NOAA Atlas NESDIS 47 WORLD OCEAN DATABASE 2001 Volume 6: Temporal Distribution of pH, Alkalinity, pCO_2 and tCO_2 Data Paulette P. Murphy Margarita E. Conkright Timothy P. Boyer John I. Antonov Olga K. Baranova Hernan E. Garcia Robert Gelfeld Daphne Johnson Ricardo A. Locarnini Todd D. O’Brien Igor Smolyar Cathy Stephens Editor: Sydney Levitus National Oceanographic Data Center Ocean Climate Laboratory Silver Spring, MD March 2002 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Donald L. Evans, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Vice Admiral Conrad C. Lautenbacher, Jr., USN (Ret.), Under Secretary National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service Gregory W. Withee, Assistant Administrator National Oceanographic Data Center Additional copies of this publication, as well as information about NODC data holdings, and services, are available on request directly from NODC. NODC information and data are also available over the Internet through the NODC World Wide Web site. National Oceanographic Data Center User Services Team NOAA/NESDIS E/OC1 SSMC-III, 4th Floor 1315 East-West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910-3282 Telephone: (301)713-3277 Fax: (301)713-3302 E-mail: services@nodc.noaa.gov NODC World Wide Web site: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ For updates on the data, documentation and additional information about WOD01 please refer to: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov click on: Ocean Climate Laboratory click on: Products This publication should be cited as: P. P. Murphy, M. E. Conkright, T. P. Boyer, J. I. Antonov, O. K. Baranova, H. E. Garcia, R. Gelfeld, D. Johnson, R. A. Locarnini, T. D. O'Brien, I. Smolyar, C. Stephens, 2002: World Ocean Database 2001, Volume 6: Temporal Distribution of pH, Alkalinity, pCO_2 and tCO_2 Data. S. Levitus, Ed., NOAA Atlas NESDIS 47, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash., D.C., 235 pp., CD-ROMs. Contents Preface ................................................................. x Acknowledgments .......................................................... xi Abstract ............................................................................. 1 1. Introduction ............................................................... 1 2. pH, alkalinity, pCO₂ and tCO₂ distributions ......................... 1 3. Bibliography .............................................................. 38 4. Appendix A: Distributions for individual years of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 .................................................... 39 5. Appendix B: Distributions for individual years of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 ............................................. 123 6. Appendix C: Distributions for individual years of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO₂ profiles in WOD01 .................................................. 189 7. Appendix D: Distributions for individual years of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 .................................................. 203 8. Appendix E: Distributions for individual years of all Surface-only (SURF) pCO₂ data in WOD01 ............................................................. 232 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. The number of OSD pH profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the world ocean. Table 2. The number of OSD pH profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere. Table 3. The number of OSD pH profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere. Table 4. The number of OSD alkalinity profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the world ocean. Table 5. The number of OSD alkalinity profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere. Table 6. The number of OSD alkalinity profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere. Table 7. The number of OSD pCO₂ profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the world ocean. Table 8. The number of OSD pCO₂ profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere. Table 9. The number of OSD pCO₂ profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere. Table 10. The number of OSD tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the world ocean. Table 11. The number of OSD tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere. Table 12. The number of OSD tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere. Table 13. The number of Surface-only pCO₂ profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the world ocean. Table 14. The number of Surface-only pCO₂ profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere. Table 15. The number of Surface-only pCO₂ profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere. LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1 Time series of Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year. Fig. 2 Time series of Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for the southern hemisphere as a function of year. Fig. 3 Time series of Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for the northern hemisphere as a function of year. Fig. 4 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01. Fig. 5 Time series of Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year. Fig. 6 Time series of Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for the southern hemisphere as a function of year. Fig. 7 Time series of Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for the northern hemisphere as a function of year. Fig. 8 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01. Fig. 9 Time series of Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO_2 profiles in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year. Fig. 10 Time series of Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO_2 profiles in WOD01 for the southern hemisphere as a function of year. Fig. 11 Time series of Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO_2 profiles in WOD01 for the northern hemisphere as a function of year. Fig. 12 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO_2 profiles in WOD01. Fig. 13 Time series of Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO_2 profiles in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year. Fig. 14 Time series of Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO_2 profiles in WOD01 for the southern hemisphere as a function of year. Fig. 15 Time series of Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO_2 profiles in WOD01 for the northern hemisphere as a function of year. Fig. 16 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO_2 profiles in WOD01. Fig. 17 Time series of Surface-only (SURF) pCO_2 data in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year. Fig. 18 Time series of Surface-only (SURF) pCO_2 data in WOD01 for the southern hemisphere as a function of year. Fig. 19 Time series of Surface-only (SURF) pCO_2 data in WOD01 for the northern hemisphere as a function of year. Fig. 20 Distribution of all Surface-only (SURF) pCO_2 data in WOD01. APPENDIX A Fig. A1 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1904. Fig. A2 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1910. Fig. A3 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1913. Fig. A4 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1914. Fig. A5 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1921. Fig. A6 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1922. Fig. A7 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1923. Fig. A8 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1924. Fig. A9 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1925. Fig. A10 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1926. Fig. A11 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1927. Fig. A12 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1928. Fig. A13 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1929. Fig. A14 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1930. Fig. A15 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1931. Fig. A16 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1932. Fig. A17 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1933. Fig. A18 