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This publication should be cited as:

M. E. Conkright, J. I. Antonov, O. Baranova, T. P. Boyer, H. E. Garcia, R. Gelfeld, D. Johnson, R. A. Locarnini, P. P. Murphy, T. D. O'Brien, I. Smolyar, C. Stephens, 2002: World Ocean Database 2001, Volume 1: Introduction. S. Levitus, Ed., NOAA Atlas NESDIS 42, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash., D.C., 167 pp., CD-ROMs.
## Contents

Preface ........................................................................................................ ix

Acknowledgments ...................................................................................... x

Abstract ....................................................................................................... 1

1. Introduction .......................................................................................... 1
   1.1a Goals for *World Ocean Database 2001* (WOD01) ......................... 2
   1.1b Data and instrument (probe) types in *WOD01* ............................... 2
   1.1c Economic justification for maintaining archives of historical oceanographic data: the value of stewardship ......................................................... 5
   1.1d Data fusion ..................................................................................... 5
   1.1e Distribution media .......................................................................... 6
   1.1f Application software interfaces .................................................... 6

2. Comparison of WOD01 with previous global ocean profile databases ....... 6

3. Data sources ......................................................................................... 7
   3.1 Project results .................................................................................. 7
   3.1a IOC *Global Oceanographic Data Archaeology and Rescue Project* ........ 7
   3.1b World Ocean Database Project .................................................... 8
   3.1c IOC *Global Temperature-Salinity Profile Program* .......................... 8
   3.1d International research project data sets ........................................ 9
   3.1e *International Research Projects* data ........................................ 9
   3.2 ICES contribution .......................................................................... 9
   3.3 Declassified naval data sets .......................................................... 9
   3.4 Integrated Global Ocean Service-Voluntary Observing Ship programs .......... 9
   3.4a NOAA *Ship-of-Opportunity Program (SOOP)* .................................. 10
   3.4b SURTROPAC ........................................................................... 10
   3.4c *Underway CO$_2$* ................................................................... 10

4. Quality Control Flags .......................................................................... 10

5. XBT drop rate error ........................................................................... 11

6. Profile counts of individual instrument types ....................................... 11

7. Outlook for future acquisitions of historical ocean profile and plankton data and international cooperation in the “World Ocean Database Project” ......................................................... 12

8. Bibliography ....................................................................................... 14

9. Appendix A: Yearly distribution maps of all casts in WOD01 .................. 65
LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Comparison of the number of profiles in the WOD01 database compared to the WOA94, WOD98 databases and the database used in *Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean*.

Table 1a. Instrument types in the WOD01.

Table 2. Comparison of the number of sea surface observations of several Ocean Station Data variables with previous databases.

Table 3. Some GODAR contributions since publication of WOD98.

Table 4. Some recent contributions of electronic data sets to the *Global and World Ocean Database Projects* from individual countries, institutions and projects.

Table 5. Contributions of digital data through the ICES Data Center.

Table 6. Recent naval contributions of digital oceanographic cast data.

Table 7. National contributions of OSD, MBT, XBT, CTD casts sorted by NODC Country Code.

Table 8. National contributions of OSD, MBT, XBT, CTD casts sorted alphabetically by country name.

Table 9. National contributions of Oceanographic Station Data (OSD) casts sorted by percent contribution of each country.

Table 10. National contributions of Mechanical Bathytelmograph (MBT) profiles sorted by percent contribution of each country.

Table 11. National contributions of Expendable Bathytelmograph (XBT) profiles sorted by percent contribution of each country.

Table 12. National contributions of Conductivity/Temperature/Depth (CTD) casts sorted by percent contribution of each country.

Table 13. The number of OSD casts in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean.

Table 14. The number of OSD casts in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere.

Table 15. The number of OSD casts in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere.

Table 16. The number of CTD casts in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean.

Table 17. The number of CTD casts in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere.

Table 18. The number of CTD casts in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere.

Table 19. The number of MBT profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean.

Table 20. The number of MBT profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere.
Table 21. The number of MBT profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere.

Table 22. The number of XBT profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean.
Table 23. The number of XBT profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere.
Table 24. The number of XBT profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere.

Table 25. The number of APB profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean.

Table 26. The number of MRB profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean.
Table 27. The number of MRB profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere.
Table 28. The number of MRB profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere.

Table 29. The number of PFL profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean.
Table 30. The number of PFL profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere.
Table 31. The number of PFL profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere.

Table 32. The number of DRB profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean.
Table 33. The number of DRB profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere.
Table 34. The number of DRB profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere.

Table 35. The number of UOR profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean.
Table 36. The number of UOR profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere.
Table 37. The number of UOR profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere.

Table 38. The number of all casts (OSD+CTD+XBT+MBT+MRB+DRB+PFL+UOR+APB) in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean.
LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1 Distribution of all stations for 1969; a) stations used in WOD98, b) stations used in WOD01, and c) additions to WOD01 over WOD98.

Fig. 2 Time series of Ocean Station Data casts in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year.
Fig. 3 Time series of Ocean Station Data casts in WOD01 for the southern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 4 Time series of Ocean Station Data casts in WOD01 for the northern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 5 Distribution of all casts in the Ocean Station Data files of WOD01.

Fig. 6 Time series of CTD casts in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year.
Fig. 7 Time series of CTD casts in WOD01 for the southern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 8 Time series of CTD casts in WOD01 for the northern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 9 Distribution of all casts in the CTD files of WOD01.

Fig. 10 Time series of MBT profiles in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year.
Fig. 11 Time series of MBT profiles in WOD01 for the southern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 12 Time series of MBT profiles in WOD01 for the northern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 13 Distribution of all profiles in the MBT files of WOD01.

Fig. 14 Time series of XBT profiles in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year.
Fig. 15 Time series of XBT profiles in WOD01 for the southern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 16 Time series of XBT profiles in WOD01 profiles for the northern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 17 Distribution of all profiles in the XBT files of WOD01.

Fig. 18 Time series of APB profiles in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year.
Fig. 19 Distribution of all profiles in the APB files of WOD01.

Fig. 20 Time series of MRB profiles in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year.
Fig. 21 Time series of MRB profiles in WOD01 for the southern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 22 Time series of MRB profiles in WOD01 for the northern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 23 Distribution of all profiles in the MRB files of WOD01.

Fig. 24 Time series of PFL profiles in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year.
Fig. 25 Time series of PFL profiles in WOD01 for the southern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 26 Time series of PFL profiles in WOD01 profiles for the northern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 27 Distribution of all profiles in the PFL files of WOD01.

Fig. 28 Time series of DRB profiles in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year.
Fig. 29 Time series of DRB profiles in WOD01 for the southern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 30 Time series of DRB profiles in WOD01 for the northern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 31 Distribution of all profiles in the DRB files of WOD01.
Fig. 32 Time series of UOR profiles in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year.
Fig. 33 Time series of UOR profiles in WOD01 for the southern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 34 Time series of UOR profiles in WOD01 profiles for the northern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 35 Distribution of all profiles in the UOR files of WOD01.
Fig. 36 Distribution of all profiles (OSD+CTD+XBT+MBT+MRB+DRB+PFL+UOR+APB) in WOD01.

APPENDIX A

Fig. A1 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for 1941.
Fig. A2 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for 1942.
Fig. A3 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for 1943.
Fig. A4 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for 1944.
Fig. A5 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for 1945.
Fig. A6 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for 1946.
Fig. A7 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for 1947.
Fig. A8 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for 1948.
Fig. A9 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for 1949.

Fig. A10 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for 1950.
Fig. A11 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for 1951.
Fig. A12 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for 1952.
Fig. A13 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for 1953.
Fig. A14 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for 1954.
Fig. A15 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for 1955.
Fig. A16 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for 1956.
Fig. A17 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for 1957.
Fig. A18 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for 1958.
Fig. A19 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for 1959.

Fig. A20 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for 1960.
Fig. A21 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for 1961.
Fig. A22 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for 1962.
Fig. A23 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for 1963.
Fig. A24 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for 1964.
Fig. A25 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for 1965.

Fig. A26 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT) in WOD01 for 1966.

Fig. A27 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for 1967.
Fig. A28 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for 1968.
Fig. A29 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for 1969.

Fig. A30 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for 1970.
Fig. A31 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for 1971.
Fig. A32 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for 1972.
Fig. A33 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for 1973.
Fig. A34 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for 1974.
Fig. A35 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for 1975.
Fig. A36 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for 1976.
Fig. A37 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for 1977.
Fig. A38 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for 1978.
Fig. A39 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for 1979.

Fig. A40 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for 1980.
Fig. A41 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for 1981.
Fig. A42 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for 1982.
Fig. A43 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for 1983.
Fig. A44 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for 1984.
Fig. A45 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for 1985.
Fig. A46 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for 1986.
Fig. A47 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for 1987.
Fig. A48 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for 1988.
Fig. A49 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for 1989.

Fig. A50 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD+MRB) in WOD01 for 1990.
Fig. A51 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD+MRB) in WOD01 for 1991.
Fig. A52 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD+MRB+UOR) in WOD01 for 1992.
Fig. A53 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD+MRB+UOR) in WOD01 for 1993.
Fig. A54 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD+MRB+UOR+PFL) in WOD01 for 1994.
Fig. A55 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD+MRB+UOR+PFL) in WOD01 for 1995.
Fig. A56 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD+MRB+UOR+PFL) in WOD01 for 1996.
Fig. A57 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD+MRB+UOR+PFL+APB) in WOD01 for 1997.
Fig. A58 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD+MRB+DRB+PFL+APB) in WOD01 for 1998.
Fig. A59 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD+MRB+DRB+PFL+APB) in WOD01 for 1999.
Fig. A60 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD+MRB+UOR+PFL+APB+DRB) in WOD01 for 2000.
Fig. A61 Distribution of all data profiles ((OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD+MRB+UOR+PFL+APB+DRB) in WOD01 for 2001.
PREFACE

The oceanographic databases described by this atlas series greatly expands on the *World Ocean Database 1998* (WOD98) product. We have expanded these earlier databases to include data from new instrument types such as profiling floats and new variables such as pCO$_2$ and TCO$_2$. Previous oceanographic databases including the NODC/WDC profile archives, and products derived from these databases, have proven to be of great utility to the international oceanographic, climate research, and operational environmental forecasting communities. In particular, the objectively analyzed fields of temperature and salinity derived from these databases have been used in a variety of ways. These include use as boundary and/or initial conditions in numerical ocean circulation models, for verification of numerical simulations of the ocean, as a form of "sea truth" for satellite measurements such as altimetric observations of sea surface height, and for planning oceanographic expeditions. Increasingly nutrient fields are being used to initialize and/or verify biogeochemical models of the world ocean. The databases, and products based on these databases, are critical for support of international assessment programs such as the Intergovernmental Program on Climate Change (IPCC) of the United Nations.

It is well known that the amount of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere will most likely double during the next century compared to CO$_2$ levels that occurred at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Regardless of one's scientific and/or political view of a possible "enhanced greenhouse warming" due to the increase of carbon dioxide, it is necessary that the international scientific community have access to the most complete historical oceanographic databases possible in order to study this problem, as well as other scientific and environmental problems.

The production of oceanographic databases is a major undertaking. Such work benefits from the input of many individuals and organizations. We have tried to structure the data sets in such a way as to encourage feedback from experts around the world who have knowledge that can improve the data and metadata contents of the database. It is only with such feedback that high quality global ocean databases can be prepared. Just as with scientific theories and numerical models of the ocean and atmosphere, the development of global ocean databases is not carried out in one giant step, but proceeds in an incremental fashion.

In the acknowledgment section of this publication we have expressed our view that creation of global ocean databases is only possible through the cooperation of scientists, data managers, and scientific administrators throughout the international community. I thank my colleagues at the Ocean Climate Laboratory of NODC for their dedication to the project leading to publication of this atlas series. Their commitment has made this database possible. It is my belief that the development and management of national and international oceanographic data archives is best performed by scientists who are actively working with the data.

Sydney Levitus
National Oceanographic Data Center/World Data Center for Oceanography - Silver Spring
Silver Spring, MD
March 2002
Acknowledgments

This work was made possible by a grant from the NOAA Climate and Global Change Program which enabled the establishment of a research group, the Ocean Climate Laboratory (OCL), at the National Oceanographic Data Center. The purpose of the OCL is to prepare research quality oceanographic databases, as well as to compute objective analyses of, and diagnostic studies based on, these databases.

The data made available as part of this atlas include a part of the oceanographic data archives maintained by NODC/WDC as well as data acquired as a result of the IODE/IOC “Global Oceanographic Data Archaeology and Rescue” (GODAR) project. At NODC/WDC, “data archaeology and rescue” projects are supported with funding from the NOAA Environmental Science Data and Information Management (ESDIM) Program and NOAA Climate and Global Change Program. The majority of funding for these efforts is now provided by the ESDIM program. Support for this work from joint NASA/NOAA and DOE/NOAA Global Change data management programs is appreciated. Support for some of the regional IOC/GODAR meetings was provided by the MAST program of the European Union.

We acknowledge the scientists, technicians, and programmers who have submitted data to national and regional data centers as well as the managers and staff at the various data centers. Our database allows for the storage of metadata including information about Principal Investigators to recognize their efforts.

The OCL expresses thanks to those who provided comments and helped develop an improved *World Ocean Database 2001* (WOD01) product. In particular, Dr. Steve Worley of NCAR, and Steve Hankin of PMEL for testing the CD-ROMs prior to distribution. Roy Lowry (BODC) and Tom Whitworth (TAMU) for suggestions. Any errors in WOD01 are the responsibility of the Ocean Climate Laboratory.

Ervin Godfrey Trammell and Charlotte Sazama of the NODC International Data Exchange Team helped locate data in the WDC archives for digitization. We thank Mike Chepurin, Igor Minin, Dan Smolyar, Alexandra Grodsky, and Carla Forgy of the OCL for their work in data digitization and their assistance in quality control of the data and metadata in WOD01. Renee Tatusko identified many missing metadata. The OCL acknowledges the help received over the last several years from colleagues in other NODC divisions. Francis Mitchell helped with all the code lists and accessions, Melanie Hamilton supplied GTSPP data.

Declassification of naval oceanographic data by various navies is acknowledged. The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission has requested such declassification efforts in recent years.
World Ocean Database 2001, Volume 1: Introduction

M. E. Conkright, J. I. Antonov, O. Baranova, T. P. Boyer, H. Garcia, R. Gelfeld, D. Johnson, R. A. Locarnini, P. P. Murphy, T. D. O’Brien, I. Smolyar, C. Stephens

Ocean Climate Laboratory
National Oceanographic Data Center / NOAA
Silver Spring, MD

ABSTRACT

This atlas describes a collection of scientifically quality controlled ocean profile and plankton data that includes measurements of temperature, salinity, oxygen, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite plus nitrate, silicate, chlorophyll, alkalinity, pH, pCO$_2$, and TCO$_2$. A discussion of data sources is provided. Yearly data distribution plots for individual years of all profiles in the database are presented to provide information on the state of ocean profile observations.

1. INTRODUCTION

The World Ocean Atlas 1994 (WOA94) represented the first database analysis product of the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) Ocean Climate Laboratory (OCL). WOA94 included vertical profiles of six variables including temperature, salinity, oxygen, phosphate, nitrate, and silicate as well as objective analyses of these variables at standard depth levels. World Ocean Database 1998 (WOD98) updated WOA94 to include additional data for these six variables as well as data for additional variables such as chlorophyll, nitrite, pH, alkalinity and plankton as well as high resolution CTD (conductivity-temperature-depth) and high resolution XBT (expendable bathythermograph) profiles. Products derived from this database, such as objective analyses of the variables that comprise WOD98 were made available as a separate atlas and CD-ROM series entitled World Ocean Atlas 1998 (WOA98). World Ocean Database 2001 (WOD01) now includes data from new instrument types such as profiling floats (P-ALACE, SOLO, APEX), Undulating Ocean Recorders (e.g., towed CTDs), and Autonomous Pinniped Bathymetographs (instrumented Elephant Seals).

