WORLD OCEAN DATABASE 1998 Documentation and Quality Control Version 2.0 Ocean Climate Laboratory National Oceanographic Data Center Silver Spring, MD December, 1999 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service National Oceanographic Data Center Additional copies of this publication, as well as information about NODC data holdings, and services, are available on request directly from NODC. NODC information and data are also available over the Internet through the NODC World Wide Web site. National Oceanographic Data Center User Services Team NOAA/NESDIS E/OC1 SSMC-III, 4th Floor 1315 East-West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910-3282 Telephone: (301)713-3277 Fax: (301)713-3302 E-mail: services@nodc.noaa.gov NODC World Wide Web site: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ For updates on the documentation and additional information about the WOD98 please refer to: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov click on: Ocean Climate Laboratory click on: Products WORLD OCEAN DATABASE 1998 CD-ROM Data Set Documentation Version 2.0 M.E. Conkright, S. Levitus, T. O’Brien, T.P. Boyer, C. Stephens, D. Johnson, O. Baranova, J. Antonov, R. Gelfeld, J. Rochester, C. Forgy Ocean Climate Laboratory National Oceanographic Data Center Silver Spring, MD December, 1999 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE William M. Daley, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration D. James Baker, Administrator National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service Gregory Withee, Assistant Administrator December, 1999 NODC/Ocean Climate Laboratory Silver Spring, MD 20910 Dear Colleague: World Ocean Database 1998 Version 2 is an updated version of World Ocean Database 1998 (WOD98) released in May, 1998. Since the first release of WOD98, the staff at the Ocean Climate Laboratory (OCL) have performed additional quality control on the database and placed corrections to the data on the OCL web page ( http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/cor98.html ). Some of these corrections were identified by: ■ scientists who encountered problems when using the database; ■ additional quality control performed during the preparation of World Ocean Atlas 1998 (WOA98) which contains analyzed fields and statistics of the WOD98 variables; ■ improved duplicate checking procedures. All on-line corrections to the data have been incorporated into this version of WOD98. In addition, the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Version 1.5 CD-ROM data set was added. To facilitate the use of this product, the Ocean Data View (ODV4.0) software developed and distributed by Dr. Reiner Schlitzer of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany ( http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/GEO/ODV/ ) is included. This software will decompress files from WOD98 and allow the user to plot scatter or station plots of selected areas or cruises, property-property plots, and many other data viewing utilities like property distributions along sections or on surfaces. We would like to thank users of WOD98 who have enhanced this product by bringing problems to our attention, and all users who have contributed data to the National Oceanographic Data Center and World Data Center A for Oceanography. Also thanks to Dr. Schlitzer who, with the development of ODV4.0, has made this database more accessible to users. Thank you The NODC Ocean Climate Laboratory DECOMPRESSING AND READING DATA FROM WORLD OCEAN DATABASE 1998 gzip Directory The util directory of each CD-ROM contains a GZIP directory with two files used for decompressing the data on the WOD98 CD-ROMs. The first (gzip124.exe) is a self-extracting DOS executable file and the second gzip124.tar is a tar'd file containing source code for UNIX users. To uncompress the WOD98 files, it is easiest to first copy the files to a hard disk. Use gzip to uncompress selected files, or a directory and all of it's subdirectories, with one command (see page 28 of this documentation for further details). Special Note for UNIX Users The DOS CR-LF (Carriage Return-Line Feed) indicates the end of a record and may cause problems when working in a UNIX environment. Many systems have a “dos2unix” program which removes these characters from an ASCII file. Files can also be changed by transferring from DOS/ WINDOWS using FTP (File Transfer Protocol). The UNIX “tr” or “perl” utilities will also remove the CR-LF (see page 29 of this documentation for further details). programs Directory The programs directory of each CD-ROM contains sample programs for reading the data and writing the output in various formats. These include Fortran, C, IDL, Matlab (column format), NODC P3 format (comma delimited format), and ICES format. Note that in order to use the C programs, the CR-LF characters must be removed regardless of what platform is used. ODV Directory The ODV directory contains the Ocean Data View software developed, by R. Schlitzer from the Alfred Wegener Institute. This software will uncompress selected files and offers the users several options for viewing the WOD98 data. This is a PC-based package. For more information, please refer to http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/GEO/ODV . TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ................................................................. ix I. Introduction ............................................................................. 1 About this Product ................................................................. 2 Acknowledgments ................................................................. 2 II CD-ROM Disc Contents .......................................................... 4 A. Data Sources .................................................................... 4 1. Bottle and Low Resolution CTD data ............................... 4 2. High Resolution CTD Data (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth probe) ... 6 3. MBT Data (Mechanical Bathythermograph) ....................... 6 4. XBT Data (Expendable Bathythermograph) ....................... 6 B. Station Description .......................................................... 7 1. Primary Header ............................................................ 8 2. Character Data ........................................................... 8 3. Secondary Header ...................................................... 8 4. Biological Header ...................................................... 11 5. Taxa-specific and Biomass Data ................................. 11 6. Depth Dependent Measured Variables ............................ 15 II Quality Control Procedures .................................................. 16 Explanation of error flags .................................................. 17 IV CD-ROM Disc Structure ....................................................... 19 V. File Structure/Format .......................................................... 20 A. Description of the CD-ROM Documentation .......................... 25 B. util Directory ............................................................. 29 gzip Directory ............................................................ 29 C. System Requirements .................................................... 30 VI. List of Acronyms Used in the CD-ROM Documentation ................. 31 VII. References ........................................................................ 32 VIII. References associated with World Ocean Database 1998 ............... 33 Appendix 1. NODC Country Codes ............................................... 35 Appendix 2. NODC Secondary Header Code Tables ............................ 37 2A. Ocean Weather Station - Secondary Header Code 9 ............... 37 2B. Cast Direction - Secondary Header Code 11 ................................. 38 2C. Water Color (Forel-Ule Scale) - Secondary Header Code 14 ............... 38 2D. Wind-wave Direction (WMO 0877) - Secondary Header Code 16/21 .......... 39 2E. Wave Height (WMO 1555) - Secondary Header Code 17 .................... 40 2F. Sea State (WMO 3700) - Secondary Header Code 18 ....................... 40 2G. Wind Force (Beaufort Scale) - Secondary Header Code 19 ................. 41 2H. Wave Period (WMO 3155) - Secondary Header Code 20 ..................... 41 2Ia. Weather (WMO 4501 ) - Secondary Header Code 26 ........................ 42 2Ib. Weather (WMO 4677 ) - Secondary Header Code 26 ........................ 43 2J. Cloud Type (WMO 500) - Secondary Header Code 27 ...................... 45 2K. Cloud Cover (WMO 2700) - Secondary Header Code 28 ................... 46 2L. Recorder Type (BT - WMO 4770) - Secondary Header Code 32 ............. 47 2M. Digitization Method (NODC 0612) - Secondary Header Code 35 ............ 48 2N. Digitization Interval (NODC 0613) - Secondary Header Code 36 ........... 48 2O. Data Treatment And Storage (NODC 0614) - Secondary Header Code 37 .... 49 2P. Instrument For Reference Temperature (NODC 0615) - Secondary Header Code 40 ............................................. 49 2Q. Horizontal Visibility (WMO 4300) - Secondary Header Code 41 ............ 50 2R. Filter Type - Secondary Header Code 59 .................................. 51 Appendix 3. Code Tables for Temperature-Salinity Probes ..................... 52 Appendix 4. Codes For Methods .................................................. 54 Appendix 5. Codes For Originator’s Variable Units ............................ 55 Appendix 6. List of Code Tables Associated With The Biological Headers ........ 56 6A. Type of Tow - Biological Header 4 ..................................... 56 6B. Gear And Flowmeter Codes - Biological Header 7 ....................... 56 6C. Preservative Codes - Biological Header 10 ............................. 57 6D. Weight Method - Biological Header Code 11 ............................ 57 6E. Count Method - Biological Header Code 13 ............................ 58 6F. Flowmeter Calibration - Biological Header Code 19 ................... 58 6G. Depth Determination - Biological Header Code 24 .................... 58 6H. Volume Method - Biological Header Code 25 ........................... 58 Appendix 7. Code Tables Used to Described The Taxonomic Data ................. 59 7A. Taxonomic Lifestyles - Taxa Variable 5 ............................... 59 7B. Taxonomic Sex Code - Taxa Variable 6 ................................. 60 7C. Taxonomic Presence/Abundance Codes - Taxa Variable 7 ............... 60 7D. Taxonomic Trophic Level - Taxa Variable 8 ........................... 61 7E. Taxonomic Realm - Taxa Variable 9 ................................... 61 7F. Taxonomic Features - Taxa Variable 16 ............................... 61 7G. Taxonomic Modifiers - Taxa Variable 17 ............................................. 62 Appendix 8. Biological Group Codes ................................................................. 62 Appendix 9. Definition of Quality Control Flags ............................................... 63 Appendix 10A. WMO Squares for the Atlantic and Indian Oceans ......................... 64 Appendix 10B. WMO Squares for the Pacific Ocean .......................................... 65 Appendix 11A. Inventory of Secondary Headers .................................................. 66 Appendix 11B. Inventory of Biological Headers ................................................... 68 Appendix 11C. Inventory of Taxonomic Headers .................................................. 69 Appendix 12A. Total Number of Kbytes per Probe Type ...................................... 70 Appendix 12B. Total Number of Kbytes by Region ............................................. 71 Appendix 13. Sample Output for Observed Level Data from WOD98-03\data\npac20-90\BDO7617 STATION 67064 ................................................................. 72 IX. Data Quality Control Document ............................................................... 74 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Comparison of the Number of Stations in WOD98 with Previous World Ocean Databases ............................................. 1 Table 2. File Types in the WOD98 ................................................................. 4 Table 3. Variables in the NODC Bottle Data File (NBD) ................................. 5 Table 4. Variables in the Project Bottle Data File (BD) ................................. 5 Table 5. Inventory of Data for Each Probe .................................................. 7 Table 6. List of Secondary Header Variables in WOD98. .................................. 9 Table 7. List of Biological Header Variables. ............................................... 12 Table 8. List of Biomass and Taxa-specific Variables. ................................. 13 Table 9. List of Biomass Variable Codes .................................................... 14 Table 10. Standard Levels and Depths (meters) .......................................... 16 Table 11. Contents of the WOD98-01 through WOD98-05 ............................... 20 Table 12. Description of the OCL ASCII Format. ......................................... 22 I. INTRODUCTION The World Ocean Database 1998 (WOD98) CD-ROMs, containing observed and standard level profile data, represent the first part of an extension of earlier work (World Ocean Atlas 1994 - WOA94). The second part is the World Ocean Atlas 1998 (WOA98) which presents objectively analyzed fields of many of the variables in WOD98. WOD98 expands on WOA94 by including the additional variables nitrite, pH, alkalinity, chlorophyll, and plankton, as well as all available metadata and meteorology. During the past three years, the number of data sets received at NODC/WDC-A (National Oceanographic Data Center/World Data Center-A for Oceanography) has increased (see Table 1) as a result of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)/NODC Global Oceanographic Data Archaeology and Rescue project (GODAR), (Levitus et al., 1998, Levitus et al., 1994). The figures in Table 1 show the increase in data from 1982 to 1998. The reason the WOD98 total for MBT, XBT, and “Bottle and low resolution CTD” do not show even larger increases from WOD94, is that large numbers of duplicates were identified in these databases and removed since publication of WOA94. Whereas exact duplicate profiles are easy to identify and remove, “near” duplicates are more difficult. These can result from receiving the same data from different sources, where key variables such as latitude, longitude, or date/time were treated differently. As the procedures for identifying duplicate stations improved, more of these “near” duplicate stations were identified. NOAA atlases describing the distribution of the WOD98 data have been prepared as part of WOD98 (see section VIII for a listing of the publications associated with WOD98). Table 1. Comparison of the number of stations in WOD98 with previous world ocean databases.
DATA TYPE CLIMATOLOGICAL ATLAS OF THE WORLD OCEAN 1982 WORLD OCEAN ATLAS 1994 WORLD OCEAN DATABASE 1998
Bottle and low resolution CTD stations 425,000 1,337,862 1,473,588
High resolution CTD stations N.A. N.A. 194,931
MBT and DBT profiles 775,000 1,947,185 2,062,735
XBT profiles 285,000 1,281,942 1,640,271
TOTAL STATIONS 1,485,000 4,566,989 5,371,525
Plankton only stations1 N.A. N.A. 42,885
Surface only data2 N.A. N.A. 181,886
1 stations with only plankton or biomass data and no physical/chemical measurements 2 includes ship-of-opportunity data The format used in WOD98 is different from the format in WOA94, and is more space efficient. This change is necessary due to the increased amount of information contained in WOD98. The Ocean Climate Laboratory (OCL) invites comments on this format so improvements can be made toward achieving the goal of producing a general format that is useful to as wide a group as possible. The CD-ROMs are formatted according to the ISO 9660 standard. Data are stored in ASCII format and are sorted geographically by World Meteorological Organization (WMO) squares. The data on the CD-ROMs are compressed using the universal “gzip” UNIX compression utility. This utility is provided on each CD-ROM under the directory “utils/gzip” for both Unix and DOS operating systems. ABOUT THIS PRODUCT The NODC/OCL has been expanding the World Ocean Atlas 1994 database since its release. As can be seen from Table 1, the database has increased greatly. The OCL has attempted to ensure that the conversion from originator to OCL format was accurate, that duplicates were removed, and that “suspect” data were flagged. This last task is an ongoing effort. Every effort was made to identify and correct errors in the database. As scientists and data managers utilize the WOD98, and errors are identified, they will be corrected. Some data flagged as being in error or “suspicious” may not deserve this designation. The OCL requires the help of users of this product in identifying data which need to be flagged as being “suspicious”, and data which were flagged and should not have been. As we receive input from users, corrections to the database will be placed on online each month at: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/cor98.html. WOD98 Version 2 has incorporated the online corrections from June 1998-September 1999. Included as part of this release is software contributed by various individuals which can be used as examples of how to read the data into different formats. These programs are preliminary and continue to be developed and improved. Any comments and suggestions for additional programs, which will increase the number of users who can benefit from this product, would be appreciated. Updates will be posted in the NODC/OCL World Wide Web site at: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The NODC/OCL is supported by the NOAA Climate and Global Change program, the NOAA Environmental Science Data and Information Management program (ESDIM), and the joint NOAA/NASA Global Change element, to produce scientifically quality controlled oceanographic databases, produce objectively analyzed global fields of oceanographic variables, and to perform diagnostic studies based on these databases. The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) supported the GODAR project which has resulted in the rescue of much historical ocean data. In particular, Dr. Iouri Oliounine has shared the enthusiasm for this project and has been critical to its success. The OCL expresses its thanks to all those who provided comments and helped develop an improved product. Special thanks to Steve Worley (National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR), Dr. Harry Dooley (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, ICES) and Norm Hall (NODC) for testing the CD-ROMs prior to distribution. John E. O’Reilly (National Marine Fisheries Service, NMFS) contributed the conversion programs from the OCL ASCII format to IDL; Dr. Harry Dooley contributed the conversion program from OCL to ICES/OceanPC format. Thanks also to Josh Malasheskie for formatting files to enter names into the ITIS database. Many thanks to Dr. Reiner Schlitzer for the development of Ocean Data View and for allowing us to make this software available as part of WOD98. The OCL would also like to acknowledge the help received over the years from our colleagues in the other divisions here at NODC, particularly Francis Mitchell (helped with all the code lists and accessions), Andrew Allegra (prepared the CD-ROMs), Robert VanWie (provided information on the archived NODC files), Melanie Hamilton (provided GTSPPP data), J. D. Hardy (researched and documented the correct status of many plankton names), Sheri Phillips (helped Olga Baranova design the CD-ROM background), Mike Simmons and Maggie Dunklee (wrote the P3 format description), Ervin Trammell, Charlotte Sazama and Ron Moffatt (helped in locating data for rescue in the WDC-A archives), and Mary Hollinger, James Berger, Patricia Kirk, and Don Collins who distribute this product. II. CD-ROM DISC CONTENTS A. DATA SOURCES The data used in this project are all the data found in the NODC archives as of the first quarter of 1994 as well as some of the data submitted to NODC since 1994. In addition, data gathered as a result of the IOC/IODE GODAR project, the NODC Global Ocean Database project and the IOC Global Temperature Salinity Profile Project (GTSPP) project, were included in this study. There are nine different files associated with each WMO square. These files represent the different instruments (probes) used to sample profile data (XBT, MBT, High Resolution CTD, Bottle and Low Resolution CTD). In addition, for each probe type, the data are separated into the NODC archived data and the data received through projects such as the GODAR project. Table 2 presents the different file types which are further described in the following section. Table 2. File types in the WOD98
FILE NAME SOURCE
NBD NODC archived bottle data and low resolution CTD
BD Bottle data and low resolution CTD received from projects
BIO Plankton data received from projects
NCT NODC archived high resolution CTD data
CTD High resolution CTD data received from projects
NMB NODC archived MBT data
MBT MBT data received from projects
NXB NODC archived XBT data
XBT XBT data received from projects
Flagged data types on the CD-ROM series include: 1. Bottle and low resolution CTD data a. NODC Bottle Data (NBD) Variables: This file also includes STD (Salinity/Temperature with Depth), low resolution CTD data, and surface only data. Bottle data may have one or more of the following variables: Table 3. Variables in the NODC Bottle Data File (NBD)
CODE VARIABLE UNIT/SCALE
1 Temperature (in situ) °C
2 Salinity PSS and %oo
3 Oxygen ml/l
4 Phosphate μM
6 Silicate μM
7 Nitrite μM
8 Nitrate μM
9 pH unitless
Project Bottle Data (BD) Variables: This file includes low resolution CTD data, surface only data (mainly from ship-of-opportunity) and plankton/biomass data. Bottle data may have one or more of the following variables: Table 4. Variables in the Project Bottle File (BD)
CODE VARIABLE UNIT/SCALE
1 Temperature (in situ) °C
2 Salinity PSS and %oo
3 Oxygen ml/l
4 Phosphate μM
6 Silicate μM
7 Nitrite μM
8 Nitrate μM
9 pH unitless
11 Chlorophyll μg/l
none Plankton/Biomass various
17 Alkalinity meq/l
25 Pressure decibars
c. Project Plankton/Biomass variables (BIO) Variables: Plankton taxa-specific and biomass measurements 2. High Resolution CTD Data (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth probe) a. NODC High Resolution CTD/STD (NCT) Source: NODC high resolution CTD data in the F022 format. Variables: Temperature, salinity, oxygen, pressure b. Project High Resolution CTD data (CTD) Variables: Temperature, salinity, oxygen, chlorophyll, pressure 3. MBT Data (Mechanical Bathythermograph) a. NODC MBT data (NMB) Source: NODC MBT file (Includes MBT data from the NODC Selected Bathythermograph (SBT) file which contains data at selected depths) Variable: Temperature b. Project MBT (MBT) Variable: Temperature. This file also includes Digital Bathythermograph (DBT) data. 4. XBT Data (Expendable Bathythermograph) a. NODC XBT data (NXB) Source: NODC XBT file. (Includes XBT data from the NODC SBT file) Variable: Temperature b. Project XBT data (XBT) Variable: Temperature (includes GTSPP data which contains TAO buoy data) Table 5 is an inventory of the data found in each of the files described. The WOD98 contains a total of 5,433,216 stations, of which 181,886 are surface only data (primarily in the project Bottle Data file - BD), and 83,609 are plankton observations in both the project Bottle data file (BD) and the Bio file (BIO). Table 5. Inventory of Data for Each Probe
VARIABLES BD NBD CTD NCT MBT NMB XBT NXB BIO
Temperature 710050 721173 95128 98871 932979 1129756 730921 909350 -
Salinity 652440 678917 92127 97200 - - - - -
Oxygen 214738 262906 21656 10263 - - - - -
Phosphate 154384 124741 - - - - - - -
Silicate 111668 75612 - - - - - - -
Nitrite 77424 43527 - - - - - - -
Nitrate 96824 48701 - - - - - - -
pH 38703 64072 - - - - - - -
Chlorophyll 131079 - 3878 - - - - - -
Biochem (Plankton) 62188 - - - - - - - 21421
Alkalinity 7235 - - - - - - - -
Pressure 56114 - 38961 53565 - - - - -
TOTAL PER PROBE 790238 723620 96052 98879 932979 1129756 730921 909350 21421
TOTAL BY PROBE TYPE 1,513,858 194,931 2,062,735 1,640,271 21,421
B. STATION DESCRIPTION In WOD98, a station is comprised of as many as six parts: (1) Primary Header: contains all information vital to the identification of an individual profile, such as date, time, location, NODC country code, cruise code, and a unique station number; (2) Character Data (originator’s cruise codes and originator’s station codes) and Principal Investigator; (3) Secondary Header: contains information such as meteorological data, water column characteristics (such as depth to bottom), information about the probe used, ship, institute, project, originator’s units, and methods; (4) Biological Header: contains information necessary to understand how biological data were sampled. “Biological” data are arbitrarily defined as plankton biomass (weights or volumes) and taxa-specific observations. It does not include chlorophyll data; (5) Taxa-specific and Biomass Data: contains plankton weights, volumes, and/or concentrations, for an entire sample (biomass) or for individual groups of organisms (taxa-specific); (6) Depth Dependent Measured Variables: temperature, salinity, oxygen, phosphate, silicate, nitrite, nitrate, pH, chlorophyll, alkalinity, and pressure data vs. depth. 1. Primary Header The primary header contains information about the number of bytes in the station, a unique number which identifies each station, the country code (see code list in Appendix 1), a cruise number, date, time, position, and the number and type of variables in the station. Time and location are all written in the same format: a) number of significant digits b) total digits c) precision of measurement d) data value Total digits will be one more than significant digits if the value is a negative number. Total digits will also be different than significant digits if a value has been converted or identified as a trace value (TR = 0.005). The station type identifies whether the data are at observed depth levels (0) or standard levels (1). The number and type of variables identifies the depth dependent variables in a station. Depth-dependent variables are listed with the number which identifies them in Table 4. 2. Character Data Character data are used to report the originator’s cruise identification and the originator’s station identification, if provided. Under this heading, the Principal Investigators (PI) are also identified by numeric code and by variable code. The Principal Investigator is the person responsible for collecting the data and is included whenever available. A list of the numeric codes associated with each PI can be found in the codes directory of each CD-ROM (file Name: pinames.txt). For the purpose of assigning PI codes, plankton data are identified as variable 14 for all plankton, -5002 for zooplankton, and -5006 for phytoplankton. 3. Secondary Header The secondary header contains metadata (information about the data) and meteorological information associated with each station. Table 6 lists the different types of secondary header data we include for each station, when the information is available. Many of the meteorological variables have World Meteorological Organization (WMO) code tables associated with them (see section VI for a list of acronyms used in this document). These code tables are grouped together in Appendix 2 and are also individually listed in the codes directory. The OCL secondary header information is always in numeric form, whereas some of the NODC codes are alphanumeric. Therefore, some of the code tables will have an OCL code and the equivalent NODC code. Table 6. List of secondary header variables in WOD98. The “App. #” column indicates the Appendix where the code list is found, or if it is included in a separate file in the codes directory (listed in file = secondh.txt).
ID # DESCRIPTION App. # ID # DESCRIPTION App. #
1NODC Accession Numberfile31Calibration Temperaturenone
2NODC Project Codefile32BT recorder (WMO 4770)2L
3OCL Platform Codefile33Depth fixnone
4NODC Institution Codefile34Bottom Hitnone
5Cast numbernone35XBT Digitization Method (NODC 0612)2M
6WOD98 Unique Station Numbernone36XBT Digitization Interval (NODC 0613)2N
7Originator’s station numbernone37XBT Data Treatment and Storage Method (NODC 0614)2O
8Depth precisionnone38MBT Depth Correctionnone
9Ocean Weather Station Code2A39MBT Temperature Correctionnone
10Bottom Depth (meters)none40Instrument for reference temperature (NODC 0615)2P
11Cast Duration (hours)none41Horizontal visibility (WMO Code 4300)2Q
12Cast Direction (down assumed)2B45Absolute Humidity (g/m3)none
13High resolution pairsnone46Reference/Sea Surface Temperaturenone
14Water Color2C47Sea Surface Salinitynone
15Water Transparency (Secchi disk)none48Chlorophyll method4A
16Wave Direction (WMO 0877 or NODC 0110)2D49Nutrient method4B
17Wave Height (WMO 1555 or NODC 0104)2E54O2 originator’s unit5A
18Sea State (WMO 3700 or NODC 0109)2F55Nutrient originator’s unit5B
19Wind Force (Beaufort scale or NODC 0052)2G56Chlorophyll originator’s unit5C
20Wave Period (WMO 3155 or NODC 0378)2H58Alkalinity originator’s unit5D
21Wind Direction (WMO 0877 or NODC 0110)2D59Filter type size2R
22Wind Speed (knots)none60Alkalinity method4C
23Barometric Pressure (millibars)none65Conductivity standard (milliohms/cm)none
24Dry Bulb Temperature (degrees C)none67O2 method4D
25Wet Bulb Temperature (degrees C)none68Salinity method4
26Weather Conditions (WMO 4501 or 4677)2I69Temperature method4F
27Cloud Type (WMO 0500 or NODC 0053)2J71Radio signalnone
28Cloud Amount (WMO 2700 or NODC 0105)2K72XBT Waitnone
29T-S Probe (Temperature/Salinity probe)373XBT Frequencynone
30Calibration Depthnone
The following is an explanation of the secondary header codes which do not have code tables associated with them: • Code 1 NODC accession number: number assigned by NODC to each batch of data received; • Code 3 Platform: code list identifies the platforms associated with the data. It should be noted that the database contains negative platforms which were assigned to unidentified ships from Russian and Ukrainian institutes for which we expect to receive the information in the near future. Negative platforms are unique only to the accession number where found (filename: shipname.txt); • Code 5 Cast Number: sequential number representing each over-the-side operation or discrete sampling at a station; • Code 6 OCL Unique Station Number: OCL assigned unique station numbers. This number will not change in future releases; • Code 7 Originator’s station number: station number assigned by the data submittor or data originator, if numeric; • Code 8 Depth precision: precision of the depth field (number of digits to the right of the decimal); • Code 10 Bottom depth: depth from water surface to sediment-water interface, in meters; • Code 11 Cast duration: duration of the cast, in hours; • Code 13 High resolution pairs: unique station number identifying where HCTD and Bottle data were sampled at the same station; • Code 15 Water transparency: Secchi depth, in meters; • Code 20 Wave Period: Note that NODC code 0378 is not equivalent to WMO 3155, therefore these data need to be used with caution unless the users can identify which code is being reported; • Code 22 Wind speed: surface or near-surface wind speed, in knots; • Code 23 Barometric pressure: the atmospheric pressure at sea level due to the gravitational force on the column of air above it (millibar); • Code 24 Dry bulb temperature: identical to air temperature, in degrees Celsius; • Code 25 Wet bulb temperature: the temperature a parcel of air would have if it were cooled adiabatically with no heat transfer, in degrees Celsius; • Code 30 Calibration depth: deviation on an XBT from the zero depth. This difference between points was used to adjust the profile when it was digitized; • Code 31 Calibration temperature: deviation on an XBT from a 16.7°C reference point. This difference between points was used to adjust the profile when it was digitized; • Code 33 Depth fix: a one (1) is assigned if a depth correction was applied to XBT using recalculated drop rate; • Code 34 Bottom hit: a one (1) is assigned if the probe hits the bottom; • Code 38 Depth correction: average difference between the surface trace and the surface depth line of the grid for an MBT; • Code 39 Temperature correction: correction for difference between reference temperature and MBT reading or correction to the original data by the submittor - in some cases the correction has already been applied; • Code 45 Absolute Humidity (g/m^3): sometimes referred to as the vapor density because it is the ratio of the mass of water vapor present to the volume occupied by the moist air mixture present in the atmosphere; • Code 46 Reference/Sea Surface Temperature: temperature used to check the probe or a separate measure of sea surface temperature; • Code 47 Sea Surface Salinity: the salinity of the layer of sea water nearest to the atmosphere; • Code 65 Conductivity standard: conductivity value of seawater, at salinity 35 P.S.S. and temperature 15°C, used to calculate the conductivity ratio. The conductivity ratio is then used to calculate salinity. Code is included when only conductivity is submitted. Units are milliohms/cm; • Code 71 Radio signal (code 71): identifies whether data is received from a radio signal (real time data), identified with a one (1); • Code 72 XBT Wait: Wait is the time difference between the launch of the probe and the time it begins recording data; • Code 73 XBT Frequency: Frequency is the sampling rate of the recorder. Appendix 3 lists the different codes associated with the T-S probe type (temperature-salinity). Also listed in codes/tsprobe.txt in the CD-ROMs. Appendix 4 lists the methods associated with each variable measured. This list represent the methods reported with the data submitted and is not a comprehensive list of variable methods. Also listed in codes/methods.txt in the CD-ROMs. Appendix 5 lists the units codes which identify the submittor’s original units. Also listed in codes/units.txt in the CD-ROMs. 4. Biological Header The biological header section contains any metadata (information about the data) for the taxonomic and biomass measurements at a station. Table 7 lists the different types of biological header data we include for each station, if the information is available. Similar to the secondary header information, much of the information is represented by code lists. Appendix 6 includes these lists. 5. Taxa-specific And Biomass Data Two types of data are represented in this portion of the station: biomass measurements and taxa-specific variables (see Table 8 for a list of these variables). Biomass are data for the entire sample or net haul (\emph{e.g.}, displacement volume of total haul), whereas taxa-specific data refers to a group or species (\emph{e.g.}, number of *Calanus* per sample). Table 7. List of biological header variables. All code tables are listed in Appendix 6 (the biological headers are listed in file = bioheadr.txt).
ID # DESCRIPTION App. # ID # DESCRIPTION App. #
1 Water volume filtered (m3) none 14 Tow distance (meters) none
2 Sampling duration (minutes) none 15 Average tow speed (knots) none
3 Mesh size (μm) none 16 Sampling start time (GMT) none
4 Type of tow 6A 17 NOT USED
5 Large removed volume (ml) none 18 Flowmeter type 6B
6 Large plankters removed? none 19 Flowmeter calibration 6F
7 Gear code 6B 20 Counting institution file
8 Sampler volume (liters) none 21 Voucher institution file
9 Net mouth area (m2) none 22 Wire angle start (degrees) none
10 Preservation 6C 23 Wire angle end (degrees) none
11 Weight method 6D 24 Depth determined 6G
12 Large removed length (cm) none 25 Volume method 6H
13 Count method 6E
The following is a description of the biological header codes. [Note that values were stored as provided and were only calculated for net mouth area]: • Code 1 Water volume filtered: total volume of water filtered by the sampling gear, in m3; • Code 2 Sampling duration: time over which the sampling gear was towed, in minutes; • Code 3 Mesh size: pore size of the sampling device, in micrometers; • Code 5 Large removed volume: the minimum volume criteria for removing large plankters, in ml, see also code 12; • Code 6 Large plankters removed: if large plankters were specified as being removed (1) or not removed (2), this code is marked. See also code 5 and code 12; • Code 8 Sampler volume: internal volume of the sampling gear (*e.g.*, volume of Niskin bottle), in liters; • Code 9 Net mouth area: mouth or opening area of the sampling gear, in m2. If mouth diameter was provided, area was calculated (area = \( \pi \) (diameter \( \div \) 2)2); • Code 12 Large removed length: the minimum size/length criteria for removing large plankters, in cm, see also code 5; • Code 14 Tow distance: distance over which sampling gear was used, in meters; • Code 15 Average tow speed: average speed used to tow the sampling gear, in knots; • Code 16 Sampling start time: in GMT; • Code 22 Wire angle start: wire angle of the towing apparatus at sampling start, in degrees; • Code 23 Wire angle end: wire angle of the towing apparatus at sampling end, in degrees. Table 8. List of biomass and taxa-specific variables. Code tables for these variables are listed in Appendix 7 (biomass and taxa variables are listed in file = taxvar.txt).