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1934. Fig. A19 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1935. Fig. A20 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1936. Fig. A21 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1937. Fig. A22 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1938. Fig. A23 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1939. Fig. A24 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1940. Fig. A25 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1941. Fig. A26 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1942. Fig. A27 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1943. Fig. A28 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1944. Fig. A29 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1945. Fig. A30 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1946. Fig. A31 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1947. Fig. A32 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1948. Fig. A33 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1949. Fig. A34 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1950. Fig. A35 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1951. Fig. A36 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1952. Fig. A37 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1953. Fig. A38 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1954. Fig. A39 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1955. Fig. A40 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1956. Fig. A41 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1957. Fig. A42 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1958. Fig. A43 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1959. Fig. A44 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1960. Fig. A45 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1961. Fig. A46 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1962. Fig. A47 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1963. Fig. A48 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1964. Fig. A49 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1965. Fig. A50 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1966. Fig. A51 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1967. Fig. A52 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1968. Fig. A53 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1969. Fig. A54 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1970. Fig. A55 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1971. Fig. A56 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1972. Fig. A57 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1973. Fig. A58 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1974. Fig. A59 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1975. Fig. A60 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1976. Fig. A61 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1977. Fig. A62 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1978. Fig. A63 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1979. Fig. A64 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1980. Fig. A65 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1981. Fig. A66 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1982. Fig. A67 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1983. Fig. A68 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1984. Fig. A69 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1985. Fig. A70 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1986. Fig. A71 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1987. Fig. A72 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1988. Fig. A73 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1989. Fig. A74 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1990. Fig. A75 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1991. Fig. A76 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1992. Fig. A77 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1993. Fig. A78 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1994. Fig. A79 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1995. Fig. A80 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1996. Fig. A81 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1997. Fig. A82 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1998. Fig. A83 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for 1999. APPENDIX B Fig. B1 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1921. Fig. B2 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1925. Fig. B3 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1927. Fig. B4 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1929. Fig. B5 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1930. Fig. B6 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1931. Fig. B7 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1932. Fig. B8 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1933. Fig. B9 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1935. Fig. B10 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1938. Fig. B11 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1941. Fig. B12 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1943. Fig. B13 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1945. Fig. B14 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1948. Fig. B15 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1949. Fig. B16 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1950. Fig. B17 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1951. Fig. B18 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1952. Fig. B19 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1953. Fig. B20 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1954. Fig. B21 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1955. Fig. B22 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1956. Fig. B23 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1957. Fig. B24 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1958. Fig. B25 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1959. Fig. B26 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1960. Fig. B27 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1961. Fig. B28 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1962. Fig. B29 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1963. Fig. B30 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1964. Fig. B31 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1965. Fig. B32 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1966. Fig. B33 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1967. Fig. B34 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1968. Fig. B35 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1969. Fig. B36 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1970. Fig. B37 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1971. Fig. B38 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1972. Fig. B39 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1973. Fig. B40 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1974. Fig. B41 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1975. Fig. B42 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1976. Fig. B43 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1977. Fig. B44 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1978. Fig. B45 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1979. Fig. B46 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1980. Fig. B47 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1981. Fig. B48 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1982. Fig. B49 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1983. Fig. B50 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1984. Fig. B51 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1985. Fig. B52 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1986. Fig. B53 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1987. Fig. B54 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1988. Fig. B55 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1989. Fig. B56 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1990. Fig. B57 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1991. Fig. B58 