As with our previous work, users can obtain the latest information on WOD01 (e.g. Errata sheet, Frequently Asked Questions and Updates) via the NODC Home Page, http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ (click on Ocean Climate Laboratory, then click on World Ocean Database 2001). The purpose of the WOD01 atlas series is to describe the database and show the historical distributions of profiles made using the various instrument types included in WOD01 as well as some specific variables that comprise WOD01. This is accomplished through the display of global data distribution plots for individual years. These same plots as well as year-season data distribution plots are available in color via the NODC Home Page. This provides users with basic information about the data in the historical ocean profile archives of NODC/WDC. In this atlas, “WDC” stands for the World Data Center for Oceanography, Silver Spring which is collocated with NODC. WDC, Silver Spring was formerly known as “WDC-A for Oceanography”. More information about the World Data Center System can be found at www.ngdc.noaa.gov/wdcnain.html.
This first WOD01 atlas volume gives general information about WOD01 data and presents yearly data distribution maps for 1941-present for all data profiles merged together (Station Data, CTD, XBT, MBT, TAO buoys). In succeeding volumes of this atlas series yearly, and in some cases seasonal profile distributions for each year are presented for each instrument type. Such data distribution plots are also invaluable as a first step of quality control. We have previously published similar maps and various individuals have informed us of location errors of some profiles.

1.1a Goals for World Ocean Database 2001 (WOD01)

Our goal in developing and distributing WOD01 is to make available without restriction, the most complete set of historical ocean profile data and plankton measurements possible in electronic form along with appropriate metadata and quality control flags set for:

i) each individual observed level measurement,
i) “data” values at standard depth levels derived from vertical interpolation,
i) data representing an entire cruise.

As with earlier versions of NODC/WDC databases, we expect the data contained in WOD01 will find use in many different areas of oceanography, meteorology, and climatology. Whether studying the role of the ocean as part of the earth’s climate system, conducting fisheries research, or managing marine resources, scientists and managers depend on observations of the marine environment in order to fulfill their mission. Oceanography is an observational science. Because of the importance of understanding climate variability as well as in attempting to forecast both natural, as well as possible anthropogenic climate variations, it is necessary to study the role of the ocean as part of the earth’s climate system (IPCC (1996); WCRP (1995)).

It is important to note that WOD01 is a product based on data submitted to NODC/WDC by individual scientists and scientific teams as well as institutional, national, and regional data centers. A major contribution of NODC/WDC to the field of oceanography has been to provide centralized databases where all data and metadata are in the same format. This has allowed investigators such as Wyrtki (1971) and Levitus (1982) to construct atlases that have proven to be of utility to the scientific research and the operational forecasting communities.

1.1b Data and instrument (probe) types in WOD01

WOD01 consists of profile data from several oceanographic instrument (probe) types. We present a brief description of some of the major instrument types and/or systems that are (or were) used to make measurements which are included in WOD01. NODC instrument codes are presented by Conkright et al. (2002) and are also available via the NODC Home Page.

A description of various oceanographic instruments may be found in the recent publication by Emery and Thomson (1997). Detailed descriptions of instruments and measurement techniques can be found in the scientific literature, some of these sources are given in the bibliography of this atlas.

i) Ocean Station data (OSD)
Ocean Station Data (OSD) has historically referred to measurements made from a stationary research ship using reversing thermometers to measure temperature and making measurements of other variables such as salinity, oxygen, nutrients, chlorophyll, etc. on seawater samples gathered using special bottles. The two most commonly used bottles are the Nansen and Niskin bottles. Data that are in the OSD files are frequently referred to as “bottle data” and the entire collection of data from these file may be alternatively referred to as the “Bottle Data File”. WOD01 includes measurements of temperature, salinity, oxygen, nitrate, nitrite plus nitrate, phosphate, silicate, pH, alkalinity, chlorophyll, pCO$_2$, TCO$_2$ and plankton.

ii) Conductivity-Temperature-Depth data (CTD)

Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) instruments measure temperature and conductivity as a function of pressure (depth) at relatively high (often referred to as “continuous”) vertical resolution. Salinity is computed from the conductivity measurement. CTD data may be submitted to NODC/WDC at sub-meter vertical resolution. These data are now archived at this resolution whereas in the past, electronic storage limitations resulted in only selected levels being stored. An earlier version of the CTD instrument was the STD (salinity-temperature-depth) which computed salinity from a conductivity sensor as the instrument was moving though the water column. Because of instrument problems that led to erroneous data values (spikes), this method was replaced by the CTD method for which conductivity measurements are recorded from the instrument and then salinity computed with appropriate calibration information. Dissolved oxygen content and chlorophyll can now be measured “continuously” with sensors placed on CTD instruments. New sensors are being developed to make “continuous” measurements of other variables. We refer to CTD “stations” or “casts” to recognize that more than one variable is being measured when a CTD instrument is deployed.

iii) Mechanical Bathythermograph data (MBT)

Mechanical Bathythermograph (MBT) instruments were developed in their modern form around 1938 (Spilhaus, 1938). The instrument provides estimates of temperature as a function of depth in the upper ocean. Earlier versions of the instrument were limited to making measurements in the upper 140 m of the water column. The last U.S. version of this instrument reached a maximum depth of 295 m. A temperature profile as a function of depth is traced on a smoked glass slide which is digitized. Pressure is determined from a pressure sensitive tube known as a Bourdon tube. One advantage of the MBT compared to lowering a reversing thermometer is that the MBT could be dropped from a moving ship and then winched aboard ship again. The accuracy of the MBT instrument is generally acknowledged to be about 0.5°F (0.3°C) (Levitus et al., 1998; Boyer et al., 2002). The Digital Bathythermograph (DBT) instrument is a version of the MBT that reports data electronically rather than mechanically and may reach depths deeper than 295 m. DBT profiles are included in the MBT files.

iv) Expendable Bathythermograph data (XBT)

The Expendable Bathythermograph (XBT) was deployed beginning in 1966 and has replaced the MBT in many measurement programs. There are different models of XBT instruments which have different maximum depth penetration and/or other different characteristics. The T-4, T-6, and T-7 probes reach maximum depths of 450, 750, and 750 m respectively. The T-7 probe differs from the
T-6 probe in that it can be dropped from a faster moving ship and still maintain certain accuracy standards. The T-5 probe reaches a maximum depth of about 1800 m.

The depth of a temperature measurement from an XBT instrument is determined using the time elapsed between when the probe enters the water and the time each temperature measurement is made. A vendor supplied drop-rate equation is utilized. However, the vendor supplied drop-rate equation for T-4, T-6, and T-7 probes was found to have a systematic error and a new equation has been developed by the international research community (Hanawa et al., 1995; UNESCO, 1994). The recommended practice regarding exchange and archiving of XBT profiles is that XBT profile data be exchanged or sent to data centers without correction for the systematic depth error, until an “international mechanism is established to implement the general use of the new equation” (UNESCO, 1994). This policy is to avoid double corrections.

v) Moored Buoy data (MRB)

WOD01 includes moored buoy data from the TAO (Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean, central and eastern Pacific), TRITON (Japan-JAMSTEC, western Pacific), PIRATA (tropical Atlantic), and MARNET arrays. We have included only real-time MRB observations reported over the Global Telecommunication System (GTS) and stored in the Global Temperature Salinity Profile Program (GTSPP) database. Temperature and/or salinity are reported by these instruments. For a description of the TAO buoy network we refer to the work by Hayes et al. (1991) and McPhaden (1993, 1995).

vi) Profiling Float data (PFL)

WOD01 includes data from profiling floats which drift at subsurface levels and are preprogrammed to rise to the sea surface at pre-set intervals and record temperature and/or salinity during their ascent. Float types include Profiling Autonomous Lagrangian Circulation Explorer (P-ALACE); PROVOR (free-drifting hydrographic profiler, www.ifremer.fr/coriolis), SOLO (Sounding Oceanographic Lagrangian Observer), and APEX (Autonomous Profiling Explorer). We have included only real-time PFL observations reported over the Global Telecommunication System (GTS) and stored in the Global Temperature Salinity Profile Program (GTSPP) database (www.nodc.noaa.gov).

vii) Drifting Buoy (DRB) data

WOD01 includes data from buoys that drift at the sea surface with thermistor chains extending vertically from them that record temperature. We have included only real-time observations DRB reported over the Global Telecommunication System (GTS) and stored in the Global Temperature Salinity Profile Program (GTSPP) database.

viii) Surface only data (SURF)

WOD01 includes “surface only” (SURF) data from ship-of-opportunity programs (SOOP) and/or research cruises. Variables in the Surface Only Data Files include Temperature, Salinity, pH, Chlorophyll, Alkalinity, pCO₂, and TCO₂.

ix) Undulating Ocean Recorder data (UOR)
WOD01 includes Undulating Ocean Recorder (UOR) data from instruments (probes) mounted on a towed undulating vehicle. Data from the TOGA, JGOFS, PRIME and OMEX projects are included. Data for the following variables are included: temperature, salinity, oxygen, chlorophyll.

x) Autonomous Pinniped Bathytelmograph (APB)

Marine scientists have recently initiated programs to instrument marine mammals to record environmental data and transmit these data via satellite to on-shore receivers. WOD01 includes temperature from Elephant Seals instrumented with time-temperature-depth recorders (TTDR) and ARGOS satellite platform terminal transmitters. Details of such data included in WOD01 can be found in the work of Boehlert et al. (2001).

1.1c Economic justification for maintaining archives of historical oceanographic data: the value of stewardship

Oceanography is an observational science and it is not possible to replace historical data that have been lost. From this point of view, historical measurements of the ocean are priceless. However, in order to provide input to a “cost-benefit” analysis of the activities of oceanographic data centers and specialized data rescue projects, we can estimate the costs incurred if we wanted to resurvey the world ocean today, in the same manner as represented by the WOD01 Ocean Station Data (OSD) profile archive.

The computation we describe was first performed in 1982 by Mr. Rene Cuzon du Rest, of NODC. We use an average operating cost of $20,000. per day for a medium-sized U.S. research ship with a capability to make two “deep” casts per day or 10 “shallow” casts per day. We define a “deep” cast as extending to a depth of more than 1000 m and a “shallow” cast as extending to less than 1000 m. This is an arbitrary definition but we are only trying to provide a coarse estimate of replacement costs for this database. Using this definition, WOD01 contains approximately 1.8 million shallow casts so that the cost of the ship time to perform these measurements is approximately $3.6 billion. In addition WOD01 contains 323,000 profiles deeper than 1000 m depth, so the cost in ship time to make these “deep” measurements is approximately $3.2 billion. Thus, the total replacement cost of the OSD archive is about $6.8 billion, a figure based only on ship-time operating costs, not salaries for scientists or any other costs.

1.1d Data fusion

It is not uncommon in oceanography that measurements of different variables made from the same sea water samples, are often maintained as separate databases by different principal investigators. In fact, data from the same oceanographic cast may be located at different institutions in different countries. From its inception, NODC recognized the importance of building oceanographic databases in which as much data from each station and each cruise as possible are placed into standard formats, accompanied by appropriate metadata that make the data useful to future generations of scientists. It was the existence of such databases that allowed the International Indian Ocean Expedition Atlas (Wyrtki, 1971) and Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean (Levitus, 1982) to be produced without the time-consuming, laborious task of gathering data from many different sources. Part of the development of WOD01 has been to expand this data fusion activity by increasing the number of
variables that NODC/WDC makes available as part of standardized databases.

1.1e Distribution media

WOD01 is being distributed on-line (www.noaa.nodc.gov) and on CD-ROMs with all data compressed in DOS format. Based on requests by users of our earlier products, the OCL developed a new ASCII format to make the most efficient use of space on storage media used to transfer data to users. To further minimize storage space requirements, the data have been compressed with the GZIP utility (Conkright et al., 2002). Even with compression, there are seven CD-ROMs containing all profile data in WOD01 at observed levels and one CD-ROM containing all profile data in WOD01 at standard levels. Without compression, the number of CD-ROMs required to distribute the WOD01 database would total about sixteen.

1.1f Application software interfaces

We have included software conversion routines so that users of software packages, databases, and programming languages such as MATLAB, IDL, PC-Surfer, C, and FORTRAN can access the data in WOD01. An effort is in progress to develop a JAVA based interface for viewing data from the WOD01 CD-ROMs. In response to user requests, we have defined the WOD01 format to be as “self defining” as possible so as to eliminate, or at least minimize, the need for any structural changes to the format when new data or instrument types are added or increases in data precision occur. We do not envision any substantial changes to our present data format. We will use the Internet to make available additional convertors, Graphical User Interfaces (GUI), and other software tools that become available.

2. COMPARISON OF WOD01 WITH PREVIOUS GLOBAL OCEAN PROFILE DATABASES

Table 1 shows the amount of data available from different instrument (probe) types that were used in earlier global oceanographic analyses. During the past three years, the archives of historical oceanographic data have grown due to special data management and data observation projects that we discuss in section 3.1 of this atlas, as well as due to normal submission by scientists and operational ocean monitoring programs. With the distribution of WOD01 there are now approximately 7.1 million temperature profiles and 1.5 million salinity profiles (as well as other profile data and plankton data) available to the international research community in a common format with associated metadata and quality control flags. There has been a net increase of about 1.7 million temperature profiles since publication of World Ocean Database 1998.

Comparison of the yearly data distribution maps shown in Appendix A of this publication with similar maps shown by Levitus et al. (1998b) document that there is now much better data coverage in many years and regions since publication of WOD98. For example, Figs. 1a-c show the distribution of all profile data for 1969 based on: a) the WOD98 database b) the WOD01 and c) the profiles added for 1969 in the compilation of WOD01. There is an obvious increase in the data coverage in space. Table 2 shows a comparison of the total number of Ocean Station Data variables at the sea surface with previous databases.

3. DATA SOURCES
The oceanographic data that comprise WOD01 have been acquired through many sources and projects as well as from individual scientists. Some of the international data exchange organizations are described.

The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) was established in 1902 and began collecting and distributing oceanographic data. The pioneering and excellent work in international oceanographic data management and exchange of ICES continues under the guidance of Dr. Harry Dooley.

The International Oceanographic Data Exchange (IODE) activities of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), have been responsible for the development of a network of National Oceanographic Data Centers in many countries. This network greatly facilitates international ocean data exchange. The IOC was established to support international oceanographic scientific needs including data exchange on an intergovernmental basis (UNESCO, 1979). Additional information about IODE can be found on their Web Page, www.unesco.org/iode).

The World Data Center System was set up during the International Geophysical Year under the auspices of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU, 1996; Rishbeth, 1991; Ruttenberg and Rishbeth, 1994). Contributions of data from scientists, oceanographic institutions, and countries have been sent to WDC for Oceanography, Silver Spring since its inception. There are two other World Data centers for Oceanography. WDC for Oceanography, Obninsk (formerly WDC-B for Oceanography) is located in Russia and WDC for Oceanography, Tianjin is located in China. Additional information about the World Data Center System can be found on the following Web Page, www.ngdc.noaa.gov/wdc/wdcmain.html) hosted by the National Geophysical Data Center located in Boulder, Colorado.

3.1 Project results

3.1a IOC Global Oceanographic Data Archaeology and Rescue Project

NODC and several other oceanographic data centers initiated “data archaeology and rescue” projects around 1991. Based on the success of these projects, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO initiated a project in 1993 known as the “Global Oceanographic Data Archaeology and Rescue” (GODAR) project with the goal of “locating and rescuing” oceanographic data that are stored in manuscript and/or digital form, that are at risk of being lost due to media decay. The international scientific and data management communities have strongly supported this project. Results from the first phase of this project were described by Levitus et al. (1994). With the publication and distribution of WOD01, approximately 3.7 million temperature profiles have been added to the historical archives of oceanographic data since inception of various national data archaeology and rescue projects and the IOC/GODAR project in 1991, and the NODC/WDC “Global Ocean Database Project” in 1996. The status of these projects to date is described by Levitus et al. (2002). A partial list of some data sets added since publication of WOD98 is given in Table 3.
3.1b World Ocean Database Project

During 1995, World Data Center for Oceanography, Silver Spring initiated a project entitled “Global Ocean Database” with support from the NOAA/ESDIM program. This project was instituted because it was recognized that there are substantial oceanographic data in digital form at oceanographic institutes around the world, that while not at risk of being lost due to media degradation or neglect, have not been submitted to the WDC system. WDC for Oceanography has begun requesting institutions to transfer their entire ocean profile and plankton archives to WDC for Oceanography. After receipt at NODC/WDC, the data in these databases are compared to existing data holdings and duplicates and “near duplicates” are eliminated before data are added to the NODC/WDC archives. A substantial effort is involved, but the improvements to the archives greatly serves the user community.

The response to WDC requests for data has been excellent as partially summarized in Table 4. We emphasize that some of, and in some cases the majority of, the data submitted by these institutions may have already existed in NODC/WDC databases. However, we have frequently found that there are large numbers of casts that were thought to be in these databases that were in fact not present. In addition, there were large number of Ocean Station Data casts for which the NODC/WDC databases had temperature and salinity data but not data for other variables (e.g., chlorophyll). These additional data were merged in with the profiles from the existing stations. There were also cases for which the NODC/WDC databases had data only at standard or selected levels. We replaced these data profiles with the corresponding observed level profiles.