ID # DESCRIPTION App # ID # DESCRIPTION App
1 Parameter number (>0 ITIS tsn tax code, -200 biomass code, -5000 group code) file 13 Taxon wet weight (\( \mu g/UNIT \)) none
2 Upper depth (meters) none 14 Taxon dry weight (\( \mu g/UNIT \)) none
3 Lower depth (meters) none 15 Taxon ash-free weight (\( \mu g/UNIT \)) none
4 Biomass value none 16 Taxon feature (code table) 7F
5 Taxon lifestage (code table) 7A 17 Taxon modifier (code table) 7G
6 Taxon sex code (code table) 7B 18 Size min (mm) none
7 Taxon present (code table) 7C 19 Size max (mm) none
8 Taxon troph (code table) 7D 20 Unit 5
9 Taxon realm (code table) 7E 21 Taxon radius (\( \mu m \)) none
10 Taxon count (count of taxon / UNIT) none 22 Taxon length (\( \mu m \)) none
11 NOT USED 23 Taxon width (\( \mu m \)) none
12 Taxon volume (ml/UNIT) none
The following is a description of biomass and taxa-specific variables: • Code 1 Parameter number: type of taxon or biomass sampled, represented with an ITIS taxonomic serial number (> 0), a group code (<5000), or a biomass parameter code (< -201 and > -210) (Table 9); • Code 2 Upper depth: the upper depth sampled, in meters; • Code 3 Lower depth: the lower depth sampled, in meters; • Code 4 Biomass value: contains biomass value measured, units are specified by the biomass parameter code (code 1, Table 9); • Code 10 Taxon count: the number of an individual taxon counted, in count per unit (as specified by code 20); • Code 12 Taxon volume: the volume of an individual taxon counted, in ml per unit (as specified by code 20); • Code 13 Taxon wet weight: the wet weight of an individual taxon counted, in \( \mu g \) per unit (as specified by code 20); • Code 14 Taxon dry weight: the dry weight of an individual taxon counted, in \( \mu g \) per unit (as specified by code 20); • Code 15 Taxon ash-free dry weight: the ash-free dry weight of an individual taxon counted, in \( \mu g \) per unit (as specified by code 20); • Code 18 Minimum size range description: the smaller size range used in a taxonomic description, in mm; • Code 19 Maximum size range description: the larger size range used in a taxonomic description, in mm; • Code 20 Unit: additional unit identifier for biomass and taxa-specific measurements (listed in Appendix 5); • Code 21 Taxon radius description: the radius (diameter ÷ 2) size used in a taxonomic description, in \( \mu m \); • Code 22 Taxon length description: the length or height used in a taxonomic description , in \( \mu m \); • Code 23 Taxon width description: the width or shortest-dimension used in a taxonomic description, in \( \mu m \). Taxa-specific data is information about a specific group of plankton. The group can be described by a scientific taxon name (*e.g.*, *Calanus finmarchicus*), or by a descriptive phrase (*e.g.*, heterotrophic nanoflagellates). The data for taxa-specific measurements are the relative abundance, the concentration, the volume, or the weight of the group observed. The total set of plankton descriptors are included in a small number of categories: name, lifestage, sex, trophic mode, realm, features, minimum size, maximum size, length, width, radius, and special modifier. The special modifier category retains qualifying terms like ‘other’, ‘sp.’ or ‘spp.’. Appendix 7 includes more details about these categories. Measurement identifiers (*i.e.* what group, species or type of biomass was measured) are stored as a code number in the *Parameter number* field (code 1). Biomass measurements are represented with code values of -201 though -210 (see Table 9). Scientific taxa names were translated using ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System, http://www.itis.usda.gov/itis) as an authority list, and are represented in the WOD98 under the proper ITIS taxonomic serial number (see code-file “itistsn.txt”). When a vague, or broad, taxonomic group or general description was used (*e.g.*, “fish”, “plankton”, “crabs”), a non-taxonomic ‘group code’ was assigned for the group, starting at a value of -5000 (see code-file “nontaxsn.txt” and Appendix 8). Codes -206 to -210 were assigned to biomass values which exceeded 1xE⁹ ml or mg. Table 9. List of Biomass Variable Codes (file = biomass.txt)
Parameter Number DESCRIPTION
-201 Total displacement volume, ml
-202 Total settled volume, ml
-203 Total wet weight, mg
-204 Total dry weight, mg
-205 Total ashfree dry weight, mg
-206 Total displacement vol, m³
-207 Total settled volume, m³
-208 Total wet weight, kg
-209 Total dry weight, kg
-210 Total ashfree dry weight, kg
Unlike depth-dependent variable data (e.g., temperature, oxygen, nitrate, etc.), taxa-specific and biomass data are stored in sets of unique observations, called “taxa-sets”, with each set containing upper and lower depths and all of its associated taxa-specific or biomass variables. For biomass measurements, this usually includes a Parameter number, a Biomass value, a Unit, an Upper depth, and a Lower depth. For taxa-specific measurements, this usually includes a Parameter number, a taxon measurement (e.g., taxon count, taxon wet weight), a Unit, an Upper depth, a Lower depth, and an associated special Taxonomic descriptors (e.g., life stage, sex code, special modifier, etc.). Examples of taxa-sets: • Biomass (displacement volume) measured from 0-100m, and 200-500m, will have two taxa-sets, one for each depth range. • Biomass (displacement volume and wet weight) measured from 0-250m will have two taxa-sets, one for each type of biomass measurement. • A taxa-specific measurement of a single species, counted at five bottle depths, will have five taxa-sets, one for each depth. • A taxa-specific measurement of ten species, counted at five bottle depths, will have 50 taxa-sets, five depths × ten species. Note that taxa with different taxonomic descriptors (e.g., life stage, sex code, etc.) are treated as different taxa, and therefore are stored in different taxa-sets. For example: Calanus eggs, Calanus juveniles, Calanus adults (male), and Calanus adults (female) would be stored as four separate observations, each with the same parameter number, but differing in their life stage and sex code values. 6. Depth Dependent Measured Variables The number of variables and the type of variable are identified in the primary header, as well as with an error code for each variable if all values of that variable in the station have been flagged. Table 4 lists the variables and their identifying codes. Appendix 9 lists the flags assigned to each variable. Stations with data on pressure surfaces have their depths computed, so depth is always present and the pressure value is stored. Some data were reported with both depth and pressure in which case both are stored. Similarly, stations which come in with conductivity readings have salinity computed. Some stations may be reported on standard depth levels (see Table 10) such as most of the Japanese and Former Soviet Union (F.S.U.) data. It is uncertain whether these data were originally measured at standard levels or interpolated to standard depth levels. Included under this category, are surface only data which are also mostly from ships-of-opportunity. III. QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES The quality control procedures are fully documented in section IX of this document. This section is a brief summary of the procedures used. These procedures were used to identify possible problems with the data by examining the entire database. The OCL continues to quality control the data and requests input from the users as to possible problems identified when using the data. Observed level data were checked for quality prior to interpolation to standard levels. For many analysis purposes, it is necessary to interpolate from observed levels to standard depth levels. The standard depth analysis levels selected for this study are listed in Table 10 and include the 30 NODC standard depths and additional levels at 3500, 4500, 5500, 6000, 6500, 7000, 7500, 8000, 8500, and 9000 meters. Table 10. Standard levels and depths (meters)
Depth Level Depth Level Depth Level Depth Level
0125011120021450031
10230012130022500032
20340013140023550033
30450014150024600034
50560015175025650035
75670016200026700036
100780017250027750037
125890018300028800038
1509100019350029850039
20010110020400030900040
The quality of the observed and standard level data were checked using the following procedures: 1. Various checks to ensure the conversion from originator to OCL format was correct (*e.g.*, comparison between converted stations and original data); 2. Preliminary checks - checks for duplicate stations, depth inversions, range checks of primary- and secondary-header variables, cruise integrity checks (*i.e.*, ship speed, cruise duration, duplication or overlap with existing cruises within the database); 3. Range check of the observed level data for each major basin as a function of depth; 4. Large inversion and gradient checks for all variables; [Note: An additional gradient check, called a “zero anomaly check”, was used to locate large gradients due to an anomalous value of “0.00 “ within a station. These instances were often due to the use of “0.00 “ as a missing value indicator, and had to be carefully distinguished from “0.00 “ as a data value]; 5. Density inversion check on the standard level data; 6. XBT drop rate correction before interpolation of observed level to standard level data for T4, T6, and T7 probes (Hanawa et al., 1994); 7. Standard deviation check; 8. Check for unrealistic features after an initial computation of the objective analysis. Explanation of error flags Data observations and profiles determined to be “non-representative”, “suspect”, or “erroneous” by the quality control were flagged using the criteria summarized below. In most cases, only the specific observations are flagged (e.g., a single range outlier or a depth level inversion). In cases where a systematic problem is found to exist throughout the entire profile (e.g., multiple depth problems or standard deviation outliers), then the entire profile may be flagged. A description of the flags can be found in Appendix 9. 1. Check for depth inversions and duplicate depths Depth error flags are assigned if: (A) the second of two successive depths is shallower than the first (a depth inversion), the second depth will be marked with a flag value = 1. (B) three successive depths are shallower than the first depth, every depth reading in the profile following the first will be marked with a flag value = 1. (C) two successive depth readings are equal, the second reading will be marked with a flag value = 1. All correct depths are marked with a flag value = 0. 2. Standard deviation check on standard level data This check calculates the mean and standard deviation of data by five-degree square latitude-longitude boxes for annual (all variables), seasonal (temperature, salinity, oxygen, chlorophyll, nitrate, phosphate, silicate), and monthly (temperature and salinity) periods at each standard level. Data are flagged if: (A) a value is five standard deviations away from the mean in coastal waters (defined as any one-degree grid box adjacent to a land grid point or any one-degree grid box with a bottom depth of less than 200 m). (B) a value is four standard deviations away from the mean in near coastal waters or near the ocean floor (defined as any one-degree grid point where the depth is equal to or less than the depth in an adjacent one-degree box) or any adjacent five-degree grid box is designated coastal. (C) a value is three standard deviations away from the mean in the open ocean. (D) if a station contains two or more standard deviation failures, the whole station is flagged. 3. Density and stability checks for temperature and salinity stations The criterion for an instability is described by Levitus (1982). Flags are assigned: (A) for density inversions at the depths where they occur in the observed and standard level stations. (B) when two or more density inversions (or instabilities) occur in a standard level station. The entire station is then flagged. [Note: Stability checks were performed on observed as well as standard level data. Observed level flags are included for information only, since they were not used to exclude any data from the station data sets. Whole-station flags for stability and standard deviation checks are for standard level data only. For informational purposes, if a standard level station includes a whole station density flag (or standard deviation flag), the observed level data will also include a whole station flag.] 4. Range outlier, gradient, inversion, and zero anomaly flags Observed level data that fell above or below variable-specific ranges were flagged (flag = 1) as range outliers, per Boyer et al. (1994) and Conkright et al. (1994). Suspiciously large decreases (gradients, flag = 3) and increases (inversions, flag = 2) of observed level data over depth were flagged if they were larger or smaller than maximums set for the entire world ocean. Large gradients followed by a large inversion due to a value of “0.00” were marked as a “zero anomaly” (flag = 4). Combinations of range outliers and gradient/inversion/“zero anomaly” are flagged as in Appendix 9. 5. Cruise flags Indicates all stations from a cruise have anomalous data. If an entire accession number is found to have anomalous data, all cruises for that accession will be assigned a cruise flag. This flag also was used to identify data submitted as MBT with dates prior to 1941 and XBT data with dates prior to 1966. 6. Bullseye flags Flags individual values which cause unrealistic features such as “bullseyes” in the contoured objectively analyzed data. This flag is assigned to the observed and standard level data if any value is identified as “incorrect”. IV. CD-ROM DISC STRUCTURE The WOD98 is comprised of five CD-ROMs containing profile and plankton/biomass data in compressed format. WOD98-01 through WOD98-04 contain observed level data, WOD98-05 contains all the standard level data. The data are organized by ten-degree latitude-longitude squares numbered using the WMO ten-degree square numbering scheme (illustrated in Appendices 10A-10B). Within each of the WMO subdirectories are four files containing the NODC archived data NBD, NCT, NXB, and NMB and five PROJECT data files named BD, CTD, MBT, XBT and BIO (these are in separate files since they have not yet been archived at the NODC). Stations in each file are sorted by date. Appendix 11 shows an inventory of the contents in each probe type. Table 11 shows the contents of WOD98-01 - WOD98-05. WOD98-01 contains observed level data for the North Atlantic from 30°-90°N and includes the Mediterranean Sea, Baltic Sea, North Sea, and the Arctic Ocean from 100°W to 100°E. WOD98-02 includes observed level data for the North Atlantic 0-30°N and the South Atlantic. WOD98-03 contains observed level data for the North Pacific from 20°N-90°N including the Arctic Ocean from 100°E-100°W. WOD98-04 contains observed level data for the North Pacific 0-20°N, the South Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Persian Gulf. WMOs 7007, 7008, 7108 and 7109 are duplicated in WOD98-02 and WOD98-04 since the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans overlap in these areas. All the standard level data are on WOD98-05. As with the observed level data, the data are organized by WMO square. Within each WMO square are eight files containing the data associated with each probe or instrument type (the data in BIO do not have standard levels). [Note: Some of the WMO files listed in the CD-ROMs contain no data since they correspond to land areas.] A positive longitude in the data denotes the Eastern Hemisphere, a negative longitude denotes the Western Hemisphere, a positive latitude denotes North and a negative latitude denotes South. Table 11. Contents of the WOD98-01 through WOD98-05
CD-ROM CONTENT
WOD98-01 North Atlantic 30° N-90° N
WOD98-02 North Atlantic 0°-30° N
South Atlantic
WOD98-03 North Pacific 20° N-90° N
WOD98-04 North Pacific 0°-20° N
South Pacific
North Indian
South Indian
WOD98-05 Standard level data for all ocean basins
V. FILE STRUCTURE/FORMAT All observed and standard level data files are written as a series of 80 character length ASCII records. For UNIX users, note that the ASCII records contain a DOS CR-LF (Carriage Return-Line Feed) end-of-record marker which may need to be stripped (see section V - Special Note for UNIX Users). A detailed record layout for the data can be found in Table 12. There is a carriage return after each 80 bytes (CR-LF). Each station begins on a new line. Each section of a station (e.g., character data, secondary header, biological header) begins with a total byte count for that section. If there are no data for that section, the byte count is zero. If there are data for that section, the byte count can be used to skip over sections which are of no interest to the user. The header includes the country code (see Appendix 1 for a listing of these codes), NODC cruise number, position, date-time, OCL unique station number, the number of observed or standard depth levels, an identifier for observed or standard level data, number of variables, variable codes, and a flag if all of a variable's data in that station fails a quality control check (see Appendix 9 for a description of the flags). Appendix 12 shows the byte count for each probe type. Appendix 13 shows sample data output from Station 67064 (using the program ocldemo.f), found on the WOD98-03 CD-ROM in file wod98-03\data\npac2090\7617\BDO7617. This file contains temperature, salinity, oxygen, phosphate, silicate, nitrite, and taxonomic/biomass data ("f" denotes the flag assigned to the variable; numbers in parenthesis represent the number of significant digits in the value; "ERR" identifies whole profile flags for each variable). For compactness, each variable (other than most in the first header), is written in this fashion: STPVVVVVV[E] where: S = Number of significant digits in a value; T = Total number of digits in a value. This is usually the same as [S], but can vary in cases of negative numbers, converted values, and data in which the values are reported with more precision than a probe is capable of recording; P = Precision of a variable (number of places to the right of the decimal point); V = The actual value. This is read in using [T] and [P]; E = Error code. This is not used for all variables. For example: A salinity value, written as [553338910] means that S = 5, T = 5, P = 3. Using this information, there are five bytes in the salinity reading, with a precision of three, so V(sal) = 33.891, and E = 0. A missing value in this data format is always represented with an S = '-' (the minus character). That is, when the number of significant digits in read in, the character encountered will be a negative sign. This tells the user that no value was recorded and to skip to the next value. The file naming convention is redundant so that files downloaded from the CD-ROM to DOS or UNIX storage devices can be completely identified from their names. For example, an NBD (NODC Bottle data) file from the North Atlantic will have a fully qualified name such as \natl3090\5008\NBDO5008.gz (if observed level data) and \natl3090\5008\NBDS5008.gz (if standard level data). TABLE 12. DESCRIPTION OF THE OCL ASCII FORMAT.
OCL ASCII FORMAT FOR PRIMARY HEADER
FIELD LENGTH FORMAT DESCRIPTION
1. Bytes in field (2) 1 I1
2. Bytes in station from (1) Integer
3. Bytes in field (4) 1 I1
4. OCL station number from (3) Integer OCL station identification
5. Country code 2 A2 NODC country codes (Appendix 1)
6. Bytes in field (7) 1 I1
7. Cruise number from (6) Integer NODC/OCL number
8. Year 4 I4
9. Month 2 I2
10. Day 2 I2
11. Time - if time is missing its denoted as (-) in the Sig. digit field - if so, skip to (12)
a. Sig. digits 1 I1 (-)if time missing
b. Total digits 1 I1 not present if a is (-)
c. Precision 1 I1 not present if a is (-)
d. Value based on (b) based on (a-c) not present if a is (-)
12. Latitude - if latitude is missing its denoted as (-) in the Sig. digit field - if so, skip to (13)
a. Sig. digits 1 I1 (-)if missing
b. Total digits 1 I1 not present if a is (-)
c. Precision 1 I1 not present if a is (-)
d. Value based on (b) based on (a-c) not present if a is (-)
13. Longitude - if longitude is missing its denoted as (-) in the Sig. digit field - if so, skip to (14)
a. Sig. digits 1 I1 (-)if missing
b. Total digits 1 I1 not present if a is (-)
c. Precision 1 I1 not present if a is (-)
d. Value based on (b) based on (a-c) not present if a is (-)
14. Bytes in field (15) 1 I1
15. Number of Levels from (14) Integer Number of depths
16. Station type 1 I1 (0)Obs, (1)Std
17. # of Variables in station (N) 2 I2 read (18-20) N times
18. Bytes in field (19) 1 I1
19. Variable codes from (18) Integer OCL variable codes (Table 4)
20. Error code per variable. 1 I1 see Appendix 9
^ denotes blank space OCL ASCII FORMAT FOR CHARACTER DATA, SECONDARY AND BIOLOGICAL HEADER
FIELD LENGTH FORMAT DESCRIPTION
CHARACTER DATA AND PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
1. Bytes in field (2) 1 I1 if “0” go to secondary header
2. Total bytes for character data from (1) Variable
3. Number of types of data (N) 1 I1 orig. cruise and/or orig. sta. and/or PI
IF FIELD (4) IS 1=Originators Cruise, OR 2=Originators station code (read fields 4-6 N times)
4. Type of data 1 I1 (1)orig. cruise
(2)orig. station
5. Bytes in field (6) 2 I2
6. Character data from (5) A
IF FIELD (4) IS 3=Principal investigator
4. Type of data 1 I1 always 3
5. Number of P.I. names 2 I2 read fields 6-9 N times
6. Bytes field (7) 1 I1
7. Variable code from (6) Integer OCL code (Table 4)
8. Bytes in field (9) 1 I1
9. P.I. code based on (8) Integer OCL code (file=pinames.txt)
SECONDARY HEADER
1. Bytes in field (2) 1 I1 if “0” go to biological header
2. Total bytes for secondary headers based on (1) Variable
3. Bytes in field (4) 1 I1
4. Number of entries (N) based on (3) Integer read fields 5-10 N times
5. Bytes in field (6) 1 I1
6. Secondary header code based on (5) Integer OCL code (Table 6)
7. Significant digits 1 I1
8. Total digits 1 I1
9. Precision of value 1 I1
10. Value based on (9) based on (7-9)
BIOLOGICAL HEADER - entries (5-10) repeated based on number read in (4)
1. Bytes in field (2) 1 I1 if “0” go to station data
2. Total bytes for biology based on (1) Integer
3. Bytes in field (4) 1 I1
4. Number of entries (N) based on (3) Integer read 5-10 N times
5. Bytes in field (6) 1 I1
6. Biological header code based on (5) Integer OCL code (Table 7)
7. Significant digits 1 I1
8. Total digits 1 I1
9. Precision of value 1 I1
10. Value based on (5) based on (7-9)
OCL ASCII FORMAT FOR BIOMASS AND TAXONOMIC DATA
FIELD LENGTH FORMAT DESCRIPTION
TAXONOMIC AND BIOMASS DATA SETS
1. Bytes in next field 2 I1 if biological header “0”, this section skipped
2. Number of taxa sets based on (1) Integer
3. Bytes in next field 1 I1
4. Number of entries per taxa set based on (3) Integer steps 3-11 repeated based on step 2
5. Bytes in next field 1 I1
6. Taxa or biomass variable code based on (5) Integer steps 5-11 repeated based on step 4 (Table 8 and Table 9)
7. Significant digits 1 I1
8. Total digits 1 I1
9. Precision 1 I1
10. Value based on (5) based on (4-6)
11. Error code for value 1 I1 always “0”
STATION DATA - all steps repeated for observed level data based on number of levels listed in the primary header - only steps 6-10 repeated if standard level data
1. Number depth sig. digits 1 I1
2. Total digits in depth 1 I1
3. Precision of depth value 1 I1
4. Depth value based on (2) based on (1-3)
5. Depth error code 1 I1
6. Number variable sig. digits 1 I1 steps 6-10 repeated based on # variables
7. Total digits in variable 1 I1
8. Precision of variable 1 I1
9. Variable value based on (7) based on (6-8)
10. Variable error code 1 I1 Appendix 9
A. DESCRIPTION OF THE CD-ROM DOCUMENTATION Each CD-ROM contains three files (a readme.txt file, which describes the contents of the CD, a wmotot.txt file (with tallies of the amount of Kbytes/instrument for each WMO), a readme.odv (with instructions on how to install Ocean Data View) and six directories named: • codes - contains codes associated with the secondary header, biological header, and taxa data; • data - contains the data; • doc - contains the documentation; • programs - contains sample programs for reading the data and programs which allow the user to convert the data so it can be read into IDL (prepared by John E. O’Reilly, NMFS), OceanPC (prepared by Harry Dooley, ICES), Matlab (prepared by Cathy Stephens, NODC), and the NODC station database format P3 (prepared by Tim Boyer, NODC); • utils - contains the utilities necessary to convert from DOS to Unix and to decompress the data. • ODV - contains the Ocean Data View software for viewing the WOD98 data (developed by R. Schlitzer, AWI, for PC’s only). The following is a description of the files contained in doc, codes, programs, ODV and utils. Files in the directory doc of every CD-ROM:
File Description
doc.txt - description of the files in this directory
format.txt - ASCII table describing the format of the data
format.htm - HTML table describing the format of the data
format.wpd - Word Perfect 6.0 table describing the format of the data
format.doc - Microsoft Word for Windows 2.0 table describing the format of the data
readmev2.txt - ASCII version of this document
readmev2.htm - HTML version of this document
readmev2.wpd -Word Perfect 6.0 version of this document
readmev2.doc - Microsoft Word for Windows 2.0 version of this document
readme.odv - ASCII document describing the installation of ODV
The following “gif” images are also contained in this directory as they are needed when viewing the HTML version of the documentation:
File Description
atlwmo.gif - WMO squares of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans
pacwmo.gif - WMO squares of the Pacific Ocean
doclogo.gif - Department of Commerce logo
noaabw.gif - NOAA logo in black and white
services.gif - information about the NODC
Files in the directory programs of every CD-ROM: programs.txt - description of the files in this directory The following subdirectories containing sample converters from the OCL format to other formats, are included in this directory: column Written by C. Stephens and J. Antonov, NODC readme.mat describes the use of matlab.f matlab.f prints output in columns which can be read by MATLAB. readme.gr file describing how to display the output from matlab.f in GRAPHER GRAPHER template sample.grf sample output data from matlab.f comma Written by T. Boyer , NODC formatp3.wpd Word Perfect for Windows description of the NODC P3 format formatp3.htm HTML description of the NODC P3 format ocltop3.c C program reads OCL data and prints output in the NODC P3 format oclread.dir contains all functions for reading in OCL formatted data ocltop3.dir contains all functions for writing data in P3 format readme.p3 describes the programs in this directory ices Written by Dr. Harry Dooley, ICES readme.ic description of files in this directory cdw98-ic.exe BASIC executable which reads the OCL data and converts it to ICES format - NOTE - THIS PROGRAM ONLY RUNS IN DOS ices_src.txt source code in BASIC for cdw98-ic.exe ochnodcc.txt OCL and NODC ship codes used by cdw98-ic.exe idl Written by John E. O’Reilly, NMFS readme.idl describes IDL programs and shows examples ocl2idl.pro contains subroutines which extract the data oclbro.pro opens and reads a WOD98 ASCII file, plots profile and metadata oclopen.pro opens a WOD98 ASCII file oclplot.pro plots station data oclread.pro reads a station from a WOD98 ASCII file oclstr.pro creates an IDL structure for the data oclwrite.pro produces comma separated output file of a profile sample.csv an example of a comma separated output file sample.gif a gif image of the sample output file ocl Written by T. Boyer and T. O’Brien, NODC ocldemo.f sample FORTRAN program for reading the data ocldemoc.c sample C program for reading the data readme.ocl readme file describing the ocldemo programs Files in the directory codes of every CD-ROM: NOTE: all files in this directory are in ASCII format codes.txt description of the files in this directory accesion.txt list of accession numbers, submitting institutes, submitting investigator, and date of receipt of data bioheadr.txt code table identifying the biological headers biomass.txt code table identifying the plankton biomass parameter codes castdir.txt code table identifying cast direction cloudamt.txt code table identifying the cloud amount (WMO-2700 or NODC-0052) cloudtyp.txt code table identifying the cloud type (WMO-0500 or NODC-0053) cntmeth.txt code table identifying the counting methods country.txt code table identifying countries (NODC codes) datatr.txt code table identifying data treatment (NODC-0614) depthdet.txt how the upper and lower depths were determined for biological observations digitint.txt code table identifying digitization interval (NODC-0613) digitmet.txt code table identifying digitization method (NODC-0612) filter.txt code table identifying filter codes flags.txt code table identifying flags assigned to the data flowcal.txt code table identifying flowmeter calibration methods gear.txt biological sampling gear and flowmeter types inst.txt code table identifying institutes (OCL codes) itistsn.txt Taxonomic serial numbers and associated names based on the ITIS taxonomic code list methods.txt code table identifying methods for the station data nontaxsn.txt biological group codes assigned by OCL owscodes.txt code table identifying the ocean weather stations pinames.txt code table for identifying the principal investigator preserv.txt code table identifying sample preservatives used projects.txt code table identifying projects recorder.txt code table identifying the recorder type (WMO-4770) reftype.txt code table identifying the reference type (WMO-0615) seastate.txt code table identifying the sea state (WMO-3700 or NODC-0109) secondh.txt code table identifying the secondary header variables shipname.txt code table identifying the ships taxabund.txt taxon presence, absence, and relative abundance terms taxfeatr.txt code table identifying taxon shape or other features (e.g., 'truncate conical') taxlife.txt table identifying taxon life stages taxmodif.txt code table identifying the taxon modifying terms (e.g., 'sp.') taxrealm.txt code table identifying the taxon realm (e.g., 'benthic') taxsex.txt code table identifying the taxon sex taxsize.txt code table identifying the taxon size delimiters taxtroph.txt code table identifying the taxon trophic mode taxvar.txt code table listing the biomass/taxa-specific variable codes towtype.txt code table identifying the gear towing method tsprobe.txt code table identifying the temperature/salinity instrument type units.txt code table identifying originator’s variable units varmeas.txt code table for measured variables visibil.txt code table identifying visibility (WMO-4300) volumeth.txt code table identifying volume determination methods watercol.txt code table identifying water color (Forel-Ule scale 00-21) wavehgt.txt code table identifying wave height (WMO-1555 or NODC-0104) waveper.txt code table identifying wave period (WMO-3155 or NODC-0378) weather1.txt code table identifying weather (WMO-4501) weather2.txt code table identifying weather (WMO-04677) windfor.txt code table identifying wind force (Beaufort scale or NODC-0052) winwaved.txt code table identifying wind/wave direction (WMO-0877 or NODC-0110) wtmeth.txt code table identifying weight determination methods Subdirectories in the directory ODV of every CD-ROM: The ODV directory contains readme.txt file with further instructions on content and installation instructions. readme.txt installation instructions for the ODV 4.0 (PC only) program. ODV40.ZIP main ODV installation file set (compressed via zip). history.ODV history file of ODV development and versions pkunzip.exe PC executable for unzipping the ODV40.ZIP file. wod98*.lst each WOD98 CD-ROM contains a sample multiple-file loading “*.lst” file, specific to that CD-ROM. The example will load a 2x2 WMO set of WOD98 bottle data (BD and NBD) into ODV. These files may need to be modified if PC’s CD-ROM drive is not “d:”. OptPack this directory contains the ETOPO.zip and globhr.zip optional packages. These files are described in the “options.lst” file, also in the directory. B. util DIRECTORY gzip Directory Within the util directory of each CD-ROM there is a gzip directory which contains two files used for decompressing the data on the WOD98. The first (gzip124.exe) is a self-extracting DOS executable and the second (gzip124.tar) is a tar'd file containing source code for UNIX users. a. Installing gzip For the First Time DOS Users: The file gzip124.exe is a self-extracting DOS executable. Copy gzip124.exe to your hard disk; preferably into a directory listed in your path. Run gzip124.exe and use the file gzip.exe to uncompress data from the WOD98 CD-ROMs as described below. UNIX Users: Copy gzip124.tar to your UNIX system. Run the following commands: tar xvf gzip124.tar These commands will create a directory named gzip124 which include the gzip source code and documentation on copyrights, compression methods and how to compile and install the gzip code. Read through the readme file and when ready to build the gzip executable, follow the instructions in the install file. b. Decompressing Data From WOD98 To uncompress the WOD98 files, it is easier to copy the files to the hard disk. Use gzip to uncompress selected files or a directory and all of it's subdirectories with one command. gzip has a limited help menu accessible with the -h option (i.e., gzip -h) To uncompress a single file: gzip -nd To uncompress the contents of a directory and all of it's subdirectories: gzip -dr If an older version of gzip is used, the -n option is required in order to preserve the correct file names. Special Note for UNIX Users The DOS CR-LF (Carriage Return-Line Feed) indicates the end of a record and may cause problems when working in a UNIX environment. Many systems have a “dos2unix” program which removes these characters from an ASCII file. Files can also be converted by transferring from DOS/WINDOWS using FTP (File Transfer Protocol). The UNIX “tr” or “perl” utilities will also remove the CR-LF. a. To use the UNIX translate utility, “tr”: tr -d "\r" < original_filename > new_filename (Note that the “<“ and “>” must be typed for this command to work). (b) To use the UNIX perl utility: perl -pi -e 's/\r\n\n/g' filename C. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS The minimum hardware requirements for accessing data and information from the CD-ROMs are: CD-ROM reader capable of accessing a disc formatted with the ISO 9660 standard; Microsoft MS-DOS Extensions for CD-ROM, Version 2.0 or higher for DOS machines. Using the Ocean Data View 4.0 software, for PC’s only, has additional requirements, which are addressed at the ODV web site: http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/GEO/ODV . VI. LIST OF ACRONYMS USED IN THE CD-ROM DOCUMENTATION BD Bottle Data CTD Conductivity, Temperature, Depth probe DBT Digital Bathythermograph ESDIM Environmental Science Data and Information Management FSU Former Soviet Union GODAR Global Oceanographic Data Archaeology and Rescue project GTSPPP Global Temperature Salinity Profile Project ICES International Council for the Exploration of the Seas IOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission IODE International Ocean Data Exchange ITIS Integrated Taxonomic Information System MBT Mechanical Bathythermograph meq Milli-equivalents NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NODC National Oceanographic Data Center OCL Ocean Climate Laboratory ODV Ocean Data View (included PC software) PSS Practical Salinity Scale TSN Taxonomic Serial Number SBT Selected Bathythermograph STD Salinity/Temperature with Depth TAO Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean uM Micromolar UCAR University Corporation for Atmospheric Research WOA94World Ocean Atlas, 1994 WOD98World Ocean Database 1998 WDC-AWorld Data Center A for Oceanography WMO World Meteorological Organization XBT Expendable Bathythermograph VII. REFERENCES Boyer, T. P. and S. Levitus, Quality control and processing of historical temperature, salinity and oxygen data. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 81:65, 1994. Conkright, M. E. T. P. Boyer and S. Levitus, Quality control and processing of historical nutrient data. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 79:75, 1994. Hanawa, K.P., P. Rual, R. Bailey, A. Sy, and M. Szabados, Calculation of New Depth Equations for Expendable Bathytelmographs Using a Temperature-Error-Free Methods (Application to Sippican/TSK T-7, T-6 and T-4 XBTs). Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Technical Series, 42:1-46, 1994. *Jeffrey, S.W. and G.F. Humphrey, New spectrophotometric equations for determining chlorophylls a, b, c1 and c2 in higher plants, algae and natural phytoplankton. Biochem. Physi-I. Pflancen.167: 191-194, 1975. *Knudsen, M., C. Forch, and S.P.L. Sörensen, Bericht über die chemische und physikalische Untersuchung des Seewassers und die Aufstellung der neuen Hydrographischen Tabellen, Band N F 6, pp. 125-184, Wiss. Meeresunters., Komm. Unter. Deutsch. Meere, Kiel, 1902. Levitus, S., R. Gelfeld, T. Boyer, and D. Johnson, Results of the NODC Oceanographic Data and Archaeology and Rescue Project. Key to Oceanographic Records Documentation; 19:73, 1994. Levitus, S., Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean. Rockville, Md.: NOAA Professional Paper 13, 1982. *Murphy, J. and J. P. Riley, A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Analytica Chim. Acta 27:31-36, 1962. *Strickland, J.D.H. and Parsons, T.R., A practical handbook of sea water analysis. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Can.: 167, 1972. *Wickstead, J.H., An introduction to the study of tropical plankton. Hutchinson Trop. Manogr.: 160pp., 1965. *Zubov, N., Purpose and substance of the hydrological observations of the Second International Polar Year. Moscow-Leningrad, 1937. * These references are listed in Appendix 4 - Codes for Methods VIII. REFERENCES ASSOCIATED WITH WOD98 Antonov, J., S. Levitus, T.P. Boyer, M.E. Conkright, T. O'Brien, and C. Stephens (1998) World Ocean Atlas 1998 Vol 1: Atlantic Ocean temperature fields, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 27, U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 166 pp. Antonov, J., S. Levitus, T.P. Boyer, M.E. Conkright, T. O'Brien, and C. Stephens (1998) World Ocean Atlas 1998 Vol 2: Pacific Ocean temperature fields, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 28, U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 166 pp. Antonov, J., S. Levitus, T.P. Boyer, M.E. Conkright, T. O'Brien, C. Stephens, and B. Trotsenko (1998) World Ocean Atlas 1998 Vol 3: Indian Ocean temperature fields, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 29, U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 166 pp. Boyer, T. P., J. Antonov, Levitus, S., M.E. Conkright, T. O'Brien, C. Stephens, D. Johnson, and R. Gelfeld (1998) World Ocean Database 1998 Volume 3: Temporal Distribution of Expendable Bathythermograph Profiles, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 20, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 170 pp. Boyer, T. P., M.E. Conkright, S. Levitus, C. Stephens, T. O'Brien, D. Johnson, and R. Gelfeld (1998) World Ocean Database 1998 Volume 4: Temporal Distribution of Conductivity/Salinity-Temperature-Depth (Pressure) Stations, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 21, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 160 pp. Boyer, T. P., M.E. Conkright, S. Levitus, D. Johnson, J. Antonov, T. O'Brien, C. Stephens, and R. Gelfeld (1998) World Ocean Database 1998 Volume 5: Temporal Distribution of Station Data Temperature and Salinity Profiles, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 22, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 108 pp. Boyer, T. P., S. Levitus, J. Antonov, M.E. Conkright, T. O'Brien, and C. Stephens (1998) World Ocean Atlas 1998 Vol 4: Atlantic Ocean salinity fields, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 30, U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 166 pp. Boyer, T. P., S. Levitus, J. Antonov, M.E. Conkright, T. O'Brien, and C. Stephens (1998) World Ocean Atlas 1998 Vol 5: Pacific Ocean salinity fields, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 31, U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 166 pp. Boyer, T. P., S. Levitus, J. Antonov, M.E. Conkright, T. O'Brien, and C. Stephens (1998) World Ocean Atlas 1998 Vol 6: Indian Ocean salinity fields, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 32, U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 166 pp. Conkright, M. E., S. Levitus, T. O'Brien, T.P. Boyer, C. Stephens, D. Johnson, L. Stathoplos, O. Baranova, J. Antonov, R. Gelfeld, J. Burney, J. Rochester, and C. Forgy (1998) World Ocean Database 1998 CD-ROM Data Set Documentation, National Oceanographic Data Center, Silver Spring, MD. Conkright, M. E., T.P. Boyer, Levitus, S., D. Johnson, T. O'Brien, C. Stephens, and R. Gelfeld (1998) World Ocean Database 1998 Volume 6: Temporal Distribution of Station Data Nutrient Profiles, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 23, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 296 pp. Conkright, M. E., T. O'Brien, L. Stathoplos, C. Stephens, T.P. Boyer, D. Johnson, S. Levitus, and R. Gelfeld (1998) World Ocean Database 1998 Volume 8: Temporal Distribution of Station Data Chlorophyll and Plankton Profiles, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 25, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 129 pp. Conkright, M. E., T. O'Brien, S. Levitus, T.P. Boyer, J. Antonov, and C. Stephens (1998) World Ocean Atlas 1998 Vol 10: Atlantic Ocean nutrient fields, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 36, U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 245 pp. Conkright, M. E., T. O'Brien, S. Levitus, T.P. Boyer, J. Antonov, and C. Stephens(1998) World Ocean Atlas 1998 Vol 11: Pacific Ocean nutrient fields, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 37, U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 245 pp. Conkright, M. E., T. O'Brien, S. Levitus, T.P. Boyer, J. Antonov, and C. Stephens (1998) World Ocean Atlas 1998 Vol 12: Indian Ocean nutrient fields, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 38, U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 245 pp. Levitus, S., T.P.Boyer, M.E. Conkright, T. O'Brien, J. Antonov, C. Stephens, L. Stathoplos, D. Johnson, and R. Gelfeld (1998) World Ocean Database 1998 Volume 1: Introduction, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 18, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 346 pp. Levitus, S., T.P.Boyer, M.E. Conkright, T. O'Brien, J. Antonov, C. Stephens, and R. Gelfeld (1998) World Ocean Database 1998 Volume 2: Temporal Distribution of Mechanical Bathythermograph Profiles, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 19, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 286 pp. O'Brien, T., M.E. Conkright, T.P. Boyer, S. Levitus, D. Johnson, C. Stephens, and R. Gelfeld (1998) World Ocean Database 1998 Volume 7: Temporal Distribution of Station Data Oxygen, pH, and Alkalinity Profiles, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 24, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 235 pp. O'Brien, T., S. Levitus, T.P. Boyer, M.E. Conkright, J. Antonov, and C. Stephens (1998) World Ocean Atlas 1998 Vol 7: Atlantic Ocean oxygen fields, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 33, U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 234 pp. O'Brien, T., S. Levitus, T.P. Boyer, M.E. Conkright, J. Antonov, and C. Stephens (1998) World Ocean Atlas 1998 Vol 8: Pacific Ocean oxygen fields, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 34, U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 234 pp. O'Brien, T., S. Levitus, T.P. Boyer, M.E. Conkright, J. Antonov, and C. Stephens (1998) World Ocean Atlas 1998 Vol 9: Indian Ocean oxygen fields, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 35, U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 234 pp. APPENDIX 1. NODC COUNTRY CODES
CODE COUNTRY CODE COUNTRY
06GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF60JAPAN
07GERMANY, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF61NEW ZEALAND
08ARGENTINA62PAKISTAN
09AUSTRALIA64NETHERLANDS
10AUSTRIA65PERU
11BELGIUM66PHILIPPINES
12BURMA67POLAND
13BOLIVIA68PORTUGAL
14BRAZIL70Dominican Republic
15BULGARIA72ALBANIA
17CAMEROON73ROMANIA
18CANADA74UNITED KINGDOM
19SRI LANKA75EL SALVADOR
20CHILE76CHINA, THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF
21TAIWAN77SWEDEN
22COLOMBIA78SWITZERLAND
24KOREA, REPUBLIC OF79SURINAM
26DENMARK80SYRIA
27ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT86THAILAND
28ECUADOR87TOGO
29SPAIN88TUNISIA
31UNITED STATES89TURKEY
32UNITED STATES90UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS
33UNITED STATES91SOUTH AFRICA
34FINLAND92URUGUAY
35FRANCE93VENEZUELA
36GREECE94VIET-NAM
37GUATEMALA95YUGOSLAVIA
38HAITI99UNKNOWN
41INDIAAGANTIGUA
42INDONESIAALALGERIA
43IRAQANANGOLA
44IRANBABARBADOS
45IRELANDBHBAHAMAS
46ICELANDBNBONAIRE
47ISRAELCACURACAO
48ITALYCICAYMAN ISLANDS
49JAPANCRCOSTA RICA
50JORDANCUCUBA
51JAPANCVCAPE VERDE
52LEBANONCYCYPRUS
53LIBYAESESTONIA
54LIBERIAETETHIOPIA
55MALAGASY REPUBLICFJFIJI ISLANDS
56MOROCCOGAGABON
57MEXICOGHGHANA
58NORWAYGMGAMBIA
59NEW CALEDONIAGNGUINEA-BISSAU
GR GRENADA GU GUINEA GY GUYANA HO HONDURAS HK HONG KONG IC IVORY COAST IN INTERNATIONAL JA JAMAICA KE KENYA KU KUWAIT LA LATVIA LT LITHUANIA MA MAURITIUS ML MALTA MO MONACO MS MALAYSIA MU MAURITANIA MZ MOZAMBIQUE NC NICARAGUA NI NIGERIA OM OMAN PA PANAMA QA QUATAR RC CONGO RU RUSSIA SA SAUDI ARABIA SC SEYCHELLES SE SENEGAL SI SINGAPORE SL SIERRA LEONE SM SOMALIA SO SOLOMON ISLANDS SU SUDAN SV SAINT VINCENT TN TONGA TT TRINIDAD/TOBAGO UA U. ARAB EMIRATES UR UKRAINE WS WESTERN SAMOA YM YEMEN ZA TANZANIA ZZ MISCELLANEOUS ORGANIZATIONAL UNITS APPENDIX 2. NODC SECONDARY HEADER CODE TABLES. The first column in the tables contains the code used by the OCL to identify the variable. Sometimes, the second column contains the code used by NODC. The final column contains the code description. 2A. OCEAN WEATHER STATION - SECONDARY HEADER CODE 9*
CODE LETTER 1942-1952 1 Apr. 1952 - 29 Feb. 1956 1 March 1956 - present
1AAbleAlfaAlfa
2BBakerBravoBravo
3CCharlieCocaCharlie
4DDogDeltaDelta
5EEasyEchoEcho
6FFoxFoxtrotFoxtrot
7GGeorgeGolfGolf
8HHowHotelHotel
9IItemIndiaIndia
10JJigJulietJuliet
11KKingKiloKilo
12LLoveLimaLima
13MMikeMetroMike
14NNanNectarNovember
15OOboeOscarOscar
16PPeterPapaPapa
17QQueenQuebecQuebec
18RRogerRomeoRomeo
19SSugarSierraSierra
20TTaroTangoTango
21UUncleUnionUniform
22VVictorVictorVictor
23WWilliamWhiskyWhisky
24XXrayExtraXray
25YYokeYankeeYankee
26ZZebraZuluZulu
* from Lumby and Saelen, 1957 (Report on Oceanographical work from Ocean Weather Ships, Association D’Oceanographie Physique, Publication Scientifique No. 16). 2B. CAST DIRECTION - SECONDARY HEADER CODE 11
OCL CODE NODC CODE DESCRIPTION
1 (U) UPCAST
2 (A) AVERAGE OF UP AND DOWN CASTS
2C. WATER COLOR - SECONDARY HEADER CODE 14
CODE DESCRIPTION CODE DESCRIPTION
1 PERCENT YELLOW 0 FOREL-ULE 15 PERCENT BROWN 14 FOREL-ULE SCALE
2 PERCENT YELLOW 2 FOREL-ULE 16 PERCENT BROWN 20 FOREL-ULE SCALE
3 PERCENT YELLOW 5 FOREL-ULE 17 PERCENT BROWN 27 FOREL-ULE SCALE
4 PERCENT YELLOW 9 FOREL-ULE 18 PERCENT BROWN 35 FOREL-ULE SCALE
5 PERCENT YELLOW 14 FOREL-ULE 19 PERCENT BROWN 44 FOREL-ULE SCALE
6 PERCENT YELLOW 20 FOREL-ULE 20 PERCENT BROWN 54 FOREL-ULE SCALE
7 PERCENT YELLOW 27 FOREL-ULE 21 PERCENT BROWN 65 FOREL-ULE SCALE
8 PERCENT YELLOW 35 FOREL-ULE 31 GREEN
9 PERCENT YELLOW 44 FOREL-ULE 32 BLUE
10 PERCENT YELLOW 54 FOREL-ULE 33 GREY
11 PERCENT YELLOW 65 PERCENT BROWN 0 34 RED
12 PERCENT BROWN 2 FOREL-ULE SCALE 35 CHALKY
13 PERCENT BROWN 5 FOREL-ULE SCALE 36 BROWN
14 PERCENT BROWN 9 FOREL-ULE SCALE 37 LUMINESCENT
2D. WIND-WAVE DIRECTION (WMO-0877) - SECONDARY HEADER CODE 16/21
CODE DESCRIPTION
0 CALM (NO WAVES-NO MOTION)
1 5 DEGREES - 14 DEGREES 19 185 DEGREES - 194 DEGREES
2 15 DEGREES - 24 DEGREES 20 195 DEGREES - 204 DEGREES
3 25 DEGREES - 34 DEGREES 21 205 DEGREES - 214 DEGREES
4 35 DEGREES - 44 DEGREES 22 215 DEGREES - 224 DEGREES
5 45 DEGREES - 54 DEGREES 23 225 DEGREES - 234 DEGREES
6 55 DEGREES - 64 DEGREES 24 235 DEGREES - 244 DEGREES
7 65 DEGREES - 74 DEGREES 25 245 DEGREES - 254 DEGREES
8 75 DEGREES - 84 DEGREES 26 255 DEGREES - 264 DEGREES
9 85 DEGREES - 94 DEGREES 27 265 DEGREES - 274 DEGREES
10 95 DEGREES - 104 DEGREES 28 275 DEGREES - 284 DEGREES
11 105 DEGREES - 114 DEGREES 29 285 DEGREES - 294 DEGREES
12 115 DEGREES - 124 DEGREES 30 295 DEGREES - 304 DEGREES
13 125 DEGREES - 134 DEGREES 31 305 DEGREES - 314 DEGREES
14 135 DEGREES - 144 DEGREES 32 315 DEGREES - 324 DEGREES
15 145 DEGREES - 154 DEGREES 33 325 DEGREES - 334 DEGREES
16 155 DEGREES - 164 DEGREES 34 335 DEGREES - 344 DEGREES
17 165 DEGREES - 174 DEGREES 35 345 DEGREES - 354 DEGREES
18 175 DEGREES - 184 DEGREES 36 355 DEGREES - 4 DEGREES
49 WAVES CONFUSED, DIRECTION INDETERMINATE (WAVES EQUAL TO OR LESS THAN 4 3/4 METERS)
99 WAVES CONFUSED, DIRECTION INDETERMINATE (WAVES GREATER THAN 4 3/4 METERS) WINDS VARIABLE, OR ALL DIRECTIONS OR UNKNOWN