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1992. Fig. B59 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1993. Fig. B60 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1994. Fig. B61 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1995. Fig. B62 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1996. Fig. B63 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1997. Fig. B64 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1998. Fig. B65 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for 1999. APPENDIX C Fig. C1 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1967. Fig. C2 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1984. Fig. C3 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1987. Fig. C4 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1988. Fig. C5 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1989. Fig. C6 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1990. Fig. C7 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1991. Fig. C8 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1992. Fig. C9 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1993. Fig. C10 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1994. Fig. C11 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1995. Fig. C12 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1996. Fig. C13 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1997. APPENDIX D Fig. D1 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1958. Fig. D2 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1959. Fig. D3 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1960. Fig. D4 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1962. Fig. D5 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1963. Fig. D6 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1964. Fig. D7 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1965. Fig. D8 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1966. Fig. D9 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1972. Fig. D10 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1973. Fig. D11 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1974. Fig. D12 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1977. Fig. D13 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1978. Fig. D14 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1983. Fig. D15 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1984. Fig. D16 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1986. Fig. D17 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1987. Fig. D18 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1988. Fig. D19 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1989. Fig. D20 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1990. Fig. D21 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1991. Fig. D22 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1992. Fig. D23 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1993. Fig. D24 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1994. Fig. D25 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1995. Fig. D26 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1996. Fig. D27 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1997. Fig. D28 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for 1998. APPENDIX E Fig. E1 Distribution of all Surface-only (SURF) pCO₂ data in WOD01 for 1991. Fig. E2 Distribution of all Surface-only (SURF) pCO₂ data in WOD01 for 1992. Fig. E3 Distribution of all Surface-only (SURF) pCO₂ data in WOD01 for 1995. PREFACE The oceanographic databases described by this atlas series greatly expands on the World Ocean Database 1998 (WOD98) product. We have expanded these earlier databases to include data from new instrument types such as profiling floats and new variables such as pCO₂ and TCO₂. Previous oceanographic databases including the NODC/WDC profile archives, and products derived from these databases, have proven to be of great utility to the international oceanographic, climate research, and operational environmental forecasting communities. In particular, the objectively analyzed fields of temperature and salinity derived from these databases have been used in a variety of ways. These include use as boundary and/or initial conditions in numerical ocean circulation models, for verification of numerical simulations of the ocean, as a form of "sea truth" for satellite measurements such as altimetric observations of sea surface height, and for planning oceanographic expeditions. Increasingly nutrient fields are being used to initialize and/or verify biogeochemical models of the world ocean. The databases, and products based on these databases, are critical for support of international assessment programs such as the Intergovernmental Program on Climate Change (IPCC) of the United Nations. It is well known that the amount of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere will most likely double during the next century compared to CO₂ levels that occurred at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Regardless of one's scientific and/or political view of a possible "enhanced greenhouse warming" due to the increase of carbon dioxide, it is necessary that the international scientific community have access to the most complete historical oceanographic databases possible in order to study this problem, as well as other scientific and environmental problems. The production of oceanographic databases is a major undertaking. Such work benefits from the input of many individuals and organizations. We have tried to structure the data sets in such a way as to encourage feedback from experts around the world who have knowledge that can improve the data and metadata contents of the database. It is only with such feedback that high quality global ocean databases can be prepared. Just as with scientific theories and numerical models of the ocean and atmosphere, the development of global ocean databases is not carried out in one giant step, but proceeds in an incremental fashion. In the acknowledgment section of this publication we have expressed our view that creation of global ocean databases is only possible through the cooperation of scientists, data managers, and scientific administrators throughout the international community. I thank my colleagues at the Ocean Climate Laboratory of NODC for their dedication to the project leading to publication of this atlas series. Their commitment has made this database possible. It is my belief that the development and management of national and international oceanographic data archives is best performed by scientists who are actively working with the data. Sydney Levitus National Oceanographic Data Center/World Data Center for Oceanography- Silver Spring Silver Spring, MD March 2002 Acknowledgments This work was made possible by a grant from the NOAA Climate and Global Change Program which enabled the establishment of a research group, the Ocean Climate Laboratory (OCL), at the National Oceanographic Data Center. The purpose of the OCL is to prepare research quality oceanographic databases, as well as to compute objective analyses of, and diagnostic studies based on, these databases. The data made available as part of this atlas include a part of the oceanographic data archives maintained by NODC/WDC as well as data acquired as a result of the IODE/IOC “Global Oceanographic Data Archaeology and Rescue” (GODAR) project. At NODC/WDC, “data archaeology and rescue” projects are supported with funding from the NOAA Environmental Science Data and Information Management (ESDIM) Program and NOAA Climate and Global Change Program. The majority of funding for these efforts is now provided by the ESDIM program. Support for this work from joint NASA/NOAA and DOE/NOAA Global Change data management programs is appreciated. Support for some of the regional IOC/GODAR meetings was provided by the MAST program of the European Union. We acknowledge the scientists, technicians, and programmers who have submitted data to national and regional data centers as well as the managers and staff at the various data centers. Our database allows for the storage of metadata including information about Principal Investigators to recognize