of a new island, having had a height of 50 m at the most. The activity ended in 1895. On September 6 a shock was felt that was probably a tectonic one.
236. 1889 September 9--Ruang, Sangihe Islands
As mentioned in item 235, this alleged eruption is often confused with the activity of Banua Wuhu. According to Iida et al. (1972) a tsunami accompanied the eruption of Ruang. It had a magnitude of 1?, which corresponds to an energy of \(10^{22}\) ergs. The eruption was in progress when the tsunami took place. The outbreak is doubtful, however, as it is not mentioned by Neumann van Padang's Catalogue of Active Volcanoes of the World (1951). It is noteworthy, furthermore, that Heck (1947) also mentioned the event but erroneously gave 1899 September 8 instead of 1889 September 9 as the date.
237. 1889 -- Kita-Iwo-zima, Izu-Mariana Islands
The water was ejected to a height of 100 m; the activity stopped after the earthquake of that year. Black mud and ash were thrown up from the submarine eruptive center. Sapper (1927) has mentioned a submarine outbreak from this area but without giving the date of the event's occurrence (Kuno 1962).
238. 1889 -- Unnamed volcano, Tonga Volcanic Group
This submarine volcano is located between Tongatapu and Fonoa Fo'ou, the latter name is a synonym for Falcon Island. No further data for the exact site are given. Discolored water, containing volcanic matter (some kind of fine particles) was reported (Richard 1962). The event is a little doubtful.
239. 1889 -- Falcon Island, Tonga Volcanic Group
In this year the island (see items 224 and 232, respectively) was 2 km long and 1.6 km wide, with a maximum height of almost 47 m at the southern end. It consisted of loose ashes and cinders (Richard 1962).
240. 1889 -- Metis Shoal, Tonga Volcanic Group
The rock which came into existence in 1858 (see items 188, 201, and 229, respectively), in 1889 was about 90 m across and some 20 m high (Richard 1962).
241. 1890 February -- Bogoslof, Aleutian Islands
Submarine outbreak (Mercalli 1907). Ash on Fire Island, which was in a fumarolic stage until about 1896 (Latter 1979).
242. 1891 October 17 - October 25 - Foerstner (Phlegraen Fields of the), Sicily Sea
This submarine eruption point is also known as "Bank NNW of Pantellaria". Explosive eruption with emission of gases and ejection of internally incan-
Figure 241/1.-- Development of the Bogoslof group. 1. Ship Rock; 2. Old Bogoslof; 3. New Bogoslof; 4. Strip of land that is dry at ebb-tide. (From Sapper)
descent fragments along the northwest submarine slopes of the island. Earthquakes and upward motions of the island as a whole preceded and accompanied the event (Imbo 1965).
243. 1891 December -- Unnamed volcano, Campi Flegrei del Mar di Sicilia
Only uncertain references are available about a submarine eruption south of Pantelleria (Imbo 1965).
244. 1892 June 7-8--Awu, Sangihe Islands
A tsunami occurred with a magnitude of 1? (Iida et al. 1972) as a result of the Awu eruption, but no details are known. The eruption itself is assigned as a great one by the Catalogue of the Active Volcanoes of the World (Neumann van Padang 1951). Sapper (1927) mentioned that 1,532 persons lost their lives. It is supposed that the tsunami was caused by nuees ardentes entering the sea.
245. 1893 (more likely before this year)-- Emperor of China, Banda Sea
Submarine explosions? The existence of this volcano, first mentioned in the Catalogue of Active Volcanoes of the World (Neumann van Padang 1951) was recently doubted by Jezek (1978) and debated by Neumann van Padang (1978). The situation is the same with Yersey (Lesser Sunda Islands), Nieuwerkerk (Banda Sea) as well as with a nameless submarine volcano in the region of the Sanghie Islands. The matter of the debate is very interesting and very pertinent to our subject; furthermore as the periodical "Berita" of the Indonesian Geological Survey (Direktorat Geologi) is not available for all of the readers, it seems to be reasonable to give here a summary of the views of Jezek and Neumann van Padang.
Neumann van Padang (Berita, 10, 17, pp. 198-199, 1978) has written:
In "Berita" v. 10 (1978), n. 13, p. 150, c.2. I read that Jezek doubts the existence of submarine volcanoes Nieuwerkerk and Emperor of China. But unfortunately the motives of his doubts were not mentioned.
I am of the opinion that Boerema's way of this thinking was logical and therefore correct. He wrote (1929, p. 919): "On the sea chart of islands and channels East of Java 1:1,000,000, edited in 1893 three coral reefs were inserted with the names:
Nieuwerkerk reef...........124°43'1E, 6°39'S
Emperor of China reef......124°17'1E, 6°44'S
and
Yersey reef...............123°57'1E, 7°32'S"
Krusinga (1938, p. 955) communicated that according to J.C.H. Luijmes, Chief of the Department of Hydrography, Nieuwerkerk was a ship wrecked in 1742 about 60 km northerly, and Emperor of China another ship wrecked at about the same place in 1852.
On September 24, 1925, a ship sailing at 6°40'S and 124°41'E observed at a distance of about 2 km turbulent water. The extension of the surf was estimated to be half a mile. The place was considered to be the same as that of the Nieuwerkerk reef. The disturbance of the water was the same as may be seen on reefs during calm weather and light swell. This report induced the Marine Department of the Netherlands Indies to make research into that region.
Soundings were done by the surveying vessel H. M. Tydeman and the submarine K. III. in May and by the submarine K. X in November 1926. However none of the vessels found a depth less than 2300 m. Therefore the reefs were expunged on the sea chart edition of 1927.
By inserting the different tracks on tracing cloth it became clear that a 1000 m high mountain ridge rose on the sea bottom with a depth of 4200 m. The summit with rather steep slopes had a height of 2000 m. The configuration of the sea bottom made it sure that surf on a coral reef was impossible and that the disturbance of the sea water observed on this spot could only be caused by the activity of a submarine volcano. This elucidated also that surveying vessels could not localize the supposed surf when the activity had subsided.
There was still another indication that we had to do with a submarine volcano. In February and March 1927 thousands of fishes, turtles etc. were washed ashore on the Islands of Alor and Lomblen situated at about 100 miles south and southeast of Nieuwerkerk. This phenomenon could only be caused by a submarine eruption.
Figure 245/1.-- Left: Section across Emperor of China. Right: sections across Nieuwerkerk (after Neuman van Padang).
Figure 245/2.-- Sections across some volcanoes (after Menard). a: Guyot, 290° N, 155° E; b: Ganung Api, Eastern Indonesia; c: Jasper seamount; d: Mauna Loa with its top-caldera (NE-SW section).
The soundings also gave indication of a submarine mountain of 1800 m height at the place of the "Emperor of China" reef.
In November 1929 Stehn (1929, p. 149) gave the volcano Nieuwerkerk the number 107, and Emperor of China the number 108.
That we have to do with submarine volcanoes was affirmed by the soundings of the Snellius Expedition. Van Riel (1934, on plate 9) showed that Emperor of China was a submarine mountain rising nearly 1500 m above its surroundings, having a summit which was 2850 m below sea level. Nieuwerkerk was a NNW - SSE stretching submarine mountain with two tops at a mutual distance of more than 7 km, rising about 1800 m and 1900 m above the bottom of the sea. The NW summit I at 6°36'S and 124°40'E was 2285 m, the SE summit II at 6°39'S and 124°43'E was 2325 m below the level of the sea. They were separated by a 600 m deep saddle.
Neumann van Padang (1938, p. 80 fig. 4. and 5.) published the chart that van Riel made of this part of the Banda Sea and cross sections through these two mountains. The place of the southern top corresponded with that of the so called Nieuwerkerk reef on the chart of 1893. (See also Neumann van Padang 1951, pp. 212-216.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Boerema, J., 1929: A new undersea volcano, Physical Papers, Proc. IV. Pacific Sci. Congr., v. 2, B, p. 919.
Kruizinga, P. and M. Neumann van Padang, 1938: Ueber die Unterseevulkane der Erde, Koninkl. Nederl. Aardrijksk. Genoot. Tijdschr., II, v. 55, p. 955.
Stehn, Ch. E., 1929: A new undersea volcano, Netherl. Ind. Volcanol. Survey Bull., Nov., pp. 147-149.
Neumann van Padang, M., 1938: Ueber die Unterseevulkane der Erde, De Ingenieur in Nederl. Ind., v. 5, n. 4, p. 80.
Neumann van Padang, M., 1951: Catalogue of the Active Volcanoes of the World, Part I. Indonesia, Napoli, pp. 212-216.
van Riel, P.M., 1934: The bottom configuration in relation to the flow of the bottom water, The Snellius Expedition, v. 2, Pt. 2, Plate 9.
This paper of Neumann van Padang, which was described here fully and literally, was supplemented by a note from the editor (K. Kusumadinata) as follows:
"Note from the Editor: Jezek doubts the existence of the submarine volcanoes in the Banda Sea as the data were not very reliable. We do agree with him in this case. In our opinion if both volcanoes exist -- they must receive their magma supply from a very great depth, since the primary magma chamber must be lying more than 500 kilometres beneath the surface. This value seems to be very improbable."