In 2001 the IOC initiated a “World Ocean Database Project”. The goals of this project are to encourage more rapid exchange of modern oceanographic data and to encourage the development of regional oceanographic databases, regional quality control procedures for oceanographic data and regional atlases.

3.1c IOC Global Temperature-Salinity Profile Program

The Global Temperature-Salinity Profile Program (GTSPP) (Searle, 1992; IOC, 1998) is a project sponsored by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission to develop databases of temperature-salinity profiles reported in “real-time”. The GTSPP files include data from moored buoys (identified in WOD98 as “fixed platforms”) such as the NOAA Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean (TAO) array of buoys (Hayes et al., 1991; McPhaden, 1993, 1995) in the Pacific Ocean and from other buoy programs such as TRITON and PIRATA. We incorporated XBT and TAO buoy profiles from this database into WOD01 for the period inclusive through August 2001.

Users wanting GTSPP data after this date can acquire the data over the Internet via the NODC website www.nodc.noaa.gov or by contacting the NODC user Services group (services@nodc.noaa.gov).

Users wanting the complete TAO buoy database comprised of data that have had the benefit of additional PMEL processing and quality control, can find instructions for acquiring these data via the Home Page of the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (www.pmel.noaa.gov).
3.1d National, regional and international project data sets

The MAST (Marine Science and Technology Programme) program of the European community has promoted international oceanographic data exchange by emphasizing that MAST funded projects must contribute data to appropriate data centers. Some of these contributions are listed in Table 4.

It has become more common for all data from a particular project to be released on CD-ROM as a project data set. We have incorporated data from these CD-ROMs into the WOD01. Examples include: the British Ocean Flux Study (BOFS) and Ocean Margins Experiment (OMEX) datasets produced by the British Oceanographic Data Center and the North Sea Project Database sponsored by the MAST program of the European Community.

3.1e International Research Projects data

Data from the WOCE CD-ROM version 2 (CTD and OSD profiles) are included in WOD01. Some WOCE XBT profiles are also part of WOD01. Data from the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) and the Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC) are also included.

3.2 ICES contribution

As part of the World Ocean Database project, WDC requested that the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) data center transfer their archives of publically available data to NODC/WDC. Table 5 shows the data transferred to date. While some of these data already existed in the NODC/WDC profile databases, many were not there.

3.3 Declassified naval data sets

As a result of the end of the Cold War, the navies of several countries have declassified substantial amounts of oceanographic data that were formerly classified, in some cases at the request of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. Table 6 shows the amount of data recently declassified and transferred to NODC/WDC. It should be recognized that some navies have policies of declassifying substantial amounts of data in real time or with relatively short time delays. For example, the U.S. Navy has contributed approximately 435,000 MBT profiles and the U.S. Coast Guard approximately 217,000 MBT profiles to the NODC/WDC databases. Also, the Australian Navy reports profile data in real-time including data from their Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

3.4 Integrated Global Ocean Service - Volunteer Observing Ship programs

Since the pioneering work of Mathew Maury beginning in 1854, there have been programs in existence to gather meteorological and oceanographic data from merchant ships. These ships are sometimes referred to as Voluntary Observing Ships (VOS) and the programs called Ship-of-Opportunity Programs (SOOP). During the 1970's, the U.S. and France (Scripps Institute of Oceanography and ORSTOM, New Caledonia) began a SOOP program that focused on the deployment of XBT instruments from VOS platforms in the Pacific Ocean (White, 1995). This program expanded to include the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and is now supported by NOAA Ship-of-Opportunity Program. Several countries are conducting SOOPs or have conducted them. These programs are coordinated internationally by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). A description of the status of many of these programs can be found in the report, IOC (1989). As described in this report, Australia, Canada, Chile, Germany, Japan, United Kingdom, and Russia have conducted such programs in addition to France and the U.S. A more recent summary of the status of the system is given by Joint IOC-WMO Committee for IGOSS (1996).

3.4a NOAA Ship-of-Opportunity Program (SOOP)

The NOAA SOOP program acquires surface meteorological data and XBT profiles from instruments placed on Volunteer Observing Ships participating in the program. The automated system for acquiring and transmitting these data is known as SEAS (Shipboard Environmental Acquisition System). Data are transmitted via satellite and eventually stored at NODC/WDC. Approximately 20,000 XBT probes are deployed each year as a result of this effort.

3.4b SURTROPAC

The SURTROPAC program is a French Ship-of-Opportunity Program that uses Volunteer Observing Ships to make measurements of sea surface temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll (Dandonneau, 1992). These data are in the SURF file in WOD01.

3.4c Underway CO₂

Surface measurements of pCO₂ and TCO₂ have been included from SOOP programs (Murphy et al., 2001; Zeng et al., 2002) and research cruises (Inoue and Sugimura 1998; Keeling et al., 1965; Murphy et al., 1995; Takahashi et al., 1980; Wanninkhof and Thoning 1993; Weiss et al., 1992; Wong and Chan, 1991; Wong et al., 1995).

4. QUALITY CONTROL FLAGS

Each individual data value and each profile in WOD01 has quality control flags associated with it. A description of these flags and general documentation describing software to read and use the WOD01 database are found in the report by Conkright et al. (2002). WOD01 now includes Quality Control Flags assigned by principal investigators. Users can choose to accept or ignore these flags. It is clear that there are both Type I and Type II statistical errors (for normal distributions) associated with these flags. There are some data that have been flagged as being questionable or unrepresentative when in fact they are not. There are some data that have been flagged as being “acceptable” based on our tests which in fact may not be the case. In addition, the sparsity of data, non-normal frequency distributions, and presence of different water masses in close proximity results in incorrect assignment of flags.

The obvious advantage of flagging data is that users can choose to accept or ignore all or part of the flags we assign to data values. The most important flags we set are those that are set based on unusual features produced during objective analyses of the data at standard levels. This is because standard statistical tests may be biased for the reasons described above. Data from small-scale ocean features such as eddies and/or lenses are not representative of the large-scale permanent or semipermanent features we attempt to reproduce with our analyses and will cause unrealistic features such as bull’s-eyes to appear. Hence, we flag these data, and other data that cause such features, as
being unrealistic or as questionable data values. It is important to note that an investigator studying the distribution of mesoscale features in the ocean will find data from such features to be the signal he/she is looking for. As noted by Levitus (1982), it is not possible to produce one set of data analyses to serve the requirements of all possible users. A corollary is that it is not possible to produce one set of quality control flags for a database that serve the exact requirements of all investigators. As data are added to a database, investigators must realize that flags set for having violated certain criteria in an earlier version of the database may be reset solely due to the addition of new data which may change the statistics of the region being considered. Even data that have produced unrealistic features may turn out to be realistic when additional data are added to a region of sparse data. Conkright et al. (1994b) present the objectively analyzed field of silicate at 1000 m depth using all silicate data available as part of WOA94 and using only data flagged as being acceptable. The differences are obvious.

5. XBT DROP RATE ERROR

The XBT instrument does not measure pressure or depth directly. The depth of an XBT instrument as it falls through the water column is computed from the elapsed time from when the probe enters the water through use of a drop-rate equation. There are several models of the Sippican Expendable Bathytethermograph instrument. The manufacturer’s drop rate equation for the T4, T-6, and T-7 models are known to contain a systematic error. The systematic error in calculated depth can be as large as 25-30 m at depths of 750 m. To correct for this error a new drop rate equation has been computed (Hanawa et al., 1995; UNESCO, 1994). By international agreement (UNESCO, 1994), XBT profile depths are supposed to be reported to and archived at data centers using the “old” drop-rate equation. This policy is to avoid possible confusion as to whether the profiles have been converted or not. NODC/WDC archives the XBT data as submitted. In fact, some data are submitted using the new drop-rate formula although none of these data are in WOD01. This fact can be demonstrated by using a code in the observed level profile metadata (Conkright et al., 2002).

The observed level XBT profiles are the same data as submitted by originators. However, in preparing standard level data for WOD01, the NODC/OCL corrected the depths of the originator’s XBT profiles using the new drop-rate equation, before interpolating to standard levels.

6. STATISTICS OF INDIVIDUAL INSTRUMENT TYPES

We present a series of figures and tables which document the status of the archives of historical ocean profile through the presentation of summary statistics. More detailed information is presented in the individual volumes of WOD01, each describing the historical distributions of an individual instrument or measurement type (e.g. CTD, MBT, XBT, OSD temperature and salinity, nutrients, chlorophyll, pH, alkalinity, pCO₂, and plankton data).

Table 7 shows the number of stations or profiles in WOD01 submitted by individual country for the OSD, CTD, MBT, and XBT files. This table is sorted by NODC country code. Table 8 shows the same information sorted alphabetically by country name. Tables 9-12 give the contribution by each country of OSD, MBT, XBT, and CTD stations or profiles with each table sorted in descending order by percent contribution.
Figs. 2-4 shows the time series of the yearly totals of Ocean Station Data stations for the World Ocean, southern hemisphere oceans, and northern hemisphere oceans respectively. Tables 13-15 give the yearly counts of OSD stations in table form for the World Ocean, southern hemisphere oceans and northern hemisphere oceans respectively. Fig. 5 shows the distribution of all OSD stations in WOD01.

Figs. 6-8 shows the time series of the yearly totals of Conductivity-Temperature-Depth stations for the World Ocean, southern hemisphere oceans, and northern hemisphere oceans respectively, Tables 16-18 give the yearly counts of CTD stations in table form for the World Ocean, southern hemisphere oceans, and northern hemisphere oceans respectively. Fig. 9 shows the distribution of all CTD stations in WOD01.

Figs. 10-12 shows the time series of the yearly totals of Mechanical Bathythermograph profiles for the World Ocean, southern hemisphere oceans, and northern hemisphere oceans respectively, Tables 19-21 give the yearly counts of MBT profiles for the World Ocean, southern hemisphere oceans, and northern hemisphere oceans respectively. Fig. 13 shows the distribution of all MBT profiles in WOD01.

Figs. 14-16 shows the time series of the yearly totals of Expendable Bathythermograph profiles for the World Ocean, southern hemisphere oceans, and northern hemisphere oceans respectively. Tables 22-24 give the yearly counts of XBT profiles in table form for the World Ocean, southern hemisphere oceans, and northern hemisphere oceans respectively. Fig. 17 shows the distribution of all XBT profiles in WOD01.

Tables 25-37 give the yearly counts of the number of profiles/casts for APB, MRB, PFL, DRB, and UOR. Figs. 18-35 shows the distribution of APB, MRB, PFL, DRB, and UOR profiles/casts.

Fig. 36 shows the distribution of all stations and/or profiles in WOD01 merged together. Table 38 provides the yearly counts of all profiles/casts merged together.

Appendix A is comprised of figures that show the combined yearly distributions of all ocean stations and profiles merged together (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD+MRB+DRB+PFL+APB) for the period 1941-2001.

7. OUTLOOK FOR FUTURE ACQUISITIONS OF HISTORICAL OCEAN PROFILE AND PLANKTON DATA AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN A “GLOBAL OCEAN DATABASE PROJECT”

Substantial amounts of historical ocean data continue to be transferred to NODC/WDC for inclusion into databases. The outlook for continuing to be able to increase the amount of such data available to the scientific community is excellent. Based on the positive results of the IOC/GODAR project and the Global Ocean Database Project, we have requested the continued cooperation of the international scientific and data management communities in building the historical ocean data archives. There is a particular need for high resolution CTD data so that we can resolve smaller scale features in the vertical and thus provide objective analyses of variables at greater vertical resolution than present. Examination of the distribution of high resolution CTD profiles shown in Fig. 6 and by Boyer et al. (2002) documents the lack of such data for global scale analyses. There is a need for additional
historical chlorophyll, nutrient, oxygen, and plankton data so we can improve understanding of ocean biogeochemical cycles.

Improving the quality of historical data and their associated metadata is an important task. Corrections to possible errors in data and metadata is best done with the expertise of the principal investigators who made the original observations, the data center or group that prepared the data, or be based on historical documents such as cruise and data reports (however, one has to also consider that these documents may contain errors). The continuing response of the international oceanographic community to the GODAR project and the Global Ocean Database Project have been excellent. This response has resulted in global ocean databases that can be used internationally without restriction for the study of many environmental problems.

As the amount of historical oceanographic data continues to increase as a result of international cooperation, the scientific community will be able to make more and more realistic estimates of variability and be able to place confidence intervals on the magnitude of temporal variability of the more frequently sampled variables such as temperature.
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Table 1. Comparison of the number of stations in WOD01 with previous world ocean databases.

| Data type                                      | Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean (1982) | WOA94       | WOD98       | WOD01       |
|-----------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|
| Station data and low resolution C/STD casts   | 425,000                                       | 1,194,407   | 1,373,440   | 2,121,042   |
| High resolution CTD casts                     | na                                            | 89,000      | 189,555     | 311,943     |
| MBT profiles                                  | 775,000                                       | 1,922,170   | 2,077,200   | 2,376,206   |
| XBT profiles                                  | 290,000                                       | 1,281,942   | 1,537,203   | 1,743,590   |
| Moored Buoys                                  | na                                            | na          | 107,715     | 297,936     |
| Drifting Buoys                                | na                                            | na          | na          | 50,549      |
| Profiling Floats                              | na                                            | na          | na          | 22,637      |
| Undulating Oceanographic Recorders            | na                                            | na          | na          | 37,645      |
| Autonomous Pinniped Bathythermograph         | na                                            | na          | na          | 75,665      |
| **Total Stations**                            | **1,490,000**                                 | **4,487,519**| **5,285,113**| **7,037,213**|
| Surface only data* (cruises)                  | na                                            | na          | na          | 4,743*      |

* Surface data are represented differently in the database - all observations in a single cruise have been combined into one “station” with depth, value of variable measured and latitude, longitude, and Julian year day to identify data and position of individual observations.
### Table 1a. Instrument types in the WOD01

| DIRECTORY | SOURCE |
|-----------|--------|
| OSD       | Bottle, low resolution *Conductivity-Temperature-Depth* (CTD), and plankton data |
| CTD       | High resolution *Conductivity-Temperature-Depth* (CTD) data |
| MBT       | Mechanical Bathytelmograph (MBT) data |
| XBT       | Expendable (XBT) data |
| SURF      | Surface only data |
| APB       | Autonomous Pinniped Bathytelmograph - Time-Temperature Depth recorders attached to elephant seals |
| MRB       | Moored buoy data from TAO (Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean), PIRATA (moored array in the tropical Atlantic), MARNET, and TRITON (Japan-JAMSTEC) |
| PFL       | Profiling float data from Profiling Autonomous Lagrangian Circulation Explorer (PALACE) subsurface drifting floats; PROVOR (free-drifting hydrographic profiler), SOLO (Sounding Oceanographic Lagrangian Observer), and APEX (Autonomous Profiling Explorer) |
| DRB       | Drifting buoy data from surface drifting buoys with thermister chains |
| UOR       | Undulating Oceanographic Recorder data from a Conductivity/Temperature/Depth probe mounted on a towed undulating vehicle; |

### Table 2. Comparison of the number of sea surface observations in WOD01 of several Ocean Station Data variables with previous databases.

| Variable     | CLIMATOLOGICAL ATLAS OF THE WORLD | WOA94   | WOD98   | WOD01   |
|--------------|-----------------------------------|---------|---------|---------|
| Temperature  | 425,000                           | 1,194,000 | 1,439,209 | 1,951,170 |
| Salinity     | 399,429                           | 1,034,091 | 1,343,580 | 1,767,283 |
| Oxygen       | 159,016                           | 324,627  | 480,718  | 586,277  |
| Phosphate    | na                                | 171,064  | 279,011  | 373,141  |
| Silicate     | na                                | 80,235   | 186,226  | 261,774  |
| Nitrate      | na                                | 61,817   | 144,523  | 208,573  |
| pH           | na                                | na       | 103,338  | 130,863  |
| Alkalinity   | na                                | na       | 6,759    | 22,268   |
| Chlorophyll  | na                                | na       | 131,690  | 128,558  |
| Plankton     | na                                | na       | na       | 148,243  |
| pCO₂         | na                                | na       | na       | 2,159    |
| TCO₂         | na                                | na       | na       | 6,018    |
| Nitrate+Nitrite | na                            | na       | na       | 9,382    |
| Pressure     | na                                | na       | na       | 57,748   |
Table 3. Some GODAR contributions since publication of WOD98.

| Country          | Institution or Project                                                                 | Station Data | XBT   | MBT    | CTD   |
|------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------|-------|--------|-------|
| Multi-Country    | MEDAR/MEDATLAS                                                                       | 6902         | 7984  | 23469  | 13306 |
| Russia           | Murmansk Marine Biological Institute                                                 | 9968         | 0     | 0      | 0     |
| Ukraine          | Southern Scientific Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (YugNIRO) | 16765        | 0     | 28369  | 0     |
|                  | Marine Hydrophysical Institute                                                        | 24           | 0     | 0      | 1527  |
| United States    | Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution                                                  | 10659        | 0     | 0      | 0     |