their efforts. The OCL expresses thanks to those who provided comments and helped develop an improved World Ocean Database 2001 (WOD01) product. In particular, Dr. Steve Worley of NCAR, and Steve Hankin of PMEL for testing the CD-ROMs prior to distribution. Roy Lowry (BODC) and Tom Whitworth (TAMU) for suggestions. Any errors in WOD01 are the responsibility of the Ocean Climate Laboratory. Ervin Godfrey Trammell and Charlotte Sazama of the NODC International Data Exchange Team helped locate data in the WDC archives for digitization. We thank Mike Chepurin, Igor Minin, Dan Smolyar, Alexandra Grodsky, and Carla Forgy of the OCL for their work in data digitization and their assistance in quality control of the data and metadata in WOD01. Renee Tatusko identified many missing metadata. The OCL acknowledges the help received over the last several years from colleagues in other NODC divisions. Francis Mitchell helped with all the code lists and accessions, Melanie Hamilton supplied GTSPP data. Declassification of naval oceanographic data by various navies is acknowledged. The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission has requested such declassification efforts in recent years. World Ocean Database 2001, Volume 6: Temporal Distribution of pH, Alkalinity, pCO₂ and tCO₂ Data P. P. Murphy, M. E. Conkright, T. P. Boyer, J. I. Antonov, O. K. Baranova, H. E. Garcia, R. Gelfeld, D. Johnson, R. A. Locarnini, T. D. O’Brien, I. Smolyar, C. Stephens Ocean Climate Laboratory National Oceanographic Data Center / NOAA Silver Spring, MD ABSTRACT This atlas describes a collection of scientifically quality controlled pH, alkalinity, pCO₂ and tCO₂ data. Yearly distributions for individual years of all pH, alkalinity, pCO₂ and tCO₂ data in the database are presented to provide information on the state of ocean OSD profile and surface observations. 1. INTRODUCTION Ocean Station Data (OSD) has historically referred to measurements made from a stationary research ship using reversing thermometers to measure temperature and making measurements of other variables such as salinity, oxygen, nutrients, chlorophyll, etc. on seawater samples gathered using special bottles. The two most commonly used bottles are the Nansen and Niskin bottles. Data that are in the OSD files are frequently referred to as “bottle data” and the entire collection of data from these file may be alternatively referred to as the “Bottle Data File”. WOD01 includes measurements of temperature, salinity, oxygen, nitrate, phosphate, silicate, pH, alkalinity, chlorophyll and plankton. Surface-only data are from underway or ship of opportunity. 2. pH, ALKALINITY, pCO₂ and tCO₂ DISTRIBUTIONS Figure 1 shows the number of OSD pH profiles contained in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year. Figures 2 and 3 show the time series of OSD pH profiles for the southern and northern hemispheres respectively. Figure 4 shows the distribution of OSD pH profiles contained in WOD01 for the world ocean. There are a total of 130,987 OSD pH profiles for the entire world ocean with 18,859 profiles (14.4%) measured in the southern hemisphere and 112,128 profiles (85.6%) measured in the northern hemisphere. Table 1 provides the number of OSD pH profiles included in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year. Table 2 and 3 show the number of OSD pH profiles for the southern and northern hemispheres respectively. The geographic distribution of OSD pH profiles for individual years for 1904-1999 are shown in Appendix A, Figures A1-A83. Figure 5 shows the number of OSD alkalinity profiles contained in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year. Figures 6 and 7 show the time series of OSD alkalinity profiles for the southern and northern hemispheres respectively. Figure 8 shows the distribution of OSD alkalinity profiles contained in WOD01 for the world ocean. There are a total of 22,292 OSD alkalinity profiles for the entire world ocean with 3,249 profiles (13.7%) measured in the southern hemisphere and 19,243 profiles (86.3%) measured in the northern hemisphere. Table 4 provides the number of OSD alkalinity profiles included in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year. Table 5 and 6 show the number of OSD alkalinity profiles for the southern and northern hemispheres respectively. The geographic distribution of OSD alkalinity profiles for individual years for 1921-1999 are shown in Appendix B, Figures B1-B65. Figure 9 shows the number of OSD pCO₂ profiles contained in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year. Figures 10 and 11 show the time series of OSD pCO₂ profiles for the southern and northern hemispheres respectively. Figure 12 shows the distribution of OSD pCO₂ profiles contained in WOD01 for the world ocean. There are a total of 2,159 OSD pCO₂ profiles for the entire world ocean with 1,458 profiles (67.5%) measured in the southern hemisphere and 701 profiles (32.5%) measured in the northern hemisphere. Table 7 provides the number of OSD pCO₂ profiles included in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year. Table 8 and 9 show the number of OSD pCO₂ profiles for the southern and northern hemispheres respectively. The geographic distribution of OSD pCO₂ profiles for individual years for 1967-1997 are shown in Appendix C, Figures C1-C13. Figure 13 shows the number of OSD tCO₂ profiles contained in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year. Figures 14 and 15 show the time series of OSD tCO₂ profiles for the southern and northern hemispheres respectively. Figure 16 shows the distribution of OSD tCO₂ profiles contained in WOD01 for the world ocean. There are a total of 6,018 OSD tCO₂ profiles for the entire world Ocean with 3,602 profiles (59.9%) measured in the southern hemisphere and 2,416 profiles (40.1%) measured in the northern hemisphere. Table 10 provides the number of OSD tCO₂ profiles included in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year. Table 11 and 12 show the number of OSD tCO₂ profiles for the southern and northern hemispheres respectively. The geographic distribution of OSD tCO₂ profiles for individual years for 1958-1998 are shown in Appendix D, Figures D1-D28. Figure 17 shows the number of Surface-only pCO₂ profiles contained in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year. Figures 18 and 19 show the time series of Surface-only pCO₂ profiles for the southern and northern hemispheres respectively. Figure 20 shows the distribution of Surface-only pCO₂ profiles contained in WOD01 for the world ocean. There are a total of 37,124 Surface-only pCO₂ profiles for the entire world ocean with 1,623 profiles (4.3%) measured in the southern hemisphere and 35,501 profiles (95.6%) measured in the northern hemisphere. Table 13 provides the number of Surface-only pCO₂ profiles included in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year. Table 14 and 15 show the number of Surface-only pCO₂ profiles for the southern and northern hemispheres respectively. The geographic distribution of Surface-only pCO₂ profiles for individual years for 1991-1995 are shown in Appendix E, Figures E1-E3. Most profiles have been made in the northern hemisphere, but the southern hemisphere coverage has been increased due to international data archaeology and rescue efforts and the World Ocean Database project (Levitus et al. 1994, 2002). Table 1 The number of OSD pH profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean. The total number of profiles = 130,987
YEARPROFILEYEARPROFILEYEARPROFILEYEARPROFILE
190421928416195213619764271
190501929510195336919774404
190601930636195468819783502
1907019315331955110219793551
1908019321061195687119803755
19090193311651957123019813184
19102719349981958174419823471
1911019356351959165719834150
1912019367461960125219842591
19131919376521961116719852556
19146719388151962131019862287
1915019393881963239019873039
1916019404581964256619882489
1917019417921965384219891723
191801942181966303919902818
1919019431591967300419912295
192001944731968329919921109
1921731945381969401919931293
19221671946841970376919941687
192313019471391971486619951467
192410219482851972462919961131
19252841949482197341561997984
19263351950684197433941998880
19273371951452197536241999465