We do not share the opinion expressed by the editor. At first, the profiles of the oceanic bottom (see Fig. 245/1) provide unquestionable proof for the assertion of van Padang. According to him we have here typical volcanic forms. These features resemble very much volcanic shields with a top-crater or caldera, similar to -- for example - Mauna Loa of Hawaii (see Fig. 245/2). Secondly: we are familiar
with volcanic regions in the case of which the depth of primary magma chambers is surprisingly high. E.g., we found some 330 km for Vesuvius, 380 km for the Phlegraean Fields and 405 km for Ischia (Hedervari 1974-75); furthermore, as pointed out by Ninkovich and Hays (1971), the Indonesian volcanoes Batu Tara (north of Flores) and Muriah (on the northern coast of Java), which were active in the Pleistocene, are 300-400 km above the Benioff zone, and the volcano Ullung-do from the Sea of Japan and some plateau basalts from Korea and Manchuria are about 600 km above the seismic zone. In terms of the accepted model for the deep structure of island arcs (Minear and Taksoz 1970, Toksoz et al., 1971), local melting just beneath the active volcanos begins along the upper surface of the downgoing, usually oceanic lithospheric slab, and hence, primary magma chambers are formed at the upper edge of the seismic zone known also as Benioff zone which shows the position of the downgoing slab. Therefore, we cannot accept the counter-argument, mentioned above, according to which "if both volcanos exist -- they must receive their magma-supply from a very great depth, 500 km or more which appears to be improbably high." In the light of the examples, summarized above, such a great depth is not improbable at all.
In his answer to Neumann van Padang's paper, cited above, Jezek has written as follows (Berita 10, 20, pp. 254-256, 1978):
"Following is a discussion of observations used in classifying the submarine volcanoes:
"1. Disturbed sea water--Neuman van Padang et al. (1967) placed this type of observation in the 'Doubtful' category.
"2. Massive kill of fishes, turtles, etc.--known to occur in areas without any volcanic activity (e.g. 'red tide' occurring off the east U.S. coast; 'El Nino' occurring off the west coast of South America--both known to be caused by biological or hydrological factors) therefore does not document volcanic activity. Due to our poor knowledge of ocean currents in Eastern Indonesian waters in general it is even uncertain where these dead fishes and turtles, found on Alor and Lomblen, came from.
"3. Shipwrecks--without observations of volcanic phenomena made concurrently, in my opinion do not document submarine activity. It is unlikely that a submarine eruption at a depth greater than 2000 m would cause a shipwreck unless it was an exceptionally violent one which would then probably cause large tsunamis etc. recorded over a large area. It is very unlikely that two ships at two different times would be located exactly above the volcano just as the eruption was beginning because if a violent eruption was in progress the ships would avoid the area.
"4. Bottom features--the bathymetry of the southern Banda Sea shows some relief and although volcanic features may be present the lack of bottom samples and/or photographs prohibit unambiguous (sic) classification of these features.
"In the Celebes Sea no relief is found in the area of the proposed submarine volcano and approximately 5000 m deep sea floor is present."
I complete this interesting discussion, "Berita" (= Newsletter) has published a note in the November 1978 issue (10, 21, pp. 260-261), in which we can read the following:
In his letter of October 17, 1978, Dr. M. Neumann van Padang ... writes that Jezek is of course right that disturbed sea water is not always due to an volcanic eruption below sea level. ... When on September 24, 1925, broken water was sighted by the steamer Volsella at the place where Nieuwerkerk was inserted, exactly on the place where brakers or bubbles was observed earlier, the navigator was of the opinion that the coral reef on the map of 1893 was rediscovered. At the very time nobody was thinking on the possibility of a submarine volcanic outburst.
The 'reefs' Nieuwerkerk, Emperor of China and Yersey (see map 1893) of course were named after the ships which observed phenomena such as breakers of coral reefs. Neumann van Padang regrets not to be aware when it was carried out and by whom. Only at the time soundings were conducted at this place in 1926 depths of more than 2300 m were discovered. Boerema only then arrive to the thought that the 'disturbance of the sea water' must be due to a volcanic outburst.
The thousands of fishes washed ashore might be a proof of Boerema's correct sight. In no case it is contrary to it.
The 'reefs' Nieuwerkerk and Emperor of China were drawn on the map of 1893. In 1930, exactly 37 years later the bottom of the sea was mapped by the Snellius Expedition and only then it appears there were undersea mountains of 1500 and 1900 m in height, their summits were situating on the places of the reefs on the old sea chart ... This is not quite an accident and according to Neumann van Padang a strong indication proofing Boerema's opinion. In his article in 1938 Neumann van Padang draw transverse sections through these mountains. It became evident that Emperor of China is a singular cone, Nieuwerkerk a double one. These 'reefs' had to be named. According to J. C. H. Luijmes, Chief of the Department of Hydrology, the names of the ships were selected which were wrecked in their surroundings, perhaps stranded on reefs somewhere south of Sulawesi. Nieuwerkerk was the name of a ship wrecked in 1742 about 60 km north of the above mentioned place and Emperor of China was another ship wrecked in 1852. It is evident that these ships have nothing to do with submarine outbursts. The ships were only considered to give the 'reefs' a name. Thus it is clear that Jezek misunderstands.
Concerning the submarine volcano I. 84. or 6,7-5 (the first symbol is the serial number of the volcano in the old catalogue, used by the Volcanological Survey of the Dutch East Indies; the second symbol is the serial number of the volcano in the Catalogue of Active Volcanoes of the World -- note by P. H.) in the Sulawesi Sea, Neumann van Padang writes that he refers to this submarine volcano in 1938 as well as in his Catalogue in 1951, as the Catalogue only aims to mention known data on volcanos concerning 'Name and location,' 'Form and structure,' 'Eruptive activity,' 'Petrography,' as well as 'Bibliography.' It was then not aimed to make critical remarks.
Note: The coordinates of this doubtful submarine volcano are 3°58'N, 124°10'E (or 124°12E) (Neumann van Padang 1938).
In conclusion: The present author accepts the possibility of the existence of Nieuwerkerk and Emperor of China, as submarine volcanos, because the profiles of the oceanic bottom show typical volcanic (shield-volcanic) features. Thus in this case we share the opinion of Neumann van Padang. But the existence of the Jersey volcano is not proven by depth-measurements in so definite a way. According to Neumann van Padang (1951), the Snellius expedition in 1929 established a depth of more than 3,800 m and found a submarine ridge that rises about 600 m from the flat floor of the Banda Sea. This submarine ridge carries two active volcanos: Batu Tara and Api (van Bemmelen 1970). Therefore--states the Catalogue of Active Volcanoes of the World--the conception of the existence of a reef must have been caused by a submarine eruption, the date of which is unknown. That is, although the existence of the submarine volcano known as Jersey is not excluded, it is not proven. Concerning this feature, we are inclined to accept Jezek's opinion. Similarly, the existence of the submarine volcano 6,7-5 is very doubtful. The number "6,7-5" is the serial number of a supposed submarine volcano at 3°58'N, 124°10'E (from the Indonesian volume of the Catalogue of Active Volcanoes of the World).
246. 1894 April -- Falcon Island, Tonga Volcanic Group
It is estimated that about two-thirds of the new island (see items 224, 232, and 239, respectively) was washed away since 1885, the year of its origin. In 1894 only a low streak of black rocks was present (Richard 1962).
247. 1894 July--Banua Wuhu, Sangihe Islands
A 50-m high strip of land was seen--perhaps a new island? Uncertain (Neumann van Padang 1953).
248. 1894 November 21--Unnamed submarine volcano, northern Atlantic
According to Berninghausen (1968, p. 33), "large waves, possibly caused by submarine volcanic activity in the vicinity of 49°00'N, 34°30'W, were reported from several locales in the Atlantic. Off the west coast of Ireland at 53°09'N, 09°52'W, the ship S.S. Diamond lying-to awaiting daylight to enter port, reported that the wave was heard some time before it was seen and then seemed to be about 40 feet high. The vessel never rose to it but was literally submerged for a time." Note: We regard the submarine activity to be a little doubtful. The place mentioned as the site of the submarine eruptive center lies on the northern part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where, of course, submarine volcanic activity is possible. However such basaltic lava flows that are frequent along the rift valley are never accompanied by tsunamis. It appears to be more likely that the observed waves were either due to a strong storm or to a sequake, rather than to a submarine volcanic eruption. Let us remember that neither the birth of Fayal (Azores, 1957 September 17) nor that of Surtsey (Iceland, 1963 November 14) was accompanied by tsunamis, although both eruptions were extraordinarily strong ones and were accompanied by base surges. It is, therefore, hard to believe that a tsunami would have been associated with a slow, normally explosionless, basaltic lava effusion on the bottom or along the inner slope of the rift valley, when a new island did not come into being.
249. 1894 December -- Falcon Island, Tonga Volcanic Group
Submarine activity. The island (last mentioned under item 246) was 15 m high again; consequently it had grown since 1894 April (Richard 1962).
250. 1894 -- Metish Shoal, Tonga Volcanic Group
The rock that was born in 1858 (last mentioned under item 240) has been active again (Richard 1962).
251. 1895 (end of the year) -- Banua Wuhu, Sangihe Islands
A temporary island came into existence (van Bemmelen 1970).
252. 1895 -- Falcon Island, Tonga Volcanic Group
Submarine activity has been reported by Neumann van Padang (1938).
253. 1895 or 1896 -- Thompson Island, Southern Atlantic
In the following we list a summary of the supposed events given by Baker (1967) and Lamb (1967, 1970, 1971), and an explanation for the lack of tsunami data as well as for the mode of the annihilation of the island (Hedervari 1981b).
The existence of Thompson Island was first claimed by Captain George Norris (vessel Sprightly) as early as 1825. He gave the coordinates as 53°56'S, 5°30'E. This site can be found on the southernmost part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, southwest of the Cape of Good Hope, between the Cape Basin and the Atlantic-Antarctic-Arctic Basin in a part of the Southern Atlantic south of the northern limit of permanent sea ice. According to Baker (1967) this land might have been destroyed as a result of either a caldera
subsidence or an explosive eruption. The sketch, made by Norris, showed an island that has a gently domed form and a single sharp peak. A small hill on the island appeared to be a volcanic cone.
Many decades later, in 1893, Thompson Island was seen again, in this instance by Captain Joseph Fuller (vessel Francis Allyn) and was located "northeast of Bouvet" (Bouvetoya). The distance between these two islands might have been about 72 km. The German Deep Sea Expedition in the year of 1898 was unable to find Thompson Island. Therefore it is generally assumed that the island in question disappeared between 1893 and 1898.