Table 4. Some recent contributions of electronic data sets to the Global and World Ocean Database Projects from individual countries, institutions and projects.

| Country or Agency | Institution or Project                                                                 | Station Data | XBT   | MBT    | CTD   |
|-------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------|-------|--------|-------|
| Australia         | CSIRO (Hobart)                                                                        | 3866         | 13107 | 99     | 2339  |
| Canada            | Includes: Marine Environmental Data Service, Institute of Ocean Sciences, and Bedford Institute | 6466         | 2526  | 3957   | 24411 |
| Chile             | Naval Hydrographic Institute                                                          | 3018         | 3     | 88     | 3970  |
| Ecuador           | Hydrographic Oceanographic Services                                                   | 1127         | 0     | 0      | 217   |
| France            | IFREMER                                                                               | 4771         | 10258 | 12947  | 5877  |
| Japan             | Includes: Japan Oceanographic Data Center and MIRC                                     | 305540       | 29135 | 109074 | 503   |
| Multi-Country     | JGOFS                                                                                 | 4962         | 0     | 301    | 4264  |
|                   | WOCE                                                                                  | 5556         | 0     | 6461   | 7048  |
| Republic of Korea | Korean Oceanographic Data Center                                                      | 11525        | 0     | 0      | 1     |
| United Kingdom    | Includes: British Oceanographic Data Center projects: BOFS, North Sea, and OMEX; British Hydrographic Office | 34120       | 4557  | 11505  | 2945  |
Table 5. Contributions of digital data through the ICES Data Center.

| Country     | Station Data | CTD |
|-------------|--------------|-----|
| Belgium     | 9220         | 212 |
| Denmark     | 32218        | 729 |
| Finland     | 46379        | 251 |
| Iceland     | 18708        | 1816|
| Ireland     | 2981         | 10  |
| Netherlands | 26139        | 1856|
| Norway      | 94020        | 8469|
| Poland      | 16528        | 1391|
| Portugal    | 6472         | 1289|
| Spain       | 2865         | 4400|
| Sweden      | 51852        | 165 |

Table 6. Naval contributions of digital oceanographic cast data.

| Country          | XBT   | MBT    | CTD | Station Data |
|------------------|-------|--------|-----|--------------|
| Argentina        | 1009  | 6883   | 73  | 2324         |
| Russia           | 1078  | 42547  | 32  | 31622        |
| Turkey           | 0     | 0      | 0   | 227          |
| United Kingdom   | 36976 | 58352  | 883 | 31           |
Table 7 National contributions of OSD, MBT, XBT, CTD casts sorted by NODC Country Code

| NODC Country Code | Country Name                        | OSD Count | % of Total | MBT Count | % of Total | XBT Count | % of Total | CTD Count | % of Total |
|-------------------|-------------------------------------|-----------|------------|-----------|------------|-----------|------------|-----------|------------|
| 1                 | NOT USED                            | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 2                 | NOT USED                            | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 3                 | NOT USED                            | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 4                 | NOT USED                            | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 5                 | NOT USED                            | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 6                 | GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF        | 63412     | 2.99       | 25005     | 1.05       | 56544     | 3.24       | 24355     | 7.80       |
| 7                 | GERMANY, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC        | 15083     | 0.71       | 0         | 0.00       | 67        | 0.00       | 823       | 0.26       |
| 8                 | ARGENTINA                           | 3410      | 0.16       | 12303     | 0.52       | 2184      | 0.13       | 319       | 0.10       |
| 9                 | AUSTRALIA                           | 32332     | 1.52       | 18474     | 0.78       | 83155     | 4.77       | 7336      | 2.35       |
| 10                | AUSTRIA                             | 488       | 0.02       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 11                | BELGIUM                             | 9220      | 0.43       | 1218      | 0.05       | 0         | 0.00       | 212       | 0.07       |
| 12                | BURMA                               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 13                | BOLIVIA                             | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 14                | BRAZIL                              | 9464      | 0.45       | 82        | 0.00       | 218       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 15                | BULGARIA                            | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 16                | NOT USED                            | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 17                | CAMEROON                            | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 18                | CANADA                              | 113770    | 5.36       | 195947    | 8.24       | 48664     | 2.79       | 75612     | 24.21      |
| 19                | SRI LANKA                           | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 20                | CHILE                               | 4311      | 0.20       | 4161      | 0.18       | 2438      | 0.14       | 4015      | 1.29       |
| 21                | TAIWAN                              | 3027      | 0.14       | 0         | 0.00       | 3         | 0.00       | 107       | 0.03       |
| 22                | COLOMBIA                            | 1338      | 0.06       | 747       | 0.03       | 32        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 23                | NOT USED                            | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 24                | KOREA, REPUBLIC OF                  | 39707     | 1.87       | 847       | 0.04       | 53        | 0.00       | 28        | 0.01       |
| 25                | NOT USED                            | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 26                | DENMARK                             | 32220     | 1.52       | 0         | 0.00       | 5724      | 0.33       | 729       | 0.23       |
| 27                | ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT              | 258       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 28                | ECUADOR                             | 3498      | 0.16       | 885       | 0.04       | 492       | 0.03       | 217       | 0.07       |
| 29                | SPAIN                               | 2868      | 0.14       | 195       | 0.01       | 2995      | 0.17       | 4400      | 1.41       |
| 30                | NOT USED                            | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 31                | UNITED STATES                       | 297275    | 14.00      | 1100903   | 46.31      | 548779    | 31.47      | 90067     | 28.84      |
| 32                | UNITED STATES                       | 12673     | 0.60       | 46660     | 1.96       | 248328    | 14.24      | 30417     | 9.74       |
| 33                | UNITED STATES                       | 5647      | 0.27       | 23103     | 0.97       | 8874      | 0.51       | 1493      | 0.48       |
| 34                | FINLAND                             | 46381     | 2.18       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 251       | 0.08       |
| 35                | FRANCE                              | 36154     | 1.70       | 13538     | 0.57       | 45690     | 2.62       | 16548     | 5.30       |
| 36                | GREECE                              | 324       | 0.02       | 327       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       | 336       | 0.11       |
| 37                | GUATEMALA                           | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 38                | HAITI                               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 39                | NOT USED                            | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 40                | NOT USED                            | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 41                | INDIA                               | 4477      | 0.21       | 540       | 0.02       | 362       | 0.02       | 143       | 0.05       |
| 42                | INDONESIA                           | 4291      | 0.20       | 0         | 0.00       | 1214      | 0.07       | 159       | 0.05       |
| 43                | IRAQ                                | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| NODC Country Code | Country Name                          | OSD Count | % of Total | MBT Count | % of Total | XBT Count | % of Total | CTD Count | % of Total |
|-------------------|---------------------------------------|-----------|------------|-----------|------------|-----------|------------|-----------|------------|
| 44                | IRAN                                  | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 45                | IRELAND                               | 2981      | 0.14       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 10        | 0.00       |
| 46                | ICELAND                               | 18708     | 0.88       | 0         | 0.00       | 4348      | 0.25       | 1816      | 0.58       |
| 47                | ISRAEL                                | 3051      | 0.14       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 195       | 0.06       |
| 48                | ITALY                                 | 10150     | 0.48       | 6268      | 0.26       | 772       | 0.04       | 8109      | 2.60       |
| 49                | JAPAN                                 | 525565    | 24.75      | 335247    | 14.10      | 236424    | 13.56      | 1158      | 0.37       |
| 50                | JORDAN                                | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 51                | JAPAN                                 | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 52                | LEBANON                               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 53                | LIBYA                                 | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 54                | LIBERIA                               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 33290     | 1.91       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 55                | MALAGASY REPUBLIC                     | 2524      | 0.12       | 405       | 0.02       | 62        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 56                | MOROCCO                               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 57                | MEXICO                                | 1283      | 0.06       | 0         | 0.00       | 2234      | 0.13       | 59        | 0.02       |
| 58                | NORWAY                                | 94020     | 4.43       | 913       | 0.04       | 6908      | 0.40       | 8469      | 2.71       |
| 59                | NEW CALEDONIA                         | 1344      | 0.06       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 60                | JAPAN                                 | 40        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 61                | NEW ZEALAND                           | 1917      | 0.09       | 2435      | 0.10       | 5587      | 0.32       | 102       | 0.03       |
| 62                | PAKISTAN                              | 179       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 63                | NOT USED                              | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 64                | NETHERLANDS                           | 26139     | 1.23       | 8088      | 0.34       | 15294     | 0.88       | 1856      | 0.59       |
| 65                | PERU                                  | 4203      | 0.20       | 5212      | 0.22       | 714       | 0.04       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 66                | PHILIPPINES                           | 235       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       | 2298      | 0.13       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 67                | POLAND                                | 16528     | 0.78       | 0         | 0.00       | 1320      | 0.08       | 1391      | 0.45       |
| 68                | PORTUGAL                              | 6473      | 0.30       | 2628      | 0.11       | 732       | 0.04       | 1289      | 0.41       |
| 69                | NOT USED                              | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 70                | DOMINICAN REPUBLIC                    | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 71                | NOT USED                              | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 72                | ALBANIA                               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 73                | ROMANIA                               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 74                | UNITED KINGDOM                        | 132058    | 6.22       | 118644    | 4.99       | 164948    | 9.46       | 10476     | 3.35       |
| 75                | EL SALVADOR                           | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 76                | CHINA, THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF        | 5590      | 0.26       | 0         | 0.00       | 4568      | 0.26       | 2701      | 0.86       |
| 77                | SWEDEN                                | 51852     | 2.44       | 0         | 0.00       | 4552      | 0.26       | 165       | 0.05       |
| 78                | SWITZERLAND                           | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 79                | SURINAM                               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 80                | SYRIA                                 | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 81                | NOT USED                              | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 82                | NOT USED                              | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 83                | NOT USED                              | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 84                | NOT USED                              | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 85                | NOT USED                              | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 86                | THAILAND                              | 2801      | 0.13       | 77        | 0.00       | 29        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 87                | TOGO                                  | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 88                | TUNISIA                               | 280       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 89                | TURKEY                                | 301       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 199       | 0.06       |
| NODC Country Code | Country Name         | OSD Count | % of Total | MBT Count | % of Total | XBT Count | % of Total | CTD Count | % of Total |
|-------------------|----------------------|-----------|------------|-----------|------------|-----------|------------|-----------|------------|
| 90                | RUSSIA               | 335954    | 15.82      | 432966    | 18.21      | 14578     | 0.84       | 13689     | 4.38       |
| 91                | SOUTH AFRICA         | 27593     | 1.30       | 20        | 0.00       | 5890      | 0.34       | 2028      | 0.65       |
| 92                | URUGUAY              | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 146       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 93                | VENEZUELA            | 3574      | 0.17       | 673       | 0.03       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 94                | VIET-NAM             | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 95                | YUGO SLAVIA          | 5404      | 0.25       | 0         | 0.00       | 173       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 96                | NOT USED             | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 97                | NOT USED             | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 98                | NOT USED             | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 99                | UNKNOWN              | 67807     | 3.19       | 16636     | 0.70       | 96321     | 5.52       | 475       | 0.15       |
| 0                 | NOT USED             | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| AG                | ANTIGUA              | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 6975      | 0.40       | 0         | 0.00       |
| AL                | ALGERIA              | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| AN                | ANGOLA               | 621       | 0.03       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| BA                | BARBADOS             | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 2601      | 0.15       | 0         | 0.00       |
| BH                | BAHAMAS              | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 9713      | 0.56       | 0         | 0.00       |
| BN                | BONAIRE              | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| CA                | CURACAO              | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| CI                | CAYMAN ISLANDS       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| CR                | COSTA RICA           | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 29        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| CU                | CUBA                 | 969       | 0.05       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| CV                | CAPE VERDE           | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| CY                | CYPRUS               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 2258      | 0.13       | 0         | 0.00       |
| ES                | ESTONIA              | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| ET                | ETHIOPIA             | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| FJ                | FIJI ISLANDS         | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 866       | 0.05       | 0         | 0.00       |
| GA                | GABON                | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| GH                | GHANA                | 2670      | 0.13       | 12        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| GM                | GAMBIA               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| GN                | GUINEA-BISSAU        | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| GR                | GRENADA              | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| GU                | GUINEA               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| GY                | GUYANA               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| HO                | HONDURAS             | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 12        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| HK                | HONG KONG            | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 3210      | 0.18       | 0         | 0.00       |
| IC                | IVORY COAST          | 3068      | 0.14       | 100       | 0.00       | 43        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| IN                | INTERNATIONAL        | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| JA                | JAMAICA              | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| KE                | KENYA                | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| KU                | KUWAIT               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 1812      | 0.10       | 0         | 0.00       |
| LA                | LATVIA               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| LT                | LITHUANIA            | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| MA                | MAURITIUS            | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 77        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| ML                | MALTA                | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 431       | 0.02       | 0         | 0.00       |
| MO                | MONACO               | 2087      | 0.10       | 97        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| MS                | MALAYSIA             | 154       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| NODC Country Code | Country Name                        | OSD Count | % of Total | MBT Count | % of Total | XBT Count | % of Total | CTD Count | % of Total |
|-------------------|-------------------------------------|-----------|------------|-----------|------------|-----------|------------|-----------|------------|
| MU                | MAURITANIA                          | 1217      | 0.06       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| MZ                | MOZAMBIQUE                          | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| NC                | NICARAGUA                           | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| NI                | NIGERIA                             | 759       | 0.04       | 89        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| OM                | OMAN                                | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| PA                | PANAMA                              | 139       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       | 32697     | 1.88       | 0         | 0.00       |
| QA                | QATAR                               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| RC                | CONGO                               | 1834      | 0.09       | 1234      | 0.05       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| RU                | RUSSIA                              | 17663     | 0.83       | 0         | 0.00       | 1         | 0.00       | 27        | 0.01       |
| SA                | SAUDI ARABIA                        | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 197       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       |
| SC                | SEYCHELLES                          | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 11        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| SE                | SENEGAL                             | 1975      | 0.09       | 245       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| SI                | SINGAPORE                           | 412       | 0.02       | 0         | 0.00       | 14565     | 0.84       | 0         | 0.00       |
| SL                | SIERRA LEONE                        | 0         | 0.00       | 187       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| SM                | SOMALIA                             | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| SO                | SOLOMON ISLANDS                     | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| SU                | SUDAN                               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| SV                | SAINT VINCENT                       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 5598      | 0.32       | 0         | 0.00       |
| TN                | TONGA                               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 2328      | 0.13       | 0         | 0.00       |
| TT                | TRINIDAD/TOBAGO                     | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 6         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| UA                | U. ARAB EMIRATES                    | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| UR                | UKRAINE                             | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 33        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| WS                | WESTERN SAMOA                       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| YM                | YEMEN                               | 85        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| ZA                | TANZANIA                            | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| ZZ                | MISCELLANEOUS ORGANIZATIONAL UNITS   | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 195       | 0.01       | 564       | 0.18       |