2E. WAVE HEIGHT (WMO-1555) - SECONDARY HEADER CODE 17
CODE DESCRIPTION CODE DESCRIPTION
0CALM147 METER
10.5 METER157.5 METER
21 METER168 METER
31.5 METER178.5 METER
42 METER189 METER
52.5 METER199.5 METER
63 METER2010 METER
73.5 METER2110.5 METER
84 METER2211 METER
94.5 METER2311.5 METER
105 METER2412 METER
115.5 METER2512.5 METER
126 METER2613 METER
136.5 METER27> 13 METERS
2F. SEA STATE (WMO3700) - SECONDARY HEADER CODE 18
CODE DESCRIPTION
0CALM-GLASSY 0 FT (0 METERS)
1CALM-RIPPLED 0-1/3 FT (0-.1METERS)
2SMOOTH-WAVELET 1/3-1 2/3 FT (.1-.5 METERS)
3SLIGHT 1 2/3 - 4 FT(.5-1.25 METERS)
4MODERATE 4-8 FT(1.25-2.50 METERS)
5ROUGH 8-13 FT(2.50-4.0 METERS)
6VERY ROUGH 13-20 FT(4-6 METERS)
7HIGH 20-30 FT(6-9 METERS)
8VERY HIGH 30-45 FT(9-14 METERS)
9PHENOMENAL >45 FT (>14 METERS)
2G. WIND FORCE (BEAUFORT) - SECONDARY HEADER CODE 19
CODE DESCRIPTION
0 Calm (mean velocity in knots <1; in meters/sec 0-0.2; in km/h <1; in m.p.h. <1) /wave ht < .25 ft
1 Light air (mean velocity in knots 1-3; meters/sec 0.3-1.5; Km/h 1-5; m.p.h. 1-3) /wave ht= .25 ft
2 Light breeze (mean velocity in knots 4-6; meters/sec 1.6-3.3; Km/h 6-11; m.p.h. 4-7) /wave ht = .5 ft
3 Gentle breeze (mean velocity in knots 7-10; meters/sec 3.4-5.4; km/h 12-19; m.p.h. 8-12) /wave ht = 2 ft
4 Moderate breeze (mean velocity in knots 11-16; meters/sec 5.5-7.9; km/h 20-28; m.p.h. 13-18) wave ht = 4 ft
5 Fresh breeze (mean velocity in knots 17-21; meters/sec 8.0-10.7; km/h 29-38; m.p.h. 19-24) wave ht = 6 ft
6 Strong breeze (mean velocity in knots 22-27; meters/sec 10.8-13.8; km/h 39-49; m.p.h. 25-31) /wave ht = 10ft
7 Near gale (mean velocity in knots 28-33; meters/sec 13.9-17.1; Km/h 50-61; m.p.h. 32-38) /wave ht = 14 ft
8 Gale (mean velocity in knots 34-40; meters/sec 17.2-20.7; Km/h 62-74; m.p.h. 39-46) /wave ht = 18 ft
9 Strong gale (mean velocity in knots 41-47; meters/sec 20.8-24.4; km/h 75-88; m.p.h. 47-54) /wave ht = 23 ft
2H. WAVE PERIOD (WMO 3155) - SECONDARY HEADER CODE 20
NODC CODE 0378 WMO 3155
CODE DESCRIPTION CODE DESCRIPTION
0 20 OR 21 SECONDS 0 10 SECONDS
1 OVER 21 SECONDS 1 11 SECONDS
2 5 SECONDS OR LESS 2 12 SECONDS
3 6 OR 7 SECONDS 3 13 SECONDS
4 8 OR 9 SECONDS 4 14 SECONDS
5 10 OR 11 SECONDS 5 5 SECONDS OR LESS
6 12 OR 13 SECONDS 6 6 SECONDS
7 14 OR 15 SECONDS 7 7 SECONDS
8 16 OR 17 SECONDS 8 8 SECONDS
9 18 OR 19 SECONDS 9 9 SECONDS
2Ia. WEATHER (WMO 4501) - SECONDARY HEADER CODE 26 - (See below for WMO 4677 )
OCL CODE NODC CODE DESCRIPTION
0 CLEAR (NO CLOUD AT ANY LEVEL)
-1 1 PARTLY CLOUDY (SCATTERED OR BROKEN)
-2 2 CONTINUOUS LAYER(S) OF CLOUD(S)
-3 3 SANDSTORM, DUST STORM, OR BLOWING SNOW
-4 4 FOG, THICK DUST OR HAZE
-5 5 DRIZZLE
-6 6 RAIN
-7 7 SNOW, OR RAIN AND SNOW MIXED
-8 8 SHOWER(S)
-9 9 THUNDERSTORM(S)
2Ib. WEATHER (WMO 4677) - SECONDARY HEADER CODE 26 0 cloud develop. Not observed or not observable-char. change of the state of sky during past hour 1 clouds generally dissolving of becoming less developed-char. change of state of sky during past hr. 2 state of sky on the whole unchanged-char. change of the state of sky during the past hour 3 clouds generally forming or developing-char. change of the state of sky during the past hour 4 visibility reduced by smoke, e.g., veldt of forest fires, industrial smoke or volcanic ashes 5 haze 6 widespread dust in suspension in the air, raised by wind at or near time of obs. 7 dust or sand raised by wind at or near the station at the time of observation, but no well developed dust whirl(s) or sand whirl(s), and no dust storm or sandstorm seen 8 well developed dust whirl(s) or sand whirl(s) seen at or near station during the preceding hour or at the time of observation, but no dust storm or sand storm 9 dust storm or sand storm within sight at the time of observation, or at station during preceding hour 10 mist 11 patches of shallow fog or ice fog at the station, whether on land or sea, not deeper than about 2 meters on land or 10 meters at sea 12 more or less continuous shallow fog or ice fog at the station, whether on land or sea, not deeper than about 2 m on land or 10 m at sea 13 lightning visible, no thunder heard 14 precipitation within sight, not reaching the ground or the surface of the sea 15 precipitation within sight, reaching the ground or the surface of the sea, but distant(i.e., estimated to be more than 5 km) from the station 16 precipitation within sight, reaching ground or surface of the sea, near to, but not at the station 17 thunderstorm, but no precipitation at the time of observation 18 squalls at or within sight of the station during the preceding hour or at time of observation 19 funnel cloud(s) at or within sight of station during preceding hour or at the time of observation 20 drizzle (not freezing) or snow grains - not falling as shower(s) 21 rain (not freezing) - not falling as shower(s) 22 snow - not falling as shower(s) 23 rain and snow or ice pellets, type (a) - not falling as shower(s) 24 freezing drizzle or freezing rain - not falling as shower(s) 25 shower(s) of rain - not falling as shower(s) 26 shower(s) of snow, or of rain and snow - not falling as shower(s) 27 shower(s) of hail, or of rain and hail - not falling as shower(s) 28 fog or ice fog - not falling as shower(s) 29 thunderstorm (with or without precipitation) 30 slight or moderate dust storm or sandstorm-has decreased during the preceding hour 31 slight or moderate dust storm or sandstorm-no appreciable change during the preceding hour 32 slight or moderate dust storm or sandstorm-has begun or has increased during the preceding hour 33 severe dust storm or sandstorm-has decreased during the preceding hour 34 severe dust storm or sandstorm-no appreciable change during the preceding hour 35 severe dust storm or sandstorm-has begun or has increased during the preceding hour 36 slight or moderate blowing snow-generally low (below eye level) 37 heavy drifting snow-generally low (below eye level) 38 slight or moderate blowing snow-generally high (above eye level) 39 heavy blowing snow-generally high (above eye level) 40 fog or ice fog at a distance at time of observation, but not at the station during the preceding hour, the fog or ice fog extending to a level above that of the observer 41 fog or ice fog in patches 42 fog or ice fog, sky visible-has become thinner during the preceding hour 43 fog or ice fog, sky invisible-has become thinner during the preceding hour 2Ib. WEATHER (WMO 4677 ) - continued 44 fog or ice fog, sky visible-no appreciable change during the preceding hour 45 fog or ice fog, sky invisible-no appreciable change during the preceding hour 46 fog or ice fog, sky visible-has begun or has become thicker during the preceding hour 47 fog or ice fog, sky invisible-has begun or has become thicker during the preceding hour 48 fog, depositing rime, sky visible 49 fog, depositing rime, sky invisible 50 drizzle, not freezing, intermittent-slight at time of observation 51 drizzle, not freezing, continuous-slight at time of observation 52 drizzle, not freezing, intermittent-moderate at time of observation 53 drizzle, not freezing, continuous-moderate at time of observation 54 drizzle, not freezing, intermittent-heavy (dense) at time of observation 55 drizzle, not freezing, continuous-heavy (dense) at time of observation 56 drizzle, freezing, slight 57 drizzle, freezing, moderate or heavy (dense) 58 drizzle and rain, slight 59 drizzle and rain, moderate or heavy 60 rain, not freezing, intermittent-slight at time of observation 61 rain, not freezing, continuous-slight at time of observation 62 rain, not freezing, intermittent-moderate at time of observation 63 rain, not freezing, continuous-moderate at time of observation 64 rain, not freezing, intermittent-heavy at time of observation 65 rain, not freezing, continuous-heavy at time of observation 66 rain, freezing, slight 67 rain, freezing, moderate or heavy 68 rain or drizzle and snow, slight 69 rain or drizzle and snow, moderate or heavy 70 intermittent fall of snow flakes-slight at time of observation 71 continuous fall of snow flakes-slight at time of observation 72 intermittent fall of snow flakes-moderate at time of observation 73 continuous fall of snow flakes-moderate at time of observation 74 intermittent fall of snow flakes-heavy at time of observation 75 continuous fall of snow flakes-heavy at time of observation 76 ice prisms (with or without fog) 77 snow grains (with or without fog) 78 isolated starlike snow crystals (with or without fog) 79 ice pellets, type (a) 80 rain shower(s), slight 81 rain shower(s), moderate or heavy 82 rain shower(s), violent 83 shower(s) of rain and snow mixed, slight 84 shower(s) of rain and snow mixed, moderate or heavy 85 snow shower(s), slight 86 show shower(s), moderate or heavy 87 shower(s) of snow pellets or ice pellets, type(b), with/without rain and snow mixed-slight 88 shower(s) of snow pellets or ice pellets, type(b), with/without rain or rain and snow mixed- moderate or heavy 89 shower(s) of hail, with or without rain or rain and snow mixed, not assoc. with thunder-slight 90 shower(s) of hail, with/without rain or rain and snow mixed, not assoc. w/thunder-moderate or heavy 91 slight rain at time of observation.-thunderstorm during the preceding hour but not at time of obs. 92 moderate or heavy rain at time of observation.-thunderstorm during preceding hr. but not at time of obs. 93 slight snow, or rain and snow mixed or hail at time of observation.-thunderstorm during the preceding hour but not at time of observation 2Ib. WEATHER (WMO 4677 ) - continued 94 moderate or heavy snow, or rain and snow mixed or hail at time of observation-thunderstorm during the preceding hour but not at time of observation 95 thunderstorm, slight or moderate, without hail, but w/rain and/or snow at time of observation 96 thunderstorm, slight or moderate, with hail at time of observation 97 thunderstorm, heavy, without hail, but with rain and/or snow at time of observation 98 thunderstorm combined with dust storm or sandstorm at time of observation 99 thunderstorm, heavy, with hail at time of observation 2J. CLOUD TYPE (WMO500) - SECONDARY HEADER CODE 27
CODE DESCRIPTION
0 CIRRUS (CI)
1 CIRROCUMULUS (CC)
2 CIRROSTRATUS (CS)
3 ALTOCUMULUS (AC)
4 ALTOSTRATUS (AS)
5 NIMBOSTRATUS (NS)
6 STRATOCUMULUS (SC)
7 STRATUS (ST)
8 CUMULUS (CU)
9 CUMULONIMBUS (CB)
10 CLOUD NOT VISIBLE OWING TO DARKNESS, FOG, DUST STORM, SANDSTORM, OR OTHER ANALOGOUS PHENOMENA
2K. CLOUD COVER (WMO2700) - SECONDARY HEADER CODE 28
CODE DESCRIPTION
0 0 (ZERO)
1 1 OKTA OR LESS, BUT NOT ZERO (1/10 OR LESS, BUT NOT ZERO)
2 2 OKTAS or 2/10-3/10
3 3 OKTAS or 4/10
4 4 OKTAS or 5/10
5 5 OKTAS or 6/10
6 6 OKTAS or 7/10-8/10
7 7 OKTAS OR MORE, BUT NOT 8 OKTAS (9/10 OR MORE, BUT NOT 10/10)
8 8 OKTAS or 10/10
9 SKY OBSCURED, OR CLOUD AMOUNT CANNOT BE ESTIMATED
2L. RECORDER TYPE (BT - WMO-4770) - SECONDARY HEADER CODE 32
CODE DESCRIPTION
1 SIPPICAN STRIP CHART RECORDER
2 SIPPICAN MK2A/SSQ-61
3 SIPPICAN MK-9
4 SIPPICAN AN/BHQ-7/MKS
5 SIPPICAN MK-12
6 MK5
7 MK8 LINEAR RECORDER
10 SPARTAN SOC-BT/SV PROCESSOR MODEL 100
20 ARGOS XBT-ST
21 CLS-ARGOS/PROTECNO XBT-ST MODEL 1
22 CLS-ARGOS/PROTECNO XBT-ST MODEL 2
30 BATHY SYSTEMS SA-810
31 SCRIPPS METROBYTE CONTROLLER
32 MURAYAMA DENKI Z-60-16 III
33 MURAYAMA DENKI Z-60-16 II
34 PROTECNO ETSM2
35 NAUTILUS MARINE SERVICE NMS-XBT
40 TSK MK-2A
41 TSK MK-2S
42 TSK MK-30
43 TSK MK-30N
2M. DIGITIZATION METHOD (NODC-0612) - SECONDARY HEADER CODE 35
CODE DESCRIPTION
1 MANUAL
2 A-D CONVERSION FROM ORIGINAL
3 A-D CONVERSION FROM COPIES
4 OPTICAL SCANNING
5 DIRECT DIGITAL OUTPUT UNKNOWN
6 DIRECT DIGITAL OUTPUT BATHY
7 DIRECT DIGITAL OUTPUT SUTRON
8 DIRECT DIGITAL OUTPUT FROM SIPPICAN
2N. DIGITIZATION INTERVAL (NODC-0613) - SECONDARY HEADER CODE 36 LE = less than or equal to; GT = greater than; LT = less than; DEG C = degrees Celsius
CODE DESCRIPTION
1 FIXED INTERVAL LE 0.1 METER AND LE 0.1 DEG C
2 FIXED INTERVAL GT 1 METER BUT LE 3 METERS AND LE 0. 1 DEG C
3 FIXED INTERVAL GT 3 METERS BUT LE 6 METERS AND LE 0 .1 DEG C
4 FIXED INTERVAL GT 6 METERS AND LE 0.1 DEG C
11 FIXED INTERVAL LE 1 METER AND LE 0.2 DEG C
12 FIXED INTERVAL GT 1 METER BUT LE 3 METERS AND LE 0. 2 DEG C
13 FIXED INTERVAL GT 3 METERS AND LE 6 METERS AND LE 0.2 DEG C
31 VARIABLE INTERVAL - MANUALLY DETERMINED
32 VARIABLE INTERVAL - STATISTICALLY DETERMINED
33 VARIABLE INTERVAL - PHYSICALLY DETERMINED
34 FIXED INTERVAL GT 3 METERS BUT LT 6 METERS AND LE 0.2 DEG C
2O. DATA TREATMENT AND STORAGE (NODC-0614) - SECONDARY HEADER CODE 37
CODE DESCRIPTION
1 SINGLE DIGITIZATION; STORED AS DIGITIZED
2 SINGLE DIGITIZATION; COMPRESSION; FIT WITHIN 0.05 DEG C
3 SINGLE DIGITIZATION; COMPRESSION; FIT WITHIN 0.1 DEG C
4 SINGLE DIGITIZATION; COMPRESSION; FIT WITHIN 0.2 DEG C
5 SINGLE DIGITIZATION; COMPRESSION; FIT WITHIN 0.3 DEG C
6 SINGLE DIGITIZATION; COMPRESSION; FIT WITHIN 0.7 DEG C
21 DUAL DIGITIZATION AND AVERAGING; STORED AS DIGITIZED
22 DUAL DIGITIZATION AND AVERAGING; COMPRESSION; FIT WITHIN 0.05 DEG C
23 DUAL DIGITIZATION AND AVERAGING; COMPRESSION; FIT WITHIN 0.1 DEG C
24 DUAL DIGITIZATION AND AVERAGING; COMPRESSION; FIT WITHIN 0.2 DEG C
25 DUAL DIGITIZATION AND AVERAGING; COMPRESSION; FIT WITHIN 0.3 DEG C
26 DUAL DIGITIZATION AND AVERAGING; COMPRESSION; FIT WITHIN 0.5 DEG C
27 DATA POINTS AT FIXED INTERVALS OR SELECTED INTERVALS RETAINED AND STORED
2P. INSTRUMENT FOR REFERENCE TEMPERATURE (NODC-0615) - SECONDARY HEADER CODE 40
CODE DESCRIPTION
1 BUCKET
2 INJECTION, OR UNVERIFIED BUCKET NOTATION, OR UNKNOWN
3 NANSEN CAST (REVERSING THERMOMETER)
4 THERMOGRAPH
5 SPECIAL CALIBRATION THERMOMETER OR EQUIPMENT
6 BT
7 STD
9 HULL CONTACT SENSOR
10 ENGINE INTAKE
2Q. HORIZONTAL VISIBILITY (WMO-4300) - SECONDARY HEADER CODE 41
CODE DESCRIPTION
0 LESS THAN 50 METERS
1 50 - 200 METERS
2 200 - 500 METERS
3 500 - 1000 METERS
4 1 - 2 KM
5 2 - 4 KM
6 4 - 10 KM
7 10 - 20 KM
8 20 - 50 KM
9 50 KM OR MORE
2R. FILTER TYPE - SECONDARY HEADER CODE 59
100 GLASS-FIBER FILTER
101 Reeve Angel gf/f 984H
102 Whatman gf/f 24
103 Whatman gf/f 47 mm
104 Gelman gf/f 0.45u
105 Gelman gf/f 0.8u
106 GF/C
200 MILLIPORE
300 NUCLEOPORE
301 Nucleopore >10 micron
302 Nucleopore 2-10 micron
303 Nucleopore <2 micron
400 PAPER FILTER
500 UNSPECIFIED FILTER-TYPE
501 >10 micron (unspecified type)
502 2-10 micron (unspecified type)
503 <2 micron (unspecified type)
900 COMBINATION FILTER-TYPES
901 Whatman GF/C and HA Millipore
APPENDIX 3. CODE TABLES FOR TEMPERATURE-SALINITY PROBES (BOTTLE is assumed if no code)
CODE Instrument Description
1 MBT Mechanical Bathythermograph, TYPE UNKNOWN
2 XBT Expendable Bathythermograph, TYPE UNKNOWN
3 DBT Digital Bathythermograph, TYPE UNKNOWN
4 CTD Conductivity/Temperature Device, TYPE UNKNOWN
5 STD Salinity/Temperature Device, TYPE UNKNOWN
6 XCTD Expendable Conductivity/Temperature Device, TYPE UNKNOWN
101 MBT GM-39 (RUSSIA)
207 XBT T7 (SIPPICAN)
208 XBT T4 (SIPPICAN)
209 XBT T6 (SIPPICAN)
210 XBT T5 (SIPPICAN)
211 XBT T10(SIPPICAN)
212 XBT T11(SIPPICAN)
213 XBT FAST DEEP (SIPPICAN) [formerly w/ MK5 RECORDER]
214 XBT DEEP BLUE (SIPPICAN) [formerly w/ MK8 LINEAR RECORDER]
215 XBT T4 (TSK) [formerly RELEASED FROM HELICOPTER]
216 XBT T6 (TSK) [formerly RELEASED FROM SUBMARINE]
217 XBT T7 (TSK) [formerly RELEASED FROM AIRPLANE]
218 XBT (MHI, ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, UKRAINE)
219 XBT T5 (TSK)
220 XBT T10 (TSK)
221 XBT XBT-1 (SPARTAN)
222 XBT XBT-3 (SPARTAN)
223 XBT XBT-4 (SPARTAN)
224 XBT XBT-5 (SPARTAN)
225 XBT XBT-5DB (SPARTAN)
226 XBT XBT-6 (SPARTAN)
227 XBT XBT-7 (SPARTAN)
228 XBT XBT-7DB (SPARTAN)
229 XBT XBT-10 (SPARTAN)
230 XBT XBT-20 (SPARTAN)
231 XBT XBT-20DB (SPARTAN)
201 XBT T7 (UNKNOWN BRAND)
202 XBT T4 (UNKNOWN BRAND)
203 XBT T6 (UNKNOWN BRAND)
204 XBT T5 (UNKNOWN BRAND)
205 XBT T10 (UNKNOWN BRAND)
206 XBT T11 (UNKNOWN BRAND)
401 CTD SBE-9 (Deep ocean precision CTD, Seabird Electronics)
402 CTD ISTOK
403 CTD E.G.&G MARK III (E.G.&G Ocean products)
404 CTD NEIL BROWN (MARK) IIIB
405 CTD SEACAT (Seabird Electronics, unspecified model)
406 CTD GUILDLINE (type unknown)
407 CTD (MHI, ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, UKRAINE)
408 CTD (Institute of Oceanography; Academy of Science, Russia)
409 CTD STD (Krossbim Rosettes)
410 CTD SEABIRD (Seabird Electronics, type unknown)
411 CTD SBE-911 PLUS (Seabird Electronics)
412 CTD BISSETT-BERMAN (type unknown)
413 CTD JASUS (by M. Du Chaffaut and T. Labadie)
414 CTD PLESSEY 9040
415 CTD PLESSEY 9400
416 CTD PLESSEY 9041
417 CTD PLESSEY 9060
418 CTD NEIL BROWN MARK III
419 CTD Hydro Products 612/912S
420 CTD NEIL BROWN SMART CTD
421 CTD PLESSEY (type unknown)
422 CTD PLESSEY/GRUNDY (type unknown; note that Grundy is new Plessy name)
423 CTD NEIL BROWN DRCM
424 CTD SBE-102 (Seabird Electronics)
425 CTD SBE-911 (Seabird Electronics)
426 CTD OCEAN CASSETTE
427 CTD NEIL BROWN (type unknown)
428 CTD BECKMAN RS5-3
429 CTD SBE-19 (SEACAT stationary, Seabird Electronics)
430 CTD GUILDLINE 8700 a.k.a. MARK II
431 CTD GUILDLINE 8701 (analog CTD)
432 CTD GUILDLINE 8701 MODIFIED
433 CTD GUILDLINE 8705
434 CTD GUILDLINE 8706
435 CTD GUILDLINE 8709 (portable)
436 CTD GUILDLINE 8755
437 CTD GUILDLINE 8770 (portable)
438 CTD GUILDLINE 8737 “WOCE” (WOCE-specifications)
439 CTD FSI CTD (Falmouth Scientific, Inc.)
440 CTD BISSETT-BERMAN 9006
441 CTD BISSETT-BERMAN 9040-2A
501 STD PLESSEY 9006
502 STD PLESSEY 8400
503 STD PLESSEY 9040
504 STD PLESSEY 9041
505 STD ED 9071
506 STD APMCRO 12
507 STD Hydrolab in situ salinometer (ca 1960's)
508 STD AML STD-12 (a.k.a. AML CTD-12)
509 STD BISSETT-BERMAN 9040
601 XCTD STANDARD (SIPPICAN)
602 XCTD DEEP (SIPPICAN)
603 XCTD AXCTD (SIPPICAN)
604 XCTD SXCTD (SIPPICAN)
APPENDIX 4. CODES FOR METHODS
4A. PIGMENT (CHLOROPHYLL) METHODS (secondary header 48)
400 Spectrometric
413 JH75 (spectrophotometric - Jeffrey and Humphrey, 1975)
600 Fluorometric
601 Fluorescence (in-situ - Turner Fluorometer - Strickland and Parsons, 1972)
603 in situ CTD (CTD in-situ fluorometer)
700 HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography)
860 Van Dorn (Japanese)
4B. NUTRIENT METHODS (secondary header 49)
400 spectrometric- manual (Strickland and Parsons, 1972)
500 autoanalyzer (Strickland and Parsons, 1972)
501 Technicon Autoanalyzer (Murphy and Riley, 1962)
506 Sumigraph Autoanalyzer
4C. TOTAL ALKALINITY METHOD (secondary header 60)
900 pH meter (potentiometric)
910 Ruppin (Ruppin's method -referenced in Zubov, 1937)
1300 Potentiometric (this includes Strickland and Parsons, 1972)
4D. OXYGEN METHODS (secondary header 67)
300 Winkler method
321 Beckman POS -Beckman polarographic oxygen sensor (CTD)
4E. SALINITY METHODS (secondary header 68)
201 Titration (Knudsen, 1902)
202 PSAL78
4F. TEMPERATURE METHODS (secondary header 69)
102 T68
103 ITS-90
APPENDIX 5. CODES FOR ORIGINATOR'S VARIABLE UNITS
5A. Oxygen originator’s units (standard unit: ml/l - Secondary header 54)
32mg/l = ppm
37mg-at/l
29μmol/kg
7μg-at/l = mmol/m3 = μmol/l = μM
58mg-at/kg
62mmol/l
5B. Nutrients (standard unit: μg-at/l - Secondary header 55)
36μg/l
29μmol/kg
39ng/l
37mg-at/l
58mg-at/kg
34μeq/kg = μmol/kg
51μeq/l = μmol/l
54meq/kg = mmol/kg
5C. Chlorophyll (standard unit: μg/l - Secondary header 56)
33μg/kg
39ng/l
59mg/kg
66ng/kg
5D. Alkalinity (standard unit: meq/l - Secondary header 58)
34μeq/kg = μmol/kg
51μeq/l = μmol/l
54meq/kg = mmol/kg
5E. Biomass/taxonomic data (Taxa variable 20)
68per sample
69per m2
70per m3
71per individual
72per ml
APPENDIX 6. LIST OF CODE TABLES ASSOCIATED WITH THE BIOLOGICAL HEADERS 6A. TYPE OF TOW - BIOLOGICAL HEADER 4
CODE DESCRIPTION CODE DESCRIPTION
1 HORIZONTAL 3 OTHER (oblique, double oblique)
2 VERTICAL 4 DEPTH STRATIFIED (e.g., MOCNESS)
6B. GEAR AND FLOWMETER CODES - BIOLOGICAL HEADER 7
CODE DESCRIPTION CODE DESCRIPTION
101NORPAC Net132WP-2 (UNESCO Working Party 2)
102Plankton Net (Muslin)133Nansen Surface Net
103Plankton Net (Silk)134Heron Tranter Net
104Marutoku B Net135N70 Net
105Juday Net (Tropical or Large)136Organdie Net
106Juday Net (Oceanic or JOM)13775M25 Net
107Ring Net138TSK (flowmeter type)
108Gulf IA Sampler139Hensen Egg Net
109Gulf III Sampler140Beam Trawl
110Gulf II (on-board CPR)141Marushi Net
111Rectangular Midwater Trawl (RMT)142Foredock Net
112Plankton Net (type unknown)143Motoda MTD Net
113Multiple Plankton Sampler (MPS)144Van Dorn Bottle
114Bathypelagic Plankton Sampler (BPS)145GOM 2030 (Flowmeter type)
115Indian Ocean Standard Net (IOSN)146POFI Net
116Clarke-Bumpus Sampler147Micro Net (unspecified)
117Neuston Net148Open Net (unspecified)
118Bongo Net149Closing Net (Unspecified)
119Water Pump150Speed Net (unspecified)
120MOCNESS Net151Plankton Trap (unspecified)
121BR 80/113 Net152NORPAC Net - Petersen
122Continuous Plankton Recorder (Hardy)153NORPAC Net - Improved
123Isaacs-Kidd Midwater Trawl (IKMT), depressor dimension unspecified154RGS (Flowmeter type)
124Midwater Trawl155Flowmeter Used (type unspecified)
125ORI Net1566-FT Isaacs Kidd Midwater Trawl
126Kitahara Net15710-FT Isaacs Kidd Midwater Trawl
127Bottle (Unspecified)158ATLAS (Flowmeter type)
128Bottle (Niskin)159Tube Hai Net
129Marutoku Net (Unspecified)160Continuous Plankton Sampler
130Bottle (Go-Flos)161Double net (inner)
131CalCOFI Net162Double net (outer)
6C. PRESERVATIVE CODES - BIOLOGICAL HEADER 10
CODE DESCRIPTION
1 4-5% formalin, unbuffered
2 4-5% formalin, hexamine buffered
3 4-5% formalin, borax or borate buffered
4 10% formalin, seawater, buffered (unspecified type)
5 4-5% formalin, seawater (buffered/unbuffered unspecified)
6 4-5% formalin (no ref. to water-type or buffering, if any)
7 4%BUFFFORMALIN(4-5% formalin, buffered (unspecified type)
8 10% filtered paraformaldehyde
9 2-10% formalin, seawater, buffered (unspecified type)
10 5-10% formalin, seawater, buffered (unspecified type)
11 1% formalin, buffered (unspecified type)
12 2% formalin, buffered (unspecified type)
13 3-5% formalin, seawater, unbuffered
14 5% formalin, seawater, borax buffered
15 4-5% formalin, seawater, sodium bicarbonate buffered
16 Liquid nitrogen
17 Acidified Lugol's Iodine solution
18 Formalin (no info on: %, buffering ,water type)
19 Preservative used, no additional information provided
20 10% formalin, buffered (unspecified type)
6D. WEIGHT METHOD - BIOLOGICAL HEADER CODE 11
CODE DESCRIPTION REFERENCE
1 TOTAL CATCH (wet weight of the total catch) Bogorov, 1951. Trans. Inst. Oce. Acad. Sci. USSR 5:54-62. (Russian)
2 BOFS Mesoplankton Biomass Protocol The BOFS North Atlantic Data Set, British Oceanographic Data Centre, 1994.
6E. COUNT METHOD - BIOLOGICAL HEADER CODE 13
CODE DESCRIPTION
1 COUNTING CHAMBER
2 MICROSCOPE (Acid Lugol’s stain)
3 MICROSCOPE (Autofluorescence)
4 MICROSCOPE (Epifluorescence, DAPI stained)
5 MUD OR MPN (Method of Ultimate Dilution or Most Probable Number)
6 MICROSCOPE (counted under a microscope at varying magnifications)
7 COMPLETE ENUMERATION
8 FOLSOM SPLITTER (complete enumeration, using Folsom Splitter to reduce sample to ~300-600 individuals)
9 MICROSCOPE, (Epifluorescence, staining unspecified)
10 CENTRIFUGE METHOD
11 ALIQUOT AND FULL (counted aliquout, then counted FULL sample for less frequent forms)
12 COULTER COUNTER
13 INVERTED MICROSCOPE
6F. FLOWMETER CALIBRATION - BIOLOGICAL HEADER CODE 19
CODE DESCRIPTION
1 CRUISE START AND END
2 BY MANUFACTURER
3 SINGLE CALIBRATION TOW
6G. DEPTH DETERMINATION - BIOLOGICAL HEADER CODE 24
CODE DESCRIPTION
1 OCL CALCULATED (Calculated by OCL from wire out and wire angle)
2 FIXED (One target depth reported by originator for all samples)
6H. VOLUME METHOD - BIOLOGICAL HEADER CODE 25
CODE DESCRIPTION
1 Stored in 5% formalin solution, measured several months later after initial shrinkage occurred
2 WICKSTEAD (1965)
3 Settled 24 hrs in 50 ml graduated cylinder
APPENDIX 7. CODE TABLES USED TO DESCRIBED THE TAXONOMIC DATA 7A. TAXONOMIC LIFESTAGES - TAXA VARIABLE 5 (TSN = taxonomic serial number, if specific taxon implied)
CODE DESCRIPTION
1 EGG/OVA code “gametes” below
2 NAUPLIUS default TSN = 83677 CRUSTACEA
3 ZOEA default TSN = 83677 CRUSTACEA
4 MEGALOPA default TSN = 98276 BRACHYURA
5 VELIGER default TSN = 69459 GASTROPODA
6 LARVA
7 JUVENILE
8 ADULT
9 LARVA+JUV+ADULTS (6-8) equals LARVAL + POST-LARVAL
10 COPEPODITE V
11 POSTLARVAE (7-8)
12 CYPHONAUTES larva default TSN = 155469 BRYOZOA
13 PHYLLOSOMA larva default TSN = 97646 PALINURIDAE
14 PILIDIUM larva default TSN = 57411 NEMERTEA (NEMERTINEA)
15 TORNARIA larva default TSN = 158617 ENTEROPNEUSTA
16 TROCHOPHORE larva default TSN = -5002 ZOOPLANKTON
17 ARACHNACTIS larva def 51985 CERIANTHIDAE
18 ACTINTROCHA larva def 155457 PHORONIDAE
19 EMBRYO example: sea urchin embryo
20 CYPRIS larva default TSN = 89433 CIRRIPEDIA (barnacle)
21 BIPINNARIA larva default TSN = 156862 ASTEROIDEA
22 OPHIOPLOUTEUS larva default TSN = 157325 OPHIUROIDEA
23 ECHINOPLUTEUS larva default TSN = 157821 ECHINOIDEA
24 hypnospores refers to “resting stages”, “cysts”, etc.