Lamb (1967, 1970, 1971) is of the opinion that a very powerful, Krakatau-like explosive eruption provides the most reasonable explanation for the disappearance of this island. On the basis of climatological data he has put the date of the eruption as either 1895 or 1896. Also according to his opinion, the original island might have had a conical shape with a radius of 1 (or 2?) km at sea level (Baker has mentioned that from Norris' sketch map it appears to have been a very small island measuring 1 km by 2 km). Lamb supposed, furthermore, that the peak was about 0.5 km high and had a base about 1.5 km below sea level. His calculations gave 35 km^3 for the quantity of material dispersed during the catastrophe, and one-tenth to one-fifth of this could have been dispersed in the form of fine dust. Note that the generally accepted value for the dispersed total volume in the case of Krakatau in 1883 is only 18 km^3, and in the case of Tambora in 1815 is 30 km^3. (The latter value is from Neumann van Padang, personal communication, during the First International Scientific Congress on the Volcano of Thera, Athens, 1969). Accordingly, the explosion and the caldera-collapse process at Thompson Island that led to the complete destruction and disappearance of this land might have been really a particularly powerful one.
We fully accept the statement according to which large volcanic eruptions can influence the Earth's climate for 1-5 years or more, as this has been partly suggested by meteorological research, carried out by Humphreys in 1940 and more recently by Budyko, Mitchell, Lamb, and other authors. On this basis it is perfectly true that using climatological data it is possible to deduce (unknown or unobserved) volcanic eruptions.
Concerning Thompson Island, there are two unsolved problems. First: if such a very great outbreak occurs in the open ocean, the event should be followed by one or more tsunami(s). Let us remember, for example, Tambora (1815), Krakatau (1883) or Ritter (1888), respectively (see items 92, 218, and 234). Nevertheless, we have no data on seismic sea waves associated with the Thompson-event. The reason for the lack of tsunami data may be threefold.
a) This part of the Southern Atlantic, as mentioned above, is south of the northern limit of permanent sea ice (see the map of Atlantic Ocean, Atlas Plate 62, June 1968), compiled by the National Geographic Society of the USA). Hence, under such circumstances, a "normal" tsunami was not able to develop.
b) The respective, very remote part of the Southern Atlantic was not visited by ships too frequently in the last decade of the 19th Century, because of its very severe weather and the danger of drifting sea ice. Therefore, there were no witnesses of the events including the rather strange and unusual version of the tsunami, when the waves developed beneath and among very large ice-floes.
c) Buoyetoya and Thompson Islands and vicinity are practically uninhabited. The distance between the site of Thompson Island and Gough Island is roughly 2000 km. The latter might have been an inhabited area (although surely not too densely populated) in the last decade of the 19th Century. Let us disregard now the presence and unknown effect of the sea ice, and let us suppose that the tsunami at its source was comparable to that of Krakatau. The height of the Thompson tsunami at its source is supposed thus to be 36 m. Plotting the observed heights against the distance between the source and the places of observations, we find that at a distance of 2000 km from Krakatau, the maximum height of the waves was only about 1.5 m. On this basis a similar value can be suggested for the Thompson tsunami at Gough Island. But normal sea waves with the same height are produced by a wind, the intensity of which on the Beaufort scale is 3 (the corresponding speed of the wind is 12-19 km per hour). On the Douglas Sea Scale this corresponds to 3 degrees, which means a wave height of 0.9-1.5 m. When it is supposed that the tsunami at its source was two times greater than that of Krakatau, the values at a distance of 2000 km will be as follows: probably maximum tsunami height: 3 m; and such great normal sea waves are produced by winds the intensity of which is 7 or 8 degrees on Beaufort's scale (50-74 km per hour). On the Douglas Sea Scale these values correspond to 5 degrees, where the height of the sea waves varies from 2.4 m to 3.6 m. Considering now that Gough Island is lying in the open ocean where such winds, having 7 or 8 degrees intensity on the Beaufort scale are very frequent phenomena, we can state that the waves due to the Thompson tsunami, were not discernible from the frequent, normal waves of the water that are due to winds, particularly at the time of storms.
The second unsolved problem regarding Thompson Island is the fact that the soundings, carried out by the South African Navy, in the region 72 km northeast of Bouvetoya, did not reveal any submarine features, such as a shoal or a seamount at the former site of the alleged island (Baker, 1967). At the point in question a depth of 1645 m was established.
The lack of traces -- again in our opinion -- can be understood if one takes into consideration the tectonic position of the island, for the site of which we accept the coordinates given by Captain Norris.
Figure 253/1 shows the 2000-fathom depth-contour, the submarine base of Buoyetoya, the location of Thompson Island, and the northern limit of sea ice. Using the chart of deep-oceanic relief (Atlantic Ocean Floor, 1968, published by the National Geographic Society of USA) it can be stated that Thompson Island was located exactly at the edge of a transform fault (see TH and TR F in Fig. 253/2). If the soundings were made only a few kilometers east of the real site of the island in question, it is quite clear that the result was a great depth. And, at the same time, it is evident that no shoal or seamount could be found here, because if a strong eruption of the Krakatau-type had taken place in such a critical area, not only explosions had to occur but at the same time sub-marine slumps, rock- and mud-avalanches and slides also accompanied the event. By other words, submergence due to down-faulting was associated with the eruption. At the time of paroxysm, the island, as a
Figure 253/1.-- The position of Bouvetoya (B) and the site of Thompson Island (TH). A: Africa; AP: Agulhas Plateau; Loi: limit of ice. Labelled lines are depth contours in fathoms. The submarine base of Buovetoya is also shown.
Figure 253/2.-- Tectonic setting of Thompson Island (TH). Symbols used: A: Africa; RV: Rift Valley; B: Bouvetoya; TR F: transform fault. Only the near environs of Thompson Island are indicated, on the basis of a recent map of submarine features in the southern Atlantic. Vertical relief is strongly exaggerated.
whole, submerged suddenly and its dispersing material, including both the subaerial part and the submarine base alike, slid or collapsed into the depth, represented by the transform fault in question. The Thompson Island was literally swallowed by the ocean.
Our concluding remarks are as follows:
1. As the Bouvetoya Island has lavas that are rather siliceous in character (Baker 1967), we can suppose that its sister-island, Thompson, at a distance of only 72 km, might have had a similarly siliceous lava. Therefore an eruption of the Krakatau type, characterized by extraordinarily powerful explosions, seems to be quite probable and possible in the case of Thompson Island.
2. The tsunami that accompanied the explosions and the sudden submergence of the island was not observed, because (1) no ships were near the site of the event and therefore there were no witnesses; (2) no ships were nearby due to the presence of very large ice floes (or a permanent covering of ice) in the vicinity of Thompson Island, and the tsunami had a peculiar and perfectly unusual character, very different from that of the "normal" ones; (3) the nearest (probably) inhabited island (Gough) lies some 2000 km from Thompson Island, and at such a great distance the tsunami waves (if they could form at all among the floating ice floes)—having a height of 1 or 2 m or else 3 m at the utmost—were not discernible from the normal waves of the water due to winds and storms, respectively.
3. On, or very near, the site of the former island a rather great depth can now be measured, amounting to 1645 m, but no shoals or seamounts have been discovered. This is explained by the supposition that the island as a whole slid or collapsed into the depth represented by the neighbouring transform fault. Considering and accepting the coordinates given by Captain Norris, we can state that the island had been situated just at the edge of the western wall of this feature. At the time of the paroxysm a great deal of material from the island was dispersed and disintegrated, partly as a consequence of the explosions and partly as a result of the sliding or collapsing displacement toward the depth.
4. The former existence of the island in question is known without any doubt, not only because it was seen at two different times by the crew of two different ships, but, in addition, because the climatic anomaly of the southern hemisphere in the last decade of the nineteenth century can be explained by the direct effect of a particularly powerful eruption in the southern hemisphere (Lamb 1967, 1970, 1971).
254. 1896 September -- Unnamed submarine volcano, Iceland
Probable location of the event: 63°20'N (?), 20°15'W (?). Submarine eruption reportedly accompanied earthquake in southern Iceland. Report of doubtful reliability (Berninghausen 1964).
255. 1896 -- Bayonnaise Rocks, Izu-Mariana Islands
Submarine activity 14 km north of Bayonnaise Rocks. Approximate location of the Rocks: 31°55'N, 139°55'E. The outburst produced a reef projecting above sea level (Kuno 1962).
256. 1897 September 21 -- Jolo, Sulu Archipelago
is supposed (Neumann van Padang 1953). Although Iida et al. (1972) gave no information about the submarine activity, they discussed the tsunami as follows. Its generating area was the Sulu Sea or the Celebes Sea near the Sulu Islands. The magnitude is assigned as ?; the maximum height reached by the waves was 6 m at Solo, Sulu Islands. It was the greatest tsunami in the history of the Philippine Islands. Two strong waves were observed. About 25 buildings were demolished and some people lost their lives.
Jolo volcano itself is characterized by Neumann van Padang (1953) to be either an island or a submarine volcano. The island is located at 5° 55' N, 121° 10' E, and is almost entirely blanketed with volcanic materials. An eruption 1641 January 4, is mentioned by the Catalogue of Active Volcanoes of the World, but its submarine or subaerial character is not stated.
257. 1897-1901 -- Karua, New Hebrides Islands
An eruption-cycle commenced in 1897. At the end of the cycle a new island emerged from the sea in 1901, having had a length of 1 km and a height of 15 m. After half a year it gradually disappeared (Fisher 1957).
258. 1898 -- Falcon Island, Tonga Volcanic Group
The new island that came into being in 1885 (see item 224) disappeared. In this year only a shoal remained, about 90 m in extent (Richard 1962).
259. 1899 September 8 -- Ruang, Sangihe Islands
Likely a printed error in Heck's paper (1947). Correct version: see item 236.