The United States, Russia, and Japan have multiple country codes. This is because the NODC Institution Code is limited to two digits and these countries each have more than 99 institutions that can potentially transfer data to NODC/WDC.
Table 8  National contributions of OSD, MBT, XBT, CTD casts sorted alphabetically by country name

| NODC Country Code | Country Name                          | OSD Count | % of Total | MBT Count | % of Total | XBT Count | % of Total | CTD Count | % of Total |
|-------------------|---------------------------------------|-----------|------------|-----------|------------|-----------|------------|-----------|------------|
| 72                | ALBANIA                               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| AL                | ALGERIA                               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| AN                | ANGOLA                                | 621       | 0.03       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| AG                | ANTIGUA                               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 6975      | 0.40       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 27                | ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT                | 258       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 8                 | ARGENTINA                             | 3410      | 0.16       | 12303     | 0.52       | 2184      | 0.13       | 319       | 0.10       |
| 9                 | AUSTRALIA                             | 32332     | 1.52       | 18474     | 0.78       | 83155     | 4.77       | 7336      | 2.35       |
| 10                | AUSTRIA                               | 488       | 0.02       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| BH                | BAHAMAS                               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 9713      | 0.56       | 0         | 0.00       |
| BA                | BARBADOS                              | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 2601      | 0.15       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 11                | BELGIUM                               | 9220      | 0.43       | 1218      | 0.05       | 0         | 0.00       | 212       | 0.07       |
| 13                | BOLIVIA                               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| BN                | BONAIRE                               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 14                | BRAZIL                                | 9464      | 0.45       | 82        | 0.00       | 218       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 15                | BULGARIA                              | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 12                | BURMA                                 | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 17                | CAMEROON                              | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 18                | CANADA                                | 113770    | 5.36       | 195947    | 8.24       | 48664     | 2.79       | 75612     | 24.21      |
| CV                | CAPE VERDE                            | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| CI                | CAYMAN ISLANDS                        | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 20                | CHILE                                 | 4311      | 0.20       | 4161      | 0.18       | 2438      | 0.14       | 4015      | 1.29       |
| 76                | CHINA, THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF        | 5590      | 0.26       | 0         | 0.00       | 4568      | 0.26       | 2701      | 0.86       |
| 22                | COLOMBIA                              | 1338      | 0.06       | 747       | 0.03       | 32        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| RC                | CONGO                                 | 1834      | 0.09       | 1234      | 0.05       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| CR                | COSTA RICA                            | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 29        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| CU                | CUBA                                  | 969       | 0.05       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| CA                | CURACAO                               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| CY                | CYPRUS                                | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 2258      | 0.13       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 26                | DENMARK                               | 32220     | 1.52       | 0         | 0.00       | 5724      | 0.33       | 729       | 0.23       |
| 70                | DOMINICAN REPUBLIC                    | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 28                | ECUADOR                               | 3498      | 0.16       | 885       | 0.04       | 492       | 0.03       | 217       | 0.07       |
| 75                | EL SALVADOR                           | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| ES                | ESTONIA                               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| ET                | ETHIOPIA                              | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| FJ                | FIJI ISLANDS                          | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 866       | 0.05       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 34                | FINLAND                               | 46381     | 2.18       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 251       | 0.08       |
| 35                | FRANCE                                | 36154     | 1.70       | 13538     | 0.57       | 45690     | 2.62       | 16548     | 5.30       |
| GA                | GABON                                 | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| GM                | GAMBIA                                | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 7                 | GERMANY, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF       | 15083     | 0.71       | 0         | 0.00       | 67        | 0.00       | 823       | 0.26       |
| 6                 | GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC             | 63412     | 2.99       | 25005     | 1.05       | 56544     | 3.24       | 24355     | 7.80       |
| GH                | GHANA                                 | 2670      | 0.13       | 12        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 36                | GREECE                                | 324       | 0.02       | 327       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       | 336       | 0.11       |
| NODC Country Code | Country Name                  | OSD Count | % of Total | MBT Count | % of Total | XBT Count | % of Total | CTD Count | % of Total |
|-------------------|-------------------------------|-----------|------------|-----------|------------|-----------|------------|-----------|------------|
| GR                | GRENADA                       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 37                | GUATEMALA                     | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| GU                | GUINEA                        | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| GN                | GUINEA-BISSAU                 | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| GY                | GUYANA                        | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 38                | HAITI                         | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| HO                | HONDURAS                      | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 12        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| HK                | HONG KONG                     | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 3210      | 0.18       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 46                | ICELAND                       | 18708     | 0.88       | 0         | 0.00       | 4348      | 0.25       | 1816      | 0.58       |
| 41                | INDIA                         | 4477      | 0.21       | 540       | 0.02       | 362       | 0.02       | 143       | 0.05       |
| 42                | INDONESIA                     | 4291      | 0.20       | 0         | 0.00       | 1214      | 0.07       | 159       | 0.05       |
| IN                | INTERNATIONAL                  | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 44                | IRAN                          | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 43                | IRAQ                          | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 45                | IRELAND                       | 2981      | 0.14       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 10        | 0.00       |
| 47                | ISRAEL                        | 3051      | 0.14       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 195       | 0.06       |
| 48                | ITALY                         | 10150     | 0.48       | 6268      | 0.26       | 772       | 0.04       | 8109      | 2.60       |
| IC                | IVORY COAST                   | 3068      | 0.14       | 100       | 0.00       | 43        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| JA                | JAMAICA                       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 49                | JAPAN                         | 525565    | 24.75      | 335247    | 14.10      | 236424    | 13.56      | 1158      | 0.37       |
| 51                | JAPAN                         | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 60                | JAPAN                         | 40        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 50                | JORDAN                        | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| KE                | KENYA                         | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 24                | KOREA, REPUBLIC OF           | 39707     | 1.87       | 847       | 0.04       | 53        | 0.00       | 28        | 0.01       |
| KU                | KUWAIT                        | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 1812      | 0.10       | 0         | 0.00       |
| LA                | LATVIA                        | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 52                | LEBANON                       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 54                | LIBERIA                       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 33290     | 1.91       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 53                | LIBYA                         | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| LT                | LITHUANIA                     | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 55                | MALAGASY REPUBLIC            | 2524      | 0.12       | 405       | 0.02       | 62        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| MS                | MALAYSIA                      | 154       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| ML                | MALTA                         | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 431       | 0.02       | 0         | 0.00       |
| MU                | MAURITANIA                    | 1217      | 0.06       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| MA                | MAURITIUS                     | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 77        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 57                | MEXICO                        | 1283      | 0.06       | 0         | 0.00       | 2234      | 0.13       | 59        | 0.02       |
| ZZ                | MISCELLANEOUS ORGANIZATIONAL UNITS | 0   | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 195       | 0.01       | 564       | 0.18       |
| MO                | MONACO                        | 2087      | 0.10       | 97        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 56                | MOROCCO                       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| MZ                | MOZAMBIQUE                    | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 64                | NETHERLANDS                   | 26139     | 1.23       | 8088      | 0.34       | 15294     | 0.88       | 1856      | 0.59       |
| 59                | NEW CALEDONIA                 | 1344      | 0.06       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 61                | NEW ZEALAND                   | 1917      | 0.09       | 2435      | 0.10       | 5587      | 0.32       | 102       | 0.03       |
| NC                | NICARAGUA                     | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| NODC Country Code | Country Name          | OSD Count | % of Total | MBT Count | % of Total | XBT Count | % of Total | CTD Count | % of Total |
|-------------------|-----------------------|-----------|------------|-----------|------------|-----------|------------|-----------|------------|
| NI                | NIGERIA               | 759       | 0.04       | 89        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 58                | NORWAY                | 94020     | 4.43       | 913       | 0.04       | 6908      | 0.40       | 8469      | 2.71       |
| OM                | OMAN                  | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 62                | PAKISTAN              | 179       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| PA                | PANAMA                | 139       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       | 32697     | 1.88       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 65                | PERU                  | 4203      | 0.20       | 5212      | 0.22       | 714       | 0.04       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 66                | PHILIPPINES           | 235       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       | 2298      | 0.13       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 67                | POLAND                | 16528     | 0.78       | 0         | 0.00       | 1320      | 0.08       | 1391      | 0.45       |
| 68                | PORTUGAL              | 6473      | 0.30       | 2628      | 0.11       | 732       | 0.04       | 1289      | 0.41       |
| QA                | QATAR                 | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 73                | ROMANIA               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 90                | RUSSIA                | 335954    | 15.82      | 432966    | 18.21      | 14578     | 0.84       | 13689     | 4.38       |
| RU                | RUSSIA                | 17663     | 0.83       | 0         | 0.00       | 1         | 0.00       | 27        | 0.01       |
| SV                | SAINT VINCENT         | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 5598      | 0.32       | 0         | 0.00       |
| SA                | SAUDI ARABIA          | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 197       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       |
| SE                | SENEGAL               | 1975      | 0.09       | 245       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| SC                | SEYCHELLES            | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 11        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| SL                | SIERRA LEONE          | 0         | 0.00       | 187       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| SI                | SINGAPORE             | 412       | 0.02       | 0         | 0.00       | 14565     | 0.84       | 0         | 0.00       |
| SO                | SOLOMON ISLANDS       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| SM                | SOMALIA               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 91                | SOUTH AFRICA          | 27593     | 1.30       | 20        | 0.00       | 5890      | 0.34       | 2028      | 0.65       |
| 29                | SPAIN                 | 2868      | 0.14       | 195       | 0.01       | 2995      | 0.17       | 4400      | 1.41       |
| 19                | SRI LANKA             | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| SU                | SUDAN                 | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 79                | SURINAM               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 77                | SWEDEN                | 51852     | 2.44       | 0         | 0.00       | 4552      | 0.26       | 165       | 0.05       |
| 78                | SWITZERLAND           | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 80                | SYRIA                 | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 21                | TAIWAN                | 3027      | 0.14       | 0         | 0.00       | 3         | 0.00       | 107       | 0.03       |
| ZA                | TANZANIA              | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 86                | THAILAND              | 2801      | 0.13       | 77        | 0.00       | 29        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 87                | TOGO                  | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| TN                | TONGA                 | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 2328      | 0.13       | 0         | 0.00       |
| TT                | TRINIDAD/TOBAGO       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 6         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 88                | TUNISIA               | 280       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 89                | TURKEY                | 301       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 199       | 0.06       |
| UA                | U. ARAB EMIRATES      | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| UR                | UKRAINE               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 33        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 74                | UNITED KINGDOM        | 132058    | 6.22       | 118644    | 4.99       | 164948    | 9.46       | 10476     | 3.35       |
| 31                | UNITED STATES         | 297275    | 14.00      | 1100903   | 46.31      | 548779    | 31.47      | 90067     | 28.84      |
| 32                | UNITED STATES         | 12673     | 0.60       | 46660     | 1.96       | 248328    | 14.24      | 30417     | 9.74       |
| 33                | UNITED STATES         | 5647      | 0.27       | 23103     | 0.97       | 8874      | 0.51       | 1493      | 0.48       |
| 99                | UNKNOWN               | 67807     | 3.19       | 16636     | 0.70       | 96321     | 5.52       | 475       | 0.15       |
| 92                | URUGUAY               | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 146       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 93                | VENEZUELA             | 3574      | 0.17       | 673       | 0.03       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| NODC Country Code | Country Name       | OSD Count | % of Total | MBT Count | % of Total | XBT Count | % of Total | CTD Count | % of Total |
|-------------------|--------------------|-----------|------------|-----------|------------|-----------|------------|-----------|------------|
| 94                | VIET-NAM           | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| WS                | WESTERN SAMOA      | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| YM                | YEMEN              | 85        | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       | 0         | 0.00       |
| 95                | YUGOSLAVIA         | 5404      | 0.25       | 0         | 0.00       | 173       | 0.01       | 0         | 0.00       |

The United States, Russia, and Japan have multiple country codes. This is because the NODC Institution Code is limited to two digits and these countries each have more than 99 institutions that can potentially transfer data to NODC/WDC.
Table 9 National contributions of Oceanographic Station Data (OSD) casts sorted by percent contribution of each country

| NODC Country Code | Country Name                          | OSD Count | % of Total |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------|-----------|------------|
| 49                | JAPAN                                | 525565    | 24.75      |
| 90                | RUSSIA                               | 335954    | 15.82      |
| 31                | UNITED STATES                        | 297275    | 14.00      |
| 74                | UNITED KINGDOM                       | 132058    | 6.22       |
| 18                | CANADA                               | 113770    | 5.36       |
| 58                | NORWAY                               | 94020     | 4.43       |
| 99                | UNKNOWN                              | 67807     | 3.19       |
| 6                 | GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF         | 63412     | 2.99       |
| 77                | SWEDEN                               | 51852     | 2.44       |
| 34                | FINLAND                              | 46381     | 2.18       |
| 24                | KOREA, REPUBLIC OF                   | 39707     | 1.87       |
| 35                | FRANCE                               | 36154     | 1.70       |
| 9                 | AUSTRALIA                            | 32332     | 1.52       |
| 26                | DENMARK                              | 32220     | 1.52       |
| 91                | SOUTH AFRICA                         | 27593     | 1.30       |
| 64                | NETHERLANDS                          | 26139     | 1.23       |
| 46                | ICELAND                              | 18708     | 0.88       |
| RU                | RUSSIA                               | 17663     | 0.83       |
| 67                | POLAND                               | 16528     | 0.78       |
| 7                 | GERMANY, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF      | 15083     | 0.71       |
| 32                | UNITED STATES                        | 12673     | 0.60       |
| 48                | ITALY                                | 10150     | 0.48       |
| 14                | BRAZIL                               | 9464      | 0.45       |
| 11                | BELGIUM                              | 9220      | 0.43       |
| 68                | PORTUGAL                             | 6473      | 0.30       |
| 33                | UNITED STATES                        | 5647      | 0.27       |
| 76                | CHINA, THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF       | 5590      | 0.26       |
| 95                | YUGO SLAVIA                          | 5404      | 0.25       |
| 41                | INDIA                                | 4477      | 0.21       |
| 20                | CHILE                                | 4311      | 0.20       |
| 42                | INDONESIA                            | 4291      | 0.20       |
| 65                | PERU                                 | 4203      | 0.20       |
| 93                | VENEZUELA                            | 3574      | 0.17       |
| 28                | ECUADOR                              | 3498      | 0.16       |
| 8                 | ARGENTINA                            | 3410      | 0.16       |
| IC                | IVORY COAST                          | 3068      | 0.14       |
| 47                | ISRAEL                               | 3051      | 0.14       |
| 21                | TAIWAN                               | 3027      | 0.14       |
| 45                | IRELAND                              | 2981      | 0.14       |
| 29                | SPAIN                                | 2868      | 0.14       |
| 86                | THAILAND                             | 2801      | 0.13       |
| GH                | GHANA                                | 2670      | 0.13       |
| 55                | MALAGASY REPUBLIC                    | 2524      | 0.12       |
| NODC Country Code | Country Name                  | OSD Count | % of Total |
|-------------------|-------------------------------|-----------|------------|
| MO                | MONACO                        | 2087      | 0.10       |
| SE                | SENEGAL                       | 1975      | 0.09       |
| 61                | NEW ZEALAND                   | 1917      | 0.09       |
| RC                | CONGO                         | 1834      | 0.09       |
| 59                | NEW CALEDONIA                 | 1344      | 0.06       |
| 22                | COLOMBIA                      | 1338      | 0.06       |
| 57                | MEXICO                        | 1283      | 0.06       |
| MU                | MAURITANIA                    | 1217      | 0.06       |
| CU                | CUBA                          | 969       | 0.05       |
| NI                | NIGERIA                       | 759       | 0.04       |
| AN                | ANGOLA                        | 621       | 0.03       |
| 10                | AUSTRIA                       | 488       | 0.02       |
| SI                | SINGAPORE                     | 412       | 0.02       |
| 36                | GREECE                        | 324       | 0.02       |
| 89                | TURKEY                        | 301       | 0.01       |
| 88                | TUNISIA                       | 280       | 0.01       |
| 27                | ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT        | 258       | 0.01       |
| 66                | PHILIPPINES                   | 235       | 0.01       |
| 62                | PAKISTAN                      | 179       | 0.01       |
| MS                | MALAYSIA                      | 154       | 0.01       |
| PA                | PANAMA                        | 139       | 0.01       |
| YM                | YEMEN                         | 85        | 0.00       |
| 60                | JAPAN                         | 40        | 0.00       |

The United States, Russia, and Japan have multiple country codes. This is because the NODC Institution Code is limited to two digits and these countries each have more than 99 institutions that can potentially transfer data to NODC/WDC.
Table 10 National contributions of Mechanical Bathythermograph (MBT) profiles sorted by percent contribution of each country

| NODC Country Code | Country Name                  | MBT Count | % of Total |
|-------------------|-------------------------------|-----------|------------|
| 31                | UNITED STATES                 | 1100903   | 46.31      |
| 90                | RUSSIA                        | 432966    | 18.21      |
| 49                | JAPAN                         | 335247    | 14.10      |
| 18                | CANADA                        | 195947    | 8.24       |
| 74                | UNITED KINGDOM                | 118644    | 4.99       |
| 32                | UNITED STATES                 | 46660     | 1.96       |
| 6                 | GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF  | 25005     | 1.05       |
| 33                | UNITED STATES                 | 23103     | 0.97       |
| 9                 | AUSTRALIA                     | 18474     | 0.78       |
| 99                | UNKNOWN                       | 16636     | 0.70       |
| 35                | FRANCE                        | 13538     | 0.57       |
| 8                 | ARGENTINA                     | 12303     | 0.52       |
| 64                | NETHERLANDS                   | 8088      | 0.34       |
| 48                | ITALY                         | 6268      | 0.26       |
| 65                | PERU                          | 5212      | 0.22       |
| 20                | CHILE                         | 4161      | 0.18       |
| 68                | PORTUGAL                      | 2628      | 0.11       |
| 61                | NEW ZEALAND                   | 2435      | 0.10       |
| RC                | CONGO                         | 1234      | 0.05       |
| 11                | BELGIUM                       | 1218      | 0.05       |
| 58                | NORWAY                        | 913       | 0.04       |
| 28                | ECUADOR                       | 885       | 0.04       |
| 24                | KOREA, REPUBLIC OF           | 847       | 0.04       |
| 22                | COLOMBIA                      | 747       | 0.03       |
| 93                | VENEZUELA                     | 673       | 0.03       |
| 41                | INDIA                         | 540       | 0.02       |
| 55                | MALAGASY REPUBLIC             | 405       | 0.02       |
| 36                | GREECE                        | 327       | 0.01       |
| SE                | SENEGAL                       | 245       | 0.01       |
| 29                | SPAIN                         | 195       | 0.01       |
| SL                | SIERRA LEONE                  | 187       | 0.01       |
| IC                | IVORY COAST                   | 100       | 0.00       |
| MO                | MONACO                        | 97        | 0.00       |
| NI                | NIGERIA                       | 89        | 0.00       |
| 14                | BRAZIL                        | 82        | 0.00       |
| 86                | THAILAND                      | 77        | 0.00       |
| 91                | SOUTH AFRICA                  | 20        | 0.00       |
| GH                | GHANA                         | 12        | 0.00       |