25 COPEPODITE I
26 COPEPODITE II
27 COPEPODITE III
28 COPEPODITE IV
29 COPEPODITE (without stage information)
30 CALYPTOPIS default TSN = 95496 EUPHAUSIACEA
31 FURCILIA default TSN = 95496 EUPHAUSIACEA
32 NAUPLIUS I default TSN = 85257 COPEPODA
33 NAUPLIUS II default TSN = 85257 COPEPODA
34 NAUPLIUS III default TSN = 85257 COPEPODA
35 NAUPLIUS IV default TSN = 85257 COPEPODA
36 NAUPLIUS V default TSN = 85257 COPEPODA
37 METANAUPLIUS default TSN = 85257 COPEPODA
38 POLYP refers to Anthozoa, Scyphozoa, or Hydrozoa
39 MEDUSAE if Genus not provided, code as “-5009”
40 INDETERMINABLE
41 GAMETES
42 ORTONAUPLIUS
43 COPEPODITE I-V all stages (1-5) were counted
44 DEAD or non-viable
45 LIVING or viable
46 MULLERS LARVA default TSN = 53964 TURBELLARIA (class)
47 EGGS + LARVAE (1,6)
7B. TAXONOMIC SEX CODE - TAXA VARIABLE 6
CODE DESCRIPTION
1 MALE
2 FEMALE
3 HERMAPHRODITE
4 TRANSITIONAL
5 GROUPED, BOTH SEXES PRESENT
6 HERMAPHRODITIC, FUNCTIONAL FEMALE
7 HERMAPHRODITIC, FUNCTIONAL MALE
8 INDETERMINABLE
9 SEXUAL GENERATION
10 ASEXUAL GENERATION
7C. TAXONOMIC PRESENCE/ABUNDANCE CODES - TAXA VARIABLE 7
CODE DESCRIPTION EQUIVALENTS
1 PRESENT (Present; +; some; also used when body parts observed, e.g., spicules)
2 ABSENT (Absent; not found; -; not observed)
3 COMMON (++; many)
4 ABUNDANT (CC)
5 VERY ABUNDANT (CCC; +++)
6 PREDOMINANT (CCCC)
7 RARE
8 VERY RARE
9 HIGHLY RARE (RRR )
10 EXTREMELY RARE (RRRR )
11 RED TIDE (bloom)
12 EXCLUSIVELY
7D. TAXONOMIC TROPHIC LEVEL - TAXA VARIABLE 8
CODE DESCRIPTION
1 AUTOTROPH (unspecified - also “holophytic”)
2 AUTOTROPH-CHEMO
3 AUTOTROPH-PHOTO
4 HETEROTROPH (unspecified - also “holozoic”)
5 HETEROTROPH-PARASITIC
6 HETEROTROPH-SAPROPHYTIC (obtains food by absorbing dissolved organics (decay))
7 PLASTIDIC (has plastids)
8 NON-PLASTIDIC (does not have plastids)
9 OLIGOTROPH
7E. TAXONOMIC REALM - TAXA VARIABLE 9
CODE DESCRIPTION
1 BENTHIC
2 EPIBIONT (EPIZOIC, EPIPHYTIC, ...)
3 ENDOBIONT (Intestinal, ENDOZOIC, ...)
4 MEROPLANKTONIC (Adults are benthic or nektonic)
7F. TAXONOMIC FEATURES - TAXA VARIABLE 16
CODE DESCRIPTION
1 SPHERICAL/COCCOID ball-shaped; 1-dimension; radius
2 ELLIPSOID ellipsoid; 2-dimensions; long = length, short = radius
3 BACILLUS/ROD-SHAPED long circular-column; 2-dimensions; long = length, short = radius
4 LENS-LIKE lentil-shaped; 2-dimensions; long = radius, short = length (thickness)
5 SPINDLE-LIKE needle-shaped; 2-3 dimensions; long = length, remaining = radius/width
6 TRUNCATED-CONICAL trune-cone; 2 dimensions; usually long = length, short = radius
7 ARMORED/THECATE armoured, e.g., dinoflagellates
8 UNARMORED/ATHECATE unarmoured, e.g., naked dinoflagellates
9 HOLOCOCCOLITH-IC coccoliths made of same size/shape crystals
10 HETEROCCOLITH-IC coccoliths made of different size/shape crystals
11 FILAMENT algal filaments (rather than individual cells) the unit used
12 PAIRED SPHERE/COCCOID Paired ball-shaped; 1-dimension; radius
13 SINGLE CHLOROPLAST Has only one chloroplast, versus multiple
7G. TAXONOMIC MODIFIERS - TAXA VARIABLE 17
CODE DESCRIPTION
1 sp. single species
2 spp. multiple species
3 Other / unidentified / residue
4 sp. 1 originator designated
5 sp. 2 originator designated
6 sp. A originator designated
7 sp. B originator designated
8 sp. C originator designated
9 sp. D originator designated
APPENDIX 8. BIOLOGICAL GROUP CODES
CODE DESCRIPTION
-5001 (not used)
-5002 ZOOPLANKTON
-5003 (not used)
-5004 FISH
-5005 (not used)
-5006 PHYTOPLANKTON
-5007 SHRIMP
-5008 CRABS
-5009 JELLYFISH or MEDUSAE
-5010 WORMS
-5011 ALGAE
-5012 GELATINOUS ORGANISMS
-5013 (not used)
-5014 FLAGELLATES
-5015 SQUID
-5016 CILIATES
-5017 SESTON or PARTICULATES
-5018 PLANKTON
*Note: These are classifications assigned by the data submittor. APPENDIX 9. DEFINITION OF QUALITY CONTROL FLAGS (1) FLAGS FOR ENTIRE STATION (AS A FUNCTION OF VARIABLE) 0 - accepted station 1 - failed annual standard deviation check 2 - two or more density inversions ( Levitus, 1982 criteria ) 3 - flagged cruise 4 - failed seasonal standard deviation check 5 - failed monthly standard deviation check 6 - flag 1 and flag 4 7 - bullseye from standard level data or failed annual and monthly standard deviation check 8 - failed seasonal and monthly standard deviation check 9 - failed annual, seasonal and monthly standard deviation check (2) FLAGS ON INDIVIDUAL OBSERVATIONS (a) Depth Flags 0 - accepted value 1 - error in recorded depth ( same or less than previous depth ) 2 - density inversion (b) Observed Level Flags 0 - accepted value 1 - range outlier ( outside of broad range check ) 2 - inversion check 3 - gradient check 4 - zero anomaly 5 - combined gradient and inversion checks 6 - failed range and inversion checks 7 - failed range and gradient checks 8 - failed range and zero anomaly checks 9 - failed range and combined gradient and inversion checks (c) Standard Level Flags 0 - accepted value 1 - bullseye marker 2 - density inversion 3 - failed annual standard deviation check 4 - failed seasonal standard deviation check 5 - failed monthly standard deviation check 6 - failed annual and seasonal standard deviation check 7 - failed annual and monthly standard deviation check 8 - failed seasonal and monthly standard deviation check 9 - failed annual, seasonal and monthly standard deviation check APPENDIX 10A. WMO SQUARES FOR THE ATLANTIC AND INDIAN OCEANS LONGITUDE LATITUDE WOD98-01 WOD98-02 WOD98-03 WOD98-04 APPENDIX 10B. WMO SQUARES FOR THE PACIFIC OCEAN LONGITUDE LATITUDE WOD98-03 WOD98-04 APPENDIX 11A. INVENTORY OF SECONDARY HEADERS
SECONDARY HEADERS BD NBD HCT NHC MBT NMB XBT NXB BIO
Accession number 790238 723620 96052 98879 932979 1129756 730921 909350 21421
Project 161504 75085 31333 42521 84814 59006 480396 222970 8949
Platform 580596 636845 42439 98189 673719 1051454 584390 880097 10508
Institute 269866 427080 46766 98031 340097 1071991 92584 868484 21377
Cast Number 8903 - 10493 - - - - - -
Originator’s Station Number 367992 429611 90373 93268 474105 645038 422950 442253 11117
Weather Station - - - - 31850 89787 63 52 -
Bottom Depth 431027 516574 47437 59986 296496 38086 163204 104132 4212
Cast Duration 11966 8667 5909 - - - - - -
Cast Direction - 369 385 392 - - - - -
High Resolution Pair 12393 274 13732 1060 - - - - -
Water Color 42239 52063 5 - 8 - - - 10
Water Transparency 61053 99181 5 - 8 - - - 10
Wave Direction 57600 137803 4 - 5195 - 18103 - 4
Wave Height 37709 85644 695 - 47113 - 15249 - -
Sea State 49408 197859 - 18403 5210 - 12320 - 1
Wind Force 35539 134971 - - 5441 - 279 - 1
Wave Period 19863 46486 611 - 15032 - 3031 - 1
Wind Direction 139223 421315 882 22839 81197 - 79709 - 630
Wind Speed 99728 269687 362 24664 75009 - 97654 - 10
Barometric Pressure 107695 195655 1180 19540 70234 - 16888 - -
Dry Bulb Temperature 137867 381872 734 23606 109245 - 83448 - 10
Wet Bulb Temperature 43647 164498 234 21590 66280 - 10550 - -
Weather Conditions 66691 268311 304 17630 25161 - 5742 - 621
Cloud Type 47528 129200 - 14506 2398 - 547 - -
Cloud Cover 77510 274232 313 15801 48042 - 2791 - 20
T-S Probe 48557 40540 96043 98879 932979 1129756 730921 909350 -
Calibration depth - - - - - - 13 405337 -
Calibration temperature - - - - - 5990 2057 665587 -
BT recorder - - - - - - 41449 - -
Bottom hit - - - - - - 22358 60942 -
Digitization method - - - - 4524 3953 728480 - -
Digitization interval - - - - 214527 5102 783259 - -
Data storage - - - - 4525 3953 722094 - -
Depth correction - - - 124204 214196 - - - -
Temperature correction - - - 1545145 464511 223 - - -
Reference Type 2442 96 - 411614 747171 23171 317 - -
Visibility 14309 - 15700 6768 - 23 - - -
Absolute Humidity 19233 - 5 57 - - - - -
SECONDARY HEADERS BD NBD HCT NHC MBT NMB XBT NXB BIO
Ref/Surf Temperature 20643 - 2 - 302593 734664 41532 1837 1
Surface Salinity 1 - - - 2556 - - - 1
Chlorophyll method 9345 - 3788 - - - - - -
Nutrient method 5728 - - - - - - - -
O2 originator’s unit 34959 - 12944 54 - - - - -
Nutrient originator’s unit 258534 - - - - - - - -
Chlorophyll originator’s unit 387 - - - - - - - -
Alkalinity originator’s unit 1617 - - - - - - - -
Filter type size 3077 - - - - - - - -
Alkalinity method 1102 - - - - - - - -
Conductivity standard - - - 282 - - - - -
O2 method 1247 - 5562 - - - - - -
Salinity method 9319 - 11468 - - - - - -
Temperature method 6178 - 8830 - - - 864 - -
Radio signal - - - - - - 267618 - -
XBT Wait - - - - - - 263 - -
XBT Frequency - - - - - - 263 - -
APPENDIX 11B. INVENTORY OF BIOLOGICAL HEADERS
BIOLOGICAL HEADERS BD BIO
Water volume filtered 11879 6640
Sampling duration 41491 2530
Mesh size 56728 19515
Type of tow 58052 11191
Large removed volume 37708 -
Large plankters removed 50023 1358
Gear code 60091 19888
Sampler volume 649 214
Net mouth area 58020 4036
Preservation 47215 3890
Weight method 1316 12
Large removed length 3140 -
Count method 2551 1458
Tow speed average 10168 226
Sampling start 52827 1842
Flowmeter type 10515 -
Flowmeter calibration 5978 -
Counting Institute 229 844
Voucher Institute 246 -
Wire angle start 1563 749
Depth determined 2251 749
Volume method 2049 1450
APPENDIX 11C. INVENTORY OF TAXONOMIC HEADERS
TAXONOMIC HEADERS BD BIO
Taxa-Parameter/TSN's 435629 337126
Upper depth 433951 307208
Lower depth 426404 308785
Biomass value 63093 17502
Taxon lifestage 128939 17143
Taxon sex code 505 6639
Taxon present 9672 32335
Taxon trophic 2158 -
Taxon realm 2885 -
Taxon count 356617 287017
Taxon volume 2719 -
Taxon wet weight 2426 -
Taxon dry weight 71 -
Taxon feature 28 454
Taxon modifier 28931 48819
Size minimum 5642 1175
Size maximum 1395 480
Units 425957 304791
Taxon radius - 290
Taxon length - 130
APPENDIX 12A. TOTAL NUMBER OF KBYTES PER PROBE TYPE (prior to data compression)
PROBE (Instrument) OBSERVED STANDARD
Bottle 757838 582650
MBT 1024651 461925
XBT 2195806 442375
CTD 3505320 83767
Biology 20249 20249
TOTAL 7503866 1590969
APPENDIX 12B. TOTAL NUMBER OF KBYTES BY REGION (prior to data compression)
PROBE OBSERVED STANDARD
North Pacific (20°N to 90°N) North Pacific (0°-20°N), South Pacific
Bottle 201968 171523 72492 60267
MBT 351298 161586 148690 64073
XBT 510576 144369 695503 97174
CTD 893685 27734 722268 11970
Biology 15766 15766 2606 2606
TOTAL 1973313 520978 1641559 236090
North Indian South Indian
Bottle 19365 16123 33974 27892
MBT 18887 8933 28215 14377
XBT 85200 19142 172261 15487
CTD 50797 838 220847 3294
Biology 73 73 82 82
TOTAL 174322 45109 455379 61132
North Atlantic (30°N to 90°N) North Atlantic (0°-30°N), South Atlantic
Bottle 326507 240972 110055 71084
MBT 358684 162830 133448 55575
XBT 328323 107935 444225 66828
CTD 848392 27460 798231 13165
Biology 1499 1499 228 228
TOTAL 1863405 540696 1486187 206880
APPENDIX 13. SAMPLE OUTPUT FOR OBSERVED LEVEL DATA FROM WOD98-03\DATA\NPAC20-90\BDO7617 STATION 67064 38365670643133551934 8 744210374426193562-17227140 71101201301401601701900270181 177095001101233022413440147143303931720762102206025422058255220293472161244218 00132207614110217330103192205213220111815115508527021210001331250021011060220 220680161155079118012110013331250015110502103302702202206801611550694590121100 01333125001511050210330113022020680161166015968012110001333125002102016021711 0102202206801511550888030121100133312500210220160220220680161155088803012110001 333125001511020120305302202206801611550888030121100013331250015220430210220320 2202206801611550853710121100133312500151102012022016022022068011000332896044230 9003326750222650222200220032381002201003328950442309003326700227102221202220 0332810022025022290044231903328620222900221502220203328100220500342-1230442324 10332728033211702226033218203328050 ------------------------------------------------------------- Output from ASCII file, profile# 1 ------------------------------------------------------------- CC cruise Latitude Longitude YYYY MM DD Time Station # 31 355 61.930 -172.270 1934 8 7 10.37 67064 4 z f 1 f 2 f 3 f 4 f 6 f 7 f 9 f 0.0 0 8.960 (3) 0 30.900 (4) 0 6.750 (3) 0 0.650 (2) 0 0.200 (2) 0 0.020 (2) 0 8.100 (3) 0 10.0 0 8.950 (3) 0 30.800 (4) 0 6.700 (3) 0 0.710 (2) 0 0.120 (2) 0 0.020 (2) 0 8.100 (3) 0 25.0 0 0.900 (2) 0 31.910 (4) 0 8.620 (3) 0 0.900 (2) 0 0.150 (2) 0 0.020 (2) 0 8.100 (3) 0 50.0 0 -1.230 (3) 0 32.410 (4) 0 7.280 (3) 0 1.170 (3) 0 0.260 (2) 0 1.820 (3) 0 8.050 (3) 0 ERR: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Secondary header # 1 9500110. (7) Secondary header # 2 224. (3) Secondary header # 3 1427. (4) Secondary header # 4 393. (3) Secondary header # 7 76. (2) Secondary header # 10 60. (2) Secondary header # 54 58. (2) Secondary header # 55 29. (2) Biological header # 2 18.000 (4) Biological header # 3 76.000 (2) Biological header # 4 2.000 (1) Biological header # 7 105.000 (3) Biological header # 9 0.050 (2) Biological header # 13 11.000 (2) Taxa-set 1 : Taxonomic Code [1]# 85272 (5) Code # 2 0.000 (1) Code # 3 25.000 (3) Code # 5 5.000 (1) Code # 10 227.000 (3) Code # 20 68.000 (2) Taxa-set 2 : Taxonomic Code [1]# 79118 (5) Code # 2 0.000 (1) Code # 3 25.000 (3) Code # 5 5.000 (1) Code # 10 113.000 (3) Code # 20 68.000 (2) Taxa-set 3 : Taxonomic Code [1]# 69459 (5) Code # 2 0.000 (1) Code # 3 25.000 (3) Code # 5 5.000 (1) Code # 10 113.000 (3) Code # 20 68.000 (2) Taxa-set 4 : Taxonomic Code [1]# 159668 (6) Code # 2 0.000 (1) Code # 3 25.000 (3) Code # 10 16.000 (2) Code # 17 1.000 (1) Code # 20 68.000 (2) Taxa-set 5 : Taxonomic Code [1]# 88803 (5) Code # 2 0.000 (1) Code # 3 25.000 (3) Code # 10 16.000 (2) Code # 20 68.000 (2) Taxa-set 6 : Taxonomic Code [1]# 88803 (5) Code # 2 0.000 (1) Code # 3 25.000 (3) Code # 5 2.000 (1) Code # 10 535.000 (3) Code # 20 68.000 (2) Taxa-set 7 : Taxonomic Code [1]# 88803 (5) Code # 2 0.000 (1) Code # 3 25.000 (3) Code # 5 41.000 (2) Code # 10 32.000 (2) Code # 20 68.000 (2) Taxa-set 8 : Taxonomic Code [1]# 85371 (5) Code # 2 0.000 (1) Code # 3 25.000 (3) Code # 5 2.000 (1) Code # 10 16.000 (2) Code # 20 68.000 (2) IX. DATA QUALITY CONTROL I. Introduction ................................................................. 75 II. Quality Control of Observed Level Data ................................. 75 1. Format conversion ..................................................... 75 2. Check position/date/time .............................................. 75 3. Assignment of cruise numbers ....................................... 75 4. Speed check ............................................................ 76 5. Duplicate checks ..................................................... 76 6. Depth inversion and depth duplication checks ..................... 78 7. Range checks on observed level data ............................... 78 8. Excessive gradient checks .......................................... 79 9. Observed level density checks ..................................... 81 10. Vertical interpolation method ...................................... 81 III. Quality Control of Standard Level Data ............................... 82 11. Standard level density check ...................................... 82 12. Statistical analysis of data at standard depth levels .......... 84 13. Objective analysis ................................................ 84 IV. References .................................................................. 85 Appendix 1. Definition of Quality Control Flags .......................... 86 Appendix 2: WOD98 Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth ............. 87 2A: WOD98 Temperature (°C) Ranges ................................... 88 2B: WOD98 Salinity (PSS) Ranges ..................................... 91 2C: WOD98 Oxygen (ml/l) Ranges ...................................... 94 2D: WOD98 Phosphate (μM) Ranges .................................... 97 2E: WOD98 Silicate (μM) Ranges ...................................... 100 2F: WOD98 Nitrite (μM) Ranges ....................................... 103 2G: WOD98 Nitrate (μM) Ranges ....................................... 109 2H: WOD98 pH Ranges .................................................. 109 2I: WOD98 Chlorophyll (μg/l) Ranges ................................. 112 2J: WOD98 Alkalinity (meq/l) Ranges ................................ 115 I. INTRODUCTION Data received by the National Oceanographic Data Center’s Ocean Climate Laboratory (NODC/OCL), through the Global Ocean Data Archeology and Rescue (GODAR) project, the Global Ocean Database project, the Global Temperature and Salinity Pilot Project (GTSP), the US-NODC data archives, or other sources, are put through a set of quality control procedures to insure that 1) the data are converted to the OCL format correctly, 2) the data format provided with the data submitted is correct and the data itself has not been corrupted in transmission, 3) only one copy of data at each station is retained in the OCL format, and 4) the data, as initially collected and processed, are of good quality. This document expands on the quality control procedures briefly outlined in the World Ocean Database 1998 (WOD98) documentation and in Conkright et al. (1994) and Boyer and Levitus (1994). These procedures were used to flag the observed and standard level data. II. QUALITY CONTROL OF OBSERVED LEVEL DATA 1. Format conversion When data are received at the OCL, the first step is to convert the data into the OCL format, using the format description provided by the data submitter. Some of the checks during format conversion may include unit conversion, calculation of the number of significant figures, identification of time used (GMT or local), and consistency in the originator’s format. Stations are spot checked and compared with the original data for correctness. 2. Check position/date/time Data are checked for incorrect/missing latitudes, longitudes, and dates. Suspect values are compared with the original data to make sure problems are not due to a conversion error. If the incorrect datum is found in the original data, the data submitter is notified of the error and a correction is requested. 3. Assignment of cruise numbers Once station positions and dates are checked, unique OCL cruise numbers are assigned for all PROJECT data. If there is no identification of a cruise in the submitted data, or the division is not truly by cruise (e.g., divided by platform per year), cruise numbers are assigned using either the platform or primary investigator, if provided. When no cruise information was available from the data or the data originator, a cruise was defined as a specific platform or primary investigator for all stations for which there is no break of more than twenty days. The twenty days between stations is a guideline, as some data sets necessitate a smaller break period, and others a longer period. Some data, which have nonspecific platforms (e.g., airplane or ice camp), cannot be broken up this way. If no platform or primary investigator information is provided, a cruise number of “zero” is assigned to denote no cruise information. In addition, some cruises from the NODC data archives were split using the twenty day criteria since one cruise, in this archive, could span several years. This procedure was only followed with cruises which overlapped with the data. 4. Speed check Following assignment of cruise numbers, the entire cruise is mapped out and the speed between stations is calculated. If the speed between adjoining stations is unrealistic, the date/time may be in error, the position may be wrong, or the station may not belong to this cruise. In many cases stations are attributed to the wrong platform. These problems, when encountered, were noted and the submittor contacted to decide on a course of action. Due to lack of time and resources, not every single cruise was checked and therefore some groupings of stations do not represent a cruise as defined here. 5. Duplicate checks Upon completion of these preliminary quality control checks, the OCL performs extensive self-duplicate checks (internal to the new data set), and duplicate checks against the existing OCL database. Checks involve identifying stations with: • exact position/date/time • position/date/time within some small offset • same originator’s stations within a cruise • same profile data • same taxonomic data Below are the general types of duplicates which occur: Identical profiles - two profiles which contain the same variables with identical values at each depth. Frequently, positions or times may be slightly different (depending on the accuracy to which latitude/longitude/time were provided in the original data submissions). Sometimes large differences in time, up to a one day offset, may also result when time is provided in GMT in one data set and not the other. Identical stations - two stations from the same position, date and time, but with different variables or different values. When values are different, the stations may contain identical profiles that were handled differently by an intermediate data center or investigator (e.g., using different storage criteria with XBT’s or CTD’s, or interpolating the observed data to standard levels). When variables are different between two stations which are otherwise identical, this may be due to cases in which data were submitted separately. Therefore data from the stations are combined (see Special Case: merging profiles below). Overlapping Cruises - two cruises with the same platform that overlap in their starting and ending dates. In most cases, the overlapping cruises are duplicated and have already been detected by the previous two checks. In others cases, the difference in positions is so great that the standard position check does not detect the duplicated stations (e.g., a missing “+/-“ for latitude could allow a cruise to be duplicated in the northern and southern hemisphere with huge differences in position). When duplicates are found, the “better” station is retained within the database, and the other station is removed. In general, the “better” station has more depth levels, additional variables, or data are stored at a higher precision. Preference is given to the original observed level data over interpolated data. Finally, OCL tries to give data obtained directly from the originator preference over data that has passed through many users, which has possibly lost precision or other information along the way. Special Case: merging profiles In some cases, different variables from the same oceanographic station will be submitted to the OCL at different times or from different sources. The most common example of this is when biological data (e.g., pigments, plankton measurements) are submitted for already existing US-NODC ocean station data. Through the efforts of the GODAR project and the OCL Global Ocean Database project, many stations containing chlorophyll, nutrient, and plankton data have been reacquired, from the source institutes and/or digitized, and combined with existing data. Information such as date, position, time, platform, and originator's station or cruise identifier is used to match up incoming stations with existing stations. Frequently, the match-up is obvious (e.g., the same ship is in the exact position on the same day, and the depth levels of the existing data correspond exactly to the incoming data). When the match-up is less obvious, effort is made to determine whether this match is appropriate or not by reviewing the documentation or comparing cruise tracks. When an appropriate match is made, the stations are merged into one station which contains the combination of the previous two stations. The resulting station will have all of the data and metadata of the previous two stations. When a match is uncertain, but platform, position and dates are very close, the stations are left separate and assigned the same OCL cruise number so the data will at least remain grouped, by cruise. 6. Depth inversion and depth duplication checks Depth inversions and duplication of depths were found to occur in some profiles. A depth inversion occurs when an observation has a shallower depth than the observation directly preceding it. A depth duplication is a reading which has the same depth as the reading before it. In either case the second observation was always flagged, rather than trying to judge the data. Appendix 1 lists the flags assigned to the data. If, after an inversion or duplication, the next two depth observations were still shallower than the first reading, this observation and all subsequent observations were flagged. This usually occurred when two or more profiles have been entered together into a digital file with no separating header information. 7. Range Checks on observed level data Range checks are used to screen the data for extreme values. Coarse ranges were set for the annual (i.e., all-seasons/all-years) data, as a function of depth and basin (basins are shown in Figure 1) for each variable. Using frequency distributions, statistical analysis, literature values and atlases (e.g., GEOSCECS (Bainbridge, 1977; Craig et al., 1981, Spencer et al., 1982), Southern Ocean Atlas (Gordon et al., 1982), Wyrtki (1988)), these ranges were applied to the observed level data for each variable. Table 1 lists the variables in the WOD98, the standard NODC/OCL units, and the Appendices containing the ranges set for these variables. ![Division of the world ocean into individual basins](page_354_1012_849_495.png) Figure 1. Division of the world ocean into individual basins Table 1. Quality Controlled Variables in WOD98
CODE VARIABLE UNIT/SCALE Range Appendix
1 Temperature (in situ) °C 2A
2 Salinity PSS and %oo 2B
3 Oxygen m/l 2C
4 Phosphate μM 2D
6 Silicate μM 2E
7 Nitrite μM 2F
8 Nitrate μM 2G
9 pH unitless 2H
11 Chlorophyll μg/l 2I
17 Alkalinity meq/l 2J
8. Excessive gradient checks For each variable in Table 1, a check was made for “excessive decreases and increases in a value over a depth”, or excessive gradients. A gradient was defined as \[ gradient = \frac{v_2 - v_1}{z_2 - z_1} \] where \[ v_1 = \text{the value of the variable at the current depth level}\\ v_2 = \text{the value of the variable at the next depth level}\\ z_1 = \text{the depth (meters) of the current depth level}\\ z_2 = \text{the depth (meters) of the next depth level} \] Two types of gradients were checked, and marked accordingly: • Excessive Gradients - a negative gradient, i.e. an excessive decrease in the value over depth. The criteria used to define “excessive”, as a function of variable, are listed in Table2. Any value which exceeded this "maximum gradient value" (MGV) was marked with a gradient flag. • Excessive Inversions - a positive gradient, ie. an excessive increase in value over depth. These criteria are presented in Table 2. Data which exceeded the "maximum inversion value" (MIV), were marked with an inversion flag. MIV/MGV's were determined from literature and/or by objectively reviewing the trends of the variable within the data. To better accommodate the differences in gradient ranges between surface and deeper water (e.g., due to physical or biological influence), a different set of MIV/MGV's were used for depths above and below 400 meters. When dealing with high resolution instruments (e.g., HCTD, XBT), a minimum depth difference of 3.0 meters was used when calculating the gradients (in equation (1)). In addition, a check was used to distinguish zero as a value versus zero as a missing-value-indicator, particularly in the historical nutrient data. The zero sensitivity check will flag a zero value if a gradient decreases to zero at a rate greater than the MGV * ZSI (zero sensitivity indicator). For example, if ZSI is 2.00, than a gradient must be twice as large as the MGV for that depth range, and have a value of "0.00", to be flagged. Table 2. Maximum gradient and inversion factors used for WOD98
VARIABLE MIV (<400m) MGV (<400m) MIV (>400m) MGV (>400m) ZSI
Temperature 0.300 0.700 0.300 0.700 5.00
Salinity 9.000* 9.000* 0.050 0.050 5.00
Oxygen 1.000 1.000 0.750 0.750 2.00
Phosphate 1.000 1.000 0.500 0.500 2.50
Silicate 5.000 5.000 3.500 3.500 3.00
Nitrite 0.100 0.100 0.050 0.050 2.50
Nitrate 1.000 1.000 0.500 0.500 2.50
pH 0.400 0.400 0.200 0.200 2.00
Chlorophyll 1.000 1.000 0.250 0.250 2.00
Alkalinity 0.100 0.100 0.050 0.050 2.00
* Salinity MGV/MIV ranges (<400m) were purposely set high to be nearly irrelevant for these checks. 9. Observed level density checks Density checks were run on the observed level data to locate density inversions. This check was not used to flag or eliminate data from subsequent quality control, but was used to get an estimate of data quality prior to interpolation to standard levels. The check is the same as described in Section 11., Standard level density check, except the values are divided by the depth difference between adjacent levels unless the difference is less than 3 meters, in which case a difference of 3 meters is used. 10. Vertical interpolation method Prior to the next step in the quality control, the data are interpolated from observed levels to standard levels (listed in Table 1). Any data flagged as range outliers, excessive gradients, inversions, or depth errors were not interpolated to standard levels. For XBT data types, a drop rate correction (Hanawa et al., 1994) was applied to any T4, T6, and T7 instrument measurements prior to standard level interpolation. When instrument model was not provided with XBT data, profiles with all measurements shallower than 840 meters were assumed to need this correction (profiles with measurements deeper than this were assumed to be taken with a T5 instrument, which does not have a systematic error in its drop rate equation). The interpolation scheme used is a modification from that described by Reiniger and Ross (1968) and noted by UNESCO (1991) as being in common usage. Their scheme uses four observed values surrounding the standard level in question, the two closest shallower values and the two closest deeper values. The closest shallower and deep values ("inside" values) and the two "outside" values (farthest shallow and deep values) must be within the depth difference criteria shown in Table 3. The first set of depths in this table is the maximum distance between the closest or "inside" observed reading depth. The second set of depths applies to the maximum distances to the two observed levels further from the standard level in question. This interpolation scheme has the advantage over three point Lagrangian interpolation of being less susceptible to extremes when a large gradient is encountered since two separate three-point Lagrangian interpolations are averaged and then fit to a reference curve. If all the above criteria are met, the standard depth value is set by the Reiniger and Ross (1968) interpolation. If there are not enough surrounding values within acceptable distances, three point Lagrangian interpolation is performed on the value above and two values below the level in question or on the two values above and one value below. Modifications to the Reiniger and Ross (1968) method are the following: a. If the Reiniger and Ross interpolated value does not fall between the observed values directly above and below it, linear interpolation is substituted. b. If any value is recorded within 5 meters of the surface, this value is directly used as the surface value. Some observed level data were not used in the interpolation process because they were too far from a standard level (and therefore not used), or there were other closer observations available. Direct substitution and the Reiniger and Ross interpolation account for most of the standard level values. III. QUALITY CONTROL OF STANDARD LEVEL DATA 11. Standard level density check A standard level density check was used to eliminate spurious inversions due to interpolation (Levitus et al. 1994). Each profile was checked for static stability using Hesselberg and Sverdrup’s (1914) definition. The computation is a local one in the sense that adiabatic displacements between adjacent temperature-salinity measurements in the vertical are considered rather than displacements to the sea surface. The procedure for stability (E) computation follows that used by Lynn and Reid (1968): \[ E = \lim_{\rho_0 \to 0} \frac{1}{\rho_0} \frac{\delta \rho}{\delta z} \] (2) where \( \rho_0 = 1.02 \) g/cm\(^3\) and z is depth in meters. As noted by Lynn and Reid the term is “the individual gradient defined by vertical displacement of a water parcel”. For discrete samples, the density difference (\( \delta \rho \)) between two samples is taken after the deeper sample is adiabatically displaced to the standard level of the shallower depth. \( \delta \rho \) is then simply the displaced sample’s density minus the shallower sample’s density. Densities were calculated using the IGOSS standard density equation (1993) on interpolated temperature and salinity data. An inversion was defined as anywhere the \( \delta \rho \) was less than zero. For observations with a deeper sample depth of 30 meters or less, an inversion of \( 3 \times 10^{-5} \) g/cm\(^3\) was considered an indication of problem with the data. The temperature and salinity at both of these depths were flagged. For observations with a deeper sample depth between 50 and 400 meters an inversion of \( 2 \times 10^{-5} \) g/cm\(^3\) was considered excessive. For depths greater than 400 meters any inversion greater than \( 10^{-6} \) g/cm\(^3\) was considered excessive. If two or more such density inversion were found in one profile, all temperature and salinity values were flagged as unusable for this profile. Table 3. Acceptable distances for "inside" and "outside" values used in the Reiniger-Ross scheme for interpolating observed level data to standard levels