C. SUPPLEMENTS AND A LIST OF EVENTS OF UNKNOWN DATE AND/OR UNKNOWN LOCATION
260. 215 B.C. -- Vulcano Lipari Islands
Submarine activity (Sapper 1927). Not sure.
261. 126 B.C. -- Vulcano, Lipari Islands
Submarine activity near Vulcano (Sapper 1927).
Doubtful.
262. 708 A.D. -- Sakura-zima, Kyushu
Submarine eruption, new island? (Sapper 1927).
263. 764 December -- Kamuzukuri (Kamizukurishima), Kyusyu
Near Sakura-zima a submarine eruption took place that was followed by the birth of a small group of islands. The activity commenced probably in December 764 and lasted a few years. Location of the eruption: 31°40'N, 130°43'E (Neumann van Padang 1938).
264. 872 -- O-sima, Izu-Mariana Islands
Accompanied by rumblings, a new island came into being near O-sima (Sapper 1927). Doubtful; it is not mentioned in the Catalogue of Active Volcanoes of the World (Kuno 1962).
265. 1050 -- Santorini, Aegean Sea. Supplement to item 16
According to Ambraseys (1962), the date is most probably erroneous; 1650 is the probable date.
266. 1185-1190 -- Sakura-zima, Kyushu
Sapper (1927) has mentioned two new islands. Doubtful, not mentioned by Kuno (1962).
267. 1211 -- Eldey, Iceland
Submarine eruption on the Reykjanes Ridge, coinciding with great earthquakes. A new island came into existence--Eldeyjar, Island of Fire--while the old islands disappeared from the spot where they had always been. This indicates that there was volcanic activity in the area long before 1211 (Thorarinsson 1965). Sapper (1927) also mentioned this eruption and a new island at 63°45'N, 23°W. The event is briefly discussed by Neumann van Padang (1938) as well.
268. 1332 -- Unnamed submarine volcano, Iceland.
Supplement to item 21
From a contemporary annal: "...from the Fljat and from many other districts in the North of Iceland a new island was seen to have emerged to the northwest of Grimsey." (Thorarinsson 1965).
269. 1340 (about this year) -- Eldey (the near environs of Iceland)
Southwest of Reykjanes (near or in the place of Eldey), possibly submarine eruption (Thorarinsson 1965).
270. 1456 -- Unnamed submarine volcano, Iceland.
Supplement to item 25
According to Thorarinsson (1965, p. 74) "Jan Mayen may possibly be the island referred to."
271. 1476 October 9 -- Sakura-zima, Kyushu
Eruption from a parasitic crater, explosions and lava flows (Kuno 1962). Some old Japanese sources have mentioned a simultaneous submarine outbreak, accompanied by the birth of a new island as well as seismic sea waves. The submarine activity and their consequences are, however, doubtful.
272. 1541 September 10 -- Aguia, Guatemala
A rather strange event - namely a "water-eruption" - is mentioned by Sapper (1927). According to his opinion, however, the phenomenon might have been a lahar. Another possibility is the draining of the crater lake (Mooser et al. 1958). Except for this case, lahars are not treated in the present catalog.
273. 1605. Nameless submarine eruptive point, Southern Atlantic
Sapper (1927) has mentioned an eruption "far from (Fernando de) Noronha at 7°S and 3°"—but neither west nor east is indicated for the second coordinate. It must be emphasized that along the 7°S latitude neither 3°W, nor 3°E is a volcanic region, although the point at 7°S, 3°E can be found in the continuation of the Cameron-Sao Tome volcanic chain. The event is regarded as very doubtful. No further data are available in other sources.
Λ ? ?
274. 1613 -- Unnamed submarine volcano, Iceland
"On Bishop Thorlaksson's map of the North Atlantic of 1669 there is an island located quite a long way to the southwest of Iceland and this island is said to have been seen by Spanish sailors in 1613. We have no other knowledge of this island. It may have been on the Reykjanes ridge." (Thorarinsson 1965, p. 74.)
Λ ? Λ ?
275. 1755 November 18 -- Nameless submarine eruptive center, Northern Atlantic
Sapper (1927) has explained that the eruption in question is very doubtful. We share his view, considering that the point at 42°38'N, 65°57'W is lying south of Nova Scotia, which is not a volcanic region at all.
Λ ? ?
276. 1755 -- Nameless submarine volcano, Iceland
In this year there seems to have been an eruption somewhere north of Iceland, but the position is unknown and it may possibly have been Jan Mayen (Thorarinsson 1965).
Λ ?
277. 1781 April 11 -- Sakura-zima, Kyushu.
Supplement to item 71
A new island came into being (Sapper 1927). Not mentioned elsewhere, therefore doubted.
S Λ Λ ?
278. 1782 -- Sakura-zima, Kyushu
Submarine activity, no further data (Sapper 1927). Doubtful.
Λ ?
279. 1783 May 3 -- Eldey, Iceland. Supplement to item 73
The new island (Noyoe, Nyey, or Nyoe) was first observed and sketched on May 3 by Captain Mindelberg and crew of the Danish brig "Boesand." The island reached a diameter of at least 900 m. "The Danish Government showed a great interest in this island which received the name Nyey (Nyoe) = New Island. A royal decree was issued to the effect that an expedition should be sent to the island to hoist the Danish flag and set up a 3 ellis high stone inscribed with the royal insignia. The stone never found its way to the island simply because the island could not be found in the autumn of 1793." (Thorarinsson 1965, p. 74.)
$ Λ Λ
280. 1806 -- Unnamed undersea volcano, Equatorial Atlantic
According to Sapper (1927), a submarine eruption took place at 2°43'S, 22°55'W. Doubtful, as it is not mentioned by other authors.
Λ ?
281. 1814 -- Nameless submarine eruptive point, Kamchatka
A submarine eruption is mentioned, without any further details, by Russel (1888). Uncertain.
Λ ?
282. 1815 April 5-12 -- Tambora, Lesser Sunda Islands. Supplement to item 92
Neumann van Padang (1971) has discussed some important further facts concerning the great eruption of Tambora in 1815. As the direct result of the outburst, 10,000 persons lost their lives on Sumbawa and the neighboring islands. Due to epidemics and famine, as indirect effects of the eruption, a further 38,000 people died on Sumbawa and 44,000 on Lombok. Considering these data, the Tambora-eruption is regarded to be the most destructive outburst during the present millennium.
Although the Tambora eruption was greater in intensity than that of Krakatau in 1883, its tsunami was much less powerful. This fact can be explained by considering that the collapse of the mount happened largely well above the sea level, and not partly below the sea level as in the cases of Krakatau and of Santorini, where the newly formed caldera was inundated immediately by the water. The height of the tsunami on April 10 at the coast of Sumbawa was 4 m, at any rate much smaller than the height of the tsunami at Java and Sumatra, on opposite sides of Sunda Strait after the paroxysm of Krakatau. At a distance of 85 km from Tambora, at Bima, the tsunami was strong enough to tear ships off their chains and after this the water run among the houses along the port. At
Besuki, lying at a distance of 450 km from Tambora, the height of the wave was 180 cm.
283. 1827 -- Unnamed submarine volcano, Azores
East of the islands floating pumice was found (Sapper 1927). Although it is not mentioned by other sources and the location is unknown, the event is an accepted one.
284. 1831 August -- Nameless submarine volcano, Lesser Antilles
Near Barbados a submarine eruption might have happened. Ash fall was observed in 20 villages on the Lesser Antilles (Sapper 1927). Note: On 11 August 1831, at night, five or six shocks were felt at Martinique, but only one was strong (Robson 1964). Maybe these shocks were associated with the submarine activity that is accepted as valid.
285. 1836 -- Nameless submarine volcano, Equatorial Atlantic. Supplement to item 117
For the year 1836 two submarine eruptions are reported (Sapper 1927), but no further data are given. The locations were as follows:
1°35'S, 20°45'W, and 0°35'S, 15°50'W,
respectively. The second was mentioned in item 117 as the site where black ash of volcanic origin has been collected, but the unnamed submarine volcano that erupted on 1836 January 25 is located at 0°40'S, 20°10'W. Although there are certain differences among the coordinates, it can be supposed that the submarine volcano at 0°40'S, 20°10'W may be identical with one of the two volcanos that are mentioned by Sapper.
286. 1837 November 25 -- Unnamed undersea volcanic center, Bahama Bank
A remarkable light-phenomenon was seen, but its volcanic nature is doubtful (Sapper 1927). Note: Although no exact location is given, no volcanic manifestation can be supposed if one considers that the Bahama Bank is not a volcanic region. The event is not mentioned in other sources; therefore, we share Sapper's opinion about the uncertainty of the phenomenon. As an interesting coincidence of events it is worth mentioning that 5 days later a severe earthquake was observed on Martinique (Robson 1964). We are sure, however, that this shock had nothing to do with the light-phenomenon. The distance between the Bahama Bank and Martinique is too great.
287. 1839 -- Unnamed undersea volcano, Northern Atlantic
A submarine eruption is reported by Sapper (1927) at 31°42'N, 42°30'W. As no further details are given and the event is not mentioned by other authors, the eruption is regarded to be doubtful.
288. 1844 -- Nameless submarine volcano, Azores
Rhythmic murmur was heard. No exact location is given (Sapper 1927). The volcanic nature of the event is very doubtful.
289. 1845 February 8 -- Soputan, Celebes.
Normal explosions from the central crater took place. A tectonic earthquake occurred and a tsunami with a magnitude of 0 (?) was observed at Manado (Lida et al., 1972). The tsunami was due to this shock. Only an indirect relation with the eruption can be supposed.
290. 1852 -- Submarine eruptive center, Equatorial Atlantic
Undersea activity is mentioned by Sapper (1927) at 0°12' N (?), 19° W. No further data are available; uncertain.
Note: In what follows events will be summarized for which the date of occurrence is unknown. Therefore it may be that some of the phenomena took place after 1900 January 1. Other events that occurred after this date will be treated in the second volume.