The United States, Russia, and Japan have multiple country codes. This is because the NODC Institution Code is limited to two digits and these countries each have more than 99 institutions that can potentially transfer data to NODC/WDC.
Table 11 National contributions of Expendable Bathythermograph (XBT) profiles sorted by percent contribution of each country

| NODC Country Code | Country Name                  | XBT Count | % of Total |
|-------------------|-------------------------------|-----------|------------|
| 31                | UNITED STATES                 | 548779    | 31.47      |
| 32                | UNITED STATES                 | 248328    | 14.24      |
| 49                | JAPAN                         | 236424    | 13.56      |
| 74                | UNITED KINGDOM                | 164948    | 9.46       |
| 99                | UNKNOWN                       | 96321     | 5.52       |
| 9                 | AUSTRALIA                     | 83155     | 4.77       |
| 6                 | GERMANY,FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF   | 56544     | 3.24       |
| 18                | CANADA                        | 48664     | 2.79       |
| 35                | FRANCE                        | 45690     | 2.62       |
| 54                | LIBERIA                       | 33290     | 1.91       |
| PA                | PANAMA                        | 32697     | 1.88       |
| 64                | NETHERLANDS                   | 15294     | 0.88       |
| 90                | RUSSIA                        | 14578     | 0.84       |
| SI                | SINGAPORE                     | 14565     | 0.84       |
| BH                | BAHAMAS                       | 9713      | 0.56       |
| 33                | UNITED STATES                 | 8874      | 0.51       |
| AG                | ANTIGUA                       | 6975      | 0.40       |
| 58                | NORWAY                        | 6908      | 0.40       |
| 91                | SOUTH AFRICA                  | 5890      | 0.34       |
| 26                | DENMARK                       | 5724      | 0.33       |
| SV                | SAINT VINCENT                 | 5598      | 0.32       |
| 61                | NEW ZEALAND                   | 5587      | 0.32       |
| 76                | CHINA,THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF | 4568      | 0.26       |
| 77                | SWEDEN                        | 4552      | 0.26       |
| 46                | ICELAND                       | 4348      | 0.25       |
| HK                | HONG KONG                     | 3210      | 0.18       |
| 29                | SPAIN                         | 2995      | 0.17       |
| BA                | BARBADOS                      | 2601      | 0.15       |
| 20                | CHILE                         | 2438      | 0.14       |
| TN                | TONGA                         | 2328      | 0.13       |
| 66                | PHILIPPINES                   | 2298      | 0.13       |
| CY                | CYPRUS                        | 2258      | 0.13       |
| 57                | MEXICO                        | 2234      | 0.13       |
| 8                 | ARGENTINA                     | 2184      | 0.13       |
| KU                | KUWAIT                        | 1812      | 0.10       |
| 67                | POLAND                        | 1320      | 0.08       |
| 42                | INDONESIA                     | 1214      | 0.07       |
| FJ                | FIJI ISLANDS                  | 866       | 0.05       |
| 48                | ITALY                         | 772       | 0.04       |
| 68                | PORTUGAL                      | 732       | 0.04       |
| 65                | PERU                          | 714       | 0.04       |
| 28                | ECUADOR                       | 492       | 0.03       |
| ML                | MALTA                         | 431       | 0.02       |
| NODC Country Code | Country Name                          | XBT Count | % of Total |
|-------------------|---------------------------------------|-----------|------------|
| 41                | INDIA                                 | 362       | 0.02       |
| 14                | BRAZIL                                | 218       | 0.01       |
| SA                | SAUDI ARABIA                          | 197       | 0.01       |
| ZZ                | MISCELLANEOUS ORGANIZATIONAL UNITS     | 195       | 0.01       |
| 95                | YUGOSLAVIA                            | 173       | 0.01       |
| 92                | URUGUAY                               | 146       | 0.01       |
| MA                | MAURITIUS                             | 77        | 0.00       |
| 7                 | GERMANY, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF       | 67        | 0.00       |
| 55                | MALAGASY REPUBLIC                     | 62        | 0.00       |
| 24                | KOREA, REPUBLIC OF                   | 53        | 0.00       |
| IC                | IVORY COAST                           | 43        | 0.00       |
| UR                | UKRAINE                               | 33        | 0.00       |
| 22                | COLOMBIA                              | 32        | 0.00       |
| 86                | THAILAND                              | 29        | 0.00       |
| CR                | COSTA RICA                            | 29        | 0.00       |
| HO                | HONDURAS                              | 12        | 0.00       |
| SC                | SEYCHELLES                            | 11        | 0.00       |
| TT                | TRINIDAD/TOBAGO                       | 6         | 0.00       |
| 21                | TAIWAN                                | 3         | 0.00       |
| RU                | RUSSIA                                | 1         | 0.00       |

The United States, Russia, and Japan have multiple country codes. This is because the NODC Institution Code is limited to two digits and these countries each have more than 99 institutions that can potentially transfer data to NODC/WDC.
Table 13 The number of OSD casts in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean. Total Number of Profiles = 2,121,042

| YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE |
|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|
| 1772 | 2       | 1818 | 3       | 1864 | 1798    | 1910 | 2303    | 1956 | 19560   |
| 1773 | 1       | 1819 | 0       | 1865 | 352     | 1911 | 3672    | 1957 | 23106   |
| 1774 | 0       | 1820 | 2       | 1866 | 1494    | 1912 | 2535    | 1958 | 25227   |
| 1775 | 0       | 1821 | 0       | 1867 | 78      | 1913 | 2689    | 1959 | 23770   |
| 1776 | 0       | 1822 | 0       | 1868 | 791     | 1914 | 2350    | 1960 | 25583   |
| 1777 | 0       | 1823 | 0       | 1869 | 557     | 1915 | 888     | 1961 | 26458   |
| 1778 | 0       | 1824 | 2       | 1870 | 727     | 1916 | 466     | 1962 | 26975   |
| 1779 | 0       | 1825 | 10      | 1871 | 0       | 1917 | 636     | 1963 | 38236   |
| 1780 | 0       | 1826 | 18      | 1872 | 0       | 1918 | 715     | 1964 | 46150   |
| 1781 | 0       | 1827 | 30      | 1873 | 29      | 1919 | 943     | 1965 | 46298   |
| 1782 | 0       | 1828 | 13      | 1874 | 131     | 1920 | 1774    | 1966 | 45837   |
| 1783 | 0       | 1829 | 0       | 1875 | 86      | 1921 | 2282    | 1967 | 48898   |
| 1784 | 0       | 1830 | 0       | 1876 | 500     | 1922 | 2332    | 1968 | 46795   |
| 1785 | 0       | 1831 | 0       | 1877 | 383     | 1923 | 3348    | 1969 | 53604   |
| 1786 | 0       | 1832 | 0       | 1878 | 25      | 1924 | 4306    | 1970 | 47430   |
| 1787 | 0       | 1833 | 0       | 1879 | 17      | 1925 | 4112    | 1971 | 53388   |
| 1788 | 0       | 1834 | 0       | 1880 | 49      | 1926 | 4782    | 1972 | 59666   |
| 1789 | 0       | 1835 | 0       | 1881 | 2       | 1927 | 4512    | 1973 | 55344   |
| 1790 | 0       | 1836 | 8       | 1882 | 1       | 1928 | 5183    | 1974 | 48279   |
| 1791 | 0       | 1837 | 17      | 1883 | 6       | 1929 | 5444    | 1975 | 46118   |
| 1792 | 0       | 1838 | 11      | 1884 | 1       | 1930 | 5251    | 1976 | 47275   |
| 1793 | 0       | 1839 | 15      | 1885 | 0       | 1931 | 5596    | 1977 | 47007   |
| 1794 | 0       | 1840 | 9       | 1886 | 17      | 1932 | 8214    | 1978 | 53193   |
| 1795 | 0       | 1841 | 21      | 1887 | 27      | 1933 | 8810    | 1979 | 58782   |
| 1796 | 0       | 1842 | 8       | 1888 | 128     | 1934 | 10104   | 1980 | 50813   |
| 1797 | 0       | 1843 | 0       | 1889 | 224     | 1935 | 11406   | 1981 | 53844   |
| 1798 | 0       | 1844 | 0       | 1890 | 61      | 1936 | 11358   | 1982 | 51381   |
| 1799 | 0       | 1845 | 0       | 1891 | 92      | 1937 | 11630   | 1983 | 47386   |
| 1800 | 0       | 1846 | 3       | 1892 | 90      | 1938 | 13613   | 1984 | 51784   |
| 1801 | 0       | 1847 | 28      | 1893 | 178     | 1939 | 15113   | 1985 | 57679   |
| 1802 | 0       | 1848 | 0       | 1894 | 184     | 1940 | 9563    | 1986 | 54457   |
| 1803 | 0       | 1849 | 1       | 1895 | 41      | 1941 | 8360    | 1987 | 49826   |
| 1804 | 10      | 1850 | 3       | 1896 | 46      | 1942 | 5092    | 1988 | 45858   |
| 1805 | 1       | 1851 | 1       | 1897 | 18      | 1943 | 5173    | 1989 | 49720   |
| 1806 | 0       | 1852 | 0       | 1898 | 441     | 1944 | 4170    | 1990 | 50165   |
| 1807 | 0       | 1853 | 0       | 1899 | 842     | 1945 | 3085    | 1991 | 33677   |
| 1808 | 0       | 1854 | 0       | 1900 | 1014    | 1946 | 5900    | 1992 | 30122   |
| 1809 | 0       | 1855 | 4       | 1901 | 1057    | 1947 | 7935    | 1993 | 29261   |
| 1810 | 0       | 1856 | 0       | 1902 | 1165    | 1948 | 11512   | 1994 | 15670   |
| 1811 | 0       | 1857 | 6       | 1903 | 1839    | 1949 | 13229   | 1995 | 18269   |
| 1812 | 0       | 1858 | 23      | 1904 | 1962    | 1950 | 16441   | 1996 | 13023   |
| 1813 | 0       | 1859 | 5       | 1905 | 2344    | 1951 | 20504   | 1997 | 12090   |
| 1814 | 0       | 1860 | 0       | 1906 | 1609    | 1952 | 19961   | 1998 | 8654    |
| 1815 | 0       | 1861 | 0       | 1907 | 2094    | 1953 | 19374   | 1999 | 6690    |
| 1816 | 5       | 1862 | 299     | 1908 | 1310    | 1954 | 19618   | 2000 | 3928    |
| 1817 | 27      | 1863 | 0       | 1909 | 2285    | 1955 | 19518   | 2001 | 1283    |
Table 14

The number of OSD casts in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere.

Total Number of Profiles = 224,578

| YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE |
|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|
| 1772 | 2       | 1818 | 3       | 1864 | 323     | 1910 | 0       | 1956 | 1343    |
| 1773 | 1       | 1819 | 0       | 1865 | 0       | 1911 | 107     | 1957 | 2752    |
| 1774 | 0       | 1820 | 1       | 1866 | 0       | 1912 | 27      | 1958 | 2396    |
| 1775 | 0       | 1821 | 0       | 1867 | 0       | 1913 | 43      | 1959 | 2473    |
| 1776 | 0       | 1822 | 0       | 1868 | 0       | 1914 | 258     | 1960 | 3553    |
| 1777 | 0       | 1823 | 0       | 1869 | 0       | 1915 | 417     | 1961 | 4101    |
| 1778 | 0       | 1824 | 1       | 1870 | 0       | 1916 | 296     | 1962 | 5126    |
| 1779 | 0       | 1825 | 7       | 1871 | 0       | 1917 | 528     | 1963 | 6505    |
| 1780 | 0       | 1826 | 10      | 1872 | 0       | 1918 | 446     | 1964 | 6224    |
| 1781 | 0       | 1827 | 18      | 1873 | 4       | 1919 | 289     | 1965 | 6698    |
| 1782 | 0       | 1828 | 10      | 1874 | 23      | 1920 | 269     | 1966 | 5930    |
| 1783 | 0       | 1829 | 0       | 1875 | 77      | 1921 | 221     | 1967 | 7711    |
| 1784 | 0       | 1830 | 0       | 1876 | 26      | 1922 | 0       | 1968 | 8081    |
| 1785 | 0       | 1831 | 0       | 1877 | 0       | 1923 | 34      | 1969 | 6076    |
| 1786 | 0       | 1832 | 0       | 1878 | 0       | 1924 | 4       | 1970 | 4999    |
| 1787 | 0       | 1833 | 0       | 1879 | 0       | 1925 | 232     | 1971 | 6264    |
| 1788 | 0       | 1834 | 0       | 1880 | 0       | 1926 | 331     | 1972 | 5785    |
| 1789 | 0       | 1835 | 0       | 1881 | 0       | 1927 | 197     | 1973 | 5319    |
| 1790 | 0       | 1836 | 3       | 1882 | 0       | 1928 | 281     | 1974 | 5013    |
| 1791 | 0       | 1837 | 8       | 1883 | 2       | 1929 | 467     | 1975 | 5175    |
| 1792 | 0       | 1838 | 10      | 1884 | 0       | 1930 | 572     | 1976 | 6362    |
| 1793 | 0       | 1839 | 15      | 1885 | 0       | 1931 | 471     | 1977 | 5598    |
| 1794 | 0       | 1840 | 9       | 1886 | 14      | 1932 | 390     | 1978 | 6079    |
| 1795 | 0       | 1841 | 21      | 1887 | 5       | 1933 | 197     | 1979 | 6768    |
| 1796 | 0       | 1842 | 8       | 1888 | 0       | 1934 | 209     | 1980 | 5326    |
| 1797 | 0       | 1843 | 0       | 1889 | 15      | 1935 | 138     | 1981 | 5745    |
| 1798 | 0       | 1844 | 0       | 1890 | 0       | 1936 | 421     | 1982 | 5728    |
| 1799 | 0       | 1845 | 0       | 1891 | 0       | 1937 | 323     | 1983 | 5986    |
| 1800 | 0       | 1846 | 0       | 1892 | 0       | 1938 | 490     | 1984 | 5103    |
| 1801 | 0       | 1847 | 28      | 1893 | 0       | 1939 | 243     | 1985 | 6956    |
| 1802 | 0       | 1848 | 0       | 1894 | 1       | 1940 | 121     | 1986 | 6025    |
| 1803 | 0       | 1849 | 0       | 1895 | 0       | 1941 | 322     | 1987 | 6646    |
| 1804 | 2       | 1850 | 1       | 1896 | 0       | 1942 | 166     | 1988 | 6711    |
| 1805 | 0       | 1851 | 0       | 1897 | 1       | 1943 | 68      | 1989 | 4725    |
| 1806 | 0       | 1852 | 0       | 1898 | 15      | 1944 | 398     | 1990 | 3164    |
| 1807 | 0       | 1853 | 0       | 1899 | 10      | 1945 | 60      | 1991 | 2054    |
| 1808 | 0       | 1854 | 0       | 1900 | 73      | 1946 | 113     | 1992 | 4462    |
| 1809 | 0       | 1855 | 0       | 1901 | 42      | 1947 | 367     | 1993 | 3347    |
| 1810 | 0       | 1856 | 0       | 1902 | 15      | 1948 | 935     | 1994 | 3026    |
| 1811 | 0       | 1857 | 6       | 1903 | 81      | 1949 | 396     | 1995 | 3620    |
| 1812 | 0       | 1858 | 8       | 1904 | 0       | 1950 | 745     | 1996 | 1292    |
| 1813 | 0       | 1859 | 2       | 1905 | 0       | 1951 | 710     | 1997 | 1026    |
| 1814 | 0       | 1860 | 0       | 1906 | 21      | 1952 | 705     | 1998 | 472     |
| 1815 | 0       | 1861 | 0       | 1907 | 0       | 1953 | 660     | 1999 | 83      |
| 1816 | 2       | 1862 | 112     | 1908 | 0       | 1954 | 705     | 2000 | 41      |
| 1817 | 0       | 1863 | 0       | 1909 | 0       | 1955 | 1294    | 2001 | 7       |
Table 15

The number of OSD casts in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere.