Standard Levels Standard Depths Acceptable distances for inside values Acceptable distances for outside values
105200
21050200
32050200
43050200
55050200
67550200
710050200
812550200
915050200
1020050200
11250100200
12300100200
13400100200
14500100400
15600100400
16700100400
17800100400
18900200400
191000200400
201100200400
211200200400
2213002001000
2314002001000
2415002001000
2517502001000
26200010001000
27250010001000
28300010001000
29350010001000
30400010001000
31450010001000
32500010001000
33+5500+10001000
12. Statistical analysis of data at standard depth levels Once observed level data were interpolated to standard levels, statistical checks were performed to flag data which exceeded the standard deviation criteria. All standard level data were first averaged by five-degree-squares to produce the number of observations, mean, and standard deviation for each square. Each five degree square box was designated coastal, near coastal, or open ocean, depending on the number of one-degree by one-degree latitude-longitude grid boxes in the five-degree box which were land areas. Profiles were flagged if: a. a five-degree square containing a land point exceeded 5 standard deviations in the upper 50 m; b. near-coastal regions with values exceeding 4 standard deviations in the upper 50 m; c. values exceeding three standard deviations for all other data except when a profile was at or below the average depth level for the one-degree box in which it was contained, or any of the adjacent one degree boxes, then 4 standard deviations were used. The reason for varying the number of standard deviations allowed is the high variability in shallow coastal areas due to river runoff and other factors. Also, high variability within a five-degree box near the ocean bottom can occur if the five-degree square box contains portions of two basins: i.e. the mid-Atlantic ridge separating east and west Atlantic waters. This check was only performed if there were five or more observations at this depth in the grid box. If more than two observations in a profile exceeded the selected criteria, the profile was flagged and not included in further analysis. The standard deviation check was applied twice to the data and then new five-degree square statistics were computed to produce a new "clean" data set. 13. Objective analysis Following the statistical check, data were averaged by one-degree squares for input to the objective analysis. The objective analysis is described by Levitus and Boyer (1994) and Conkright et al. (1994). After the initial objective analyses were computed for each standard level, there were still erroneous values which resulted in rapid value changes within an area appearing as a "bullseyes" or an unrealistic feature. These features occur because of the difficulty in identifying non-representative values in data sparse areas. "Bullseyes" and other suspicious features are investigated and are flagged by identifying the profile or individual data points which created each unrealistic feature. In some cases, entire cruises were flagged. These flags were applied to both the observed and standard level data. IV. REFERENCES Bainbridge, A. E. 1977. GEOSECS Atlantic Expedition, Vol. 2, Sections and Profiles. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 198 pps. Boyer, T.P. and S. Levitus. 1994. Quality control and processing of historical oceanographic temperature, salinity, and oxygen data. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 81, 64 pps. Conkright, M.E., S. Levitus and T.P. Boyer. 1994. World Ocean Atlas, Volume 1: Nutrients. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 1, 150 pps. Conkright, M.E., T.P. Boyer and S. Levitus. 1994. Quality control and processing of historical oceanographic nutrient data. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 79, 75 pps. Craig, H., W. S. Broecker and D. Spencer. 1981. GEOSECS Pacific Expedition, Vol. 4, Sections and Profiles. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 251 pps. Gordon, A. L., E.J. Molinelli, and T.N. Baker. 1982. Southern Ocean Atlas. Columbia Univ. Press, New York, 266 pps. Hanawa, K.P., P. Rual, R. Bailey, A. Sy, and M. Szabados. 1994, Calculation of New Depth Equations for Expendable Bathytethermographs Using a Temperature-Error-Free Methods (Application to Sippican/TSK T-7, T-6 and T-4 XBTs). Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Technical Series, 42:1-46.. Hesselberg, T. and H.U. Sverdrup. 1914. Die Stabilitutsverhältnisse des Seewassers bei Vertitalen Verschiebungen. Aaarb. Bergen Mus., No. 14, 17 pps. Levitus, S. and T.P. Boyer. 1994. World Ocean Atlas, Volume 2: Oxygen, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 2, 186 pps. Lynn, R.J. and J.L. Reid. 1968. Characteristics and circulation of deep and abyssal waters. Deep Sea Research., 15:577-598. Reiniger, R. F. and C.K. Ross. 1968. A method for interpolation with application to oceanographic data. Deep-Sea Res. 15: 185-193. Spencer, D., W.S. Broecker, H. Craig and R.F. Weiss. 1982. GEOSECS Indian Ocean Expedition, Vol. 6, Sections and Profiles. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 140 pps. UNESCO, 1991. Processing of oceanographic station data. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, France, 138 pps. Wyrtki, K. 1971. Oceanographic Atlas of the International Indian Ocean Expedition. National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., 531 pps. APPENDIX 1. DEFINITION OF QUALITY CONTROL FLAGS (1) FLAGS FOR ENTIRE STATION (AS A FUNCTION OF VARIABLE) 0 - accepted station 1 - failed annual standard deviation check 2 - two or more density inversions ( Levitus, 1982 criteria ) 3 - flagged cruise 4 - failed seasonal standard deviation check 5 - failed monthly standard deviation check 6 - failed annual and seasonal standard deviation check 7 - bullseye from standard level data or failed annual and monthly standard deviation check 8 - failed seasonal and monthly standard deviation check 9 - failed annual, seasonal and monthly standard deviation check (2) FLAGS ON INDIVIDUAL OBSERVATIONS (a) Depth Flags 0 - accepted value 1 - error in recorded depth ( same or less than previous depth ) 2 - density inversion (b) Observed Level Flags 0 - accepted value 1 - range outlier ( outside of broad range check ) 2 - failed inversion check 3 - failed gradient check 4 - zero anomaly 5 - failed combined gradient and inversion checks 6 - failed range and inversion checks 7 - failed range and gradient checks 8 - failed range and zero anomaly checks 9 - failed range and combined gradient and inversion checks (c) Standard Level Flags 0 - accepted value 1 - bullseye marker 2 - density inversion 3 - failed annual standard deviation check 4 - failed seasonal standard deviation check 5 - failed monthly standard deviation check 6 - failed annual and seasonal standard deviation check 7 - failed annual and monthly standard deviation check 8 - failed seasonal and monthly standard deviation check 9 - failed annual, seasonal and monthly standard deviation check APPENDIX 2: WOD98 RANGES BY BASIN AS A FUNCTION OF DEPTH Appendix 2A: WOD98 Temperature (°C) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) North Atlantic Coastal N. Atlantic Equatorial Atlantic Coastal Eq. Atlantic South Atlantic Coastal S. Atlantic North Pacific Coastal N. Pacific Equatorial Pacific Coastal Eq. Pacific
LowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHigh
0-3.0035.00-3.0035.00-5.0035.00-5.0035.000.0032.00-3.0035.00-3.0035.00-3.0035.005.0035.00
10-3.0035.00-3.0035.00-5.0035.00-5.0035.000.0032.00-3.0035.00-3.0035.00-3.0035.005.0035.00
20-3.0032.00-3.0035.00-5.0035.00-5.0035.000.0032.00-3.0035.00-3.0035.00-3.0035.005.0035.00
30-3.0032.00-3.0035.00-5.0035.00-5.0035.000.0032.00-3.0035.00-3.0035.00-3.0035.005.0035.00
50-3.0032.00-3.0035.00-5.0035.00-5.0035.000.0032.00-3.0035.00-3.0035.00-3.0035.005.0035.00
75-2.0030.00-3.0035.00-5.0035.00-5.0035.000.0032.00-3.0035.00-3.0035.00-3.0035.005.0035.00
100-2.0030.00-3.0030.005.0030.005.0030.000.0032.00-3.0030.00-3.0030.00-3.0030.005.0030.00
125-2.0028.00-3.0030.005.0030.005.0030.00-1.5030.00-3.0030.00-3.0030.00-3.0030.003.0030.00
150-2.0028.00-3.0030.005.0030.005.0030.00-1.5030.00-3.0030.00-3.0030.00-3.0030.003.0030.00
200-2.0028.00-3.0030.005.0030.005.0030.00-1.5030.00-3.0030.00-3.0030.00-3.0030.003.0030.00
250-1.7028.00-3.0028.005.0028.000.0028.00-1.5028.00-3.0028.00-3.0028.00-3.0028.003.0028.00
300-1.7028.00-3.0028.003.0028.000.0028.00-1.5028.00-3.0028.00-3.0028.00-3.0028.003.0028.00
400-1.5020.00-3.0028.003.0028.000.0028.00-1.5028.00-3.0028.00-3.0028.00-3.0028.003.0028.00
500-1.5020.00-3.0028.003.0028.000.0028.00-1.5028.00-3.0028.00-3.0028.00-3.0028.000.0028.00
600-1.5020.00-3.0020.003.0020.000.0020.00-1.5020.00-3.0020.00-3.0020.00-3.0020.000.0020.00
700-1.5020.00-3.0020.003.0020.000.0020.00-1.5020.00-3.0020.00-3.0020.00-3.0020.000.0020.00
800-1.5020.00-3.0020.00-0.5020.000.0020.00-1.5020.00-3.0020.00-3.0020.00-3.0020.000.0020.00
900-1.5020.00-3.0020.00-0.5020.000.0020.00-1.5020.00-3.0020.00-3.0020.00-3.0020.000.0020.00
1000-1.5018.00-3.0020.00-0.5018.000.0018.00-1.5018.00-3.0018.00-3.0018.00-3.0018.000.0018.00
1100-1.5018.00-3.0018.00-0.5018.000.0018.00-1.5018.00-3.0018.00-3.0018.00-3.0018.000.0018.00
1200-1.5018.00-3.0018.00-0.5018.000.0018.00-1.5018.00-3.0018.00-3.0018.00-3.0018.000.0018.00
1300-1.5018.00-3.0018.00-0.5018.000.0018.00-1.5018.00-3.0018.00-3.0018.00-3.0018.000.0018.00
1400-1.5018.00-3.0018.00-0.5018.000.0018.00-1.5018.00-3.0018.00-3.0018.00-3.0018.000.0018.00
1500-1.5018.00-3.0018.00-0.5018.000.0018.00-1.5018.00-3.0018.00-3.0018.00-3.0018.000.0018.00
1750-1.5013.00-3.0013.00-0.5013.000.0013.00-1.5013.00-3.0013.00-3.0013.00-3.0013.000.0013.00
2000-1.5013.00-3.0013.00-0.5013.000.0013.00-1.5013.00-3.0013.00-3.0013.00-3.0013.000.0013.00
2500-1.5013.00-3.0013.00-0.5013.000.0013.00-1.5013.00-3.0013.00-3.0013.00-3.0013.000.0013.00
3000-1.507.00-3.007.00-0.507.00-1.007.00-1.507.00-3.007.00-3.007.00-3.007.000.007.00
3500-1.507.00-3.007.00-0.507.00-1.007.00-1.507.00-3.007.00-3.007.00-3.007.000.007.00
4000-1.507.00-1.507.00-0.507.00-1.007.00-1.507.00-3.007.00-3.007.00-1.507.00-1.507.00
4500-1.507.00-1.507.00-0.507.00-1.007.00-1.507.00-3.007.00-3.007.00-1.507.00-1.507.00
5000-1.507.00-1.507.00-0.507.00-1.007.00-1.507.00-3.007.00-3.007.00-1.507.00-1.507.00
5500+-1.505.00-1.503.00-0.503.00-1.003.00-1.503.00-1.503.00-1.503.00-1.503.003.003.00
Appendix 2A (cont.): WOD98 Temperature (°C) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) South Pacific Coastal S. Pacific North Indian Coastal N. Indian Equatorial Indian Coastal Eq. Indian South Indian Coastal S. Indian Southern Ocean Arctic Ocean
LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh
0-2.0032.00-3.0035.003.0035.00-3.0035.005.0035.005.0035.000.0035.00-3.0035.00-3.0015.00-3.0020.00
10-2.0032.00-3.0035.003.0035.00-3.0035.005.0035.005.0035.000.0035.00-3.0035.00-3.0015.00-3.0020.00
20-2.0032.00-3.0035.003.0035.00-3.0035.005.0035.005.0035.000.0035.00-3.0035.00-3.0015.00-3.0020.00
30-2.0032.00-3.0035.003.0035.00-3.0035.005.0035.005.0035.000.0035.00-3.0035.00-3.0015.00-3.0014.00
50-2.0032.00-3.0035.003.0035.00-3.0035.005.0035.005.0035.000.0035.00-3.0035.00-3.0015.00-3.0014.00
75-2.0032.00-3.0035.003.0035.00-3.0035.005.0035.005.0035.000.0035.00-3.0035.00-3.0015.00-3.0014.00
100-2.0030.00-3.0030.003.0030.00-3.0030.005.0030.005.0030.000.0030.00-3.0030.00-3.0015.00-3.0014.00
125-2.0030.00-3.0030.003.0030.00-3.0030.005.0030.005.0030.000.0030.00-3.0030.00-3.0015.00-3.0014.00
150-2.0030.00-3.0030.003.0030.00-3.0030.005.0030.005.0030.000.0030.00-3.0030.00-3.0015.00-3.0010.00
200-2.0030.00-3.0030.003.0030.00-3.0030.003.0030.003.0030.000.0030.00-3.0030.00-3.0015.00-3.0010.00
250-2.0028.00-3.0028.003.0028.00-3.0028.003.0028.003.0028.000.0028.00-3.0028.00-3.0015.00-3.0010.00
300-2.0028.00-3.0028.003.0028.00-3.0028.003.0028.003.0028.000.0028.00-3.0028.00-3.0015.00-3.0010.00
400-2.0028.00-3.0028.003.0028.00-3.0028.003.0028.003.0028.000.0028.00-3.0028.00-3.0015.00-3.0010.00
500-2.0028.00-3.0028.003.0028.00-3.0028.000.0028.000.0028.000.0028.00-3.0028.00-3.0015.00-3.0010.00
600-2.0020.00-3.0020.000.0020.00-3.0020.000.0020.000.0020.000.0020.00-3.0020.00-3.0010.00-3.009.00
700-2.0020.00-3.0020.000.0020.00-3.0020.000.0020.000.0020.000.0020.00-3.0020.00-3.0010.00-3.009.00
800-2.0020.00-3.0020.000.0020.00-3.0020.000.0020.000.0020.000.0020.00-3.0020.00-3.0010.00-3.009.00
900-2.0020.00-3.0020.000.0020.00-3.0020.000.0020.000.0020.000.0020.00-3.0020.00-3.0010.00-3.009.00
1000-2.0018.00-3.0018.000.0018.00-3.0018.000.0018.000.0018.000.0018.00-3.0018.00-3.0010.00-3.008.00
1100-2.0018.00-3.0018.000.0018.00-3.0018.000.0018.000.0018.000.0018.00-3.0018.00-3.0010.00-3.008.00
1200-2.0018.00-3.0018.000.0018.00-3.0018.000.0018.000.0018.000.0018.00-3.0018.00-3.007.00-3.008.00
1300-2.0018.00-3.0018.000.0018.00-3.0018.000.0018.000.0018.000.0018.00-3.0018.00-3.007.00-3.008.00
1400-2.0018.00-3.0018.000.0018.00-3.0018.000.0018.000.0018.000.0018.00-3.0018.00-3.007.00-3.008.00
1500-2.0018.00-3.0018.000.0018.00-3.0018.000.0018.000.0018.000.0018.00-3.0018.00-3.007.00-3.008.00
1750-2.0013.00-3.0013.000.0013.00-3.0013.000.0013.000.0013.000.0013.00-3.0013.00-3.007.00-3.008.00
2000-2.0013.00-3.0013.000.0013.00-3.0013.000.0013.000.0013.000.0013.00-3.0013.00-3.007.00-3.008.00
2500-2.0013.00-3.0013.000.0013.00-3.0013.000.0013.000.0013.000.0013.00-3.0013.00-3.007.00-3.008.00
3000-2.007.00-3.007.000.007.00-3.007.000.007.000.007.000.007.00-3.007.00-3.007.00-3.007.00
3500-2.007.00-3.007.000.007.00-3.007.000.007.000.007.000.007.00-3.007.00-3.007.00-3.007.00
4000-1.507.00-1.507.00-1.507.00-1.507.00-1.507.00-1.507.00-1.507.00-1.507.00-1.507.00-1.507.00
4500-1.507.00-1.507.00-1.507.00-1.507.00-1.507.00-1.507.00-1.507.00-1.507.00-1.507.00-1.507.00
5000-1.507.00-1.507.00-1.507.00-1.507.00-1.507.00-1.507.00-1.507.00-1.507.00-1.507.00-1.507.00
5500+-1.503.00-1.503.00-1.503.00-1.503.00-1.503.00-1.503.00-1.503.00-1.503.00-1.503.00-1.503.00
Appendix 2A (cont.): WOD98 Temperature (°C) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) Mediterranean Black Sea Baltic Sea Persian Gulf Red Sea Sulu Sea
LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh
00.0034.000.0027.00-2.0025.00-3.0035.0014.0035.000.0035.00
100.0034.000.0027.00-2.0025.00-3.0035.0014.0035.000.0035.00
200.0034.000.0027.00-2.0025.00-3.0035.0014.0034.000.0035.00
303.0030.000.0027.00-2.0025.00-3.0035.0014.0034.000.0035.00
503.0030.003.0030.00-2.0025.00-3.0035.0013.0032.000.0035.00
753.0028.003.0030.00-2.0025.00-3.0035.0013.0030.000.0035.00
1003.0026.003.0030.00-2.0025.00-3.0032.0013.0030.000.0030.00
1253.0026.003.0030.00-2.0025.00-3.0032.0013.0030.000.0030.00
1503.0026.005.0030.00-2.0025.00-3.0032.0013.0030.000.0030.00
2003.0022.005.0030.00-2.0016.00-3.0032.0013.0028.000.0030.00
2503.0022.005.0025.00-2.0016.00-3.0032.0013.0028.000.0028.00
3003.0022.005.0025.00-2.0016.00-3.0032.0010.0028.000.0028.00
4003.0020.005.0020.00-2.0016.00-3.0032.0010.0028.000.0028.00
5003.0020.005.0020.00-2.0016.00-3.0032.0010.0028.000.0028.00
6003.0020.005.0017.00-2.0016.00-3.0032.0010.0026.000.0020.00
7003.0020.005.0017.00-2.0016.00-3.0032.0010.0026.000.0020.00
8003.0020.005.0017.00-2.0016.00-3.0032.0010.0026.000.0020.00
9003.0020.005.0016.00-2.0016.00-3.0032.0010.0026.000.0020.00
10003.0020.005.0016.00-2.0016.00-3.0032.0010.0023.000.0018.00
11003.0020.005.0016.00-2.0016.00-3.0032.0010.0023.000.0018.00
12003.0018.005.0016.00-2.0016.00-3.0032.0010.0023.000.0018.00
13003.0018.005.0016.00-2.0016.00-3.0032.0010.0023.000.0018.00
14003.0018.005.0016.00-2.0016.00-3.0032.0010.0023.000.0018.00
15003.0018.005.0016.00-2.0016.00-3.0032.0010.0023.000.0018.00
17503.0016.005.0016.00-2.0016.00-3.0032.0010.0034.000.0013.00
20003.0016.005.0016.00-2.0016.00-3.0032.0010.0034.000.0013.00
25003.0016.005.0016.00-2.0016.00-3.0032.0010.0034.000.0013.00
30003.0016.005.0016.00-2.0016.00-3.0013.0010.0034.000.0012.00
35003.0016.005.0016.00-2.0016.00-3.0013.0010.0020.000.0012.00
40003.0016.005.0016.00-2.0016.00-1.507.0010.0020.00-1.5012.00
45003.0016.005.0016.00-2.0016.00-1.507.0010.0020.00-1.5012.00
50003.0016.005.0016.00-2.0016.00-1.507.0010.0020.00-1.5012.00
5500+3.0016.005.0016.00-2.0016.00-1.507.0010.0020.00-1.5012.00
Appendix 2B: WOD98 Salinity (PSS) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) North Atlantic Coastal N. Atlantic Equatorial Atlantic Coastal Eq. Atlantic South Atlantic Coastal S. Atlantic North Pacific Coastal N. Pacific Equatorial Pacific Coastal Eq. Pacific
LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh
00.0040.000.0040.000.0040.000.0040.000.0040.000.0040.000.0040.000.0040.000.0040.000.0040.00
1027.0038.200.0040.0020.0037.600.0040.0028.0038.500.0040.0025.0037.000.0040.0028.6037.000.0040.00
2028.3038.200.0040.0028.0037.400.0040.0028.0038.000.0040.0030.0036.500.0040.0029.6037.000.0040.00
3028.5038.200.0040.0031.0037.400.0040.0030.6038.000.0040.0030.0036.500.0040.0029.6037.000.0040.00
5028.9038.0020.0040.0031.4037.4020.0040.0031.0038.0020.0040.0031.0036.0020.0040.0030.2037.0020.0040.00
7528.9038.0020.0040.0031.8037.4020.0040.0031.2038.0020.0040.0031.0036.0020.0040.0031.0037.0020.0040.00
10030.3038.0020.0040.0031.8037.4020.0040.0031.4038.0020.0040.0031.5036.0026.0040.0031.5037.0030.0040.00
12530.8038.0020.0040.0031.8037.4020.0040.0031.4037.8020.0040.0031.5036.0026.0040.0031.5036.8030.0040.00
15030.8037.6020.0040.0031.8037.2020.0040.0031.4037.4020.0040.0032.0035.8026.0040.0031.5036.8030.0040.00
20031.2037.4020.0040.0031.8037.0030.0040.0031.4036.6030.0040.0032.0035.8026.0040.0031.5036.7030.0040.00
25032.2037.1030.0040.0032.0037.0030.0040.0031.4036.2030.0040.0032.0035.8026.0040.0031.8036.3030.0040.00
30033.0036.8030.0040.0032.2036.8030.0040.0031.6036.0030.0040.0032.0035.8030.0040.0031.8036.3030.0040.00
40033.0036.7033.0040.0032.4036.6033.0040.0032.0035.8033.0040.0032.2035.5030.0040.0031.8036.2033.0040.00
50033.0036.6033.0040.0033.7036.5033.0040.0034.0035.5033.0040.0032.4035.2530.5040.0032.7536.1033.0040.00
60033.0036.6033.0040.0033.7036.0033.0040.0034.1035.1033.0040.0032.6035.2530.5040.0033.0036.0033.0040.00
70033.0036.6033.0040.0033.6035.8033.0040.0034.1035.1033.0040.0032.6035.2532.0040.0033.0035.9033.0040.00
80033.0036.6033.0040.0033.6035.6033.0040.0034.1035.0033.0040.0033.2035.2533.0040.0033.7535.8033.0040.00
90033.0036.6033.0040.0033.6035.6033.0040.0034.1034.9033.0040.0033.6035.2533.0040.0033.8035.5033.0040.00
100033.0036.6033.0040.0033.6035.4033.0040.0034.2034.9033.0040.0033.7035.1533.0040.0034.2035.3033.0040.00
110033.0036.6033.0038.0033.6035.4033.0038.0034.2034.9033.0038.0033.7035.1533.0038.0034.2035.3033.0038.00
120033.0036.6033.0038.0033.6035.4033.0038.0034.2034.9033.0038.0033.7035.1533.0038.0034.2035.3033.0038.00
130033.0036.6033.0038.0033.6035.4033.0038.0034.3034.9033.0038.0033.7035.1533.0038.0034.2035.3033.0038.00
140033.0036.6033.0038.0033.6035.4033.0038.0034.3035.0033.0038.0033.7035.1533.0038.0034.2035.3033.0038.00
150033.0036.6033.0038.0033.8035.4033.0038.0034.4035.0033.0038.0033.8035.0033.0038.0034.4035.2033.0038.00
175033.0036.6033.0038.0034.6035.2033.0038.0034.5035.0033.0038.0033.8035.0033.0038.0034.4035.2033.0038.00
200033.0036.0033.0038.0034.7035.1533.0038.0034.6035.0033.0038.0034.0035.0033.0038.0034.4035.1033.0038.00
250034.7035.5033.0035.5034.8035.1033.0035.5034.6035.0033.0035.5034.0035.0033.0035.5034.4035.1033.0035.50
300034.8035.4033.0035.5034.8035.1033.0035.5034.6635.0033.0035.5034.0035.0033.0035.5034.2035.1033.0035.50
350034.8035.4033.0035.5034.7035.1033.0035.5034.6435.0033.0035.5034.0035.0033.0035.5034.0035.1033.0035.50
400034.8035.4033.0035.5034.5035.1033.0035.5034.6235.0033.0035.5034.0035.0033.0035.5034.0035.5033.0035.50
450034.8035.4033.0035.5034.5035.1033.0035.5034.6235.0033.0035.5034.0035.0033.0035.5034.0035.5033.0035.50
500034.8035.4033.0035.5034.5035.1033.0035.5034.6235.0033.0035.5034.0035.0033.0035.5034.0035.5033.0035.50
5500+34.8035.4034.3035.5034.5035.1034.3035.5034.6235.0034.3035.5034.0035.5034.3035.5034.3035.5034.3035.50
Appendix 2B (cont.): WOD98 Salinity (PSS) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) South Pacific Coastal S. Pacific North Indian Coastal N. Indian Equatorial Indian Coastal Eq. Indian South Indian Coastal S. Indian Southern Ocean Arctic Ocean
LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh
00.0040.000.0040.000.0040.000.0040.000.0040.000.0040.000.0040.000.0040.000.0040.000.0040.00
1028.0037.000.0040.0028.0038.000.0040.0026.0038.000.0040.0030.0036.400.0040.0026.0036.750.0040.00
2028.0037.000.0040.0029.8038.000.0040.0031.0037.400.0040.0031.4036.400.0040.0028.0036.750.0040.00
3029.0037.000.0040.0030.2038.000.0040.0031.7037.100.0040.0031.6036.400.0040.0029.0036.500.0040.00
5030.0036.7026.0040.0031.2038.0020.0040.0031.6036.8020.0040.0031.9036.3020.0040.0030.0036.800.0040.00
7531.0036.7026.0038.0033.2037.8020.0040.0031.6036.8020.0040.0032.0036.3020.0040.0029.0035.600.0040.00
10031.0036.7030.0040.0032.4037.0030.0040.0031.1436.6030.0040.0032.0036.2030.0040.0030.5036.5026.0038.00
12531.0036.7030.0040.0032.4037.2030.0040.0031.8036.8030.0040.0032.0036.2030.0040.0030.5036.5026.0038.00
15031.0036.6030.0040.0032.6037.0030.0040.0031.8036.4020.0040.0032.2036.4030.0040.0031.0035.6026.0038.00
20031.2036.0030.0040.0033.4037.0030.0040.0031.5036.6030.0040.0032.2036.0031.0035.5026.0038.00
25031.0536.0030.0040.0032.5537.0030.0040.0032.0036.4030.0040.0032.0036.0031.0035.5026.0038.00
30032.0036.0030.0040.0033.7037.0030.0040.0032.0036.2030.0040.0032.0036.2031.0035.5026.0038.00
40032.0036.0033.0040.0034.0036.5033.0040.0032.4036.2030.0040.0032.4035.4033.0035.5033.0038.00
50034.2035.5033.0040.0034.6036.5033.0040.0034.3036.0033.0040.0034.1035.5033.0035.5033.0038.00
60034.2035.2033.0040.0034.8536.3033.0040.0034.4036.0033.0040.0034.1535.2033.0035.5033.0038.00
70034.2035.0033.0040.0034.8536.3033.0040.0034.4035.7533.0040.0034.2035.0033.0035.0033.0038.00
80034.2035.0033.0040.0034.8536.2033.0040.0034.4535.7533.0040.0034.2035.0031.3038.0033.0035.20
90034.2035.0033.0040.0034.8536.0033.0040.0034.4535.7533.0040.0034.0034.9033.0035.0033.0038.00
100034.2035.0033.0040.0034.8536.0033.0040.0034.4535.7532.2038.0033.0034.9033.0035.0033.0038.00
110034.3035.0033.0038.0034.8035.9033.0038.0034.5035.7533.0038.0034.2534.9033.0038.0034.0035.00
120034.3034.7033.0038.0034.8035.5030.0038.0034.5035.7533.0038.0032.4539.0032.0038.0033.0035.00
130034.3034.7033.0038.0034.8035.5030.0038.0034.5535.6033.0038.0032.4539.0033.0038.0033.0035.00
140034.4034.7033.0038.0034.8035.6033.0038.0034.5535.7033.0038.0033.0035.0033.0038.0033.0035.00
150034.4034.8033.0038.0034.9535.6033.0038.0034.5535.7033.0038.0034.3539.0033.0038.0033.0035.00
175034.4034.8033.0038.0034.7535.5033.0038.0034.4735.2032.0038.0033.0038.0032.4033.9033.0038.00
200034.4034.8033.0038.0034.7035.4033.0038.0034.6035.0033.0038.0032.6034.9033.0038.0033.0035.00
250034.5034.8033.0035.5034.6535.4033.0035.5034.6035.0033.0035.5033.0035.5034.4039.0033.0035.00
300034.5034.8033.0035.5034.6535.4033.0035.5034.6035.0033.0035.5033.0035.5034.4039.0033.0035.00
350034.6034.8033.0035.5034.6035.0033.0035.5034.6035.0033.0035.5033.0035.5034.4039.0033.0035.00
400034.6034.8033.0035.5034.6035.0033.0035.5034.6035.0033.0035.5033.0035.5034.4039.0033.0035.00
450034.6034.8033.0035.5034.6035.0033.0035.5034.6035.0033.0035.5033.0035.5034.4039.0033.0035.00
500034.6034.8033.0035.5034.6035.0033.0035.5034.6035.0033.0035.5033.0035.5034.4039.0033.0035.00
5500+34.6034.8034.3035.5034.6035.0034.3035.5034.6035.0034.3035.5034.3035.5034.4039.0034.3035.50
Appendix 2B (cont.): WOD98 Salinity (PSS) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) Mediterranean Black Sea Baltic Sea Persian Gulf Red Sea Sulu Sea
LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh
00.0040.000.0025.000.0035.000.0042.000.0044.000.0040.00
100.0040.000.0025.000.0035.000.0042.000.0044.000.0040.00
200.0040.000.0025.000.0035.000.0042.000.0044.000.0040.00
300.0040.000.0025.000.0035.000.0042.000.0044.000.0040.00
5012.0040.0010.0040.000.0035.0020.0042.0020.0043.0020.0040.00
7512.0040.0010.0040.000.0035.0020.0042.0020.0043.0020.0040.00
10031.0040.0012.0040.000.0035.0030.0042.0030.0043.0030.0040.00
12531.0040.0012.0040.000.0035.0030.0042.0030.0043.0030.0040.00
15031.0040.0012.0040.000.0035.0030.0042.0030.0043.0030.0040.00
20031.0040.0012.0040.001.0025.0030.0042.0030.0043.0030.0040.00
25031.0040.0012.0040.001.0025.0030.0042.0030.0043.0030.0040.00
30031.0040.0012.0035.001.0025.0030.0042.0030.0043.0030.0040.00
40031.0040.0012.0033.001.0025.0033.0042.0033.0043.0033.0040.00
50031.0040.0012.0030.001.0025.0033.0042.0033.0043.0033.0040.00
60033.0040.0012.0030.001.0025.0033.0042.0033.0043.0033.0040.00
70033.0040.0015.0030.001.0025.0033.0042.0033.0043.0033.0040.00
80033.0040.0015.0028.001.0025.0033.0042.0033.0043.0033.0040.00
90033.0040.0015.0028.001.0025.0033.0042.0033.0043.0033.0040.00
100033.0040.0015.0028.001.0025.0033.0042.0033.0043.0033.0040.00
110033.0040.0018.0025.001.0025.0033.0042.0033.0043.0033.0038.00
120033.0040.0018.0025.001.0025.0033.0042.0033.0043.0033.0038.00
130033.0040.0018.0025.001.0025.0033.0042.0033.0043.0033.0038.00
140033.0040.0018.0025.001.0025.0033.0042.0033.0043.0033.0038.00
150033.0040.0018.0025.001.0025.0033.0042.0033.0043.0033.0038.00
175033.0040.0018.0025.001.0025.0033.0042.0033.0050.0033.0038.00
200033.0040.0018.0025.001.0025.0033.0042.0033.0050.0033.0038.00
250033.0040.0018.0025.001.0025.0033.0042.0033.0050.0033.0035.50
300033.0040.0018.0025.001.0025.0033.0042.0033.0050.0033.0035.50
350033.0040.0018.0025.001.0025.0033.0035.5033.0050.0033.0035.50
400033.0040.0018.0025.001.0025.0033.0035.5033.0050.0033.0035.50
450033.0040.0018.0025.001.0025.0033.0035.5033.0050.0033.0035.50
500033.0040.0018.0025.001.0025.0033.0035.5033.0050.0033.0035.50
5500+34.3040.0018.0025.001.0025.0034.3035.5034.3050.0034.3035.50
Appendix 2C: WOD98 Oxygen (ml/l) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) North Atlantic Coastal N. Atlantic Equatorial Atlantic Coastal Eq. Atlantic South Atlantic Coastal S. Atlantic North Pacific Coastal N. Pacific Equatorial Pacific Coastal Eq. Pacific
LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh
00.0011.000.0010.000.007.000.009.000.009.000.009.000.0010.000.0010.000.008.000.007.00
100.0011.000.0010.000.007.000.009.000.009.000.009.000.0010.000.0010.000.008.000.007.00
200.0011.000.0010.000.007.000.009.000.009.000.009.000.0010.000.0010.000.008.000.007.00
300.0011.000.0010.000.007.000.009.000.009.000.009.000.0010.000.0010.000.008.000.007.00
500.0011.000.009.000.006.000.009.000.009.000.008.000.0010.000.008.000.008.000.006.00
750.0011.000.009.000.006.000.006.000.009.000.008.000.009.000.008.000.008.000.006.00
1000.0010.000.009.000.006.000.006.000.008.000.008.000.009.000.008.000.006.000.006.00
1250.0010.000.009.000.006.000.006.000.008.000.008.000.009.000.008.000.006.000.006.00
1500.0010.000.009.000.006.000.006.000.008.000.008.000.008.000.008.000.006.000.005.00
2000.0010.000.009.000.006.000.006.000.008.000.008.000.008.000.008.000.005.000.005.00
2500.0010.000.008.000.006.000.006.000.008.000.008.000.008.000.008.000.005.000.005.00
3000.009.000.008.000.005.000.006.000.008.000.007.000.008.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
4000.009.000.008.000.005.000.006.000.008.000.007.000.008.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
5000.009.000.008.000.005.000.006.000.008.000.007.000.008.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
6000.009.000.008.000.005.000.007.000.007.000.007.000.007.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
7000.009.000.008.000.005.000.007.000.007.000.007.000.006.000.007.000.005.000.005.00
8000.009.000.008.000.005.000.007.000.007.000.006.000.007.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
9000.009.000.008.000.005.000.007.000.007.000.006.000.007.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
10000.009.000.008.000.006.000.007.000.007.000.006.000.007.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
11000.009.000.008.000.006.000.007.000.007.000.006.000.007.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
12000.009.000.008.000.006.000.007.000.007.000.006.000.007.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
13000.009.000.008.000.006.000.007.000.007.000.006.000.007.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
14000.009.000.008.000.007.000.007.000.007.000.006.000.007.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
15000.009.000.008.000.007.000.007.000.007.000.006.000.007.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
17500.009.000.007.000.007.000.007.000.007.000.006.000.007.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
20000.009.000.007.000.007.000.007.000.007.000.006.000.007.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
25000.008.000.007.000.007.000.007.000.007.000.006.000.007.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
30000.008.000.007.000.007.000.007.000.007.000.006.000.007.000.005.000.005.000.004.00
35000.008.000.007.000.007.000.007.000.007.000.006.000.007.000.005.000.005.000.004.00
40000.008.000.007.000.007.000.007.000.007.000.006.000.007.000.005.000.005.000.004.00
45000.008.000.007.000.006.000.007.000.006.000.007.000.006.000.005.000.005.000.004.00
50000.008.000.007.000.006.000.007.000.006.000.007.000.006.000.005.000.005.000.004.00
5500+0.008.000.007.000.006.000.007.000.006.000.006.000.006.000.005.000.005.000.004.00
Appendix 2C (cont.): WOD98 Oxygen (ml/l) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) South Pacific Coastal S. Pacific North Indian Coastal N. Indian Equatorial Indian Coastal Eq. Indian South Indian Coastal S. Indian Southern Ocean Arctic Ocean
LowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHigh
00.008.000.008.000.007.000.007.000.0010.000.006.000.0010.000.009.000.0010.000.0011.00
100.008.000.008.000.007.000.007.000.0010.000.006.000.0010.000.009.000.0010.000.0011.00
200.008.000.008.000.007.000.007.000.0010.000.006.000.0010.000.009.000.0010.000.0011.00
300.008.000.008.000.007.000.007.000.0010.000.006.000.0010.000.009.000.0010.000.0011.00
500.008.000.007.000.007.000.007.000.0010.000.006.000.0010.000.009.000.0010.000.0011.00
750.008.000.007.000.007.000.007.000.0010.000.006.000.008.000.009.000.009.000.0010.00
1000.008.000.007.000.007.000.007.000.007.000.005.000.008.000.009.000.009.000.0010.00
1250.008.000.007.000.005.000.005.000.007.000.005.000.008.000.009.000.009.000.0010.00
1500.008.000.007.000.005.000.005.000.007.000.005.000.008.000.009.000.009.000.0010.00
2000.007.000.007.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.008.000.009.000.009.000.0010.00
2500.007.000.007.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.008.000.009.000.009.000.0010.00
3000.007.000.007.000.005.000.004.000.005.000.005.000.007.000.007.000.008.000.0010.00
4000.007.000.007.000.005.000.004.000.005.000.005.000.007.000.007.000.008.000.0010.00