291. ...?... Submarine eruptive center, Kurile Islands
The event perhaps took place in the 1880s. Although the year is unknown, Sapper (1927) gave the month and day as July 12. Rumblings every 15 minutes. The volcanic nature of the phenomenon is uncertain.
292. ...?... Submarine eruption point, Juan Fernandez Islands
Location (Sapper 1927): 33°20'N, 78°20'W. Questionable. The latitude is erroneous; 33°20'S should be read instead of 33°20'N.
π ?
293. ...?... Underwater eruptive center, Tonga Volcanic Group
More than one submarine eruption was reported "not too far from Lale" or Lette (Sapper 1927), near the Home Shoal Deep at 19°17'S, 174°45'W. Uncertain.
π ?
294. ...?... Yersey, Lesser Sunda Islands
The date of its eruption is unknown; the existence of the submarine volcano is doubted (see item 245).
π ?
295. ...?... Submarine eruptive center, Gulf of Aden
A submarine volcano is mentioned at 12°15'N, 45°00'E, but it is regarded as problematical by Neumann van Padang (1963).
π ? π ?
296. ...?... Ormus Islands, Gulf of Oman
The Ormus Islands in the Gulf of Oman, between the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea, are of volcanic origin. These islands still have well-shaped craters and lava flows. Sapper mentioned lava effusions in the Strait of Oman that must have had taken place in the Middle Ages (in the historical, not in the geological meaning). All these data give the impression that volcanic activity has not yet fully died in this region (Neumann van Padang 1963). Accepting this possibility, only the submarine nature of the activity is questioned.
π ? ?
297. ...?... Nameless submarine volcano, Southern Atlantic
An underwater outbreak was reported at 15°30'S, 21°45'W. The event is very doubtful because at this point the depth of the Atlantic Ocean is 5300 m (Neumann van Padang 1963), and thus it can hardly be imagined that the activity--if any--would have been observed on the surface. Incidentally, the place mentioned is far west of the rift valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
π ? ?
298. ...?... Nameless submarine volcano, Southern Atlantic
The eruption was reported at 12°45'S, 21°45'W. This event is also very doubtful, similar to item 296, as the depth of the ocean here is 5300 m (Neumann van Padang 1963).
π ?
299. ...?... Nameless submarine volcano, Southern Atlantic
The submarine outbreak at 30°50'S, 30°48'W has not been proven, therefore it is problematical (Neumann van Padang 1963).
π ?
300 ...?... Unnamed submarine eruption center, Bonin Islands
Sapper (1927) has mentioned an outburst at 25°20'N, 141°20'E. Questionable.
π ?
301. ...?... Unnamed submarine volcano, Luzon Strait, Philippine Islands
In Sapper's book (1927) a submarine outbreak is mentioned at 20°20'N, 121°45'E in the Luzon Strait, northwest of Babuyan Islands. No further data are available; the event is regarded as doubtful.
π ?
302. ...?... Nameless submarine eruption site, Flores Sea
Sapper (1927) has mentioned an eruption at the point located at 7°30'S, 119°30'E. The event is problematical and an eruption far north of the Indonesian volcanic belt is unlikely.
π ?
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Hedervari, P., 1975: On the Possible Relationship between the Matsushiro Earthquake Swarm and the Inactivity of Asama-yama Volcano. Annali di Geofis., V. 28, No. 4, Rome, Italy.
Hedervari, P., 1976: Note on the Possible Relationship between Tectonic Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions. Berita, V. 8, No. 27.
Hedervari, P., 1976a: Some Geophysical Aspects of the 1963 Eruption of Agung, Bali, Berita, V. 8, No. 31.
Hedervari, P., 1976b: Further Examples for the Mutual Relationship between Tectonic Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions. Berita, V. 8, No. 35.
Hedervari, P., 1976c: Relationship between Tectonic Earthquakes and Volcanic Outbursts (and vice versa) in Indonesia. Berita, V. 9, No. 2.
Hedervari, P., 1977: Two Recent Eruptions in the Indonesian-Philippine Region and their Possible Relationship with Tectonic Earthquakes. Berita, V. 9, No. 5.
Hedervari, P., 1977a: A Note on the (Subsurface) Activity of Kadover Volcano, Bismarck Sea. Berita, V. 9, No. 7.
Hedervari, P., 1977b: Relations between Tectonic Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions. Lecture at the IAVCEI Workshop on Volcanic Hazards, Durham, England, 10 August 1977. Berita, V. 9, No. 24.
Hedervari, P., 1978: Note on the Subsurface Activity of Miharayama Volcano (O-Shima Island, Japan) and its Connection with the Tectonic Earthquakes on January 13 and 14 in the Same Region. Berita, V. 10, No. 7.
Hedervari, P., 1979: The Relationship between Tectonic Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions with Particular Reference to Santorini (Aegean Sea) and Indonesia. Geologie en Mijnbouw, Speical Issue in honor of Professor R. W. van Bemmelen: V. 53, No. 2.
REFERENCES (Continued)
Hedervari, P., 1981: Volcanism and Seismicity in the Indo-Australian Seismic Belt: Manifestations of Intraplate Tectonics, Annali di Geofis., Vol. XXXI, No. 1, pp. 111-133.
Hedervari, P., 1982: A Possible Submarine Volcano in the Central Part of Georgiana, Ninety East Ridge, Indian Ocean. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Res., V. 13, pp. 199-211.
Henning, R. A., Rosenthal, C.H., Olds, B., and Reading, E., 1976: Alaska's Volcanoes. Alaska Geographic, V. 4, No. 1.
Iida, K., 1958: Magnitude and Energy of Earthquakes Accompanied by Tsunami, and Tsunami Energy. Journ. of Earth Sci., V. 6, No. 2.
Iida, K., 1961: Magnitude, Energy, and Generation Mechanism of Tsunamis, and Catalogue of Earthquakes Associated with Tsunamis. And: On the Estimation of Tsunami Energy. Both presented at the Tenth Pacific Science Congress. Xerox copies of the manuscripts.
Iida, K., Cox, D. C., and Pararas-Carayannis, G., 1972: Preliminary Catalogue of Tsunamis Occurring in the Pacific Ocean. Report HIG-67-10, Univ. of Hawaii.
Imbo, G., 1965: Catalogue...XVIII. Napoli, Italy.
Jezek, P., 1978: Submarine Volcanoes in the Banda and Celebes Seas. Berita, V. 10, Nos. 13 and 20.
Johnson, R. H., 1970: Active Submarine Volcanism in the Austral Islands. Science, V. 167, pp. 977 - 979.
Johnson, R. H., 1973: Acoustic Observations of Nonexplosive Submarine Volcanism. Journ. Geophys. Res., V. 78, No. 26, pp. 6093 - 6096.
Karnik, V., 1968: Seismicity of the European Area. Part 1. ACADEMIA, publishers for the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechoslovakia, 364 pp.
Karnik, V., 1971: Seismicity of the European Area. Part 2. ACADEMIA, publishers for the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechoslovakia, 218 pp.
Katsui, Y., et al., 1978: Types of Historic Eruptions and Nature of Magma in Northern Japan. Thera and the Aegean World, I. Thera and the Aegean World, Publishers, London, England, pp. 171 - 182.
Kausel, E., 1965: Personal communication concerning the 1835 earthquake in Chile. January 11, 1965.
Kibblewhite, A. C., 1966: The Acoustic Detection and Location of an Underwater Volcano. New Zealand Journ. of Sci., V. 9, No. 1.
Kittleman, L. R., 1979: Tephra. Scientific American, V. 241, No. 6.
REFERENCES (Continued)
Komlos, G., Hedervari, P., and Meszaros, S., 1978: A Brief Note on Tectonic Earthquakes Related to the Activity of Santorini from Antiquity to the Present. Thera and the Aegean World, I. Thera and the Aegean World, Publishers, London, England, pp. 97 - 103.
Kuno, H., 1962: Catalogue...XI. Japan, Taiwan and Marianas. Napoli, Italy.
Lamb, H. H., 1967: The Problem of "Thompson Island:" Volcanic Eruptions and Meteorological Evidence. British Ant. Surv. Bull., V. 13, pp. 85 - 88.
Lamb, H. H., 1970: Volcanic Dust in the Atmosphere; with a Chronology and Assessment of its Meteorological Significance. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., London, England, Series A, V. 266, pp. 425 - 533.
Lamb., H. H., 1971: Volcanic Activity and Climate. Palaeography, Palaeoclim., Palaeoecol., V. 10, pp. 203 - 230.
Lamb, H. H., 1979: Personal communication on July 2, 1979.
Lane, P. W., 1966: The Elements Rage. Newton Abbot, Publishers, Plymouth, England, 280 pp.
Latter, J. H., 1979: The History and Geography of Active and Dormant Volcanoes. A Worldwide Catalogue and Index of Active and Potentially Active Volcanoes, with an Outline of their Eruptions. (In preparation. To be published in: The Encyclopedia of Volcanology, Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross, Inc., Calif., edited by J. Green. In the present Catalog we used only the chapter on the volcanic activity in the Aleutian - Alaska Belt from 1700 to the present. The manuscript copy was given to us by Dr. Latter. This may be regarded as a personal communication.
Latter, J. H., 1981: Tsunamis of Volcanic Origin: Summary of Causes, with Particular Reference to Krakatoa, 1883. Manuscript, Wellington, N. Z., 40 pp.
Lavrov, V. M., 1966: Podvodnyy vulkanizm Azorskogo gernogo uzla v Severney Atlantike (Submarine Volcanism of the Azores Mountain Unit in the North Atlantic). In Russian. Sovremenayy vulkanizm: Vses. Vulkanol. Soveshch., 2d, Yerevan 1964, Trudy, V. 1, pp. 24 - 32. Moscow, U.S.S.R.