Total Number of Profiles = 1,896,464

| YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE |
|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|
| 1772 | 0       | 1818 | 0       | 1864 | 1475    | 1910 | 2303    | 1956 | 18217   |
| 1773 | 0       | 1819 | 0       | 1865 | 352     | 1911 | 3565    | 1957 | 20354   |
| 1774 | 0       | 1820 | 1       | 1866 | 1494    | 1912 | 2508    | 1958 | 22831   |
| 1775 | 0       | 1821 | 0       | 1867 | 78      | 1913 | 2646    | 1959 | 21297   |
| 1776 | 0       | 1822 | 0       | 1868 | 791     | 1914 | 2092    | 1960 | 22030   |
| 1777 | 0       | 1823 | 0       | 1869 | 557     | 1915 | 471     | 1961 | 22357   |
| 1778 | 0       | 1824 | 1       | 1870 | 727     | 1916 | 170     | 1962 | 21849   |
| 1779 | 0       | 1825 | 3       | 1871 | 0       | 1917 | 108     | 1963 | 31731   |
| 1780 | 0       | 1826 | 8       | 1872 | 0       | 1918 | 269     | 1964 | 39926   |
| 1781 | 0       | 1827 | 12      | 1873 | 25      | 1919 | 654     | 1965 | 39600   |
| 1782 | 0       | 1828 | 3       | 1874 | 108     | 1920 | 1505    | 1966 | 39907   |
| 1783 | 0       | 1829 | 0       | 1875 | 9       | 1921 | 2061    | 1967 | 41187   |
| 1784 | 0       | 1830 | 0       | 1876 | 474     | 1922 | 2332    | 1968 | 38714   |
| 1785 | 0       | 1831 | 0       | 1877 | 383     | 1923 | 3314    | 1969 | 47528   |
| 1786 | 0       | 1832 | 0       | 1878 | 25      | 1924 | 4302    | 1970 | 42431   |
| 1787 | 0       | 1833 | 0       | 1879 | 17      | 1925 | 3880    | 1971 | 47124   |
| 1788 | 0       | 1834 | 0       | 1880 | 49      | 1926 | 4451    | 1972 | 53881   |
| 1789 | 0       | 1835 | 0       | 1881 | 2       | 1927 | 4315    | 1973 | 50025   |
| 1790 | 0       | 1836 | 5       | 1882 | 1       | 1928 | 4902    | 1974 | 43266   |
| 1791 | 0       | 1837 | 9       | 1883 | 4       | 1929 | 4977    | 1975 | 40943   |
| 1792 | 0       | 1838 | 1       | 1884 | 1       | 1930 | 4679    | 1976 | 40913   |
| 1793 | 0       | 1839 | 0       | 1885 | 0       | 1931 | 5125    | 1977 | 41409   |
| 1794 | 0       | 1840 | 0       | 1886 | 3       | 1932 | 7824    | 1978 | 47114   |
| 1795 | 0       | 1841 | 0       | 1887 | 22      | 1933 | 8613    | 1979 | 52014   |
| 1796 | 0       | 1842 | 0       | 1888 | 128     | 1934 | 9895    | 1980 | 45487   |
| 1797 | 0       | 1843 | 0       | 1889 | 209     | 1935 | 11268   | 1981 | 48099   |
| 1798 | 0       | 1844 | 0       | 1890 | 61      | 1936 | 10937   | 1982 | 45653   |
| 1799 | 0       | 1845 | 0       | 1891 | 92      | 1937 | 11307   | 1983 | 41400   |
| 1800 | 0       | 1846 | 3       | 1892 | 90      | 1938 | 13123   | 1984 | 46681   |
| 1801 | 0       | 1847 | 0       | 1893 | 178     | 1939 | 14870   | 1985 | 50723   |
| 1802 | 0       | 1848 | 0       | 1894 | 183     | 1940 | 9442    | 1986 | 48432   |
| 1803 | 0       | 1849 | 1       | 1895 | 41      | 1941 | 8038    | 1987 | 43180   |
| 1804 | 8       | 1850 | 2       | 1896 | 46      | 1942 | 4926    | 1988 | 39147   |
| 1805 | 1       | 1851 | 1       | 1897 | 17      | 1943 | 5105    | 1989 | 44995   |
| 1806 | 0       | 1852 | 0       | 1898 | 426     | 1944 | 3772    | 1990 | 47001   |
| 1807 | 0       | 1853 | 0       | 1899 | 832     | 1945 | 3025    | 1991 | 31626   |
| 1808 | 0       | 1854 | 0       | 1900 | 941     | 1946 | 5787    | 1992 | 25660   |
| 1809 | 0       | 1855 | 4       | 1901 | 1015    | 1947 | 7568    | 1993 | 25914   |
| 1810 | 0       | 1856 | 0       | 1902 | 1150    | 1948 | 10577   | 1994 | 12644   |
| 1811 | 0       | 1857 | 0       | 1903 | 1758    | 1949 | 12833   | 1995 | 14649   |
| 1812 | 0       | 1858 | 15      | 1904 | 1962    | 1950 | 15696   | 1996 | 11731   |
| 1813 | 0       | 1859 | 3       | 1905 | 2344    | 1951 | 19794   | 1997 | 11064   |
| 1814 | 0       | 1860 | 0       | 1906 | 1588    | 1952 | 19256   | 1998 | 8182    |
| 1815 | 0       | 1861 | 0       | 1907 | 2094    | 1953 | 18714   | 1999 | 6607    |
| 1816 | 3       | 1862 | 187     | 1908 | 1310    | 1954 | 18913   | 2000 | 3887    |
| 1817 | 27      | 1863 | 0       | 1909 | 2285    | 1955 | 18224   | 2001 | 1276    |
Table 16

The number of all CTD casts in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean.

Total Number of Profiles = 312,344

| YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE |
|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|
| 1967 | 1526    | 1976 | 8010    | 1985 | 11269   | 1994 | 14761   |
| 1968 | 727     | 1977 | 8102    | 1986 | 12838   | 1995 | 13748   |
| 1969 | 2445    | 1978 | 10009   | 1987 | 16760   | 1996 | 9055    |
| 1970 | 561     | 1979 | 9295    | 1988 | 13272   | 1997 | 10928   |
| 1971 | 980     | 1980 | 8576    | 1989 | 13972   | 1998 | 8931    |
| 1972 | 3185    | 1981 | 11700   | 1990 | 15722   | 1999 | 6457    |
| 1973 | 4989    | 1982 | 8683    | 1991 | 14063   | 2000 | 340     |
| 1974 | 7205    | 1983 | 10756   | 1992 | 17148   | 2001 | 26      |
| 1975 | 6684    | 1984 | 11539   | 1993 | 18082   |       |         |
Table 17

The number of all CTD casts in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere.

Total Number of Profiles = 40,587

| YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE |
|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|
| 1967 | 607     | 1976 | 482     | 1985 | 1475    | 1994 | 3337    |
| 1968 | 191     | 1977 | 799     | 1986 | 1347    | 1995 | 2805    |
| 1969 | 57      | 1978 | 1009    | 1987 | 1649    | 1996 | 1729    |
| 1970 | 0       | 1979 | 745     | 1988 | 965     | 1997 | 1545    |
| 1971 | 62      | 1980 | 797     | 1989 | 2093    | 1998 | 213     |
| 1972 | 108     | 1981 | 401     | 1990 | 1465    | 1999 | 122     |
| 1973 | 174     | 1982 | 473     | 1991 | 1679    |       |         |
| 1974 | 326     | 1983 | 2297    | 1992 | 4565    |       |         |
| 1975 | 952     | 1984 | 2060    | 1993 | 4058    |       |         |
Table 18

The number of all CTD casts in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere.

Total Number of Profiles = 271,757

| YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE |
|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|
| 1967 | 919     | 1976 | 7528    | 1985 | 9794    | 1994 | 11424   |
| 1968 | 536     | 1977 | 7303    | 1986 | 11491   | 1995 | 10943   |
| 1969 | 2388    | 1978 | 9000    | 1987 | 15111   | 1996 | 7326    |
| 1970 | 561     | 1979 | 8550    | 1988 | 12307   | 1997 | 9383    |
| 1971 | 918     | 1980 | 7779    | 1989 | 11879   | 1998 | 8718    |
| 1972 | 3077    | 1981 | 11299   | 1990 | 14257   | 1999 | 6335    |
| 1973 | 4815    | 1982 | 8210    | 1991 | 12384   | 2000 | 340     |
| 1974 | 6879    | 1983 | 8459    | 1992 | 12583   | 2001 | 26      |
| 1975 | 5732    | 1984 | 9479    | 1993 | 14024   |       |         |
Table 19

The number of all MBT profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean.

Total Number of Profiles = 2,376,206

| YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE |
|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|
| 1941 | 10154   | 1956 | 50666   | 1971 | 40974   | 1986 | 44478   |
| 1942 | 7014    | 1957 | 60580   | 1972 | 43558   | 1987 | 40704   |
| 1943 | 17767   | 1958 | 70159   | 1973 | 34112   | 1988 | 34877   |
| 1944 | 36902   | 1959 | 65526   | 1974 | 35133   | 1989 | 21223   |
| 1945 | 41127   | 1960 | 72367   | 1975 | 27446   | 1990 | 18703   |
| 1946 | 23823   | 1961 | 77009   | 1976 | 33564   | 1991 | 8348    |
| 1947 | 28826   | 1962 | 85559   | 1977 | 34214   | 1992 | 3832    |
| 1948 | 30364   | 1963 | 91652   | 1978 | 35750   | 1993 | 3676    |
| 1949 | 36058   | 1964 | 89173   | 1979 | 39695   | 1994 | 81      |
| 1950 | 50364   | 1965 | 97277   | 1980 | 31128   | 1995 | 10      |
| 1951 | 50296   | 1966 | 106984  | 1981 | 26671   | 1996 | 0       |
| 1952 | 61351   | 1967 | 94321   | 1982 | 23704   | 1997 | 0       |
| 1953 | 59352   | 1968 | 75460   | 1983 | 25224   | 1998 | 0       |
| 1954 | 52966   | 1969 | 60796   | 1984 | 39829   | 1999 | 5       |
| 1955 | 45560   | 1970 | 44918   | 1984 | 35616   |        |         |
Table 20

The number of all MBT profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere.

Total Number of Profiles = 264,648

| YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE |
|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|
| 1941 | 10      | 1956 | 4306    | 1971 | 6362    | 1986 | 6007    |
| 1942 | 1384    | 1957 | 8468    | 1972 | 6522    | 1987 | 6409    |
| 1943 | 2568    | 1958 | 10700   | 1973 | 6169    | 1988 | 3654    |
| 1944 | 3389    | 1959 | 9195    | 1974 | 4839    | 1989 | 2661    |
| 1945 | 1007    | 1960 | 9994    | 1975 | 2487    | 1990 | 1353    |
| 1946 | 914     | 1961 | 6945    | 1976 | 5104    | 1991 | 434     |
| 1947 | 2169    | 1962 | 9447    | 1977 | 6985    | 1992 | 116     |
| 1948 | 143     | 1963 | 11417   | 1978 | 5986    | 1993 | 172     |
| 1949 | 550     | 1964 | 9935    | 1979 | 6857    |       |         |
| 1950 | 287     | 1965 | 10383   | 1980 | 5916    |       |         |
| 1951 | 469     | 1966 | 10695   | 1981 | 4665    |       |         |
| 1952 | 2764    | 1967 | 13940   | 1982 | 4172    |       |         |
| 1953 | 886     | 1968 | 10810   | 1983 | 4911    |       |         |
| 1954 | 1057    | 1969 | 5901    | 1984 | 8200    |       |         |
| 1955 | 2978    | 1970 | 5956    | 1984 | 6000    |       |         |
Table 21

The number of all MBT profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere.

Total Number of Profiles = 2,111,558

| YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE |
|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|
| 1941 | 10144   | 1956 | 45760   | 1971 | 34612   | 1986 | 38471   |
| 1942 | 5630    | 1957 | 52112   | 1972 | 37036   | 1987 | 34295   |
| 1943 | 15199   | 1958 | 59459   | 1973 | 27943   | 1988 | 31223   |
| 1944 | 33513   | 1959 | 56331   | 1974 | 30294   | 1989 | 18562   |
| 1945 | 40120   | 1960 | 62373   | 1975 | 24959   | 1990 | 17350   |
| 1946 | 22909   | 1961 | 70064   | 1976 | 28460   | 1991 | 7914    |
| 1947 | 26657   | 1962 | 76112   | 1977 | 27229   | 1992 | 3716    |
| 1948 | 30191   | 1963 | 80145   | 1978 | 29764   | 1993 | 3504    |
| 1949 | 35508   | 1964 | 79238   | 1979 | 32838   | 1994 | 81      |
| 1950 | 50077   | 1965 | 86894   | 1980 | 25212   | 1995 | 10      |
| 1951 | 49827   | 1966 | 96289   | 1981 | 22006   | 1996 | 0       |
| 1952 | 58587   | 1967 | 80381   | 1982 | 19532   | 1997 | 0       |
| 1953 | 58466   | 1968 | 64650   | 1983 | 20313   | 1998 | 0       |
| 1954 | 51909   | 1969 | 54895   | 1984 | 31629   | 1999 | 5       |
| 1955 | 42582   | 1970 | 38962   | 1984 | 29616   |
Table 22

The number of all XBT profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean.

Total Number of Profiles = 1,743,592

| YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE |
|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|
| 1966 | 1747    | 1975 | 54097   | 1984 | 54051   | 1993 | 61257   |
| 1967 | 9390    | 1976 | 48268   | 1985 | 67258   | 1994 | 52811   |
| 1968 | 26671   | 1977 | 54178   | 1986 | 72955   | 1995 | 62882   |
| 1969 | 34319   | 1978 | 52748   | 1987 | 69950   | 1996 | 48438   |
| 1970 | 44411   | 1979 | 52666   | 1988 | 59651   | 1997 | 41810   |
| 1971 | 57605   | 1980 | 52063   | 1989 | 42175   | 1998 | 34432   |
| 1972 | 53139   | 1981 | 50879   | 1990 | 76186   | 1998 | 36449   |
| 1973 | 54918   | 1982 | 53253   | 1991 | 63763   | 2000 | 23988   |
| 1974 | 54850   | 1983 | 53464   | 1992 | 57551   | 2001 | 9319    |
Table 23

The number of all XBT profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere.

Total Number of Profiles = 312,290

| YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE |
|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|
| 1966 | 168     | 1975 | 4304    | 1984 | 8718    | 1993 | 17135   |
| 1967 | 644     | 1976 | 5912    | 1985 | 10193   | 1994 | 17102   |
| 1968 | 2136    | 1977 | 4778    | 1986 | 11400   | 1995 | 17730   |
| 1969 | 2032    | 1978 | 5800    | 1987 | 13050   | 1996 | 14532   |
| 1970 | 2561    | 1979 | 7161    | 1988 | 9875    | 1997 | 15779   |
| 1971 | 5163    | 1980 | 6680    | 1989 | 8698    | 1998 | 12132   |
| 1972 | 6548    | 1981 | 5717    | 1990 | 14803   | 1998 | 9864    |
| 1973 | 6424    | 1982 | 9395    | 1991 | 14204   | 2000 | 7816    |
| 1974 | 5898    | 1983 | 10203   | 1992 | 14242   | 2001 | 3493    |
Table 24

The number of all XBT profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere.

Total Number of Profiles = 1,431,300

| YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE |
|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|
| 1966 | 1579    | 1975 | 49793   | 1984 | 45333   | 1993 | 44122   |
| 1967 | 8746    | 1976 | 42355   | 1985 | 57065   | 1994 | 35709   |
| 1968 | 24535   | 1977 | 49400   | 1986 | 61555   | 1995 | 45152   |
| 1969 | 32287   | 1978 | 46948   | 1987 | 56900   | 1996 | 33906   |
| 1970 | 41850   | 1979 | 45505   | 1988 | 49776   | 1997 | 26031   |
| 1971 | 52442   | 1980 | 45383   | 1989 | 33477   | 1998 | 22299   |
| 1972 | 46591   | 1981 | 45162   | 1990 | 61383   | 1998 | 26585   |
| 1973 | 48494   | 1982 | 43858   | 1991 | 49559   | 2000 | 16172   |
| 1974 | 48952   | 1983 | 43261   | 1992 | 43309   | 2001 | 5826    |
Table 25

The number of all APB profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean.