Table 2 The number of OSD pH profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere. The total number of profiles = 18,859
YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE
192593194410196310271982220
19261891945019645201983353
1927731946019659621984373
1928771947719662971985350
192921219487919673761986402
193034919496319684421987180
193115619505419698591988114
19329919511111970679198982
19331195201971697199016
193412195301972781199168
1935019541411973630199275
1936232195517819742931993101
193770195629019754501994431
1938166195755019764781995104
193957195847219777591996224
1940421959293197813219973
1941019603411979309199812
19421819612881980336
1943019625421981459
Table 3 The number of OSD pH profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere. The total number of profiles = 112,128
YEARPROFILEYEARPROFILEYEARPROFILEYEARPROFILE
190421928339195213619763793
190501929298195336919773645
190601930287195454719783370
190701931377195592419793242
190801932962195658119803419
1909019331164195768019812725
19102719349861958127219823251
1911019356351959136419833797
191201936514196091119842218
1913191937582196187919852206
1914671938649196276819861885
1915019393311963136319872859
1916019404161964204619882375
1917019417921965288019891641
19180194201966274219902802
1919019431591967262819912227
192001944631968285719921034
1921731945381969316019931192
19221671946841970309019941256
192313019471321971416919951363
19241021948206197238481996907
19251911949419197335261997981
19261461950630197431011998868
19272641951341197531741999465
Table 4 The number of OSD alkalinity profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean. The total number of profiles = 22,492
YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE
19215519417219611731981255
19220194201962881982306
192301943291963941983587
19240194401964621984360
1925271945419651211985345
192601946019662211986622
192741947019671501987513
1928019481581968621988637
19292019499019692951989707
193025195011519704371990959
1931151951299197115819911486
193241195218419722291992777
193334195339719735551993846
19340195434219742421994981
1935101955388197559019951370
193601956178197612461996524
19370195737019777701997453
193875195847819783911998187
193901959333197946719993
1940019603101980170
Table 5 The number of OSD alkalinity profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere. The total number of profiles = 3,249
YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE
1954 1 1965 73 1976 198 1987 69
1955 0 1966 91 1977 48 1988 136
1956 0 1967 7 1978 26 1989 140
1957 184 1968 7 1979 31 1990 0
1958 259 1969 18 1980 3 1991 47
1959 85 1970 19 1981 26 1992 135
1960 120 1971 2 1982 15 1993 79
1961 67 1972 18 1983 31 1994 386
1962 46 1973 23 1984 55 1995 401
1963 41 1974 77 1985 24 1996 166
1964 19 1975 56 1986 20
Table 6 The number of OSD alkalinity profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere. The total number of profiles = 19,243
YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE
19215519417219611061981229
19220194201962421982291
192301943291963531983556
19240194401964431984305
192527194541965481985321
192601946019661301986602
192741947019671431987444
1928019481581968551988501
19292019499019692771989567
193025195011519704181990959
1931151951299197115619911439
193241195218419722111992642
193334195339719735321993767
19340195434119741651994595
193510195538819755341995969
193601956178197610481996358
19370195718619777221997453
193875195821919783651998187
193901959248197943619993
1940019601901980167
Table 7 The number of OSD pCO₂ profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean. The total number of profiles = 2,159
YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE
1967 55 1974 0 1981 0 1988 109 1995 47
1968 0 1975 0 1982 0 1989 430 1996 168
1969 0 1976 0 1983 0 1990 114 1997 76
1970 0 1977 0 1984 12 1991 127
1971 0 1978 0 1985 0 1992 326
1972 0 1979 0 1986 0 1993 277
1973 0 1980 0 1987 38 1994 380
Table 8 The number of OSD pCO₂ profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere. The total number of profiles = 1,458
YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE
1984 12 1989 155 1994 313
1985 0 1990 82 1995 0
1986 0 1991 122 1996 168
1987 27 1992 267
1988 100 1993 212
Table 9 The number of OSD pCO₂ profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere. The total number of profiles = 701
YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE
1967 55 1974 0 1981 0 1988 9 1995 47
1968 0 1975 0 1982 0 1989 275 1996 0
1969 0 1976 0 1983 0 1990 32 1997 76
1970 0 1977 0 1984 0 1991 5
1971 0 1978 0 1985 0 1992 59
1972 0 1979 0 1986 0 1993 65
1973 0 1980 0 1987 11 1994 67
Table 10 The number of OSD tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean. The total number of profiles = 6,018
YEARPROFILEYEARPROFILEYEARPROFILEYEARPROFILEYEARPROFILE
1958801967019760198501994849
1959271968019777198641995956
196016196901978351987531996351
19610197001979019881441997229
19622891971019800198921419983
1963363197233198101990214
196417197358198201991417
1965591974421983181992609
1966126197501984341993771
Table 11 The number of OSD tCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere. The total number of profiles = 3,602
YEARPROFILEYEARPROFILEYEARPROFILEYEARPROFILEYEARPROFILE
1958801967019760198501994572
1959271968019770198601995304
196016196901978261987401996208
1961019700197901988128
196228919710198001989154
1963363197217198101990127
196417197319198201991187
196559197436198301992372
196655197501984141993492
Table 12 The number of OSD tCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere. The total number of profiles = 2,416
YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE YEAR PROFILE
1966 71 1973 39 1980 0 1987 0 1994 277
1967 0 1974 6 1981 0 1988 16 1995 652
1968 0 1975 0 1982 0 1989 60 1996 143
1969 0 1976 0 1983 18 1990 87 1997 229
1970 0 1977 7 1984 20 1991 230 1998 3
1971 0 1978 9 1985 0 1992 237
1972 16 1979 0 1986 4 1993 279
Table 13 The number of Surface-only pCO₂ data in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean. The total number of observations = 37,124
YEAR OBSERVATIONS
1991 2097
1992 4905
1993 0
1994 0
1995 30122
Table 14 The number of Surface-only pCO₂ data in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere. The total number of observations = 1,623
YEAR OBSERVATIONS
1991 0
1992 1623
1993 0
1994 0
1995 0
Table 15 The number of Surface-only pCO₂ data in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere. The total number of observations = 35,501
YEAR OBSERVATIONS
1991 2097
1992 3282
1993 0
1994 0
1995 30122
![Time series bar chart showing the number of Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean. The y-axis is labeled 'NUMBER OF PROFILES' and ranges from 0 to 5000. The x-axis is labeled 'YEAR' and ranges from 4 to 99. A box in the upper left corner states 'Total Profiles = 130,987'.](page_246_180_1557_1092.png) Fig. 1 Time series of Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean. Fig. 2 Time series of Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere. ![Time series bar chart showing the number of pH profiles per year from 1949 to 1999, with a total of 18,859 profiles.](page_176_120_1696_1342.png) ![Time series bar chart showing the number of Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere. The y-axis is labeled 'NUMBER OF PROFILES' and ranges from 0 to 5000. The x-axis is labeled 'YEAR' and ranges from 4 to 99. A box indicates 'Total Profiles = 112,128'.](page_312_186_1427_1042.png) Fig. 3 Time series of Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere. Fig. 4 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH in WOD01. Dots show location of 1-degree squares containing any data. ![World map showing the distribution of ocean station data profiles](page_256_256_1536_1024.png) Fig. 5 Time series of Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean. ![Time series bar chart showing the number of alkalinity profiles per year from 1921 to 1996, with a total of 22,492 profiles.](page_180_180_1700_1200.png) Fig.6 Time series of Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere. ![Time series bar chart showing the number of alkalinity profiles per year from 21 to 96, with a total of 3,249 profiles.](page_180_153_1727_1202.png) Fig. 7 Time series of Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere. ![Time