Luce, J. V., 1969: The End of Atlantis. New Light on an Old Legend. Thames and Hudson, Norwich, England, 224 pp.
Macdonald, G. A., 1955: Catalogue...III, Hawaiian Islands. Napoli, Italy.
Macdonald, G. A., 1972: Volcanoes. Prentice-Hall Publishers, New Jersey, 500 pp.
Machado, F., 1964: Sobre a ocorrencia de erupcoes submarinas. (In Portugese. On the Occurrence of Submarine Eruptions). Bol. da Soc. Geol. de Portugal, V. 15, pp. 211 - 218.
REFERENCES (Continued)
Mercalli, G., 1907: I Vulcani Attivi della Terra. Ulrico Hoepli, Editore Libraio della Real Casa, publishers, Milano, Italy.
Meszaros, S., 1978: Some Words on the Minoan Tsunami of Santorini. Thera and the Aegean World, I. Thera and the Aegean World, Publishers, London, U.K., pp. 257 - 262.
Minear, J. W., and Toksoz, M. N., 1970: Thermal Regime of a Downgoing Slab. Tectonophysics, V. 10, pp. 367 - 390.
Mooser, F., Meyer-Abich, H., and McBirney, A. R., 1958: Catalogue...VI. Central America. Napoli, Italy.
Morris, L. D., Simkin, T., and Meyers, H., 1979: Volcanoes of the World map. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA, Boulder, CO 80303 and Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C.
Nakamura, K., 1971: Volcano as Possible Indicator of Crustal Strain. Bull. Volc. Soc. Japan, V. 16, pp. 63 - 71.
Nakamura, K., 1975: Volcano Structure and Possible Mechanical Correlation Between Volcanic Eruptions and Earthquakes. Bull. Volc. Soc. of Japan, V. 20, pp. 229 - 240.
Neumann van Padang, M., 1938: Uber die Unterseevulkane der Erde. De Mijningenieur, V, Djakarta, Indonesia, Nos. 5 - 6.
Neumann van Padang, M., 1952: Catalogue...I. Indonesia. Napoli, Italy.
Neumann van Padang, M., 1953: Catalogue...II. Philippine Islands and Cochin China. Napoli, Italy.
Neumann van Padang, M., 1963: Catalogue...XVI. Arabia and the Indian Ocean. Napoli, Italy.
Neumann van Padang, M., et. al., 1967: Catalogue...XXI. Atlantic Ocean. Italy.
Neumann van Padang, M., 1971: Two Catastrophic Eruptions in Indonesia, Comparable with the Plinian Outburst of the Volcano of Thera (Santorini) in Minoan Time. Acta of the First Int. Sci. Congr. on the Volcano of Thera, Sept. 15 - 23, 1969, Athens, Greece. Published by the Archaeological Services of Greece.
Neumann van Padang, M., 1978: The Submarine Volcanoes in the Banda Sea. Berita, V. 10, No. 17.
Ninkovich, D., and Hays, J. D., 1971: Tectonic Setting of Mediterranean Volcanoes. Acta of the First Int. Sci. Congr. on the Volcano of Thera, Sept. 15 - 23, 1969. Published by the Archaeological Services of Greece. Athens, Greece.
REFERENCES (Continued)
Norris, R. A., and Hart, D. N., 1970: Confirmation of Sofar-Hydrophone Detection of Submarine Eruptions. Journ. Geophys. Res., V. 75, No. 11, pp. 2144 - 2147.
Pararas-Carayannis, G., and Calebaugh, J. P., 1977: Catalogue of Tsunamis in Hawaii. Revised 1977. WDC-A Report SE-4, Boulder, CoTo.
Richard, J. J., 1962: Catalogue...XIII. Kermadec, Tonga and Samoa. Napoli, Italy.
Richards, A. F., 1957: Volcanism in Eastern Pacific Ocean Basin: 1945 - 1955. Proceedings of the Congress Geologico Internacional, XXa Sesion. Ciudad de Mexico, 1956. Seccion I. Vulcanologia del Cenozoico, pp. 19 - 31.
Richards, A. F., 1962: Catalogue...XIV. Archipiélago de Colon, Isla San Felix, and Islas Juan Fernandez. Napoli, Italy.
Richter, C. F., 1958: Elementary Seismology. W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, Calif., 768 pp.
Robson, G. R., 1964: An Earthquake Catalogue for the Eastern Caribbean 1530 - 1960. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., V. 54, No. 2, pp. 785 - 832.
Robson, G. R., and Tomblin, J. F., 1966: Catalogue...XX. West Indies. Napoli, Italy.
Rothe, J. P., 1969: Seismicity of the Earth, 1953 - 1965. UNESCO, Paris, France.
Russel, R., 1883: In: The Eruption of Krakatoa and Subsequent Phenomena. Edited by G. J. Symons. London, England.
Sapper, K., 1927: Vulkankunde. J. Engelhorns Nachf., Stuttgart, FRG., 424 pp.
Sato, T., 1977: Personal communications.
Shackelford, D., 1980: Personal communication, April 10, 1980.
Sieberg, A., 1932: Untersuchungen uber Erdbeben. und Bruchschollenbau im Ostlichen Mittelmeergebiet. Denkschr. Med. Naturw. Ges., V. 18, Jena, GDR.
Simkin, T., Siebert, L., McClelland, L., Bridge, D., Newhall, C., and Latter, J., 1981: Volcanoes of the World. Hutchinson Ross, Stroudsburg, Pa., 233 pp.
Stauder, W., 1968: Tensional Character of Earthquake Foci beneath the Aleutian Trench with Relation to Sea Floor Spreading. Journ. Geophys. Res., V. 73, No. 24.
Swanson, D. A., and Christiansen, R. L., 1976: Tragedy at Kilauea. Earthq. Inf. Bull., V. 8, No. 2, pp. 12 - 17.
REFERENCES (Continued)
Szenasi, E., 1979: Personal communications.
Symons, G. J. (editor), 1888: The Eruption of Krakatoa and Subsequent Phenomena. Report of the Krakatoa Committee of the Royal Society, London, U.K.
Thorarinsson, S., 1965: Nedansjavargos wid Island. (In Icelandic). Submarine Eruptions off the Coast of Iceland. Natturufraedingurrin, V. 35, No. 2, pp. 49 - 74.
Thorarinsson, S., 1970: Hekla, A Notorious Volcano. Almena Bokafelagid, publisher, Reykjavik, Iceland.
Toksoz, M. N., Minear, J. W., and Julian, B. R., 1977: Temperature Field and Geophysical Effects of a Downgoing Slab. Journ. Geophys. Res., V. 76, No. 5.
Usami, T., 1966: Descriptive Table of Major Earthquakes in and near Japan which were Accompanied by Damages (in Japanese). Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., V. 44, No. 4, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 1571 - 1622.
Van Bemmelen, R. W., 1970: The Geology of Indonesia. V. IA, General Geology. Martinus Nijhoff, publisher, The Hague, Netherlands.
Visser, S. W., 1922: Island and Submarine Epicentra of Sumatra and Java Earthquakes. Koninklijk Magnetish en Meteorologish Observatorium de Batavia, Djakarta, Indonesia.
Vlodavetz, V. I., and Plip, B. I., 1959: Catalogue...VIII. Kamchatka and Continental Asia. Napoli, Italy.
Williams, H., 1941: Calderas and Their Origin. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bull., Dept. Geol. Sci., V. 25, pp. 239 - 346.
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Yokoyama, I., 1978: The Tsunami Caused by the Prehistoric Eruption of Thera. Thera and the Aegean World, V. I., Thera and the Aegean World Publishers, London, U.K., pp. 277 - 283.