Total Number of Profiles = 75,665

| YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE |
|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|
| 1997 | 19875   | 1998 | 44626   | 1999 | 11164   |
Table 26

The number of all MRB profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean.

Total Number of Profiles = 297,936

| YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE |
|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|
| 1990 | 1845    | 1993 | 22454   | 1996 | 22218   | 1999 | 45809   |
| 1991 | 3530    | 1994 | 25522   | 1997 | 29238   | 2000 | 49965   |
| 1992 | 12597   | 1995 | 26627   | 1998 | 33117   | 2001 | 25014   |
Table 27

The number of all MRB profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere.

Total Number of Profiles = 92,458

| YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE |
|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|
| 1990 | 648     | 1993 | 7049    | 1996 | 6160    | 1999 | 14774   |
| 1991 | 1145    | 1994 | 8323    | 1997 | 9450    | 2000 | 16809   |
| 1992 | 2201    | 1995 | 9384    | 1998 | 9524    | 2001 | 6982    |
Table 28

The number of all MRB profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere.

Total Number of Profiles = 205,478

| YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE |
|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|
| 1990 | 1197    | 1993 | 15405   | 1996 | 16049   | 1999 | 31035   |
| 1991 | 2385    | 1994 | 17199   | 1997 | 19788   | 2000 | 33156   |
| 1992 | 10396   | 1995 | 17243   | 1998 | 23593   | 2001 | 18032   |
Table 29

The number of all PFL profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean.

Total Number of Profiles = 22,637

| YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE |
|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|
| 1994 | 14      | 1996 | 97      | 1998 | 2131    | 2000 | 8116    |
| 1995 | 22      | 1997 | 42      | 1999 | 7620    | 2001 | 4595    |
Table 30

The number of all PFL profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere.

Total Number of Profiles = 2,347

| YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE |
|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|
| 1998 | 266     | 1999 | 631     | 2000 | 834     | 2001 | 616     |
Table 31

The number of all PFL profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere.

Total Number of Profiles = 20,290

| YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEA | PROFILE |
|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|-----|---------|
| 1994 | 14      | 1996 | 97      | 1998 | 1865    | 200 | 7282    |
| 1995 | 22      | 1997 | 42      | 1999 | 6989    | 200 | 3979    |
Table 32 The number of DRB profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean.

Total Number of Profiles = 50,549

| YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE |
|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|
| 1998 | 401     | 1999 | 4810    | 2000 | 6572    | 2001 | 38766   |
Table 33 The number of DRB profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere.

Total Number of Profiles = 5

| YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE |
|------|---------|------|---------|
| 2000 | 3       | 2001 | 2       |
Table 34 The number of DRB profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere.

Total Number of Profiles = 50,544

| YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE |
|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|
| 1998 | 401     | 1999 | 4810    | 2000 | 6569    | 2001 | 38764   |
Table 35

The number of all UOR profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean.

Total Number of Profiles = 37,631

| YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE |
|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|
| 1992 | 11913   | 1994 | 3974    | 1996 | 363     |
| 1993 | 14494   | 1995 | 59      | 1997 | 6828    |
Table 36

The number of all UOR profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the southern hemisphere.

Total Number of Profiles = 31,526

| YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE |
|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|
| 1992 | 11251   | 1994 | 0       | 1996 | 0       |
| 1993 | 13447   | 1995 | 0       | 1997 | 6828    |
Table 37

The number of all UOR profiles in WOD01 as a function of year for the northern hemisphere.

Total Number of Profiles = 6,125

| YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE |
|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|
| 1992 | 662     | 1994 | 3988    | 1996 | 363     |
| 1993 | 1053    | 1995 | 59      | 1997 |         |
Table 38

The number of all casts (OSD+CTD+XBT+MBT+MRB+DRB+PFL+UOR+APB) in WOD01 as a function of year for the World Ocean.

Total Number of Profiles = 7,037,614

| YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE | YEAR | PROFILE |
|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|------|---------|
| 1772 | 2       | 1818 | 3       | 1864 | 1798    | 1910 | 2303    | 1956 | 69626   |
| 1773 | 1       | 1819 | 0       | 1865 | 352     | 1911 | 3672    | 1957 | 83686   |
| 1774 | 0       | 1820 | 2       | 1866 | 1494    | 1912 | 2535    | 1958 | 95386   |
| 1775 | 0       | 1821 | 0       | 1867 | 78      | 1913 | 2689    | 1959 | 89296   |
| 1776 | 0       | 1822 | 0       | 1868 | 791     | 1914 | 2350    | 1960 | 97950   |
| 1777 | 0       | 1823 | 0       | 1869 | 557     | 1915 | 888     | 1961 | 103467  |
| 1778 | 0       | 1824 | 2       | 1870 | 727     | 1916 | 466     | 1962 | 112534  |
| 1779 | 0       | 1825 | 10      | 1871 | 0       | 1917 | 636     | 1963 | 129798  |
| 1780 | 0       | 1826 | 18      | 1872 | 0       | 1918 | 715     | 1964 | 135323  |
| 1781 | 0       | 1827 | 30      | 1873 | 29      | 1919 | 943     | 1965 | 143575  |
| 1782 | 0       | 1828 | 13      | 1874 | 131     | 1920 | 1774    | 1966 | 154568  |
| 1783 | 0       | 1829 | 0       | 1875 | 86      | 1921 | 2282    | 1967 | 154135  |
| 1784 | 0       | 1830 | 0       | 1876 | 500     | 1922 | 2332    | 1968 | 149653  |
| 1785 | 0       | 1831 | 0       | 1877 | 383     | 1923 | 3348    | 1969 | 151164  |
| 1786 | 0       | 1832 | 0       | 1878 | 25      | 1924 | 4306    | 1970 | 137320  |
| 1787 | 0       | 1833 | 0       | 1879 | 17      | 1925 | 4112    | 1971 | 152947  |
| 1788 | 0       | 1834 | 0       | 1880 | 49      | 1926 | 4782    | 1972 | 159548  |
| 1789 | 0       | 1835 | 0       | 1881 | 2       | 1927 | 4512    | 1973 | 149363  |
| 1790 | 0       | 1836 | 8       | 1882 | 1       | 1928 | 5183    | 1974 | 145467  |
| 1791 | 0       | 1837 | 17      | 1883 | 6       | 1929 | 5444    | 1975 | 134345  |
| 1792 | 0       | 1838 | 11      | 1884 | 1       | 1930 | 5251    | 1976 | 137116  |
| 1793 | 0       | 1839 | 15      | 1885 | 0       | 1931 | 5596    | 1977 | 143501  |
| 1794 | 0       | 1840 | 9       | 1886 | 17      | 1932 | 8214    | 1978 | 151700  |
| 1795 | 0       | 1841 | 21      | 1887 | 27      | 1933 | 8810    | 1979 | 160438  |
| 1796 | 0       | 1842 | 8       | 1888 | 128     | 1934 | 10104   | 1980 | 142580  |
| 1797 | 0       | 1843 | 0       | 1889 | 224     | 1935 | 11406   | 1981 | 143094  |
| 1798 | 0       | 1844 | 0       | 1890 | 61      | 1936 | 11358   | 1982 | 137021  |
| 1799 | 0       | 1845 | 0       | 1891 | 92      | 1937 | 11630   | 1983 | 136830  |
| 1800 | 0       | 1846 | 3       | 1892 | 90      | 1938 | 13613   | 1984 | 157203  |
| 1801 | 0       | 1847 | 28      | 1893 | 178     | 1939 | 15113   | 1985 | 171822  |
| 1802 | 0       | 1848 | 0       | 1894 | 184     | 1940 | 9563    | 1986 | 184728  |
| 1803 | 0       | 1849 | 1       | 1895 | 41      | 1941 | 18514   | 1987 | 177240  |
| 1804 | 10      | 1850 | 3       | 1896 | 46      | 1942 | 12106   | 1988 | 153658  |
| 1805 | 1       | 1851 | 1       | 1897 | 18      | 1943 | 22940   | 1989 | 127090  |
| 1806 | 0       | 1852 | 0       | 1898 | 441     | 1944 | 41072   | 1990 | 162621  |
| 1807 | 0       | 1853 | 0       | 1899 | 842     | 1945 | 44212   | 1991 | 123381  |
| 1808 | 0       | 1854 | 0       | 1900 | 1014    | 1946 | 29723   | 1992 | 133163  |
| 1809 | 0       | 1855 | 4       | 1901 | 1057    | 1947 | 36761   | 1993 | 149224  |
| 1810 | 0       | 1856 | 0       | 1902 | 1165    | 1948 | 41846   | 1994 | 112847  |
| 1811 | 0       | 1857 | 6       | 1903 | 1839    | 1949 | 49287   | 1995 | 121617  |
| 1812 | 0       | 1858 | 23      | 1904 | 1962    | 1950 | 66805   | 1996 | 93194   |
| 1813 | 0       | 1859 | 5       | 1905 | 2344    | 1951 | 70800   | 1997 | 120811  |
| 1814 | 0       | 1860 | 0       | 1906 | 1609    | 1952 | 81312   | 1998 | 132291  |
| 1815 | 0       | 1861 | 0       | 1907 | 2094    | 1953 | 78726   | 1999 | 119004  |
| 1816 | 5       | 1862 | 299     | 1908 | 1310    | 1954 | 72584   | 2000 | 92909   |
| 1817 | 27      | 1863 | 0       | 1909 | 2285    | 1955 | 65078   | 2001 | 79003   |
9. APPENDIX A: YEARLY DISTRIBUTION MAPS OF ALL CASTS IN WOD01

This appendix contains yearly data distributions of all profile data contained in WOD01, surface only data are not plotted. We have combined all data from the OSD, CTD, MBT, XBT, MRB, DRB, PFL, UOR, and APB files together for each year. Ocean Station Data occur during the full period covered by WOD01 which is 1772-present, MBT profiles exist during 1941-present, XBT profiles exist during 1966-present, CTD exists during 1967-present, APB profiles exist during 1997-1999, MRB profiles exist during 1990-2001, PFL profiles exist during 1994-2001, DRB profiles exist during 1998-2001, and UOR profiles exist during 1992-1997. These maps provide some history of the observational progress of the field of oceanography. They also serve as indicators of whether or not a particular data set from a scientist or institution is part of the NODC/WDC archive. The exchange of information provided by the publication of such maps has provided us with valuable information about deficiencies in the database. The locations of all WOD01 profiles are plotted including profiles that may be erroneously located over land. However, WOD01 contains some profiles from various lakes so care should be exercised in the use of these profiles and the determination as to whether they represent errors in locations.

For all figures in Appendix A, a small dot indicates a one-degree square containing from one to four profiles and a large dot indicates five or more profiles.
Fig. 1 Distribution of all stations for 1969; a) stations used in WOD98

b) stations used in WOD01

c) additions to WOD01 over WOD98
Fig. 2 Time series of OSD casts in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year.
Fig. 3  Time series of OSD casts in WOD01 for the southern hemisphere as a function of year
Fig. 4 Time series of OSD casts in WOD01 for the northern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 5 Distribution of all casts in the Ocean Station Data files of WOD01. Dots show location of 1-degree squares containing any data.
Fig. 6  Time series of CTD casts in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year.
Fig. 7 Time series of CTD casts in WOD01 for the southern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 8 Time series of CTD casts in WOD01 for the northern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 9 Distribution of all casts in the CTD files of WOD01. Dots show location of 1-degree squares containing any data.
Fig. 10  Time series of MBT profiles in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year.
Fig. 11 Time series of MBT profiles in WOD01 for the southern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 12  Time series of MBT profiles in WOD01 for the northern hemisphere as a function of year.

Total profiles = 2,111,558
Fig. 13 Distribution of all profiles in the MBT files of WOD01. Dots show location of 1-degree squares containing any data.
Fig. 14  Time series of XBT profiles in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year.
Fig. 15 Time series of XBT profiles in WOD01 for the southern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 16 Time series of XBT profiles in WOD01 for the northern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 17 Distribution of all profiles in the XBT files of WOD01. Dots show location of 1-degree squares containing any data.
Fig. 18 Time series of APB profiles in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year.
Fig. 19 Distribution of all profiles in the APB files of WOD01. Dots show location of 1-degree squares containing any data.
Fig. 20  Time series of MRB profiles in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year.
Fig. 21 Time series of MRB profiles in WOD01 for the southern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 22  Time series of MRB profiles in WOD01 for the northern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 23 Distribution of all profiles in the MRB files of WOD01. Dots show location of 1-degree squares containing any data.
Fig. 24  Time series of PFL profiles in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year.
Fig. 25  Time series of PFL profiles in WOD01 for the southern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 26  Time series of PFL profiles in WOD01 for the northern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 27 Distribution of all profiles in the PFL files of WOD01. Dots show location of 1-degree squares containing any data.
Fig. 28  Time series of DRB profiles in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year.
Fig. 29 Time series of DRB profiles in WOD01 for the southern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 30  Time series of DRB profiles in WOD01 for the northern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 31 Distribution of all profiles in the DRB files of WOD01. Dots show location of 1-degree squares containing any data.
Fig. 32 Time series of UOR profiles in WOD01 for the world ocean as a function of year.
Fig. 33  Time series of UOR profiles in WOD01 for the southern hemisphere as a function of year.

Total profiles = 31,526
Fig. 34  Time series of UOR profiles in WOD01 for the northern hemisphere as a function of year.
Fig. 35 Distribution of all profiles in the UOR files of WOD01. Dots show location of 1-degree squares containing any data.
Fig. 36 Distribution of all profiles (OSD+CTD+MBT+XBT+MRB+DRB+PFL+APB+UOR) in WOD01.
Dots show location of 1-degree squares containing any data.
Fig. A1 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for year 1941.
Fig. A2 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for year 1942.
Fig. A3 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for year 1943.
Fig. A4 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for year 1944.
Fig. A6 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for year 1946.
Fig. A5 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for year 1945.
Fig. A7 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for year 1947.
Fig. A8 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for year 1948.
Fig. A9 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for year 1949.
Fig. A10 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for year 1950.
Fig. A11 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for year 1951.
Fig. A12 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for year 1952.
Fig. A13 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for year 1953.
Fig. A14 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for year 1954.
Fig. A15 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for year 1955.
Fig. A16 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for year 1956.
Fig. A17 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for year 1957.
Fig. A18 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for year 1958.
Fig. A19 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for year 1959.
Fig. A20 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for year 1960.
Fig. A21 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for year 1961.
Fig. A22 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for year 1962.
Fig. A23 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for year 1963.
Fig. A24 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for year 1964.
Fig. A25 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT) in WOD01 for year 1965.
Fig. A26 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT) in WOD01 for year 1966.
Fig. A27 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for year 1967.
Fig. A28 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for year 1968.
Fig. A29 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for year 1969.
Fig. A30 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for year 1970.
Fig. A31 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for year 1971.
Fig. A32 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for year 1972.
Fig. A33 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for year 1973.
Fig. A34 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for year 1974.
Fig. A35 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for year 1975.
Fig. A36 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for year 1976.
Fig. A37 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for year 1977.
Fig. A38 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for year 1978.
Fig. A39 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for year 1979.
Fig. A40 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for year 1980.
Fig. A41 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for year 1981.
Fig. A42 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for year 1982.
Fig. A43 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for year 1983.
Fig. A44 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for year 1984.
Fig. A45 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for year 1985.
Fig. A46 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for year 1986.
Fig. A47 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for year 1987.
Fig. A48 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for year 1988.
Fig. A49 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD) in WOD01 for year 1989.
Fig. A50 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD+MRB) in WOD01 for year 1990.
Fig. A51 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD+MRB) in WOD01 for year 1991.
Fig. A52 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD+MRB+UOR) in WOD01 for year 1992.
Fig. A53 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD+MRB+UOR) in WOD01 for year 1993.
Fig. A54 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD+MRB+UOR+PFL) in WOD01 for year 1994.
Fig. A55 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD+MRB+UOR+PFL) in WOD01 for year 1995.
Fig. A56 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD+MRB+UOR+PFL) in WOD01 for year 1996.
Fig. A57 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD+MRB+UOR+PFL+APB) in WOD01 for year 1997.
Fig. A58 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD+MRB+UOR+PFL+APB+DRB) in WOD01 for year 1998.
Fig. A59 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD+MRB+UOR+PFL+APB+DRB) in WOD01 for year 1999.
Fig. A60 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD+MRB+UOR+PFL+APB+DRB) in WOD01 for year 2000.
Fig. A61 Distribution of all data profiles (OSD+MBT+XBT+CTD+MRB+UOR+PFL+APB+DRB) in WOD01 for year 2001.