5000.007.000.007.000.005.000.004.000.005.000.005.000.007.000.007.000.008.000.0010.00
6000.007.000.007.000.005.000.004.000.005.000.005.000.007.000.006.000.008.000.009.00
7000.007.000.006.000.005.000.004.000.005.000.005.000.007.000.006.000.008.000.009.00
8000.007.000.006.000.005.000.004.000.005.000.003.000.006.000.006.000.008.000.009.00
9000.007.000.006.000.005.000.004.000.005.000.003.000.006.000.006.000.008.000.009.00
10000.006.000.006.000.005.000.004.000.005.000.003.000.006.000.006.000.008.000.009.00
11000.006.000.005.000.005.000.004.000.005.000.003.000.006.000.006.000.008.000.009.00
12000.006.000.005.000.005.000.004.000.005.000.003.000.006.000.006.000.007.000.009.00
13000.006.000.005.000.005.000.004.000.005.000.005.000.006.000.006.000.007.000.009.00
14000.006.000.005.000.005.000.004.000.005.000.005.000.006.000.006.000.007.000.009.00
15000.005.000.005.000.005.000.004.000.005.000.005.000.006.000.006.000.007.000.009.00
17500.005.000.005.000.005.000.004.000.005.000.005.000.006.000.006.000.007.000.009.00
20000.005.000.005.000.005.000.004.000.005.000.005.000.006.000.006.000.007.000.009.00
25000.005.000.005.000.005.000.004.000.005.000.005.000.006.000.006.000.007.000.009.00
30000.005.000.005.000.005.000.004.000.005.000.005.000.006.000.006.000.007.000.009.00
35000.005.000.005.000.005.000.004.000.005.000.005.000.006.000.006.000.007.000.009.00
40000.005.000.005.000.005.000.004.000.005.000.005.000.006.000.006.000.007.000.009.00
45000.005.000.005.000.005.000.004.000.005.000.005.000.006.000.006.000.007.000.009.00
50000.005.000.005.000.005.000.004.000.005.000.005.000.006.000.006.000.007.000.009.00
5500+0.005.000.005.000.005.000.004.000.005.000.005.000.006.000.006.000.007.000.009.00
Appendix 2C (cont.): WOD98 Oxygen (ml/l) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) Mediterranean Black Sea Baltic Sea Persian Gulf Red Sea Sulu Sea
LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh
00.008.000.0010.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.005.00
100.008.000.0010.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.005.00
200.008.000.0010.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.005.00
300.008.000.0010.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.005.00
500.008.000.0010.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.005.00
750.007.000.008.000.009.500.009.500.009.500.005.00
1000.007.000.008.000.009.500.009.500.009.500.004.00
1250.007.000.008.000.009.500.009.500.009.500.004.00
1500.007.000.008.000.009.500.009.500.009.500.004.00
2000.007.000.005.000.009.000.009.000.009.000.003.00
2500.007.000.005.000.009.000.009.000.009.000.003.00
3000.007.000.005.000.008.000.008.000.008.000.003.00
4000.007.000.002.000.008.000.008.000.008.000.003.00
5000.007.000.002.000.008.000.008.000.008.000.003.00
6000.007.000.002.000.007.100.007.100.007.100.003.00
7000.007.000.002.000.007.100.007.100.007.100.003.00
8000.007.000.002.000.007.100.007.100.007.100.003.00
9000.007.000.002.000.007.100.007.100.007.100.003.00
10000.006.000.002.000.007.100.007.100.007.100.003.00
11000.006.000.002.000.007.100.007.100.007.100.003.00
12000.006.000.002.000.007.100.007.100.007.100.002.00
13000.006.000.002.000.007.100.007.100.007.100.002.00
14000.006.000.002.000.007.100.007.100.007.100.002.00
15000.006.000.002.000.007.100.007.100.007.100.002.00
17500.006.000.002.000.007.100.007.100.007.100.002.00
20000.006.000.002.000.007.100.007.100.007.100.002.00
25000.006.000.002.000.007.100.007.100.007.100.002.00
30000.006.000.002.000.007.100.007.100.007.100.002.00
35000.006.000.002.000.007.100.007.100.007.100.002.00
40000.006.000.002.000.006.000.007.100.007.100.002.00
45000.006.000.002.000.006.000.006.000.006.000.002.00
50000.006.000.002.000.006.000.006.000.006.000.002.00
5500+0.006.000.002.000.006.000.006.000.006.000.002.00
Appendix 2D: WOD98 Phosphate (\(\mu\)M) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) North Atlantic Coastal N. Atlantic Equatorial Atlantic Coastal Eq. Atlantic South Atlantic Coastal S. Atlantic North Pacific Coastal N. Pacific Equatorial Pacific Coastal Eq. Pacific
LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh
00.001.400.0010.000.001.000.0010.000.002.000.0010.000.002.000.0010.000.002.000.0010.00
100.001.400.0010.000.001.000.0010.000.002.000.0010.000.002.000.0010.000.002.000.0010.00
200.001.400.0010.000.001.200.0010.000.002.000.0010.000.002.000.0010.000.002.000.0010.00
300.001.400.0010.000.001.400.0010.000.002.000.0010.000.002.000.0010.000.002.000.0010.00
500.002.000.0010.000.002.000.0010.000.002.000.0010.000.002.400.0010.000.002.400.0010.00
750.002.000.0010.000.002.400.0010.000.002.400.0010.000.002.800.0010.000.002.800.0010.00
1000.002.000.0010.000.002.400.0010.000.002.400.0010.000.002.800.0010.000.002.800.0010.00
1250.002.000.0010.000.002.800.0010.000.002.400.0010.000.003.200.0010.000.003.200.0010.00
1500.002.000.0010.000.002.800.0010.000.002.400.0010.000.003.200.0010.000.003.200.0010.00
2000.002.400.0010.000.002.800.0010.000.002.800.0010.000.003.600.0010.000.203.200.0010.00
2500.002.400.0010.000.003.200.0010.000.002.800.0010.000.003.600.0010.000.403.200.0010.00
3000.002.400.0010.000.003.200.0010.000.002.800.0010.000.003.600.0010.000.603.200.0010.00
4000.003.200.0010.000.003.600.0010.000.003.200.0010.000.003.600.0010.000.603.600.0010.00
5000.003.200.0010.000.003.600.0010.000.003.200.0010.000.203.600.0010.000.803.600.0010.00
6000.003.200.0010.000.003.600.0010.000.003.200.0010.000.203.600.0010.000.803.800.0010.00
7000.203.200.0010.000.203.600.0010.000.203.200.0010.000.803.600.0010.000.803.800.0010.00
8000.203.200.0010.000.203.600.0010.000.203.200.0010.000.803.800.0010.000.803.800.0010.00
9000.203.600.0010.000.303.600.0010.000.203.200.0010.000.803.800.0010.000.803.800.0010.00
10000.203.600.0010.000.303.600.0010.000.403.200.0010.000.803.800.0010.000.803.800.0010.00
11000.203.600.0010.000.303.600.0010.000.403.200.0010.000.803.800.0010.000.803.800.0010.00
12000.203.600.0010.000.303.600.0010.000.403.200.0010.000.803.800.0010.000.803.800.0010.00
13000.203.600.0010.000.303.600.0010.000.403.200.0010.000.803.800.0010.000.803.800.0010.00
14000.203.600.0010.000.603.200.0010.000.403.200.0010.000.803.800.0010.000.803.800.0010.00
15000.203.600.0010.000.603.200.0010.000.403.600.0010.000.803.600.0010.000.803.600.0010.00
17500.203.600.0010.000.603.200.0010.000.403.600.0010.000.803.600.0010.000.803.600.0010.00
20000.203.600.0010.000.303.200.0010.000.403.600.0010.000.803.600.0010.000.803.600.0010.00
25000.203.400.0010.000.303.200.0010.000.403.600.0010.000.803.600.0010.000.803.600.0010.00
30000.203.400.0010.000.303.200.0010.000.403.600.0010.000.803.600.0010.000.803.600.0010.00
35000.203.400.0010.000.303.200.0010.000.603.200.0010.000.803.200.0010.000.803.200.0010.00
40000.403.200.0010.000.503.200.0010.000.603.200.0010.000.803.200.0010.000.803.200.0010.00
45000.403.200.0010.000.602.800.0010.000.603.200.0010.000.803.200.0010.000.803.200.0010.00
50000.402.800.0010.000.602.800.0010.000.802.800.0010.000.803.200.0010.000.803.200.0010.00
5500+0.402.800.0010.000.602.800.0010.000.802.800.0010.000.803.200.0010.000.803.200.0010.00
Appendix 2D (cont.): WOD98 Phosphate (\(\mu\)M) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) South Pacific Coastal S. Pacific North Indian Coastal N. Indian Equatorial Indian Coastal Eq. Indian South Indian Coastal S. Indian Southern Ocean Arctic Ocean
LowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHigh
00.001.600.0010.000.001.400.0010.000.001.000.0010.000.002.000.0010.000.202.800.002.80
100.001.600.0010.000.001.400.0010.000.001.000.0010.000.002.000.0010.000.202.800.002.80
200.001.600.0010.000.001.400.0010.000.001.000.0010.000.002.000.0010.000.202.800.002.40
300.001.600.0010.000.001.600.0010.000.001.000.0010.000.002.000.0010.000.202.800.002.80
500.002.000.0010.000.002.000.0010.000.001.200.0010.000.002.000.0010.000.202.800.002.80
750.003.200.0010.000.002.800.0010.000.002.000.0010.000.002.000.0010.000.202.800.002.80
1000.003.200.0010.000.003.600.0010.000.002.400.0010.000.002.000.0010.000.203.200.002.80
1250.003.200.0010.000.003.600.0010.000.002.400.0010.000.002.400.0010.000.403.200.002.80
1500.003.200.0010.000.003.600.0010.000.002.800.0010.000.002.400.0010.000.403.200.002.80
2000.003.200.0010.000.603.600.0010.000.402.800.0010.000.002.400.0010.000.403.200.002.80
2500.003.200.0010.000.603.600.0010.000.402.800.0010.000.002.400.0010.000.603.200.002.80
3000.003.200.0010.000.603.600.0010.000.402.800.0010.000.002.800.0010.000.603.200.002.80
4000.403.600.0010.000.603.600.0010.000.403.200.0010.000.002.800.0010.000.603.200.002.80
5000.403.600.0010.000.803.800.0010.000.403.200.0010.000.002.800.0010.000.603.200.002.80
6000.803.800.0010.000.803.800.0010.000.403.600.0010.000.003.200.0010.000.603.200.003.20
7000.803.800.0010.000.803.800.0010.000.403.600.0010.000.203.200.0010.000.603.200.203.20
8000.803.800.0010.000.803.800.0010.000.403.800.0010.000.403.200.0010.000.603.200.403.80
9000.803.800.0010.000.803.800.0010.000.403.800.0010.000.403.200.0010.000.603.200.403.80
10000.803.800.0010.000.803.800.0010.000.403.800.0010.000.403.200.0010.000.603.200.403.80
11000.803.800.0010.000.803.800.0010.000.603.800.0010.000.403.200.0010.000.603.200.403.80
12000.803.600.0010.000.803.800.0010.000.603.800.0010.000.403.200.0010.000.603.200.403.80
13000.803.600.0010.000.803.800.0010.000.803.800.0010.000.403.200.0010.000.603.200.403.80
14000.803.600.0010.000.803.800.0010.000.803.600.0010.000.403.200.0010.000.803.200.403.80
15000.803.600.0010.000.803.800.0010.000.803.600.0010.000.403.200.0010.000.803.200.403.80
17500.803.600.0010.000.803.800.0010.000.803.600.0010.000.403.200.0010.000.803.200.403.80
20000.803.600.0010.000.803.800.0010.000.803.600.0010.000.403.200.0010.000.803.200.403.80
25000.803.600.0010.000.603.800.0010.000.803.600.0010.000.403.200.0010.000.803.200.403.80
30000.803.200.0010.000.603.600.0010.000.803.200.0010.000.403.200.0010.000.803.200.603.60
35000.803.200.0010.000.603.600.0010.000.803.200.0010.000.403.200.0010.000.803.200.603.60
40000.803.200.0010.000.602.800.0010.000.803.200.0010.000.403.200.0010.000.803.200.603.20
45000.803.200.0010.000.602.800.0010.000.803.200.0010.000.403.200.0010.000.803.200.603.20
50000.803.200.0010.000.602.800.0010.000.803.200.0010.000.803.200.0010.000.803.200.602.80
5500+0.803.200.0010.000.602.800.0010.000.803.200.0010.000.803.200.0010.000.802.800.602.80
Appendix 2D (cont.): WOD98 Phosphate (\( \mu \)M) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) Mediterranean Black Sea Baltic Sea Persian Gulf Red Sea Sulu Sea
LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh
00.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.80
100.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.80
200.002.400.002.400.002.400.002.400.002.400.002.40
300.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.80
500.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.80
750.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.80
1000.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.80
1250.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.80
1500.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.80
2000.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.80
2500.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.80
3000.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.80
4000.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.80
5000.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.800.002.80
6000.003.200.003.200.003.200.003.200.003.200.003.20
7000.203.200.203.200.203.200.203.200.203.200.203.20
8000.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.80
9000.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.80
10000.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.80
11000.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.80
12000.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.80
13000.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.80
14000.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.80
15000.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.80
17500.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.80
20000.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.80
25000.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.800.403.80
30000.603.600.603.600.603.600.603.600.603.600.603.60
35000.603.600.603.600.603.600.603.600.603.600.603.60
40000.603.200.603.200.603.200.603.200.603.200.603.20
45000.602.800.602.800.602.800.602.800.602.800.602.80
50000.602.800.602.800.602.800.602.800.602.800.602.80
5500+0.602.800.602.800.602.800.602.800.602.800.602.80
Appendix 2E: WOD98 Silicate (\( \mu \)M) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) North Atlantic Coastal N. Atlantic Equatorial Atlantic Coastal Eq. Atlantic South Atlantic Coastal S. Atlantic North Pacific Coastal N. Pacific Equatorial Pacific Coastal Eq. Pacific
LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh
00.050.00.0250.00.040.00.0250.00.030.00.0250.00.060.00.0250.00.080.00.060.0
100.050.00.0250.00.040.00.0250.00.030.00.0250.00.060.00.0250.00.080.00.060.0
200.050.00.0250.00.040.00.0250.00.030.00.0250.00.060.00.0250.00.080.00.060.0
300.050.00.0250.00.040.00.0250.00.030.00.0250.00.060.00.0250.00.080.00.060.0
500.060.00.0250.00.050.00.0250.00.030.00.0250.00.060.00.0250.00.080.00.060.0
750.060.00.0250.00.050.00.0250.00.030.00.0250.00.080.00.0250.00.080.00.060.0
1000.060.00.0250.00.050.00.0250.00.040.00.0250.00.080.00.0250.00.080.00.060.0
1250.060.00.0250.00.060.00.0250.00.040.00.0250.00.080.00.0250.00.080.00.060.0
1500.060.00.0250.00.060.00.0250.00.040.00.0250.00.080.00.0250.00.080.00.060.0
2000.080.00.0250.00.060.00.0250.00.040.00.0250.02.080.00.0250.02.080.00.060.0
2500.080.00.0250.02.060.00.0250.02.040.00.0250.02.080.00.0250.02.080.00.060.0
3000.080.00.0250.02.080.00.0250.02.040.00.0250.02.080.00.0250.02.080.00.060.0
4000.0100.00.0250.02.080.00.0250.02.040.00.0250.02.0100.00.0250.02.080.00.060.0
5002.0100.00.0250.02.080.00.0250.02.080.00.0250.05.0140.00.0250.05.0100.020.060.0
6002.0100.00.0250.02.080.00.0250.02.080.00.0250.05.0140.00.0250.05.0120.020.0120.0
7002.0120.00.0250.02.080.00.0250.02.080.00.0250.010.0140.00.0250.05.0120.020.0120.0
8002.0120.00.0250.02.080.00.0250.02.080.00.0250.010.0140.00.0250.05.0120.020.0120.0
9002.0120.00.0250.02.080.00.0250.05.0120.00.0250.010.0160.00.0250.05.0140.020.0120.0
10002.0120.00.0250.02.080.00.0250.05.0120.00.0250.015.0180.00.0250.05.0180.020.0120.0
11002.0120.00.0250.02.080.00.0250.05.0120.00.0250.015.0180.00.0250.010.0180.020.0150.0
12002.0120.00.0250.02.080.00.0250.05.0140.00.0250.015.0180.00.0250.010.0180.060.0150.0
13002.0120.00.0250.02.080.00.0250.05.0140.00.0250.015.0180.00.0250.010.0180.060.0150.0
14002.0120.00.0250.02.080.00.0250.05.0160.00.0250.015.0180.00.0250.015.0180.060.0150.0
15002.0120.00.0250.02.080.00.0250.05.0160.00.0250.015.0200.00.0250.015.0180.060.0150.0
17502.0120.00.0250.02.080.00.0250.05.0160.00.0250.020.0200.00.0250.015.0180.0120.0190.0
20005.0130.00.0250.05.080.00.0250.05.0160.00.0250.020.0200.00.0250.015.0180.0120.0190.0
250010.0150.00.0250.05.080.00.0250.05.0160.00.0250.020.0200.00.0250.015.0180.0120.0160.0
300010.0150.00.0250.05.080.00.0250.05.0160.00.0250.020.0200.00.0250.015.0180.0150.0160.0
350015.0150.00.0250.05.0100.00.0250.05.0160.00.0250.020.0200.00.0250.015.0180.0150.0160.0
400015.0150.00.0250.010.0100.00.0250.010.0160.00.0250.020.0200.00.0250.015.0180.0150.0160.0
450015.0150.00.0250.015.0120.00.0250.010.0160.00.0250.030.0200.00.0250.015.0180.0150.0160.0
500015.0150.00.0250.030.0160.00.0250.010.0160.00.0250.030.0200.00.0250.020.0180.0150.0160.0
5500+15.0150.00.0250.030.0160.00.0250.010.0160.00.0250.030.0200.00.0250.020.0180.0150.0160.0
Appendix 2E (cont.): WOD98 Silicate (\( \mu \)M) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) South Pacific Coastal S. Pacific North Indian Coastal N. Indian Equatorial Indian Coastal Eq. Indian South Indian Coastal S. Indian Southern Ocean Arctic Ocean
LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh
00.080.00.040.00.030.00.040.00.050.00.040.00.080.00.040.00.0120.00.0100.0
100.080.00.040.00.030.00.040.00.050.00.040.00.080.00.040.00.0120.00.0100.0
200.080.00.040.00.030.00.040.00.050.00.040.00.080.00.040.00.0120.00.0100.0
300.080.00.040.00.030.00.040.00.050.00.040.00.080.00.040.00.0120.00.0100.0
500.080.00.040.00.030.00.040.00.050.00.040.00.080.00.040.00.0120.00.0100.0
750.080.00.040.00.030.00.040.00.050.00.040.00.080.00.040.00.0120.00.0100.0
1000.080.00.040.00.060.00.040.00.050.00.040.00.080.00.040.00.0120.00.0100.0
1250.080.00.040.00.060.00.040.00.050.00.040.00.080.00.040.00.0120.00.0100.0
1500.080.00.040.00.060.00.040.02.060.00.040.00.080.00.040.05.0140.00.0100.0
2000.080.00.040.05.080.00.040.02.060.00.040.00.080.00.040.05.0140.00.0100.0
2501.0100.00.040.010.080.00.040.02.060.00.040.02.080.00.040.05.0140.00.0100.0
3001.0100.00.040.010.080.00.040.02.060.00.040.02.080.00.040.05.0140.02.0120.0
4001.0100.00.040.010.080.00.040.02.060.00.040.02.080.00.040.05.0140.02.0120.0
5001.0120.010.040.010.080.010.040.05.080.010.040.02.080.010.040.05.0160.02.0120.0
6001.0120.010.040.010.080.010.040.05.080.010.040.02.0100.010.040.010.0160.02.0120.0
7001.0120.010.040.010.080.010.040.010.080.010.040.02.0100.010.040.010.0160.02.0120.0
8001.0120.010.040.010.080.010.040.010.080.010.040.02.0100.010.040.015.0160.05.080.0
9002.0120.010.040.015.0120.010.040.015.0120.010.040.05.0120.010.040.025.0160.05.080.0
10002.0120.010.040.015.0120.010.040.015.0120.010.040.05.0120.010.040.025.0160.05.080.0
11002.0120.010.080.020.0120.010.080.015.0120.010.080.05.0120.010.040.025.0160.05.080.0
12002.0120.010.080.020.0120.010.080.015.0120.010.080.05.0120.010.080.025.0160.05.080.0
13005.0160.010.080.020.0120.010.080.015.0120.010.080.010.0120.010.080.025.0160.05.080.0
14005.0160.010.080.025.0160.010.080.020.0140.010.080.010.0120.010.080.025.0160.05.080.0
150010.0160.010.080.025.0160.010.080.020.0140.010.080.015.0140.010.080.030.0160.05.080.0
175010.0160.070.0120.030.0160.070.0120.020.0140.070.0120.015.0140.070.0120.030.0160.05.080.0
200015.0160.070.0120.030.0160.070.0120.030.0160.070.0120.020.0160.070.0120.030.0160.05.080.0
250015.0180.0100.0140.030.0160.0100.0140.030.0160.0100.0140.020.0160.0100.0140.035.0160.05.080.0
300015.0180.0100.0140.030.0180.0100.0140.030.0160.0100.0140.020.0160.0100.0140.035.0160.05.080.0
350015.0180.0130.0130.030.0180.0130.0130.030.0160.0130.0130.020.0160.0130.0130.035.0160.05.080.0
400015.0180.0130.0130.030.0180.0130.0130.030.0160.0130.0130.020.0160.0130.0130.035.0160.05.080.0
450015.0180.0130.0130.030.0180.0130.0130.030.0160.0130.0130.020.0160.0130.0130.035.0160.05.080.0
500015.0180.0130.0130.030.0180.0130.0130.030.0160.0130.0130.020.0160.0130.0130.035.0160.05.080.0
5500+15.0180.0130.0130.030.0180.0130.0130.030.0160.0130.0130.020.0160.0130.0130.035.0160.05.080.0
Appendix 2E (cont.): WOD98 Silicate (\( \mu \)M) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) Mediterranean Black Sea Baltic Sea Persian Gulf Red Sea Sulu Sea
LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh
00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
100.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
200.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
300.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
500.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
750.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
1000.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
1250.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
1500.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
2000.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
2500.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
3000.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
4000.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
5000.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
6000.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
7000.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
8000.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
9000.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
10000.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
11000.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
12000.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
13000.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
14000.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
15000.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
17500.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
20000.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
25000.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
30000.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
35000.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
40000.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
45000.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
50000.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
5500+0.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.00.0250.0
Appendix 2F: WOD98 Nitrite (\(\mu\)M) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) North Atlantic Coastal N. Atlantic Equatorial Atlantic Coastal Eq. Atlantic South Atlantic Coastal S. Atlantic North Pacific Coastal N. Pacific Equatorial Pacific Coastal Eq. Pacific
LowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHigh
00.0012.000.0015.000.0012.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
100.0012.000.0015.000.0012.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
200.0012.000.0015.000.0012.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
300.0012.000.0015.000.0012.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
500.0012.000.0015.000.0012.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
750.0012.000.0015.000.0012.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
1000.0012.000.0015.000.0012.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
1250.0010.000.0015.000.0010.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
1500.0010.000.0015.000.0010.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
2000.0010.000.0015.000.0010.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
2500.0010.000.0015.000.008.000.0015.000.0012.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
3000.0010.000.0015.000.008.000.0015.000.0012.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
4000.0010.000.0015.000.008.000.0015.000.0012.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
5000.0010.000.0015.000.008.000.0015.000.0012.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
6000.0010.000.0015.000.008.000.0015.000.0012.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
7000.0010.000.0015.000.008.000.0015.000.0012.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
8000.008.000.0015.000.008.000.0015.000.0012.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
9000.008.000.0015.000.008.000.0015.000.0012.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
10000.008.000.0015.000.008.000.0015.000.0012.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
11000.005.000.0015.000.008.000.0015.000.0012.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
12000.005.000.0015.000.008.000.0015.000.0012.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
13000.005.000.0015.000.008.000.0015.000.0012.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
14000.005.000.0015.000.008.000.0015.000.0010.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
15000.004.000.0015.000.008.000.0015.000.008.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
17500.004.000.0015.000.008.000.0015.000.008.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
20000.004.000.0015.000.006.000.0015.000.002.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
25000.004.000.0015.000.006.000.0015.000.002.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
30000.003.000.0015.000.006.000.002.000.002.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
35000.003.000.0015.000.005.000.002.000.002.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0015.00
40000.002.000.0015.000.005.000.002.000.000.500.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.002.000.0015.00
45000.002.000.0015.000.002.000.0015.000.000.500.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.002.000.0015.00
50000.001.500.0015.000.001.000.0015.000.000.500.0015.000.0014.000.0015.000.002.000.0015.00
5500+0.001.500.0015.000.001.000.0015.000.000.250.0015.000.006.000.0015.000.002.000.0015.00
Appendix 2F (cont.): WOD98 Nitrite (\( \mu M \)) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) South Pacific Coastal S. Pacific North Indian Coastal N. Indian Equatorial Indian Coastal Eq. Indian South Indian Coastal S. Indian Southern Ocean Arctic Ocean
LowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHigh
00.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0012.000.0014.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0010.000.0010.00
100.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0012.000.0014.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0010.000.0010.00
200.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0012.000.0014.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0010.000.0010.00
300.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0012.000.0014.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0010.000.0010.00
500.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0012.000.0014.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0010.000.0010.00
750.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0012.000.0014.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.008.000.0010.00
1000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0012.000.0014.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.008.000.0010.00
1250.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0012.000.0014.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.008.000.008.00
1500.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0012.000.0014.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.008.000.008.00
2000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0012.000.0014.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.008.000.008.00
2500.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0012.000.0014.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.008.000.008.00
3000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0012.000.0014.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0010.000.005.000.008.00
4000.0014.000.0015.000.0014.000.0012.000.0014.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0010.000.005.000.008.00
5000.006.000.0015.000.0014.000.0010.000.006.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.004.000.008.00
6000.006.000.0015.000.0012.000.0010.000.006.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.004.000.008.00
7000.006.000.0015.000.0012.000.0010.000.006.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.004.000.008.00
8000.006.000.0015.000.0012.000.008.000.006.000.008.000.0010.000.008.000.004.000.008.000.008.00
9000.006.000.0015.000.0012.000.008.000.006.000.008.000.0010.000.008.000.004.000.008.000.008.00
10000.006.000.0015.000.0012.000.008.000.006.000.008.000.0010.000.008.000.004.000.008.000.008.00
11000.006.000.0015.000.0012.000.005.000.006.000.005.000.0010.000.005.000.004.000.008.000.008.00
12000.006.000.0015.000.0012.000.005.000.006.000.005.000.0010.000.005.000.004.000.008.000.008.00
13000.006.000.0015.000.0012.000.005.000.006.000.005.000.0010.000.005.000.004.000.008.000.008.00
14000.006.000.0015.000.0012.000.005.000.006.000.005.000.0010.000.005.000.004.000.008.000.008.00
15000.006.000.0015.000.0012.000.004.000.006.000.004.000.0010.000.004.000.004.000.008.000.008.00
17500.003.000.0015.000.0012.000.004.000.006.000.004.000.0010.000.004.000.004.000.008.000.008.00
20000.003.000.0015.000.0012.000.004.000.006.000.004.000.0010.000.004.000.004.000.008.000.008.00
25000.003.000.0015.000.006.000.004.000.003.000.004.000.0010.000.004.000.004.000.008.000.008.00
30000.003.000.0015.000.006.000.003.000.003.000.003.000.006.000.003.000.003.000.003.000.001.00
35000.003.000.0015.000.001.000.003.000.003.000.003.000.006.000.003.000.003.000.003.000.001.00
40000.003.000.0015.000.001.000.002.000.003.000.002.000.006.000.002.000.002.000.002.000.001.00
45000.003.000.0015.000.001.000.002.000.003.000.002.000.006.000.002.000.002.000.002.000.001.00
50000.003.000.0015.000.001.000.001.500.003.000.001.500.002.000.001.500.002.000.001.500.002.000.001.00
5500+0.003.000.0015.000.001.000.001.500.003.000.001.500.002.000.001.500.002.000.001.500.002.000.001.00
Appendix 2F (cont.): WOD98 Nitrite (\( \mu \)M) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) Mediterranean Black Sea Baltic Sea Persian Gulf Red Sea Sulu Sea
LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh
00.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.00
100.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.00
200.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.00
300.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.00
500.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.00
750.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.00
1000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.000.0012.00
1250.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.00
1500.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.00
2000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.00
2500.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.00
3000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.00
4000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.00
5000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.00
6000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.00
7000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.000.0010.00
8000.008.000.008.000.008.000.008.000.008.000.008.00
9000.008.000.008.000.008.000.008.000.008.000.008.00
10000.008.000.008.000.008.000.008.000.008.000.008.00
11000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
12000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
13000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
14000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
15000.004.000.004.000.004.000.004.000.004.000.004.00
17500.004.000.004.000.004.000.004.000.004.000.004.00
20000.004.000.004.000.004.000.004.000.004.000.004.00
25000.004.000.004.000.004.000.004.000.004.000.004.00
30000.003.000.003.000.003.000.003.000.003.000.003.00
35000.003.000.003.000.003.000.003.000.003.000.003.00
40000.002.000.002.000.002.000.002.000.002.000.002.00
45000.002.000.002.000.002.000.002.000.002.000.002.00
50000.001.500.001.500.001.500.001.500.001.500.001.50
5500+0.001.500.001.500.001.500.001.500.001.500.001.50
Appendix 2G: WOD98 Nitrate (\(\mu\)M) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) North Atlantic Coastal N. Atlantic Equatorial Atlantic Coastal Eq. Atlantic South Atlantic Coastal S. Atlantic North Pacific Coastal N. Pacific Equatorial Pacific Coastal Eq. Pacific
LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh
00.0018.000.00500.000.0018.000.0030.000.0022.000.0060.000.0026.000.0050.000.0022.000.00100.00
100.0018.000.00500.000.0018.000.0030.000.0026.000.0060.000.0026.000.0050.000.0022.000.00100.00
200.0018.000.00500.000.0018.000.0030.000.0026.000.0060.000.0026.000.0050.000.0022.000.00100.00
300.0018.000.00500.000.0018.000.0030.000.0030.000.0060.000.0030.000.0050.000.0026.000.00100.00
500.0026.000.00500.000.0026.000.0030.000.0030.000.0060.000.0030.000.0050.000.0034.000.00100.00
750.0030.000.00500.000.0030.000.0030.000.0034.000.0060.000.0034.000.0050.000.0034.000.00100.00
1000.0030.000.00500.000.0030.000.0030.000.0034.000.0060.000.0034.000.0050.000.0034.000.00100.00
1250.0030.000.00500.000.0030.000.0040.000.0034.000.0060.000.0042.000.0050.000.0034.000.00100.00
1500.0030.000.00500.000.0030.000.0040.000.0034.000.0060.000.0042.000.0050.000.0038.000.00100.00
2000.0030.000.00500.000.0030.000.0040.000.0038.000.0060.000.0046.000.0050.000.0038.000.00100.00
2500.0034.000.00500.000.0034.000.0045.000.0038.000.0060.000.0046.000.0075.000.0042.000.00100.00
3000.0034.000.00500.000.0034.000.0045.000.0038.000.0060.000.0046.000.0075.000.0042.000.00100.00
4000.0042.000.00500.000.0042.000.0045.002.0042.000.0060.002.0046.000.0075.002.0042.000.00100.00
5000.0042.000.00500.000.0042.000.0045.002.0046.000.0060.002.0046.000.0075.002.0046.000.00100.00