series bar chart showing the number of alkalinity profiles per year from 21 to 96, with a total of 19,243 profiles.](page_180_120_1688_1202.png) Fig. 8 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity in WOD01. Dots show location of 1-degree squares containing any data. ![World map showing the distribution of ocean station data alkalinity profiles](page_0_0_2048_1536.png) Fig. 9 Time series of Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO2 profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean. ![Time series bar chart showing the number of pCO2 profiles per year from 1967 to 1997, with a total of 2,159 profiles.](page_184_180_1687_1042.png) Fig. 10 Time series of Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO2 profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere. ![Time series bar chart showing the number of pCO2 profiles per year from 1967 to 1997, with a total of 1,458 profiles.](page_180_180_1688_1202.png) Fig. 11 Time series of Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO2 profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere. ![Time series bar chart showing the number of Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO2 profiles per year from 1967 to 1997, with a peak around 1988 and a total of 701 profiles.](page_153_120_1742_1202.png) Fig. 12 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO\(_2\) in WOD01. Dots show location of 1-degree squares containing any data. ![World map showing the distribution of ocean station data locations](page_186_153_1677_1202.png) Fig. 13 Time series of Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO2 profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean. ![Time series bar chart showing the number of Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO2 profiles per year from 1958 to 1997, with a total of 6,018 profiles.](page_184_120_1680_1042.png) Fig. 14 Time series of Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO2 profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere. ![Time series bar chart showing the number of ocean station data (OSD) tCO2 profiles per year from 1958 to 1997, with a total of 3,602 profiles.](page_186_120_1677_1202.png) Fig. 15 Time series of Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO2 profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere. ![Time series bar chart showing the number of Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO2 profiles per year from 1958 to 1997, with a total of 2,416 profiles.](page_186_134_1677_1202.png) Fig. 16 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ in WOD01. Dots show location of 1-degree squares containing any data. ![World map showing the distribution of ocean station data locations](page_256_256_1536_1024.png) ![Bar chart showing the number of Surface-only (SURF) pCO2 observations per year from 1991 to 1995. The y-axis is labeled 'NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS' and the x-axis is labeled 'YEAR'. There is a box indicating 'Total Observations = 37,124'.](page_186_120_1677_1202.png) Fig. 17 Time series of Surface-only (SURF) pCO2 data in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean. ![Time series bar chart showing number of observations per year from 1991 to 1995, with a peak in 1992 and a total of 1,623 observations.](page_246_180_1557_1042.png) Fig. 18 Time series of Surface-only (SURF) pCO2 data in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere. ![Bar chart showing the number of Surface-only (SURF) pCO2 observations in WOD01 by year for the northern hemisphere. The y-axis is labeled 'NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS' and the x-axis is labeled 'YEAR'. The chart shows data for years 91, 92, 93, 94, and 95, with the highest number of observations in 95. A box indicates 'Total Observations = 35,501'.](page_186_120_1677_1202.png) Fig. 19 Time series of Surface-only (SURF) pCO2 data in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere. Fig. 20 Distribution of all Surface-only (SURF) pCO₂ data in WOD01. Dots show location of 1-degree squares containing any data. ![World map showing the distribution of Surface-only (SURF) pCO₂ data in WOD01, with dots marking locations of 1-degree squares containing any data.](page_186_153_1674_1202.png) 3. BIBLIOGRAPHY Levitus, S., R. Gelfeld, T. Boyer, and D. Johnson, 1994: Results of the NODC and IOC Data Archaeology and Rescue projects. Key to Oceanographic Records Documentation No. 19, National Oceanographic Data Center, Washington, D.C., 67 pp. Levitus, S., R. Gelfeld, M. Conkright, T.P. Boyer, D. Johnson, I. Smolyar, C. Jones, G. Trammell, R. Moffatt, T. O'Brien, O. Baranova, C. Forgy, 2002: Results of the NODC and IOC Oceanographic Data Archaeology and Rescue Projects. In preparation. 4. APPENDIX A: DISTRIBUTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL YEARS OF ALL OCEAN STATION DATA (OSD) pH PROFILES IN WOD01 This appendix contains yearly distributions of all OSD pH profiles contained in WOD01. These maps provide some history of the observational progress of the field of oceanography. They also serve as indicators of whether or not a particular data set from a scientist or institution is part of the NODC/WDC-A archive. The exchange of information provided by the publication of such maps has provided us with valuable information about deficiencies in the database. The locations of all WOD01 OSD pH profiles are plotted including stations that may be erroneously located over land. However, WOD01 contains some stations from various lakes so care should be exercised in the use of these stations and the determination as to whether they represent errors in locations. For all figures in Appendix A, a small dot indicates a one-degree square containing from one to four stations and a large dot indicates five or more stations. Fig. A1 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1904 . Fig. A2 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1910 . Fig. A3 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1913 . Fig. A4 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1914 . Fig. A5 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1921 . Fig. A6 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1922 . Fig. A7 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1923 . Fig. A8 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1924 . Fig. A9 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1925 . Fig. A10 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1926 . Fig. A11 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1927 . Fig. A12 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1928 . Fig. A13 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1929 . Fig. A14 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1930 . Fig. A15 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1931 . Fig. A16 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1932 . Fig. A17 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1933 . Fig. A18 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1934 . Fig. A19 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1935 . Fig. A20 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1936 . Fig. A21 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1937 . Fig. A22 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1938 . Fig. A23 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1939 . Fig. A24 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1940 . Fig. A25 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1941 . Fig. A26 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1942 . Fig. A27 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1943 . Fig. A28 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1944 . Fig. A29 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1945 . Fig. A30 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1946 . Fig. A31 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1947 . Fig. A32 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1948 . Fig. A33 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1949 . Fig. A34 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1950 . Fig. A35 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1951 . Fig. A36 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1952 . Fig. A37 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1953 . Fig. A38 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1954 . Fig. A39 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1955 . Fig. A40 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1956 . Fig. A41 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1957 . Fig. A42 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1958 . Fig. A43 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1959 . Fig. A44 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1960 . Fig. A45 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1961 . Fig. A46 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1962 . Fig. A47 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1963 . Fig. A48 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1964 . Fig. A49 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1965 . Fig. A50 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1966 . Fig. A51 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1967 . Fig. A52 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1968 . Fig. A53 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1969 . Fig. A54 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1970 . Fig. A55 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1971 . Fig. A56 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1972 . Fig. A57 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1973 . Fig. A58 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1974 . Fig. A59 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1975 . Fig. A60 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1976 . Fig. A61 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1977 . Fig. A62 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1978 . Fig. A63 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1979 . Fig. A64 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1980 . Fig. A65 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1981 . Fig. A66 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1982 . Fig. A67 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1983 . Fig. A68 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1984 . Fig. A69 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1985 . Fig. A70 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1986 . Fig. A71 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1987 . Fig. A72 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1988 . Fig. A73 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1989 . Fig. A74 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1990 . Fig. A75 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1991 . Fig. A76 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1992 . Fig. A77 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1993 . Fig. A78 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1994 . Fig. A79 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1995 . Fig. A80 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1996 . Fig. A81 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1997. ![World map showing the distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1997](page_246_120_1557_1202.png) Fig. A82 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1998 . Fig. A83 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pH profiles in WOD01 for year 1999 . 5. APPENDIX B: DISTRIBUTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL YEARS OF ALL OCEAN STATION DATA (OSD) ALKALINITY PROFILES IN WOD01 This appendix contains yearly distributions of all OSD alkalinity profiles contained in WOD01. These maps provide some history of the observational progress of the field of oceanography. They also serve as indicators of whether or not a particular data set from a scientist or institution is part of the NODC/WDC-A archive. The exchange of information provided by the publication of such maps has provided us with valuable information about deficiencies in the database. The locations of all WOD01 OSD alkalinity profiles are plotted including stations that may be erroneously located over land. However, WOD01 contains some stations from various lakes so care should be exercised in the use of these stations and the determination as to whether they represent errors in locations. For all figures in Appendix B, a small dot indicates a one-degree square containing from one to four stations and a large dot indicates five or more stations. Fig. B1 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1921 . Fig. B2 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1925 . Fig. B3 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1927 . Fig. B4 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1929. ![Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1929.](page_186_153_1715_1202.png) Fig. B5 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1930 . Fig. B6 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1931. ![World map showing the distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1931](page_256_256_1536_1024.png) Fig. B7 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1932 . Fig. B8 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1933 . Fig. B9 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1935 . Fig. B10 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1938 . Fig. B11 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1941 . Fig. B12 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1943 . Fig. B13 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1945 . Fig. B14 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1948 . Fig. B15 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1949 . Fig. B16 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1950 . Fig. B17 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1951 . Fig. B18 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1952 . Fig. B19 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1953 . Fig. B20 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1954 . Fig. B21 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1955 . Fig. B22 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1956 . Fig. B23 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1957 . Fig. B24 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1958 . Fig. B25 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1959. ![Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1959](page_186_180_1677_1202.png) Fig. B26 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1960 . Fig. B27 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1961 . Fig. B28 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1962 . Fig. B29 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1963 . Fig. B30 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1964 . Fig. B31 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1965 . Fig. B32 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1966 . Fig. B33 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1967 . Fig. B34 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1968 . Fig. B35 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1969 . Fig. B36 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1970 . Fig. B37 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1971 . Fig. B38 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1972 . Fig. B39 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1973 . Fig. B40 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1974 . Fig. B41 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1975. ![Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1975.](page_232_186_1627_1202.png) Fig. B42 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1976 . Fig. B43 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1977 . Fig. B44 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1978 . Fig. B45 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1979 . Fig. B46 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1980 . Fig. B47 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1981 . Fig. B48 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1982 . Fig. B49 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1983 . Fig. B50 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1984 . Fig. B51 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1985 . Fig. B52 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1986 . Fig. B53 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1987 . Fig. B54 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1988 . Fig. B55 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1989 . Fig. B56 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1990 . Fig. B57 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1991 . Fig. B58 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1992 . Fig. B59 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1993 . Fig. B60 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1994 . Fig. B61 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1995 . Fig. B62 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1996 . Fig. B63 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1997 . Fig. B64 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1998. ![World map showing the distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1998](page_256_256_1536_1024.png) Fig. B65 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) alkalinity profiles in WOD01 for year 1999 . 