LIST OF SUBMARINE VOLCANO LOCATIONS
Events marked * are associated with tsunamis
| Name and serial number |
Latitude |
Longitude |
Catalog Event Number |
| AGUA, Guatemala, 1402-10 |
14 28.0 N |
90 44.5 W |
272 |
| AMBOINA, Moluccas |
03 41 S |
128 10 E |
40* |
| ANTARCTICA, Scotia Arc, nameless submarine volcano near Tierra del Fuego, 19c 1900-027 |
56 15 S
or 65 15 S |
72 10 W |
189 |
| ARAKAN, Indian Ocean, submarine (mud) volcano, U305 |
18 00 N |
93 30 E |
123 |
| ASSONGSONG, Izu-Mariana Islands, 0804-15 |
19 40 N |
145 24 E |
96* |
| ATITLAN, Guatemala, 1402-06 |
14 35 N |
91 11 W |
113* |
| AUGUSTINE, Alaska (see St. Augustine, Alaska) |
|
|
|
| AVACHINSKY, Kamchatka, 1000-10 |
53 13 N |
159 00 E |
54*, 101* |
| AWU, Sangihe Islands, 0607-04 |
03 40 N |
125 30 E |
136*, 244* |
| AZURES, Unnamed submarine volcanoes, 1802-8a |
37 52 N |
25 43 W |
33, 41, 48, 86, 87 |
|
38 30 N |
27 25 W |
82 |
|
39 57 N |
25 50 W |
146 |
|
38 30 N |
28 00 W |
205 |
|
|
|
59, 283, 288 |
| BAHAMA BANK, Unnamed submarine volcano |
|
|
286 |
| BANDA API, Banda Sea, 0605-09 |
04 31 S |
129 52 E |
131* |
| BANK NNW OF PANTELLARIA, Sicily Sea (see Foerstner, Phlegraean Fields of the) |
|
|
|
| BANUA WUHU, Sangihe Islands, 0607-03 |
03 08 N |
125 29 E |
116, 235*, 247, 251 |
| BAYUNNAISE ROCKS, Izu-Mariana Islands, nameless submarine volcanoes (see also Myojin Sho), 0804-07 |
31 55 N |
139 55 E |
179, 255 |
| BISMARK ARCHIPELAGO, unnamed submarine volcano near Narage, 0502-02 |
04 33 S |
149 07 E |
152 |
| BOGOSLOF, Aleutian Islands, 1101-30 |
53 56 N |
168 02 W |
64, 81, 83, 85, 90, 97, 210, 219, 220, 221, 233, 241 |
| BONIN ISLANDS, unnamed submarine volcano, 0804-10 |
26 00 N |
140 46 E |
299 |
| BRIMESTONE ISLAND, Kermadec Volcanic Group, 0402-02 |
30 13 S |
178 55 W |
100 |
| CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, Islands north of Luzon, Philippines, 0704-01 |
18 55 N |
121 52 E |
144 |
| CAMPI FLEGREI DEL MAR DI SICILIA (see also names of individual volcanoes), 0101-07 |
37 06 N |
12 42 E |
3, 32, 43, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 124, 153, 207, 242, 243 |
| CAPE COLUMBO (Santorini), Aegean Sea |
36 24 N |
25 23 E (approximate) |
35* |
| CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, unnamed submarine volcano nearby |
uncertain |
|
143 |
| CARABALLOS, north of Luzon, Philippines, |
uncertain |
|
31* |
LIST OF SUBMARINE VOLCANO LOCATIONS (Continued)
Events marked * are associated with tsunamis
| Name and serial number |
Latitude |
Longitude |
Catalog Event Number |
| CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN SEA, nameless submarine eruptive centers |
uncertain |
|
227, 228* |
| CHINA SEA, unnamed submarine volcano, 0801-04 |
25 25 N |
122 20 E |
168 |
| CORCOVADO, Chile, 1508-05 |
43 11 S |
72 48 W |
114* |
| CRATER LAKE, Oregon, 1202-16 |
42 56 N |
122 07 W |
15 |
| DIDICAS ROCKS, Islands north of Luzon, Philippines, 0704-02 |
19 04 N |
122 10 E |
66, 139 |
| DON JOAO DE CASTRO BANK, Azores, 1802-07 |
38 13 N |
26 37 W |
52 |
| ELDEY, Iceland, unnamed submarine volcanoes (see also Iceland and vicinity), 1701-02 |
63 45 N |
22 55 W |
17, 18, 19, 20, 24, 28, 73, 103, 202, 223, 267, 269, 279 |
| EMPEROR OF CHINA, Banda Sea, 0605-01 |
06 37 S |
124 13 E |
245 |
| EQUATORIAL ATLANTIC, unnamed submarine volcano, 1805-01, 02, 03, 04 |
see text for locations 62, 94, 99, 117, 129, 149, 197, 280, 285, 289 |
| FALCON ISLAND, Tonga Volcanic Group, 0403-05 |
20 19 S |
175 25 W |
72, 155, 194, 224, 232, 239, 246, 249, 252, 258 |
| FLORES SEA, nameless submarine eruption site |
07 30 S |
119 30 E |
301 |
| FOERSTNER, Phlegraean Fields of the Sicily Sea, 0101-07a |
36 48 N |
11 54 E |
242 |
| FONUA FO'OU, Tonga Volcanic Group (see Falcon Island) |
|
|
|
| FUJI-YAMA, Honsyu, 0803-03 |
35 21 N |
138 43 E |
46* |
| GAMKONORA, Malmahara, 0608-04 |
01 22 N |
127 31 E |
38* |
| GEORGIANA, Indian Ocean (see also Indian Ocean or Ninety East Ridge) |
06 05 S |
89 10 E |
204, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217 |
| GIULIA FERDINANDEO BANK, Phlegraean Fields of the Sicily Sea (often called Graham Island), 0101-07b |
37 12 N |
12 42 E |
32, 43, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 153 |
| GRAHAM ISLAND, Phlegraean Fields of the Sicily Sea (see Giulia Ferdinandeo Bank) |
|
|
|
| GULF OF ADEN, submarine eruptive center, 0302-12 |
12 15 N |
45 00 E |
294 |
| HATIZYO-ZIMA NISI-YAMA, Izu-Mariana Islands, 0804-05 |
33 07 N |
139 46 E |
30* |
| HEKLA, Iceland, 1702-07 |
63 58 N |
19 42 W |
42* |
| HOME REEF, Tonga Volcanic Group, 0403-08 |
18 59 S |
174 46 W |
132, 145 |
| IBUGOS, Islands north of Luzon, Philippines, submarine volcanoes to the west, 0704-05 |
20 19 N |
121 45 E |
65, 127 |
| ICELAND, unnamed submarine volcanoes (see also Eldey), 1703-18 |
67 07 N |
18 36 W |
21, 22, 25, 74, 75, 119, 167, 254, 268, 274, 276 |
LIST OF SUBMARINE VOLCANO LOCATIONS (continued)
Events marked * are associated with tsunamis
| Name and serial number |
Latitude |
Longitude |
Catalog Event Number |
| INDIAN OCEAN, possible submarine volcano (see also Georgiana) |
06 05 S |
89 10 E |
204, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217 |
| JOLO, Sulu Archipelago, 0700-01 |
05 55 N |
121 10 E |
256* |
| JUAN FERNANDEZ Islands, submarine volcanoes, 1506-03 and two others at 34° 55'S, 77° 38'W and 33° 20'S, 78° 20'W, respectively |
33 37 S |
78 47 W |
115*, 166, 291 |
| KAMCHATKA, nameless submarine eruptive points, 1000-36 |
57 25 N |
160 24 E uncertain |
88, 281 |
| KAMUZUKURI, Kyusyu |
31 40 N |
130 43 E |
263 |
| KARUA, New Hebrides Islands, 0507-07 |
16 49 S |
168 32 E |
257 |
| KERMADEC VOLCANIC GROUP, unnamed volcano, 0402-04 |
29 11 S |
177 52 W |
225 |
| KILAUEA, Hawaii, 1302-01 |
19 25 N |
155 16 W |
77, 98, 121, 170, 191* |
| KITA-IWO-ZIMA, Izu-Mariana Islands, submarine volcanoes near or to the northwest, 0804-11 |
25 25 N |
141 13 E |
26, 70, 237 |
| KOMAGA-TAKE, Hokkaido, 0805-02 |
42 04 N |
140 40 E |
34* |
| KONA-COAST, Hawaii |
|
|
88* |
| KONIUSHI, Aleutian Islands, 1101-14 |
52 13 N |
175 07 W |
60 |
| KRAKATAU, SUNDA STRAIT, 0602-00 |
06 06 S |
105 25 E |
12*, 218* |
| KRAKATAU, SUNDA STRAIT, activity 1883/May 20 - Aug. 26; just before the great eruption, 0602-00 |
06 06 S |
105 25 E |
204 |
| KURILE ISLANDS, submarine eruptive center |
|
|
290 |
| LAKE ILOPANGO, Islas Quemadas, El Salvador, 1403-06 |
13 40 N |
89 03 W |
203 |
| LESSER ANTILLES, nameless submarine volcano, |
|
|
284 |
| LUZON STRAIT, Philippine Islands, unnamed submarine volcano, 0704-05 |
20 20 N |
121 45 E |
300 |
| MADREPOE BANK, Phlegraean Fields of Sicily Sea, 0101-07d |
36 42 N |
13 42 E |
124 |
| MARIE GALANTE, West Indies, nearby submarine volcano, 1600-07 |
15 08 N |
61 17 W |
122 |
| MAUNA LOA, Hawaii, 1302-02 |
19 28 N |
155 36 W |
148, 169, 183*, 190*, 230 |
| MAURELLE ISLANDS, Tonga Volcanic Group, 0403-07 |
19 11 S |
174 51 W |
182 |
| MELANESIA, nameless submarine volcano, 0507-09 |
18 45 S |
169 11 E |
208 |
| MERAPI, Java, 0603-25 |
07 32 S |
110 26 E |
120* |
| METIS SHOAL, Tonga Volcanic Group (see Maurelle Island also) 0403-07 |
19 11 S |
174 51 W |
128, 147, 182, 188, 201, 229, 240, 250 |
| MINCHINAMAVIDA, Chile, 1508-04 |
42 47 S |
72 26 W |
114* |
LIST OF SUBMARINE VOLCANO LOCATIONS (continued)
Events marked * are associated with tsunamis
| Name and serial number |
Latitude |
Longitude |
Catalog Event Number |
| MOSCHYLOS, Aegean Sea |
? |
|
2* |
| MYOJIN SHO, Izu-Marian Islands (can be found under the name, Bayonnaise Rocks, also), 0804-07 |
31 55 N |
139 55 E |
179, 255 |
| NEW ZEALAND VOLCANIC ZONE, submarine eruption |
38 00 S |
178 00 E |
193 |
| NIEUWERKERK, Banda Sea, 0605-02 |
06 39 S |
124 43 E |
245 |
| NINETY EAST RIDGE, Indian Ocean (see also Indian Ocean, possible submarine volcano, and Georgiana) |
06 05 S |
89 10 E |
204, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217 |
| NISHI-YAMA, Izu-Mariana Islands, 0804-05 |
33 08 N |
139 46 E |
47 |
| NORTHERN ATLANTIC, unnamed submarine volcanoes, 1801-01, 02, 03, 04 |