6000.0042.000.00500.000.0042.000.0045.002.0046.000.0060.002.0050.000.0075.002.0046.000.00100.00
7006.0046.000.00500.000.0046.000.0045.002.0046.000.0060.002.0050.000.0075.002.0050.000.0075.00
8006.0046.000.00500.000.0046.000.0045.002.0046.000.0060.002.0054.000.0075.002.0056.000.0075.00
9006.0046.000.00500.000.0046.000.0045.002.0046.000.0060.002.0054.000.0075.002.0056.000.0075.00
10006.0046.000.00500.000.0046.000.0040.002.0046.000.0060.002.0054.000.0075.002.0056.000.0075.00
11006.0046.000.00500.000.0046.000.0040.002.0046.000.0060.002.0054.000.0075.002.0056.000.0075.00
12006.0048.000.00500.000.0048.000.0040.006.0042.000.0060.002.0054.000.0075.002.0056.000.0075.00
13006.0048.000.00500.000.0048.000.0040.006.0042.000.0060.002.0054.000.0075.002.0050.000.0075.00
14006.0048.000.00500.006.0048.000.0040.006.0042.000.0060.002.0054.000.0075.002.0050.000.0075.00
15006.0048.000.00500.006.0048.000.0040.006.0042.000.0060.002.0054.000.0075.002.0050.000.0075.00
17506.0048.000.00500.006.0048.000.0040.006.0042.000.0060.002.0054.000.0075.002.0050.000.0075.00
20006.0048.000.00500.006.0048.000.0040.006.0042.000.0060.002.0054.000.0075.002.0050.000.0075.00
25006.0048.000.00500.006.0048.000.0040.006.0042.000.0060.002.0054.000.0075.002.0050.000.0075.00
30006.0048.000.00500.006.0048.000.0040.006.0042.000.0060.002.0054.000.0075.002.0046.000.0075.00
350010.0048.000.00500.0010.0048.000.0040.006.0042.000.0060.002.0046.000.0075.002.0046.000.0075.00
400010.0048.000.00500.0010.0048.000.0040.006.0042.000.0060.002.0046.000.0075.002.0046.000.0075.00
450010.0046.000.00500.0010.0046.000.0040.006.0042.000.0060.002.0042.000.0075.002.0046.000.0075.00
500010.0044.000.00500.0010.0044.000.0040.0010.0042.000.0060.0010.0042.000.0075.002.0046.000.0075.00
5500+14.0042.000.00500.0014.0042.000.0040.0014.0034.000.0060.0014.0042.000.0075.002.0046.000.0075.00
Appendix 2G (cont.): WOD98 Nitrate (\( \mu \)M) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) South Pacific Coastal S. Pacific North Indian Coastal N. Indian Equatorial Indian Coastal Eq. Indian South Indian Coastal S. Indian Southern Ocean Arctic Ocean
LowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHigh
00.0018.000.0040.000.0014.000.0030.000.004.000.0035.000.0018.000.0050.000.0046.000.0018.00
100.0018.000.0040.000.0018.000.0030.000.006.000.0035.000.0018.000.0050.000.0046.000.0018.00
200.0018.000.0040.000.0018.000.0030.000.006.000.0035.000.0018.000.0050.000.0046.000.0018.00
300.0022.000.0040.000.0018.000.0030.000.0014.000.0035.000.0018.000.0050.000.0046.000.0018.00
500.0026.000.0040.000.0030.000.0030.000.0018.000.0035.000.0018.000.0050.000.0046.000.0018.00
750.0030.000.0040.000.0030.000.0040.000.0026.000.0035.000.0022.000.0050.000.0046.000.0018.00
1000.0030.000.0040.000.0030.000.0040.000.0030.000.0045.000.0022.000.0050.000.0046.000.0022.00
1250.0030.000.0040.000.0042.000.0040.000.0034.000.0045.000.0026.000.0050.000.0046.000.0022.00
1500.0030.000.0040.000.0042.000.0040.000.0034.000.0045.000.0030.000.0050.000.0046.000.0022.00
2000.0038.000.0040.000.0042.000.0040.000.0038.000.0045.000.0030.000.0050.000.0046.000.0026.00
2500.0038.000.0040.002.0042.000.0040.002.0038.000.0050.000.0030.000.0050.000.0046.000.0026.00
3000.0038.000.0060.002.0050.000.0040.002.0046.000.0050.000.0030.000.0050.000.0046.000.0026.00
4004.0042.000.0060.002.0050.000.0040.002.0046.000.0050.000.0034.000.0050.004.0046.000.0028.00
5006.0046.000.0060.002.0050.000.0040.002.0046.000.0050.000.0034.000.0050.006.0046.000.0028.00
6006.0050.000.0060.002.0050.000.0040.002.0046.000.0050.000.0038.000.0050.006.0046.000.0032.00
7006.0050.000.0060.002.0054.000.0040.002.0054.000.0050.000.0046.000.0050.006.0046.000.0032.00
80010.0050.000.0060.002.0054.000.0040.002.0054.000.0050.000.0046.000.0050.0014.0046.000.0042.00
90010.0050.000.0060.002.0054.000.0040.002.0054.000.0050.000.0046.000.0050.0014.0046.000.0042.00
100010.0050.000.0060.002.0054.000.0040.002.0054.000.0050.000.0046.000.0050.0014.0050.000.0046.00
110010.0050.000.0060.002.0054.000.0040.002.0054.000.0050.000.0046.000.0050.0014.0050.000.0046.00
120010.0054.000.0060.002.0054.000.0040.002.0054.000.0050.000.0046.000.0050.0014.0050.000.0046.00
130010.0054.000.0060.002.0054.000.0040.002.0054.000.0050.000.0046.000.0050.0014.0050.000.0050.00
140010.0054.000.0060.002.0054.000.0040.002.0054.000.0050.000.0046.000.0050.0014.0050.000.0050.00
150010.0054.000.0060.002.0054.000.0040.002.0054.000.0050.000.0046.000.0050.0014.0050.000.0050.00
175010.0054.000.0060.002.0054.000.0040.002.0054.000.0050.000.0046.000.0050.0014.0050.000.0050.00
200010.0054.000.0060.002.0054.000.0040.002.0054.000.0050.000.0046.000.0050.0014.0050.000.0054.00
250010.0054.000.0060.004.0054.000.0040.002.0054.000.0050.000.0046.000.0050.0014.0050.000.0054.00
300010.0054.000.0060.004.0054.000.0040.002.0046.000.0050.000.0050.002.0046.0014.0050.000.0054.00
350010.0054.000.0060.002.0046.000.0040.002.0046.000.0050.000.0050.002.0046.0014.0046.002.0054.00
400010.0054.000.0060.004.0046.000.0040.002.0046.000.0050.000.0050.002.0046.0014.0042.002.0046.00
450010.0054.000.0060.004.0046.000.0040.002.0046.000.0050.000.0050.002.0046.0014.0042.002.0046.00
500010.0038.000.0060.004.0046.000.0040.002.0046.000.0050.000.0050.0010.0046.0018.0042.002.0046.00
5500+14.0038.000.0060.0010.0046.000.0040.002.0046.000.0050.000.0050.0018.0042.002.0046.002.0046.00
Appendix 2G (cont.): WOD98 Nitrate (\( \mu \)M) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) Mediterranean Black Sea Baltic Sea Persian Gulf Red Sea Sulu Sea
Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High
00.0018.000.0018.000.0018.000.0018.000.0018.000.0018.00
100.0018.000.0018.000.0018.000.0018.000.0018.000.0018.00
200.0018.000.0018.000.0018.000.0018.000.0018.000.0018.00
300.0018.000.0018.000.0018.000.0018.000.0018.000.0018.00
500.0018.000.0018.000.0018.000.0018.000.0018.000.0018.00
750.0018.000.0018.000.0018.000.0018.000.0018.000.0018.00
1000.0022.000.0022.000.0022.000.0022.000.0022.000.0022.00
1250.0022.000.0022.000.0022.000.0022.000.0022.000.0022.00
1500.0022.000.0022.000.0022.000.0022.000.0022.000.0022.00
2000.0026.000.0026.000.0026.000.0026.000.0026.000.0026.00
2500.0026.000.0026.000.0026.000.0026.000.0026.000.0026.00
3000.0026.000.0026.000.0026.000.0026.000.0026.000.0026.00
4000.0028.000.0028.000.0028.000.0028.000.0028.000.0028.00
5000.0028.000.0028.000.0028.000.0028.000.0028.000.0028.00
6000.0032.000.0032.000.0032.000.0032.000.0032.000.0032.00
7000.0032.000.0032.000.0032.000.0032.000.0032.000.0032.00
8000.0042.000.0042.000.0042.000.0042.000.0042.000.0042.00
9000.0042.000.0042.000.0042.000.0042.000.0042.000.0042.00
10000.0046.000.0046.000.0046.000.0046.000.0046.000.0046.00
11000.0046.000.0046.000.0046.000.0046.000.0046.000.0046.00
12000.0046.000.0046.000.0046.000.0046.000.0046.000.0046.00
13000.0050.000.0050.000.0050.000.0050.000.0050.000.0050.00
14000.0050.000.0050.000.0050.000.0050.000.0050.000.0050.00
15000.0050.000.0050.000.0050.000.0050.000.0050.000.0050.00
17500.0050.000.0050.000.0050.000.0050.000.0050.000.0050.00
20000.0054.000.0054.000.0054.000.0054.000.0054.000.0054.00
25000.0054.000.0054.000.0054.000.0054.000.0054.000.0054.00
30000.0054.000.0054.000.0054.000.0054.000.0054.000.0054.00
35002.0054.002.0054.002.0054.000.0054.000.0054.000.0054.00
40002.0046.002.0046.002.0046.000.0046.000.0046.000.0046.00
45002.0046.002.0046.002.0046.000.0046.000.0046.000.0046.00
50002.0046.002.0046.002.0046.000.0046.000.0046.000.0046.00
5500+2.0046.002.0046.002.0046.000.0046.000.0046.000.0046.00
Appendix 2H: WOD98 pH Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) North Atlantic Coastal N. Atlantic Equatorial Atlantic Coastal Eq. Atlantic South Atlantic Coastal S. Atlantic North Pacific Coastal N. Pacific Equatorial Pacific Coastal Eq. Pacific
LowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHigh
07.308.706.309.207.108.806.208.706.908.807.108.806.309.007.008.907.008.706.008.80
107.308.706.609.007.108.806.208.707.008.807.108.807.109.007.008.807.008.706.008.90
207.308.706.809.007.108.806.608.707.108.807.108.807.109.007.008.807.008.706.009.00
307.308.706.809.007.108.806.608.707.108.807.108.807.109.007.008.807.008.706.009.00
507.308.706.809.007.108.807.208.707.108.807.108.807.109.007.008.807.008.706.009.00
757.308.707.009.007.108.807.408.707.108.807.108.807.109.007.008.807.008.706.009.00
1007.308.707.008.807.108.807.408.707.108.807.108.807.109.007.008.807.008.606.009.00
1257.308.707.008.807.108.807.408.707.108.807.108.807.109.007.008.807.008.606.009.00
1507.308.707.008.807.108.807.408.707.108.807.208.807.109.007.008.607.008.507.008.70
2007.308.707.008.807.108.807.508.707.108.607.308.807.108.907.008.607.008.507.008.70
2507.308.707.008.807.108.807.508.707.108.607.408.807.108.907.008.507.008.407.008.70
3007.308.707.008.807.108.807.508.707.108.607.408.807.108.907.008.507.008.407.008.70
4007.308.707.108.807.108.807.508.707.108.607.408.807.108.907.008.507.008.407.008.50
5007.308.707.108.807.108.807.508.707.108.607.408.807.108.907.008.507.008.407.008.50
6007.308.707.108.807.108.807.508.707.108.607.408.607.108.907.008.507.008.307.008.50
7007.308.707.208.807.108.807.508.707.108.607.408.607.108.907.008.507.008.307.008.40
8007.308.707.208.807.108.807.608.707.108.607.408.607.108.907.108.507.008.307.008.40
9007.308.707.208.807.108.807.608.707.108.607.408.507.108.907.208.507.008.307.008.40
10007.308.707.208.607.108.807.608.707.108.607.508.507.108.907.208.507.008.307.008.40
11007.308.707.208.607.208.807.608.707.108.607.508.407.108.907.208.407.208.307.108.40
12007.308.707.208.507.208.807.608.707.108.607.508.407.108.907.208.407.208.307.108.30
13007.308.707.208.507.208.807.608.707.108.507.508.407.108.907.208.207.208.307.108.30
14007.308.707.708.507.208.807.608.707.108.507.508.407.108.907.208.207.408.307.208.30
15007.308.707.708.507.208.807.608.707.108.507.508.407.108.907.208.207.408.307.208.30
17507.308.707.708.507.208.807.608.707.108.507.508.407.308.607.208.207.408.307.308.30
20007.308.707.708.507.208.807.608.707.408.507.508.407.308.607.408.207.408.307.408.30
25007.308.707.808.507.308.807.608.707.408.507.508.407.308.607.408.207.408.307.408.30
30007.408.707.808.407.608.807.608.707.408.507.508.407.308.607.408.207.408.307.408.30
35007.408.607.808.307.608.807.608.707.408.507.508.407.308.607.408.207.408.307.408.30
40007.508.507.808.307.608.507.608.707.408.507.508.407.308.607.408.207.408.307.408.30
45007.608.407.808.307.608.507.608.707.408.507.508.407.408.607.408.207.408.307.408.30
50007.608.407.808.307.608.507.608.707.408.507.508.407.508.607.408.207.408.307.408.30
5500+7.608.407.808.307.608.507.608.707.408.507.508.407.508.607.408.207.408.307.408.30
Appendix 2H (cont.): WOD98 pH (unitless) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) South Pacific Coastal S. Pacific North Indian Coastal N. Indian Equatorial Indian Coastal Eq. Indian South Indian Coastal S. Indian Southern Ocean Arctic Ocean
LowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHigh
07.408.907.309.007.108.807.108.807.109.007.208.907.108.707.308.507.008.606.708.70
107.408.907.309.007.108.707.108.807.108.907.208.907.108.707.308.507.008.606.708.70
207.409.007.309.007.108.707.108.807.108.907.208.807.108.707.308.507.008.606.708.70
307.409.007.309.007.108.707.108.807.108.907.208.607.108.707.308.507.008.607.108.70
507.409.007.309.007.108.707.108.707.108.907.208.607.108.707.408.507.008.607.108.70
757.409.007.308.907.108.707.108.707.108.907.208.507.108.707.408.507.008.507.508.70
1007.409.007.308.907.108.707.108.607.108.907.208.507.108.707.408.507.008.507.508.70
1257.409.007.308.907.108.507.108.407.108.907.208.407.108.707.408.507.008.507.508.50
1507.409.007.308.907.108.507.108.407.108.907.208.307.108.607.408.507.008.507.508.50
2007.408.907.308.707.108.507.108.407.108.907.208.307.108.607.408.507.008.507.508.50
2507.408.807.308.707.108.507.108.407.108.907.208.307.108.607.408.507.008.507.508.50
3007.408.807.308.707.108.507.108.407.108.507.208.307.108.607.408.507.008.507.508.50
4007.408.807.308.707.108.507.108.407.108.507.208.307.108.607.408.507.008.507.508.50
5007.408.807.408.607.108.507.108.307.108.507.408.307.208.607.608.407.208.507.508.50
6007.508.807.508.607.108.407.108.307.108.507.408.307.208.607.608.407.208.507.508.50
7007.508.807.508.507.108.407.108.307.108.507.408.307.208.607.608.407.308.507.508.50
8007.508.807.508.507.108.407.108.307.108.507.408.307.208.607.608.307.308.507.508.50
9007.508.807.508.507.108.407.308.307.308.507.508.307.208.507.608.307.308.507.508.40
10007.508.807.508.407.108.407.308.307.308.507.508.307.208.407.608.307.308.507.508.40
11007.508.807.508.407.108.407.308.307.308.507.508.307.208.407.608.307.308.507.508.40
12007.508.807.508.307.108.407.408.307.308.507.508.307.208.407.608.307.308.507.508.40
13007.508.807.508.307.108.407.408.307.308.507.608.307.208.407.608.307.408.507.508.40
14007.508.807.508.307.108.407.408.307.308.507.608.307.208.407.608.307.408.507.508.40
15007.508.807.608.307.108.407.408.307.308.507.608.307.208.407.608.307.408.507.508.40
17507.508.507.608.307.108.307.408.307.508.307.608.307.208.407.608.307.508.507.508.40
20007.508.507.608.307.108.307.408.307.508.307.608.307.208.407.608.307.508.507.508.40
25007.608.507.608.307.608.307.608.307.508.307.608.307.608.407.608.307.608.507.608.40
30007.608.507.608.307.608.307.608.307.508.307.608.307.608.407.608.307.608.507.608.40
35007.608.507.608.307.608.307.608.307.508.307.608.307.608.407.608.307.608.507.608.40
40007.608.507.608.307.608.307.608.307.508.307.608.307.608.407.608.307.608.407.608.40
45007.608.507.608.307.608.307.608.307.508.307.608.307.608.407.608.307.608.407.608.40
50007.608.507.608.307.608.307.608.307.508.307.608.307.608.407.608.307.608.407.608.40
5500+7.608.507.608.307.608.307.608.307.508.307.608.307.608.407.608.307.608.407.608.40
Appendix 2H (cont.): WOD98 pH (unitless) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) Mediterranean Black Sea Baltic Sea Persian Gulf Red Sea Sulu Sea
LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh
07.408.707.009.006.709.206.009.307.408.507.608.40
107.408.707.008.906.709.206.009.307.408.507.608.40
207.408.707.008.906.709.206.009.307.408.507.608.40
307.408.707.108.906.709.206.009.307.408.507.608.40
507.408.707.108.806.709.206.009.307.408.507.608.40
757.408.707.108.506.709.006.009.307.408.507.608.40
1007.408.707.108.506.708.606.009.307.408.507.608.40
1257.408.607.108.406.708.606.008.607.408.507.608.40
1507.408.607.108.406.708.606.008.607.408.407.608.40
2007.408.607.108.306.708.406.008.607.408.407.608.40
2507.408.607.208.306.708.406.708.207.408.407.608.40
3007.408.607.208.306.708.406.708.207.408.407.608.40
4007.408.607.208.306.708.406.708.207.408.407.608.40
5007.408.607.208.307.508.406.708.207.408.407.608.40
6007.408.607.208.307.508.407.508.407.408.407.608.40
7007.408.507.208.307.508.407.508.407.408.407.608.40
8007.408.507.208.307.508.407.508.407.408.407.608.40
9007.408.507.208.307.508.407.508.407.408.407.608.40
10007.408.507.208.307.508.407.508.407.608.407.608.40
11007.408.507.408.307.508.407.508.407.608.407.608.40
12007.408.507.408.307.508.407.508.407.608.407.608.40
13007.408.507.408.307.508.407.508.407.608.407.608.40
14007.408.507.408.307.508.407.508.407.608.407.608.40
15007.408.507.408.307.508.407.508.407.608.407.608.40
17507.408.407.408.307.508.407.508.407.608.407.608.40
20007.408.407.408.307.508.407.508.407.608.407.608.20
25007.408.407.408.307.508.407.508.407.608.407.708.20
30007.408.307.408.307.508.407.508.407.608.407.708.20
35007.408.307.408.307.508.407.508.407.608.407.708.20
40007.408.307.408.307.508.407.508.407.608.407.708.20
45007.408.307.408.307.508.407.508.407.608.407.708.20
50007.408.307.408.307.508.407.508.407.608.407.708.20
5500+7.408.307.408.307.508.407.508.407.608.407.708.20
Appendix 2I: WOD98 Chlorophyll (\( \mu g/l \)) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) North Atlantic Coastal N. Atlantic Equatorial Atlantic Coastal Eq. Atlantic South Atlantic Coastal S. Atlantic North Pacific Coastal N. Pacific Equatorial Pacific Coastal Eq. Pacific
LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh
00.003.000.0030.000.001.500.002.000.001.000.0050.000.001.500.0050.000.001.000.0020.00
100.003.000.0030.000.001.000.002.000.001.000.0050.000.001.500.0050.000.001.000.0020.00
200.003.000.0020.000.001.000.002.000.001.000.0050.000.001.500.0050.000.001.000.0020.00
300.002.500.0015.000.001.000.002.000.000.800.0050.000.001.500.0050.000.001.000.0020.00
500.002.000.0010.000.001.000.002.000.000.800.0050.000.001.000.0050.000.000.750.0020.00
750.001.500.0010.000.000.800.002.000.000.500.0050.000.001.000.0050.000.000.600.005.00
1000.001.000.0010.000.000.600.002.000.000.500.0050.000.001.000.0050.000.000.500.005.00
1250.000.500.0010.000.000.400.002.000.000.500.0050.000.000.750.0050.000.000.400.005.00
1500.000.500.0010.000.000.200.002.000.000.400.0050.000.000.750.0050.000.000.400.005.00
2000.000.500.0010.000.000.050.002.000.000.100.0050.000.000.500.0050.000.000.400.005.00
2500.000.500.0010.000.000.050.002.000.000.100.0050.000.000.500.0050.000.000.100.003.00
3000.000.400.0010.000.000.050.002.000.000.100.0050.000.000.400.0050.000.000.100.003.00
4000.000.400.0010.000.000.050.002.000.000.100.0050.000.000.400.0050.000.000.100.003.00
5000.000.400.0010.000.000.050.002.000.000.100.0050.000.000.200.0050.000.000.050.003.00
6000.000.400.0010.000.000.050.002.000.000.100.0050.000.000.200.0050.000.000.050.003.00
7000.000.400.0010.000.000.050.002.000.000.100.0050.000.000.200.0050.000.000.050.003.00
8000.000.400.0010.000.000.050.002.000.000.100.0050.000.000.100.0050.000.000.050.003.00
9000.000.400.0010.000.000.050.002.000.000.100.0050.000.000.100.0050.000.000.050.003.00
10000.000.400.0010.000.000.050.002.000.000.100.0050.000.000.100.0050.000.000.050.003.00
11000.000.400.0010.000.000.050.002.000.000.100.0050.000.000.100.0050.000.000.050.003.00
12000.000.400.0010.000.000.050.002.000.000.100.0050.000.000.100.0050.000.000.050.003.00
13000.000.400.0010.000.000.050.002.000.000.100.0050.000.000.100.0050.000.000.050.003.00
14000.000.400.0010.000.000.050.002.000.000.100.0050.000.000.100.0050.000.000.050.003.00
15000.000.400.0010.000.000.050.002.000.000.100.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.003.00
17500.000.400.0010.000.000.050.002.000.000.100.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.003.00
20000.000.400.0010.000.000.050.002.000.000.100.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.003.00
25000.000.400.0010.000.000.050.002.000.000.100.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.003.00
30000.000.300.0010.000.000.050.002.000.000.100.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.003.00
35000.000.300.0010.000.000.050.002.000.000.100.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.003.00
40000.000.300.0010.000.000.050.002.000.000.100.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.003.00
45000.000.050.0010.000.000.050.002.000.000.100.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.003.00
50000.000.050.0010.000.000.050.002.000.000.100.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.003.00
5500+0.000.050.0010.000.000.050.002.000.000.100.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.003.00
Appendix 2I (cont.): WOD98 Chlorophyll (\( \mu g/l \)) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) South Pacific Coastal S. Pacific North Indian Coastal N. Indian Equatorial Indian Coastal Eq. Indian South Indian Coastal S. Indian Southern Ocean Arctic Ocean
LowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHigh
00.000.800.0050.000.001.000.001.000.001.000.0050.000.000.500.0050.000.004.500.008.00
100.000.500.0050.000.001.000.001.000.001.000.0050.000.000.500.0050.000.004.500.008.00
200.000.500.0050.000.001.000.001.000.001.000.0050.000.000.500.0050.000.004.500.0010.00
300.000.500.0050.000.001.000.001.000.001.000.0050.000.000.500.0050.000.004.500.0012.00
500.000.500.0050.000.001.000.001.000.001.000.0050.000.000.500.0050.000.004.500.0012.00
750.000.500.0050.000.001.000.001.000.001.000.0050.000.000.500.0050.000.000.000.005.00
1000.000.500.0050.000.000.500.000.500.000.750.0050.000.000.500.0050.000.000.500.004.00
1250.000.400.0050.000.000.500.000.500.000.500.0050.000.000.400.0050.000.000.500.004.00
1500.000.300.0050.000.000.400.000.400.000.300.0050.000.000.400.0050.000.000.500.004.00
2000.000.200.0050.000.000.400.000.400.000.200.0050.000.000.400.0050.000.000.500.004.00
2500.000.100.0050.000.000.400.000.400.000.100.0050.000.000.200.0050.000.000.500.004.00
3000.000.100.0050.000.000.400.000.400.000.050.0050.000.000.200.0050.000.000.500.004.00
4000.000.100.0050.000.000.050.000.050.000.050.0050.000.000.200.0050.000.000.500.004.00
5000.000.100.0050.000.000.050.000.050.000.050.0050.000.000.200.0050.000.000.500.004.00
6000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.000.050.000.050.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.500.004.00
7000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.000.050.000.050.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.500.004.00
8000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.000.050.000.050.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.500.004.00
9000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.000.050.000.050.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.500.004.00
10000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.000.050.000.050.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.500.004.00
11000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.000.050.000.050.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.500.004.00
12000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.000.050.000.050.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.500.004.00
13000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.000.050.000.050.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.500.004.00
14000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.000.050.000.050.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.500.004.00
15000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.000.050.000.050.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.500.004.00
17500.000.050.0050.000.000.050.000.050.000.050.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.500.004.00
20000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.000.050.000.050.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.500.004.00
25000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.000.050.000.050.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.500.004.00
30000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.000.050.000.050.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.500.004.00
35000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.000.050.000.050.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.500.004.00
40000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.000.050.000.050.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.500.004.00
45000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.000.050.000.050.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.500.004.00
50000.000.050.0050.000.000.050.000.050.000.050.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.500.004.00
5500+0.000.050.0050.000.000.050.000.050.000.050.0050.000.000.050.0050.000.000.500.004.00
Appendix 2I (cont.): WOD98 Chlorophyll (\( \mu g/l \)) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) Mediterranean Black Sea Baltic Sea Persian Gulf Red Sea Sulu Sea
Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High
00.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
100.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
200.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
300.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
500.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
750.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
1000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
1250.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
1500.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
2000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
2500.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
3000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
4000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
5000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
6000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
7000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
8000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
9000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
10000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
11000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
12000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
13000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
14000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
15000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
17500.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
20000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
25000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
30000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
35000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
40000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
45000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
50000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
5500+0.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.00
Appendix 2J: WOD98 Alkalinity (meq/l) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) North Atlantic Coastal N. Atlantic Equatorial Atlantic Coastal Eq. Atlantic South Atlantic Coastal S. Atlantic North Pacific Coastal N. Pacific Equatorial Pacific Coastal Eq. Pacific
LowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHigh
02.002.800.402.802.002.800.402.802.002.800.402.801.702.800.402.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
102.002.800.402.802.002.800.402.802.002.800.402.801.702.800.402.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
202.002.800.402.802.002.800.402.802.002.800.402.801.702.800.402.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
302.002.800.402.802.002.800.402.802.002.800.402.801.702.800.402.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
502.002.800.402.802.002.800.402.802.002.800.402.801.702.800.402.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
752.002.800.402.802.002.800.402.802.002.800.402.801.702.800.402.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
1002.002.800.402.802.002.800.402.802.002.800.402.801.702.800.402.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
1252.002.800.402.802.002.800.402.802.002.800.402.801.702.800.402.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
1502.002.800.402.802.002.800.402.802.002.800.402.801.702.800.402.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
2002.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.801.702.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
2502.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.801.702.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
3002.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.801.702.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
4002.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.801.702.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
5002.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.801.702.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
6002.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.801.702.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
7002.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.801.702.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
8002.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.801.702.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
9002.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.801.702.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
10002.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.801.702.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
11002.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.801.702.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
12002.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.801.702.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
13002.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.801.702.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
14002.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.801.702.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
15002.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.801.702.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
17502.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.801.702.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
20002.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.801.702.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
25002.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.801.702.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
30002.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.801.702.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
35002.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.801.702.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
40002.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.801.702.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
45002.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.801.702.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
50002.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.801.702.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
5500+2.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.801.702.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
Appendix 2J (cont.): WOD98 Alkalinity (meq/l) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) South Pacific Coastal S. Pacific North Indian Coastal N. Indian Equatorial Indian Coastal Eq. Indian South Indian Coastal S. Indian Southern Ocean Arctic Ocean
LowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLowHighLt HubHighLt HubHighLt HubHighLt HubHigh
02.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.800.402.802.002.80
102.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.800.402.802.002.80
202.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.800.402.802.002.80
Appendix 2J (cont.): WOD98 Alkalinity (meq/l) Ranges by Basin as a Function of Depth
Depth (m) Mediterranean Black Sea Baltic Sea Persian Gulf Red Sea Sulu Sea
LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh LowHigh
02.002.800.402.800.402.800.402.802.002.800.402.80
102.002.800.402.800.402.800.402.802.002.800.402.80
202.002.800.402.800.402.800.402.802.002.800.402.80
302.002.800.402.800.402.800.402.802.002.800.402.80
502.002.800.402.800.402.800.402.802.002.800.402.80
752.002.800.402.800.402.800.402.802.002.800.402.80
1002.002.800.402.800.402.800.402.802.002.800.402.80
1252.002.800.402.800.402.800.402.802.002.800.402.80
1502.002.800.402.800.402.800.402.802.002.800.402.80
2002.002.800.402.800.402.800.402.802.002.800.402.80
2502.002.800.402.800.402.800.402.802.002.800.402.80
3002.002.800.402.800.402.800.402.802.002.800.402.80
4002.002.800.402.800.402.800.402.802.002.800.402.80
5002.002.801.702.801.702.801.702.802.002.801.702.80
6002.002.801.702.801.702.801.702.802.002.801.702.80
7002.002.801.702.801.702.801.702.802.002.801.702.80
8002.002.801.702.801.702.801.702.802.002.801.702.80
9002.002.801.702.801.702.801.702.802.002.801.702.80
10002.002.801.702.801.702.801.702.802.002.801.702.80
11002.002.801.702.801.702.801.702.802.002.801.702.80
12002.002.801.702.801.702.801.702.802.002.801.702.80
13002.002.801.702.801.702.801.702.802.002.801.702.80
14002.002.801.702.801.702.801.702.802.002.801.702.80
15002.002.801.702.801.702.801.702.802.002.801.702.80
17502.002.801.702.801.702.801.702.802.002.801.702.80
20002.002.801.702.801.702.801.702.802.002.801.702.80
25002.002.801.702.801.702.801.702.802.002.801.702.80
30002.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
35002.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
40002.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
45002.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
50002.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80
5500+2.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.802.002.80