6. APPENDIX C: DISTRIBUTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL YEARS OF ALL OCEAN STATION DATA (OSD) pCO₂ PROFILES IN WOD01 This appendix contains yearly distributions of all OSD pCO₂ profiles contained in WOD01. These maps provide some history of the observational progress of the field of oceanography. They also serve as indicators of whether or not a particular data set from a scientist or institution is part of the NODC/WDC-A archive. The exchange of information provided by the publication of such maps has provided us with valuable information about deficiencies in the database. The locations of all WOD01 OSD pCO₂ profiles are plotted including stations that may be erroneously located over land. However, WOD01 contains some stations from various lakes so care should be exercised in the use of these stations and the determination as to whether they represent errors in locations. For all figures in Appendix C, a small dot indicates a one-degree square containing from one to four stations and a large dot indicates five or more stations. Fig. C1 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1967. ![World map showing the distribution of ocean station data (OSD) pCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for year 1967](page_184_180_1680_1200.png) Fig. C2 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1984 . Fig. C3 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1987 . Fig. C4 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1988 . Fig. C5 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1989 . Fig. C6 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1990. ![World map showing the distribution of ocean station data (OSD) pCO_2 profiles in WOD01 for year 1990](page_184_180_1720_1342.png) Fig. C7 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1991. ![World map showing the distribution of ocean station data (OSD) pCO2 profiles in WOD01 for year 1991](page_186_153_1674_1202.png) Fig. C8 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1992 . Fig. C9 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1993 . Fig. C10 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1994 . Fig. C11 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1995. ![World map showing the distribution of ocean station data (OSD) pCO2 profiles in WOD01 for year 1995](page_186_180_1677_1202.png) Fig. C12 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO_2 profiles in WOD01 for year 1996 . Fig. C13 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) pCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1997 . 7. APPENDIX D: DISTRIBUTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL YEARS OF ALL OCEAN STATION DATA (OSD) tCO₂ PROFILES IN WOD01 This appendix contains yearly distributions of all OSD tCO₂ profiles contained in WOD01. These maps provide some history of the observational progress of the field of oceanography. They also serve as indicators of whether or not a particular data set from a scientist or institution is part of the NODC/WDC-A archive. The exchange of information provided by the publication of such maps has provided us with valuable information about deficiencies in the database. The locations of all WOD01 OSD tCO₂ profiles are plotted including stations that may be erroneously located over land. However, WOD01 contains some stations from various lakes so care should be exercised in the use of these stations and the determination as to whether they represent errors in locations. For all figures in Appendix D, a small dot indicates a one-degree square containing from one to four stations and a large dot indicates five or more stations. Fig. D1 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO_2 profiles in WOD01 for year 1958 . Fig. D2 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO_2 profiles in WOD01 for year 1959 . Fig. D3 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1960 . Fig. D4 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for year 1962 . Fig. D5 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1963 . Fig. D6 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for year 1964 . Fig. D7 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1965 . Fig. D8 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO_2 profiles in WOD01 for year 1966 . Fig. D9 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for year 1972 . Fig. D10 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1973 . Fig. D11 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO_2 profiles in WOD01 for year 1974 . Fig. D12 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1977 . Fig. D13 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1978 . Fig. D14 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1983 . Fig. D15 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1984 . Fig. D16 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1986 . Fig. D17 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for year 1987 . Fig. D18 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1988 . Fig. D19 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1989 . Fig. D20 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1990 . Fig. D21 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO₂ profiles in WOD01 for year 1991 . Fig. D22 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1992 . Fig. D23 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1993 . Fig. D24 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1994 . Fig. D25 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1995 . Fig. D26 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1996 . Fig. D27 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO\(_2\) profiles in WOD01 for year 1997 . Fig. D28 Distribution of all Ocean Station Data (OSD) tCO_2 profiles in WOD01 for year 1998 . 8. APPENDIX E: DISTRIBUTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL YEARS OF ALL SURFACE-ONLY pCO₂ DATA IN WOD01 This appendix contains yearly distributions of all Surface-only pCO₂ data contained in WOD01. These maps provide some history of the observational progress of the field of oceanography. They also serve as indicators of whether or not a particular data set from a scientist or institution is part of the NODC/WDC-A archive. The exchange of information provided by the publication of such maps has provided us with valuable information about deficiencies in the database. The locations of all WOD01 Surface-only pCO₂ profiles are plotted including stations that may be erroneously located over land. However, WOD01 contains some stations from various lakes so care should be exercised in the use of these stations and the determination as to whether they represent errors in locations. For all figures in Appendix E, a small dot indicates a one-degree square containing from one to four stations and a large dot indicates five or more stations. Fig. E1 Distribution of all Surface-only (SURF) pCO_2 data in WOD01 for year 1991 . Fig. E2 Distribution of all Surface-only (SURF) pCO₂ data in WOD01 for year 1992 . Fig. E3 Distribution of all Surface-only (SURF) pCO_2 data in WOD01 for year 1995 .