See text for locations
141*, 154, 222, 231, 248*, 275, 287 |
| NOYUE (NYEY, NYO, NYOE), Iceland, 1701-01 |
63 28 N |
23 46 W |
73, 279 |
| OKINAWA-TORI-SHIMA (RYUKYU-TORISIMA), Ryukyu Islands, 0802-02 |
27 52 N |
128 15 E |
36* |
| ONNIMAH STRAIT, near Cape Ommanen, northeastern Pacific |
56 01 N |
134 04 W |
142 |
| ORMUS ISLANDS, Gulf of Oman, U302-14 |
26 00 N |
57 00 E |
295 |
| OSIMA-O-SIMA, Hokkaido, 0805-01 |
41 30 N |
139 22 E |
55* |
| O-SIMA, Izu-Mariana Islands and O-Sima vicinity, 0804-01 |
34 43 N |
139 22 E |
23, 44*, 50*, 141, 176, 264 |
| OSORNO, Chile, 1508-01 |
41 06 S |
72 30 W |
114* |
| PEAK OF TERNATE, Halmahera (see Ternate Peak) |
|
| PERU, coast between Coronal and Iquique |
151 |
| PERU, near the coast of San Lorenzo Island |
150 |
| PERU, coast at Pisagua |
192 |
| PHLEGRAEAN FIELDS of the Sicily Sea (see the individual volcanoes and Campi Flegri del Mar di Sicilia) |
|
| PICO, Azores, 1802-02 |
38 28 N |
28 24 W |
51 |
| PINNE MARINE BANK, Sicily Sea, 0101-07c |
36 54 N |
13 00 E |
125 |
| PONDICHERRY, north of Ceylon, submarine volcano in Indian Ocean, 0305-01 |
11 45 N |
80 45 E |
58 |
| PRIBILOF ISLANDS, Bering Sea |
56 41 N |
169 07 W |
93 |
| RALUAN, New Britain, 0502-14 |
04 16 S |
152 10 E |
198* |
| RAOUL ISLAND, Kermadec Volcanic Group, 0402-03 |
29 16 S |
177 55 W |
89, 135, 174, 184, 195 |
| ITTER ISLAND, off northeast coast of New Guinea, 0501-07 |
05 31 S |
148 07 E |
234* |
| RUANG, Sangihe Islands, 0607-01 |
02 16 N |
125 25 E |
178*, 236 |
LIST OF SUBMARINE VOLCANO LOCATIONS (continued)
Events marked * are associated with tsunamis
| Name and serial number |
Latitude |
Longitude |
Catalog Event Number |
| RYUKYU-TORISIMA, Ryukyu Islands (see Okinawa-Tori-shima) |
|
|
|
| SABRINA, Azores, ephemeral island (see also Azores, unnamed submarine volcanoes), 1802-03 |
38 30 N |
27 25 W |
87 |
| SAKURA-ZIMA, Kyushu, 0802-08 |
31 34 N |
130 40 E |
14*, 67*, 68*, 69*, 71*, 262, 266, 271*, 277, 278 |
| SAMUA VOLCANIC GROUP, unnamed submarine volcano near Olosega Island, 0404-01 |
14 12 S |
169 36 W |
164 |
| SANGIHE ISLANDS, nameless submarine volcano, 0607-05 |
03 58 N |
124 13 E |
245 |
| SANTA BARBARA (Terceira), Azores, 1802-05 |
38 43 N |
27 19 W |
61, 165 |
| SANTORINI, Aegean Sea, 0102-04 |
36 24 N |
25 23 E |
1*, 4, 5, 9, 10*, 13, 16*, 27, 35*, 45, 156*, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 175, 265 |
| SAU JORGE, Azores, 1802-03 |
38 39 N |
28 04 W |
205, 209 |
| SEMERU, Java, 0603-30 |
08 07 S |
112 55 E |
95* |
| SHUAM SHU (SHUAMSHU) ISLAND, Kurile volcanic belt |
50 53 N |
161 12 E |
137 |
| SICILY SEA (see names of individual volcanoes and Campi Flegrei del Mar di Sicilia) |
|
|
|
| SLAMET, Java, 0603-18 |
07 14 S |
109 12 E |
187* |
| SMITH ROCK(S), nearby submarine volcanoes, Izu-Mariana Islands, 0804-08 |
31 16 N |
139 46 E |
37, 172, 173, 177, 181, 185 |
| SOUTHERN ATLANTIC, nameless submarine eruptive centers |
see text for locations |
130, 171, 273, 296, 297, 298 |
| ST. AUGUSTINE, Alaska, 1103-01 |
59 22 N |
153 25 W |
76*, 220* |
| TAAL, Philippine Islands, U703-07 |
14 00 N |
121 00 E |
49, 53, 56*, 57* |
| TAIWAN, nameless submarine volcano between Taiwan and the Mariana Islands, U801 |
20 56 N |
134 45 E |
126 |
| TAIWAN, submarine volcano near the eastern coast, 0801-3 |
24 00 N |
121 50 E |
133 |
| TAMBORA, Lesser Sunda Islands, 0604-04 |
08 15 S |
118 00 E |
92*, 282* |
| TANNA, New Hebrides Islands, 0507-10 |
19 31 S |
169 25 E |
196*, 199* |
| TARAWERA, New Zealand, U401-U6 |
38 13 S |
176 30 E |
226 |
| TAUPO VOLCANIC CENTRE, Central North Island, New Zealand, 0401-07 |
38 46 S |
176 07 E |
7 |
| TERCEIRA, Azores (see Santa Barbara) |
|
|
|
LIST OF SUBMARINE VOLCANO LOCATIONS (continued)
Events marked * are associated with tsunamis
| Name and serial number |
Latitude |
Longitude |
Catalog Event Number |
| TERNATE PEAK, Halmahera, 0608-06 |
00 48 N |
127 19 E |
39*, 63* |
| THOMPSON ISLAND, Southern Atlantic, 1806-03 |
53 56 S |
05 30 E |
253* |
| TONGA VOLCANIC GROUP, unnamed underwater volcanoes, 0403-05 (item 72; rest unnumbered) |
See text for locations |
72, 186, 238, 292 |
| TORI-SIMA, Izu-Mariana Islands, nameless submarine volcano, 0804-09 |
30 28 N |
140 14 E |
180 |
| TULISKOI (or TULIK), Aleutian Islands, 1101-29 |
53 25 N |
168 08 W |
200 |
| TULUMAN, Admiralty Group, Melanesia, 0500-01 |
02 26 S |
147 19 E |
211 |
| TURUMI, Kyusyu, 0802-13 |
33 16 N |
131 25 E |
29 |
| UMNAK ISLAND, Aleutian Islands, nearby submarine volcano |
? |
84 |
| UNALASKA ISLAND, Aleutian Islands, submarine volcano southeast and nearby |
? |
80, 91 |
| UNIMAK ISLAND, Aleutian Islands, submarine volcanoes nearby |
? |
79*, 102*, 138* |
| UNZEN, Kyusyu, 0802-10 |
32 45 N |
130 18 E |
78* |
| VUSUVIUS, Italy, 0101-02 |
40 49 N |
014 25 E |
11* |
| VETERAN, Cochin China, 0705-01 |
09 49 N |
109 03 E |
206 |
| VULCANELLO, Lipari Islands, 0101-05 |
38 24 N |
14 57 E |
6, 8 |
| VULCANO, Lipari Islands, 0101-05 |
38 24 N |
14 57 E |
8, 260, 261 |
| YERSEY, Lesser Sunda Islands, 0604-28 |
07 31 S |
123 57 E |
245, 293 |
MAPS OF EVENT LOCATIONS
(WHEN VOLCANO IS DISCUSSED IN MORE THAN ONE EVENT,
THE NUMBER OF THE FIRST EVENT IS GIVEN)
CHINA
TAIWAN
PHILIPPINES
U.S.S.R.
JAPAN
SOLID EARTH (SE) DATA REPORT SERIES
Listed below are data reports published in the Solid Earth (SE) series of World Data Center A for Solid Earth Geophysics, NOAA/NGDC, Boulder, Colo. 80303, USA. Additional information on the services of the National Geophysical Data Center is available in the following publications: Earthquake Data Services and Publications (KGRD-15); Marine Geology and Geophysics Data Services and Publications (KGRD-14); and Terrestrial Geophysics Data Services and Publications (KGRD-19).
SE-1 Catalog of Tsunamis in Alaska
SE-2 Geodynamics International-9
SE-3 Summary of Earthquake Focal Mechanisms for the Western Pacific-Indonesian Region, 1929-1973
SE-4 Catalog of Tsunamis in Hawaii
SE-5 Geodynamics International-10
SE-6 Catalog of Seismograms and Strong-Motion Records
SE-7 Directory of Seismograph Stations
SE-8 Survey of Practice in Determining Magnitudes of Near Earthquakes, Part 2: Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, the Pacific
SE-9 Survey of Practice in Determining Magnitudes of Near Earthquakes, Part 1: North, Central, and South America
SE-10 Geodynamics International-11
SE-11 The Information Explosion and Its Consequences for Data Acquisition, Documentation, and Processing: An Additional Aspect of the Limits to Growth
SE-12 Geodynamics International-12
SE-13 Bibliography of Statistical Aspects of Seismicity
SE-14 Directory of U.S. Data Repositories Supporting the International Geodynamics Project
SE-15 Geodynamics International-13
SE-16 Geodynamics International-14
SE-17 Annual Mean Values of Geomagnetic Components for Selected Observatories, 1940-73
SE-18 Homogeneous Magnitude System of the Eurasian Continent: P-Waves
SE-19 Geodynamics International-15
SE-20 Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice
SE-21 Geomagnetic Observatories, 1978
SE-22 Historical Seismogram Filming Project: First Progress Report
SE-23 Geodynamics International-16
SE-24 Historical Seismogram Filming Project: Second Progress Report
SE-25 Directory of World Seismograph Stations, Volume I. The Americas - Part 1. United States, Canada, Bermuda
SE-26 Geodynamics International-17 - Final Report
SE-27 Catalog of Significant Earthquakes, 2000 B.C.-1979
SE-28 Historical Seismogram Filming Project: Third Progress Report
SE-29 Strong-Motion Data from Japanese Earthquakes
SE-30 Progress Report on Selected Geophysical Activities of the United States, 1977-1981
SE-31 New Catalog of Strong Earthquakes in the U.S.S.R. from Ancient Times Through 1977
SE-32 Directory of World Digital Seismic Stations
SE-33 Historical Seismogram Filming Project: Fourth Progress Report
SE-34 Homogeneous Magnitude System of the Eurasian Continent: S and L Waves
SE-35 Documentation of Earthquake Algorithms
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